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Torres DE, Reckard AT, Klocko AD, Seidl MF. Nuclear genome organization in fungi: from gene folding to Rabl chromosomes. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2023; 47:fuad021. [PMID: 37197899 PMCID: PMC10246852 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuad021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Comparative genomics has recently provided unprecedented insights into the biology and evolution of the fungal lineage. In the postgenomics era, a major research interest focuses now on detailing the functions of fungal genomes, i.e. how genomic information manifests into complex phenotypes. Emerging evidence across diverse eukaryotes has revealed that the organization of DNA within the nucleus is critically important. Here, we discuss the current knowledge on the fungal genome organization, from the association of chromosomes within the nucleus to topological structures at individual genes and the genetic factors required for this hierarchical organization. Chromosome conformation capture followed by high-throughput sequencing (Hi-C) has elucidated how fungal genomes are globally organized in Rabl configuration, in which centromere or telomere bundles are associated with opposite faces of the nuclear envelope. Further, fungal genomes are regionally organized into topologically associated domain-like (TAD-like) chromatin structures. We discuss how chromatin organization impacts the proper function of DNA-templated processes across the fungal genome. Nevertheless, this view is limited to a few fungal taxa given the paucity of fungal Hi-C experiments. We advocate for exploring genome organization across diverse fungal lineages to ensure the future understanding of the impact of nuclear organization on fungal genome function.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Torres
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University and Research,Droevendaalsesteeg 4, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew T Reckard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, 234 Centennial Hall, 1420 Austin Bluffs Pkwy, Colorado Springs, CO 80918 USA
| | - Andrew D Klocko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, 234 Centennial Hall, 1420 Austin Bluffs Pkwy, Colorado Springs, CO 80918 USA
| | - Michael F Seidl
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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2
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Grazioli P, Parodi C, Mariani M, Bottai D, Di Fede E, Zulueta A, Avagliano L, Cereda A, Tenconi R, Wierzba J, Adami R, Iascone M, Ajmone PF, Vaccari T, Gervasini C, Selicorni A, Massa V. Lithium as a possible therapeutic strategy for Cornelia de Lange syndrome. Cell Death Dis 2021; 7:34. [PMID: 33597506 PMCID: PMC7889653 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-021-00414-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Cornelia de Lange Syndrome (CdLS) is a rare developmental disorder affecting a multitude of organs including the central nervous system, inducing a variable neurodevelopmental delay. CdLS malformations derive from the deregulation of developmental pathways, inclusive of the canonical WNT pathway. We have evaluated MRI anomalies and behavioral and neurological clinical manifestations in CdLS patients. Importantly, we observed in our cohort a significant association between behavioral disturbance and structural abnormalities in brain structures of hindbrain embryonic origin. Considering the cumulative evidence on the cohesin-WNT-hindbrain shaping cascade, we have explored possible ameliorative effects of chemical activation of the canonical WNT pathway with lithium chloride in different models: (I) Drosophila melanogaster CdLS model showing a significant rescue of mushroom bodies morphology in the adult flies; (II) mouse neural stem cells restoring physiological levels in proliferation rate and differentiation capabilities toward the neuronal lineage; (III) lymphoblastoid cell lines from CdLS patients and healthy donors restoring cellular proliferation rate and inducing the expression of CyclinD1. This work supports a role for WNT-pathway regulation of CdLS brain and behavioral abnormalities and a consistent phenotype rescue by lithium in experimental models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Grazioli
- grid.4708.b0000 0004 1757 2822Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Parodi
- grid.4708.b0000 0004 1757 2822Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Daniele Bottai
- grid.4708.b0000 0004 1757 2822Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy ,grid.4708.b0000 0004 1757 2822“Aldo Ravelli” Center for Neurotechnology and Experimental Brain Therapeutics, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Di Fede
- grid.4708.b0000 0004 1757 2822Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Aida Zulueta
- grid.4708.b0000 0004 1757 2822Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Avagliano
- grid.4708.b0000 0004 1757 2822Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Cereda
- Department of Pediatrics-ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Romano Tenconi
- grid.5608.b0000 0004 1757 3470Department of Pediatrics, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Jolanta Wierzba
- grid.11451.300000 0001 0531 3426Department of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine Nursing, Department of Rare Disorders, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Raffaella Adami
- grid.4708.b0000 0004 1757 2822Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Iascone
- Department of Pediatrics-ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Paola Francesca Ajmone
- grid.414818.00000 0004 1757 8749Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Thomas Vaccari
- grid.4708.b0000 0004 1757 2822Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Cristina Gervasini
- grid.4708.b0000 0004 1757 2822Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy ,grid.4708.b0000 0004 1757 2822“Aldo Ravelli” Center for Neurotechnology and Experimental Brain Therapeutics, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Valentina Massa
- grid.4708.b0000 0004 1757 2822Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy ,grid.4708.b0000 0004 1757 2822“Aldo Ravelli” Center for Neurotechnology and Experimental Brain Therapeutics, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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3
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Liu T, Han Y, Yu C, Ji Y, Wang C, Chen X, Wang X, Shen J, Zhang Y, Lang JY. MYC predetermines the sensitivity of gastrointestinal cancer to antifolate drugs through regulating TYMS transcription. EBioMedicine 2019; 48:289-300. [PMID: 31648989 PMCID: PMC6838448 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Thymidylate synthase (TYMS) is a successful chemotherapeutic target for anticancer therapy. Numerous TYMS inhibitors have been developed and used for treating gastrointestinal cancer now, but they have limited clinical benefits due to the prevalent unresponsiveness and toxicity. It is urgent to identify a predictive biomarker to guide the precise clinical use of TYMS inhibitors. Methods Genome-scale CRISPR-Cas9 knockout screening was performed to identify potential therapeutic targets for treating gastrointestinal tumours as well as key regulators of raltitrexed (RTX) sensitivity. Cell-based functional assays were used to investigate how MYC regulates TYMS transcription. Cancer patient data were used to verify the correlation between drug response and MYC and/or TYMS mRNA levels. Finally, the role of NIPBL inactivation in gastrointestinal cancer was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Findings TYMS is essential for maintaining the viability of gastrointestinal cancer cells, and is selectively inhibited by RTX. Mechanistically, MYC presets gastrointestinal cancer sensitivity to RTX through upregulating TYMS transcription, supported by TCGA data showing that complete response cases to TYMS inhibitors had significantly higher MYC and TYMS mRNA levels than those of progressive diseases. NIPBL inactivation decreases the therapeutic responses of gastrointestinal cancer to RTX through blocking MYC. Interpretation Our study unveils a mechanism of how TYMS is transcriptionally regulated by MYC, and provides rationales for the precise use of TYMS inhibitors in the clinic. Funding This work was financially supported by grants of NKRDP (2016YFC1302400), STCSM (16JC1406200), NSFC (81872890, 81322034, 81372346) and CAS (QYZDB-SSW-SMC034, XDA12020210).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Liu
- The CAS_Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine & Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yumin Han
- The CAS_Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine & Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Chunhong Yu
- The CAS_Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine & Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yan Ji
- Bioinformatics Core, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine & Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Changxu Wang
- The CAS_Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine & Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xiaomin Chen
- The CAS_Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine & Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- The CAS_Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine & Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jiayan Shen
- The CAS_Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine & Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yongfeng Zhang
- The CAS_Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine & Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jing-Yu Lang
- The CAS_Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine & Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.
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4
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Federspiel JD, Greco TM, Lum KK, Cristea IM. Hdac4 Interactions in Huntington's Disease Viewed Through the Prism of Multiomics. Mol Cell Proteomics 2019; 18:S92-S113. [PMID: 31040226 PMCID: PMC6692770 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra118.001253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a monogenic disorder, driven by the expansion of a trinucleotide (CAG) repeat within the huntingtin (Htt) gene and culminating in neuronal degeneration in the brain, predominantly in the striatum and cortex. Histone deacetylase 4 (Hdac4) was previously found to contribute to the disease progression, providing a potential therapeutic target. Hdac4 knockdown reduced accumulation of misfolded Htt protein and improved HD phenotypes. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear, given its independence on deacetylase activity and the predominant cytoplasmic Hdac4 localization in the brain. Here, we undertook a multiomics approach to uncover the function of Hdac4 in the context of HD pathogenesis. We characterized the interactome of endogenous Hdac4 in brains of HD mouse models. Alterations in interactions were investigated in response to Htt polyQ length, comparing mice with normal (Q20) and disease (Q140) Htt, at both pre- and post-symptomatic ages (2 and 10 months, respectively). Parallel analyses for Hdac5, a related class IIa Hdac, highlighted the unique interaction network established by Hdac4. To validate and distinguish interactions specifically enhanced in an HD-vulnerable brain region, we next characterized endogenous Hdac4 interactions in dissected striata from this HD mouse series. Hdac4 associations were polyQ-dependent in the striatum, but not in the whole brain, particularly in symptomatic mice. Hdac5 interactions did not exhibit polyQ dependence. To identify which Hdac4 interactions and functions could participate in HD pathogenesis, we integrated our interactome with proteome and transcriptome data sets generated from the striata. We discovered an overlap in enriched functional classes with the Hdac4 interactome, particularly in vesicular trafficking and synaptic functions, and we further validated the Hdac4 interaction with the Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein and SCAR Homolog (WASH) complex. This study expands the knowledge of Hdac4 regulation and functions in HD, adding to the understanding of the molecular underpinning of HD phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel D Federspiel
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544
| | - Todd M Greco
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544
| | - Krystal K Lum
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544
| | - Ileana M Cristea
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544.
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5
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Ravi M, Ramanathan S, Krishna K. Factors, mechanisms and implications of chromatin condensation and chromosomal structural maintenance through the cell cycle. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:758-775. [PMID: 31264212 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A series of well-orchestrated events help in the chromatin condensation and the formation of chromosomes. Apart from the formation of chromosomes, maintenance of their structure is important, especially for the cell division. The structural maintenance of chromosome (SMC) proteins, the non-SMC proteins and the SMC complexes are critical for the maintenance of chromosome structure. While condensins have roles for the DNA compaction, organization, and segregation, the cohesin functions in a cyclic manner through the cell cycle, as a "cohesin cycle." Specific mechanisms maintain the architecture of the centromere, the kinetochore and the telomeres which are in tandem with the cell cycle checkpoints. The presence of chromosomal territories and compactness differences through the length of the chromosomes might have implications on selective susceptibility of specific chromosomes for induced genotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddaly Ravi
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Technology and Research, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Porur, Chennai, India
| | - Srishti Ramanathan
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Technology and Research, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Porur, Chennai, India
| | - Krupa Krishna
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Technology and Research, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Porur, Chennai, India
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6
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Zhu Z, Wang X. Roles of cohesin in chromosome architecture and gene expression. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 90:187-193. [PMID: 30096363 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cohesin-mediated chromatin organization plays an important role in formation and stabilization of chromosome architecture and gene regulation. Mechanisms by which cohesin shapes chromosome and regulates gene expression remain unclear. The present article overviews biological characters and functions of cohesin and core subunits and explores roles of regulatory factors (e.g. Pds5, Wapl, and Eco1) in dynamic behaviors of cohesin. Cohesin interacts with CCCTC binding factor (CTCF) and other factors to maintain and stabilize multi-dimensional organizations of topological loops and distances between sites during cell segmentation. We also describe functional roles of cohesin in cell cycle by entrapping sister chromatids to form embrace and handcuff models, loading onto chromatin, establishing cohesion function, and regulating removal of cohesin and associated factors from the chromosome arm through prophase pathway or at onset of anaphase. It is questioned whether those factors associated with cohesin-regulated processes can be identified as biology- or disease-specific biomarkers and druggable targets to dynamically monitor changes during phasing, staging, progressing, and responding of diseases. It is also expected to explore heterogenetic roles of cohesin between single cells and regulatory roles of cohesin in trans-omic profiles and functions. Further understanding of cohesin functions will be beneficial to improve diagnosis and treatment of cohesinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Zhu
- Zhongshan Hospital Institute of Clinical Science, Fudan University Medical School, Shanghai Institute of Clinical Bioinformatics Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangdong Wang
- Zhongshan Hospital Institute of Clinical Science, Fudan University Medical School, Shanghai Institute of Clinical Bioinformatics Shanghai, China.
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7
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Mirkovic M, Oliveira RA. Centromeric Cohesin: Molecular Glue and Much More. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 56:485-513. [PMID: 28840250 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-58592-5_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sister chromatid cohesion, mediated by the cohesin complex, is a prerequisite for faithful chromosome segregation during mitosis. Premature release of sister chromatid cohesion leads to random segregation of the genetic material and consequent aneuploidy. Multiple regulatory mechanisms ensure proper timing for cohesion establishment, concomitant with DNA replication, and cohesion release during the subsequent mitosis. Here we summarize the most important phases of the cohesin cycle and the coordination of cohesion release with the progression through mitosis. We further discuss recent evidence that has revealed additional functions for centromeric localization of cohesin in the fidelity of mitosis in metazoans. Beyond its well-established role as "molecular glue", centromeric cohesin complexes are now emerging as a scaffold for multiple fundamental processes during mitosis, including the formation of correct chromosome and kinetochore architecture, force balance with the mitotic spindle, and the association with key molecules that regulate mitotic fidelity, particularly at the chromosomal inner centromere. Centromeric chromatin may be thus seen as a dynamic place where cohesin ensures mitotic fidelity by multiple means.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihailo Mirkovic
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande, 2780-156, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Raquel A Oliveira
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande, 2780-156, Oeiras, Portugal.
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8
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Sajiki K, Tahara Y, Villar-Briones A, Pluskal T, Teruya T, Mori A, