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Wang J, Li G, Ji G, Hu Y, Zhang W, Ji W, Yu J, Han Y, Cui G, Wang H, Manza P, Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Zhang Y. Habenula Volume and Functional Connectivity Changes Following Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy for Obesity Treatment. Biol Psychiatry 2024; 95:916-925. [PMID: 37480977 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2023.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroimaging studies have revealed alterations in habenular (Hb) structure and functional connectivity (FC) in psychiatric conditions. The Hb plays a particularly critical role in regulating negative emotions, which trigger excessive food intake and obesity. However, obesity and weight loss intervention (i.e., laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy [LSG])-associated changes in Hb structure and FC have not been studied. METHODS We used voxel-based morphometry analysis to measure changes in gray matter volume (GMV) in the Hb in 56 patients with obesity at pre-LSG and 12 months post-LSG and in 78 normal-weight (NW) control participants. Then, we conducted Hb seed-based resting-state FC (RSFC) to examine obesity-related and LSG-induced alterations in RSFC. Finally, we used mediation analysis to characterize the interrelationships among Hb GMV, RSFC, and behaviors. RESULTS Compared with NW participants, Hb GMV was smaller in patients at pre-LSG and increased at 12 months post-LSG to levels equivalent to that of NW; in addition, increases in Hb GMV were correlated with reduced body mass index (BMI). Compared with NW participants, pre-LSG patients showed greater RSFCs of the Hb-insula, Hb-precentral gyrus, and Hb-rolandic operculum and weaker RSFCs of the Hb-thalamus, Hb-hypothalamus, and Hb-caudate; LSG normalized these RSFCs. Decreased RSFC of the Hb-insula was correlated with reduced BMI, Yale Food Addiction Scale rating, and emotional eating; reduced hunger levels were correlated with increased RSFCs of the Hb-thalamus and Hb-hypothalamus; and reduced BMI and Yale Food Addiction Scale ratings were correlated with increased RSFCs of the Hb-thalamus and Hb-hypothalamus, respectively. The bidirectional relationships between Hb GMV and RSFC of the Hb-insula contributed to reduced BMI. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that LSG increased Hb GMV and that its related improvement in RSFC of the Hb-insula may mediate long-term benefits of LSG for eating behaviors and weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wang
- Center for Brain Imaging, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University & Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; International Joint Research Center for Advanced Medical Imaging and Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment & Xi'an Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing and Regulation of Trans-Scale Life Information, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Guanya Li
- Center for Brain Imaging, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University & Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; International Joint Research Center for Advanced Medical Imaging and Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment & Xi'an Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing and Regulation of Trans-Scale Life Information, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Gang Ji
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Yang Hu
- Center for Brain Imaging, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University & Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; International Joint Research Center for Advanced Medical Imaging and Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment & Xi'an Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing and Regulation of Trans-Scale Life Information, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenchao Zhang
- Center for Brain Imaging, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University & Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; International Joint Research Center for Advanced Medical Imaging and Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment & Xi'an Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing and Regulation of Trans-Scale Life Information, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Weibin Ji
- Center for Brain Imaging, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University & Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; International Joint Research Center for Advanced Medical Imaging and Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment & Xi'an Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing and Regulation of Trans-Scale Life Information, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Juan Yu
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yu Han
- Department of Radiology, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Guangbin Cui
- Department of Radiology, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Huaning Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Peter Manza
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Nora D Volkow
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Gene-Jack Wang
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Yi Zhang
- Center for Brain Imaging, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University & Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; International Joint Research Center for Advanced Medical Imaging and Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment & Xi'an Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing and Regulation of Trans-Scale Life Information, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
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Gos A, Steiner J, Trübner K, Ungewickell J, Mawrin C, Karnecki K, Kaliszan M, Gos T. Inverse pattern of GABAergic system impairment in the external versus internal globus pallidus in male heroin addicts. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2024; 274:445-452. [PMID: 37507486 PMCID: PMC10914887 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-023-01656-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Opioid addiction is a global problem that has been exacerbated in the USA and Europe by the COVID-19 pandemic. The globus pallidus (GP) plays a prominent neurobiological role in the regulation of behaviour as an output station of the striato-pallidal system. GABAergic large projection neurons are the main neuronal type in the external (EGP) and internal (IGP) parts of the GP, where addiction-specific molecular and functional abnormalities occur. In these neurons, glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) with isoforms GAD 65 and 67 is a key enzyme in GABA synthesis, and experimental studies suggest GAD dysregulation in the GP of heroin addicts. Our study, which was performed on paraffin-embedded brains from the Magdeburg Brain Bank, aimed to investigate abnormalities in the GABAergic function of large GP neurons by densitometric evaluation of their GAD 65/67-immunostained thick dendrites. The study revealed a bilaterally decreased fibres density in the EGP paralleled by the increase in the IGP in 11 male heroin addicts versus 11 healthy controls (significant U-test P values). The analysis of confounding variables found no interference of age, brain volume, and duration of formalin fixation with the results. Our findings suggest a dysregulation of GABAergic activity in the GP of heroin addicts, which is consistent with experimental data from animal models and plays potentially a role in the disturbed function of basal ganglia circuit in opioid addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gos
- Department of Psychiatry, Otto Von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Johann Steiner
- Department of Psychiatry, Otto Von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Kurt Trübner
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jonas Ungewickell
- Department of Psychiatry, Otto Von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Christian Mawrin
- Department of Neuropathology, Otto Von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Karol Karnecki
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Ul. Dębowa 23, 80-204, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Michał Kaliszan
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Ul. Dębowa 23, 80-204, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Tomasz Gos
- Department of Psychiatry, Otto Von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Ul. Dębowa 23, 80-204, Gdańsk, Poland.
