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Viksne RJ, Sumeraga G, Pilmane M. Endotypes of Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Primary and Recurring Nasal Polyps in the Latvian Population. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5159. [PMID: 38791197 PMCID: PMC11121489 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a complex syndrome with various inflammatory mechanisms resulting in different patterns of inflammation that correlate with the clinical phenotypes of CRS. Our aim was to use detected IL-1, IL-4, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, Ki 67, HBD-2, HBD-3, and LL-37 to classify specific inflammatory endotypes in chronic rhinosinusitis with the tissue of nasal polyps (CRSwNP). Samples from 35 individuals with primary and recurrent CRSwNP were taken during surgery. The tissues were stained for the previously mentioned biomarkers immunohistochemically. A hierarchical cluster analysis was performed. The clinical parameters were compared between clusters. Five clusters had significantly different biomarkers between groups. There were no significant differences in the clinical parameters, except for the Lund-Mackay score, which was significantly higher in cluster 4 compared to that of cluster 1 (p = 0.024). Five endotypes of (CRSwNP) are characterized by different combinations of type 1, type 2, and type 3 tissue inflammation patterns. In the Latvian population, endotypes associated with neutrophilic inflammation or a combination of neutrophilic inflammation and type 2 inflammation are predominant. Increased proliferation marker Ki 67 values are not associated with more severe inflammation in the tissue samples of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolfs Janis Viksne
- Daugavpils Regional Hospital, Vasarnicu Street 20, LV-5417 Daugavpils, Latvia
- Department of Doctoral Studies, Riga Stradins University, Dzirciema Street 16, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
| | - Gunta Sumeraga
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Riga Stradins University, Pilsonu Street 13, LV-1002 Riga, Latvia;
- Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Pilsonu Street 13, LV-1002 Riga, Latvia
| | - Mara Pilmane
- Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradins University, Kronvalda Boulevard 9, LV-1010 Riga, Latvia;
- Children University Hospital, Vienibas gatve 45, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia
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Viksne RJ, Sumeraga G, Pilmane M. Antimicrobial and Defense Proteins in Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:1259. [PMID: 37512070 PMCID: PMC10383322 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59071259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) presently remains a difficult disease to manage. Antimicrobial and defense proteins are important factors that could help characterize the role of microorganisms in CRSwNP pathogenesis, as the concept of microbial dysbiosis in CRS is still being considered. Our aim is to investigate the complex appearance, relative distribution and interlinks of human β defensin 2 (HBD-2), human β defensin 3 (HBD-3), human β defensin 4 (HBD-4), and cathelicidin LL 37 (LL 37) in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP)-affected human nasal mucosa. Materials and Methods: The study group consisted of 48 samples from patients with CRSwNP. Samples were collected during functional endoscopic sinus surgery. The control group consisted of 17 normal healthy nasal mucosa samples gathered during routine septoplasty. β-defensin-2, β-defensin-3, β-defensin-4 and cathelicidin LL 37 in tissue were detected via immunohistochemical analysis. Results: HBD-2, HBD-3 and LL 37 were significantly decreased in epithelial cells in both primary and recurrent nasal polyp samples (p < 0.001) in comparison to control samples. HBD-2 was decreased in the subepithelial connective tissue of primary nasal polyp samples when compared to both recurrent polyp (p = 0.050) and control (p = 0.033) samples. In subepithelial connective tissue, significantly more HBD-3-positive structures were observed in primary nasal polyp samples (p = 0.049) than in control samples. In primary polyp samples, moderate correlations between connective tissue HBD-3 and connective (R = 0.584, p = 0.001) and epithelial tissue LL 37 (R = 0.556, p = 0.002) were observed. Conclusions: Decreased HBD-2, HBD-3 and LL 37 concentrations in the epithelium suggest a dysfunction of the epithelial barrier in patients with nasal polyps. Decreased subepithelial connective tissue HBD-2 suggests different responses to nasal microbiota in patients with primary nasal polyps compared to recurrent nasal polyps. Increased HBD-3 in subepithelial connective tissue suggests a possible role of this antimicrobial peptide in the pathogenesis of primary nasal polyps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolfs Janis Viksne
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Riga Stradins University, Pilsonu Street 13, LV-1002 Riga, Latvia
- Daugavpils Regional Hospital, Vasarnicu Street 20, LV-5417 Daugavpils, Latvia
| | - Gunta Sumeraga
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Riga Stradins University, Pilsonu Street 13, LV-1002 Riga, Latvia
- Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Pilsonu Street 13, LV-1002 Riga, Latvia
| | - Mara Pilmane
- Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradins University, Kronvalda Boulevard 9, LV-1010 Riga, Latvia
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Hariri BM, McMahon DB, Chen B, Adappa ND, Palmer JN, Kennedy DW, Lee RJ. Plant flavones enhance antimicrobial activity of respiratory epithelial cell secretions against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185203. [PMID: 28931063 PMCID: PMC5607194 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavones are a class of natural plant secondary metabolites that have anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial effects. Some flavones also activate the T2R14 bitter taste receptor, which is expressed in motile cilia of the sinonasal epithelium and activates innate immune nitric oxide (NO) production. Flavones may thus be potential therapeutics for respiratory infections. Our objective was to examine the anti-microbial effects of flavones on the common sinonasal pathogens Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, evaluating both planktonic and biofilm growth. Flavones had only very low-level antibacterial activity alone. They did not reduce biofilm formation, but did reduce production of the important P. aeruginosa inflammatory mediator and ciliotoxin pyocyanin. However, flavones exhibited synergy against P. aeruginosa in the presence of antibiotics or recombinant human lysozyme. They also enhanced the efficacy of antimicrobials secreted by cultured and primary human airway cells grown at air-liquid interface. This suggests that flavones may have anti-gram-negative potential as topical therapeutics when combined with antibiotics or in the context of innate antimicrobials secreted by the respiratory or other epithelia. This may have an additive effect when combined with T2R14-activated NO production. Additional studies are necessary to understand which flavone compounds or mixtures are the most efficacious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M. Hariri
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Derek B. McMahon
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Bei Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Nithin D. Adappa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - James N. Palmer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - David W. Kennedy
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Robert J. Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Niyonsaba F, Kiatsurayanon C, Ogawa H. The role of human β-defensins in allergic diseases. Clin Exp Allergy 2016; 46:1522-1530. [PMID: 27790779 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), also referred to as host defence peptides (HDPs), comprise a large family of small molecules broadly distributed throughout the animal and plant kingdom, historically serving as natural antibiotics. In mammals, there are two major families of AMPs/HDPs, the defensins and the cathelicidins. These peptides have evolved to protect against a wide range of infections from bacteria, viruses, fungi and some parasites. However, in addition to their broad-spectrum killing activities, AMPs/HDPs also possess various biological functions. They activate a variety of cell types, such as keratinocytes, airway epithelial cells and mast cells, among others, and regulate cytokine/chemokine production, cell migration, proliferation, differentiation, angiogenesis, the wound healing process and maintenance of the skin barrier function. Recently, it has become clear that alterations in the level of AMPs/HDPs are associated with the initiation and development of various inflammatory and allergic diseases. In this review, we will discuss the regulation and functions of human β-defensins and outline the current evidence supporting the role of these peptides in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases, including atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, asthma and chronic rhinosinusitis. Understanding the functions and mechanisms of human β-defensins may aid in the development of novel therapeutic strategies for allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Niyonsaba
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Faculty of International Liberal Arts, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - C Kiatsurayanon
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Institute of Dermatology, Department of Medical Services, Ministry of Public Health, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - H Ogawa
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Gu J, Huang Y. β-Defensin-2 is overexpressed in human vocal cord polyps. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2016; 274:901-907. [PMID: 27586391 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-016-4270-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the study is to investigate the expression of human β-defensin-1 (hBD-1) and human β-defensin-2 (hBD-2) in vocal cord polyps using tissue microarray. Tissue specimens from vocal cord polyps (N = 51), vocal cord nodules (N = 26), and healthy vocal cords (N = 8) were retrieved from the biobank of the Department of Pathology of Tianjin Tianhe Hospital between 2003 and 2006 and immunostained on tissue microarrays for the quantitative analysis of hBD-1 and hBD-2 expression. hBD-1 expression did not differ significantly between healthy vocal cords, vocal cord nodules, and vocal cord polyps (p = 0.904). In contrast, hBD-2 expression was significantly higher in vocal cord polyps compared to vocal cord nodules and healthy vocal cords (p < 0.001). The expression of hBD-2, but not hBD-1, is elevated in vocal cord polyp epithelium. This suggests that hBD-1 has a more constitutive role in host defense in the vocal cords, whereas hBD-2 expression may be a result of local inflammation or the presence of invading pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjin Gu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Second Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300211, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yongwang Huang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Second Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300211, People's Republic of China
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Stevens WW, Lee RJ, Schleimer RP, Cohen NA. Chronic rhinosinusitis pathogenesis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 136:1442-1453. [PMID: 26654193 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There are a variety of medical conditions associated with chronic sinonasal inflammation, including chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and cystic fibrosis. In particular, CRS can be divided into 2 major subgroups based on whether nasal polyps are present or absent. Unfortunately, clinical treatment strategies for patients with chronic sinonasal inflammation are limited, in part because the underlying mechanisms contributing to disease pathology are heterogeneous and not entirely known. It is hypothesized that alterations in mucociliary clearance, abnormalities in the sinonasal epithelial cell barrier, and tissue remodeling all contribute to the chronic inflammatory and tissue-deforming processes characteristic of CRS. Additionally, the host innate and adaptive immune responses are also significantly activated and might be involved in pathogenesis. Recent advancements in the understanding of CRS pathogenesis are highlighted in this review, with special focus placed on the roles of epithelial cells and the host immune response in patients with cystic fibrosis, CRS without nasal polyps, or CRS with nasal polyps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney W Stevens
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Robert J Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa; Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa
| | - Robert P Schleimer
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill; Department of Otolaryngology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill.
| | - Noam A Cohen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa; Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Surgical Service, Philadelphia, Pa; Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pa
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7
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Hirschberg A, Kiss M, Kadocsa E, Polyanka H, Szabo K, Razga Z, Bella Z, Tiszlavicz L, Kemeny L. Different activations of toll-like receptors and antimicrobial peptides in chronic rhinosinusitis with or without nasal polyposis. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2015; 273:1779-88. [PMID: 26518209 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-015-3816-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Both up- and down-regulation of the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) of the sinonasal mucosa have already been associated with the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis with (CRSwNP) or without (CRSsNP) nasal polyps. The objective of this study was to determine the expression of all known TLR and several AMP genes and some selected proteins in association with allergy, asthma and aspirin intolerance (ASA) in CRS subgroups. RT-PCR was applied to measure the mRNA expressions of 10 TLRs, four defensins, lysozyme, cathelicidin and lactoferrin (LTF) in sinonasal samples from patients with CRSsNP (n = 19), CRSwNP [ASA(-): 17; ASA(+): 7] and in control subjects (n = 12). Protein expressions were detected with immunohistochemistry (n = 10). Statistical analysis was done with the Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA, Mann-Whitney U, and Student t test. TLR2, TLR5, TLR6, TLR7, TLR8, TLR9, β-defensins 1 and 4, cathelicidin and LTF mRNA expressions were significantly (p < 0.05) increased in CRSwNP, whereas only TLR2 and LTF were up-regulated in CRSsNP compared to controls. There was no statistical difference in respect of allergy, aspirin intolerance and smoking between CRSsNP, ASA(-) and ASA(+) CRSwNP patients. TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, LTF, β defensin 2 and lysozyme protein expressions were found to be elevated in macrophages of CRSwNP samples (p < 0.05). Gene expression analysis showed markedly different expressions in CRSwNP (6 out of 10 TLR and 4 out of 7 AMP genes were up-regulated) compared to CRSsNP (1/10, 1/7). The distinct activation of the innate immunity may support the concept that CRSsNP and CRSwNP are different subtypes of CRS. These findings were found to be independent from allergy, asthma, smoking, aspirin intolerance and systemic steroid application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andor Hirschberg
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, St John's Hospital, Dios arok 1-3, 1125, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Maria Kiss
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Edit Kadocsa
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology and Head-Neck Surgery, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | | | | | - Zsolt Razga
- Department of Pathology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Bella
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology and Head-Neck Surgery, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | | | - Lajos Kemeny
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,MTA-SZTE Dermatological Research Group, Szeged, Hungary
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Machado LR, Ottolini B. An evolutionary history of defensins: a role for copy number variation in maximizing host innate and adaptive immune responses. Front Immunol 2015; 6:115. [PMID: 25852686 PMCID: PMC4364288 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Defensins represent an evolutionary ancient family of antimicrobial peptides that play diverse roles in human health and disease. Defensins are cationic cysteine-containing multifunctional peptides predominantly expressed by epithelial cells or neutrophils. Defensins play a key role in host innate immune responses to infection and, in addition to their classically described role as antimicrobial peptides, have also been implicated in immune modulation, fertility, development, and wound healing. Aberrant expression of defensins is important in a number of inflammatory diseases as well as modulating host immune responses to bacteria, unicellular pathogens, and viruses. In parallel with their role in immunity, in other species, defensins have evolved alternative functions, including the control of coat color in dogs. Defensin genes reside in complex genomic regions that are prone to structural variations and some defensin family members exhibit copy number variation (CNV). Structural variations have mediated, and continue to influence, the diversification and expression of defensin family members. This review highlights the work currently being done to better understand the genomic architecture of the β-defensin locus. It evaluates current evidence linking defensin CNV to autoimmune disease (i.e., Crohn’s disease and psoriasis) as well as the contribution CNV has in influencing immune responses to HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee R Machado
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, School of Health, University of Northampton , Northampton , UK
| | - Barbara Ottolini
- Department of Cancer Studies, University of Leicester , Leicester , UK
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Wang DY, Li Y, Yan Y, Li C, Shi L. Upper airway stem cells: understanding the nose and role for future cell therapy. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2015; 15:490. [PMID: 25430951 PMCID: PMC7088825 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-014-0490-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The nose together with the paranasal sinuses has an approximate surface area of 100 to 200 cm(2) in adults, which is lined with pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium. It serves several important physiological functions such as conditioning and filtration of the inspired air and the provision of end organ for the sense of smell. It is also a physical and immunological barrier as it is the first site of interaction between the host tissue and foreign invaders (viruses, bacteria, and allergens). Our understanding of the complex cellular events occurring in response to inhaled agents during the development of common airway diseases has been significantly enhanced by the current status of in vivo and in vitro nasal experimental models. This will allow the development of novel therapeutic strategies designed to improve the physiological and immune defense functions of the nasal epithelium, as well as novel therapies for other common nasal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Yun Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119228 Singapore
| | - Yingying Li
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119228 Singapore
| | - Yan Yan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119228 Singapore
| | - Chunwei Li
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119228 Singapore
| | - Li Shi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 Wenhua West Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012 People’s Republic of China
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Human β-defensin-2 induction in nasal mucosa after administration of bacterial lysates. Arch Med Res 2011; 42:189-94. [PMID: 21722813 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2011.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The airway epithelium produces antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) that prevent colonization of host tissues by a wide range of pathogens. Human β-defensin 2 (hBD-2) is one of the most well-documented AMPs in humans. Several bacterial products can induce production of this peptide. Bacterial immunostimulants containing bacterial lysates have long been used in the treatment of respiratory infections, but their effects on hBD-2 release have not been investigated. We undertook this study to induce production of hBD-2 after stimulation of the nasal mucosa with bacterial lysates. METHODS A nasal lavage (NL) was performed in 12 healthy volunteers under basal conditions and after a nasal challenge with separate and subsequent stimuli with either bacterial lysates (20 million), cholecalciferol (400 IU), or sham-challenge with glycerol plus isotonic saline solution. Immunohistochemistry was performed in nasal biopsies 48 h after stimulation with bacterial lysates to identify the presence of hBD-2. RESULTS Increased levels of hBD-2 (4668.99 ± 2829.33 pg/mL) were measured with ELISA in NL fluids following bacterial challenge. However, hBD-2 concentrations were below the limit of detection in NL fluids at baseline and after the administration of cholecalciferol or the sham-challenge. Through immunohistochemistry, hBD-2 was predominantly localized to the epithelium. CONCLUSIONS hBD-2 can be induced in the nasal mucosa after administration of bacterial lysates. Stimulation of the innate immune system to produce hBD-2 could be used to prevent or even treat infections caused by respiratory pathogens.
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Fode P, Stegger M, Andersen PS. Human β-defensin 3 (DEFB103) and its influence on Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage. Int J Infect Dis 2011; 15:e388-94. [PMID: 21393042 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2011.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2010] [Revised: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The DEFB103 gene encodes human β-defensin 3, which has a high activity against Staphylococcus aureus. In the general population 20% are persistent nasal carriers of S. aureus, which is a problem for their general health. DEFB103 shows extensive variation in copy number. Copy number variations (CNVs) are believed to play a role in susceptibility to certain diseases. The possible associations between CNVs, mRNA, and nasal S. aureus carriage status were investigated. METHODS We used the pyrosequencing-based paralog ratio test to determine the DEFB103 copy number. Nasal swabs were collected for RNA and S. aureus determination. S. aureus genotypes were determined by spa typing, and real-time PCR was used to determine DEFB103 mRNA expression. RESULTS The DEFB103 CNV varied from 2 to 8 copies per diploid genome. No significant difference in copy number was observed among the groups. We found 74% of the volunteers to be non-carriers, 20% to be persistent carriers, and 6% to be intermittent carriers. The S. aureus isolates linked to more than 16 clonal lineages. mRNA expression varied extensively, but no significant differences were observed between the groups. We did not find a linear correlation between CNV and mRNA expression. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that DEFB103 CNV does not influence S. aureus carrier status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peder Fode
- Laboratory of Microbial Pathogenesis and Host Susceptibility, Department of Microbiological Surveillance and Research, Statens Serum Institut, 5 Artillerivej DK-2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
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The incidence of β-defensin-1, 2, 3 in human healthy and chronically inflamed nasal and tonsillar mucosa. J Appl Biomed 2010. [DOI: 10.2478/v10136-009-0012-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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13
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Significance of susceptible gene expression profiles in nasal polyposis. Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol 2008; 1:177-83. [PMID: 19434264 PMCID: PMC2671767 DOI: 10.3342/ceo.2008.1.4.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2008] [Accepted: 12/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nasal polyposis (NP) is a common chronic inflammatory disease of the rhinosinus mucosa and a complex disease with strong genetic and environmental components. During the past 10 to 20 yr, many studies have been performed to determine differential gene expression profiles between NP and normal nasal tissues, in order to identify susceptible genes that are associated with NP-related traits. Despite achievement in the identification of candidate genes and their associated pathogenic pathways, the large challenges remain as the genetic and molecular alterations required for its development and progression are still unclear. Therefore, the development of novel, powerful tools for gene discovery, and a closer integration of genetics and medical biology would provide valuable insight into the pathogenesis of NP.
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Chong KT, Thangavel RR, Tang X. Enhanced expression of murine β-defensins (MBD-1, -2,- 3, and -4) in upper and lower airway mucosa of influenza virus infected mice. Virology 2008; 380:136-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2008.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2008] [Revised: 06/24/2008] [Accepted: 07/22/2008] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Baruah P, Trimarchi M, Dumitriu IE, Dellantonio G, Doglioni C, Rovere-Querini P, Bussi M, Manfredi AA. Innate responses to Aspergillus: role of C1q and pentraxin 3 in nasal polyposis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 21:224-30. [PMID: 17424885 DOI: 10.2500/ajr.2007.21.2980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pentraxin 3 (PTX3) and complement component C1q are humoral factors of innate immunity, produced at sites of inflammation, and are essential in immune defense against several microbes such as Aspergillus, which is commonly implicated in nasal polyposis. METHODS PTX3 and C1q were measured in nasal polyp tissue, normal nasal mucosa, and serum of patients and healthy subjects. Immunohistochemistry for the two proteins was done on normal nasal mucosa and nasal polyps. In addition, PTX3 and C1q production from mononuclear cells from patients and healthy subjects was assessed. RESULTS Normal nasal mucosa was found to have 100-fold higher levels of PTX3 compared with serum. No measurable local increase of PTX3 was observed in polyps compared with normal mucosa. Immunohistochemistry revealed PTX3 expression in the lining of blood vessels both within normal mucosa and nasal polyps. PTX3 also was present in mononuclear cells infiltrating nasal polyps. C1q levels were higher in polyps than in normal nasal mucosa. CONCLUSION High levels of PTX3 are present in normal nasal mucosa, suggesting a role in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. Elevated C1q levels in nasal polyps might be indicative of an ongoing inflammatory response in the nasal mucosa in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paramita Baruah
- Cancer Immunotherapy and Gene Therapy Program, Clinical Immunology Unit, H. San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 58, Milano, Italy.
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