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3
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Bian B, Zhang B, Wong C, Dou L, Pan X, Wang H, Guo S, Zhang H, Zhang L. Recent Advances in Habenula Imaging Technology: A Comprehensive Review. J Magn Reson Imaging 2024; 59:737-746. [PMID: 37254969 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.28830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The habenula (Hb) is involved in many natural human behaviors, and the relevance of its alterations in size and neural activity to several psychiatric disorders and addictive behaviors has been presumed and investigated in recent years using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Although the Hb is small, an increasing number of studies have overcome the difficulties in MRI. Conventional structural-based imaging also has great defects in observing the Hb contrast with adjacent structures. In addition, more and more attention should be paid to the Hb's functional, structural, and quantitative imaging studies. Several advanced MRI methods have recently been employed in clinical studies to explore the Hb and its involvement in psychiatric diseases. This review summarizes the anatomy and function of the human Hb; moreover, it focuses on exploring the human Hb with noninvasive MRI approaches, highlighting strategies to overcome the poor contrast with adjacent structures and the need for multiparametric MRI to develop imaging markers for diagnosis and treatment follow-up. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3 TECHNICAL EFFICACY STAGE: 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- BingYang Bian
- Department of Radiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging and Big Data, Radiology and Technology Innovation Center of Jilin Province, Jilin Provincial International Joint Research Center of Medical Artificial Intelligence, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Bei Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging and Big Data, Radiology and Technology Innovation Center of Jilin Province, Jilin Provincial International Joint Research Center of Medical Artificial Intelligence, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - ChinTing Wong
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Le Dou
- Department of Radiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging and Big Data, Radiology and Technology Innovation Center of Jilin Province, Jilin Provincial International Joint Research Center of Medical Artificial Intelligence, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - XingChen Pan
- Department of Radiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging and Big Data, Radiology and Technology Innovation Center of Jilin Province, Jilin Provincial International Joint Research Center of Medical Artificial Intelligence, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - HongChao Wang
- Department of Radiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging and Big Data, Radiology and Technology Innovation Center of Jilin Province, Jilin Provincial International Joint Research Center of Medical Artificial Intelligence, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - ShiYu Guo
- Department of Radiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging and Big Data, Radiology and Technology Innovation Center of Jilin Province, Jilin Provincial International Joint Research Center of Medical Artificial Intelligence, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - HuiMao Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging and Big Data, Radiology and Technology Innovation Center of Jilin Province, Jilin Provincial International Joint Research Center of Medical Artificial Intelligence, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging and Big Data, Radiology and Technology Innovation Center of Jilin Province, Jilin Provincial International Joint Research Center of Medical Artificial Intelligence, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, People's Republic of China
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Olszewski NA, Tetteh-Quarshie S, Henderson BJ. Neuronal Excitability in the Medial Habenula and Ventral Tegmental Area Is Differentially Modulated by Nicotine Dosage and Menthol in a Sex-Specific Manner. eNeuro 2024; 11:ENEURO.0380-23.2024. [PMID: 38233142 PMCID: PMC10863631 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0380-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The medial habenula (MHb) has been identified as the limiting factor for nicotine intake and facilitating nicotine withdrawal. However, few studies have assessed MHb neuronal excitability in response to nicotine, and, currently, a gap in knowledge is present for finding behavioral correlates to neuronal excitability in the region. Moreover, no study to date has evaluated sex or nicotine dosage as factors of excitability in the MHb. Here, we utilized an e-vape self-administration (EVSA) model to determine differences between sexes with different nicotine dosages ± menthol. Following this paradigm, we employed patch-clamp electrophysiology to assess key metrics of MHb neuronal excitability in relation to behavioral endpoints. We observed female mice self-administered significantly more than males, regardless of dosage. We also observed a direct correlation between self-administration behavior and MHb excitability with low-dose nicotine + menthol in males. Conversely, a high dose of nicotine ± menthol yields an inverse correlation between excitability and self-administration behavior in males only. In addition, intrinsic excitability in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) does not track with the amount of nicotine self-administered. Rather, they correlate to the active/inactive discrimination of mice. Using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry, we also observed that dopamine release dynamics are linked to reinforcement-related behavior in males and motivation-related behaviors in females. These results point to a sex-specific difference in the activity of the MHb and VTA leading to distinct differences in self-administration behavior. His could lend evidence to clinical observations of smoking and nicotine-use behavior differing between males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A Olszewski
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington 25703-1104, West Virginia
| | - Samuel Tetteh-Quarshie
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington 25703-1104, West Virginia
| | - Brandon J Henderson
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington 25703-1104, West Virginia
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5
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Wei J, Lambert TY, Valada A, Patel N, Walker K, Lenders J, Schmidt CJ, Iskhakova M, Alazizi A, Mair-Meijers H, Mash DC, Luca F, Pique-Regi R, Bannon MJ, Akbarian S. Single nucleus transcriptomics of ventral midbrain identifies glial activation associated with chronic opioid use disorder. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5610. [PMID: 37699936 PMCID: PMC10497570 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41455-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Dynamic interactions of neurons and glia in the ventral midbrain mediate reward and addiction behavior. We studied gene expression in 212,713 ventral midbrain single nuclei from 95 individuals with history of opioid misuse, and individuals without drug exposure. Chronic exposure to opioids was not associated with change in proportions of glial and neuronal subtypes, however glial transcriptomes were broadly altered, involving 9.5 - 6.2% of expressed genes within microglia, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes. Genes associated with activation of the immune response including interferon, NFkB signaling, and cell motility pathways were upregulated, contrasting with down-regulated expression of synaptic signaling and plasticity genes in ventral midbrain non-dopaminergic neurons. Ventral midbrain transcriptomic reprogramming in the context of chronic opioid exposure included 325 genes that previous genome-wide studies had linked to risk of substance use traits in the broader population, thereby pointing to heritable risk architectures in the genomic organization of the brain's reward circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julong Wei
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Tova Y Lambert
- Department of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience and Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Friedman Brain Institute Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Aditi Valada
- Department of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience and Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Friedman Brain Institute Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Nikhil Patel
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Kellie Walker
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Jayna Lenders
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Carl J Schmidt
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Marina Iskhakova
- Department of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience and Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Friedman Brain Institute Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Adnan Alazizi
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Henriette Mair-Meijers
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Deborah C Mash
- Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Francesca Luca
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, 00133, Italy
| | - Roger Pique-Regi
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Michael J Bannon
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Schahram Akbarian
- Department of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience and Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Friedman Brain Institute Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
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6
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Müller UJ, Schmalenbach LJ, Dobrowolny H, Guest PC, Schlaaff K, Mawrin C, Truebner K, Bogerts B, Gos T, Bernstein HG, Steiner J. Reduced anterior insular cortex volume in male heroin addicts: a postmortem study. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2023; 273:1233-1241. [PMID: 36719479 PMCID: PMC9888352 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-023-01553-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We and others have observed reduced volumes of brain regions, including the nucleus accumbens, globus pallidus, hypothalamus, and habenula in opioid addiction. Notably, the insular cortex has been under increasing study in addiction, and a smaller anterior insula has been found in alcohol-addicted cases. Here, we have investigated whether similar effects occur in heroin addicts compared to healthy controls. Volumes of the anterior and posterior insula in heroin addicts (n = 14) and controls (n = 13) were assessed by morphometry of Nissl-myelin-stained serial whole-brain coronal sections. The mean relative volume of the anterior insular cortex was smaller than in non-addicted controls (3010 ± 614 *10-6 versus 3970 ± 1306 *10-6; p = 0.021). However, no significant differences in neuronal cell counts were observed. Therefore, the observed volume reduction appears to be a consequence of damaged connecting structures such as neuropil and glial cells. The findings were not confounded by age or duration of autolysis. Our results provide further evidence of structural deficits in key hubs of the addiction circuitry in heroin-dependent individuals and warrant further research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf J Müller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Forensic Psychiatric State Hospital of Saxony-Anhalt, Stendal-Uchtspringe, Germany
| | - Lucas J Schmalenbach
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Henrik Dobrowolny
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Paul C Guest
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Konstantin Schlaaff
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- German Center for Mental Health (DZP), Center for Intervention and Research On Adaptive and Maladaptive Brain Circuits Underlying, Mental Health (C-I-R-C), Jena-Magdeburg-Halle, Germany
| | - Christian Mawrin
- Department of Neuropathology, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Kurt Truebner
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Bernhard Bogerts
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
- Salus Institute, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Tomasz Gos
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Hans-Gert Bernstein
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Johann Steiner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany.
- German Center for Mental Health (DZP), Center for Intervention and Research On Adaptive and Maladaptive Brain Circuits Underlying, Mental Health (C-I-R-C), Jena-Magdeburg-Halle, Germany.
- Center for Health Und Medical Prevention (CHaMP), Magdeburg, Germany.
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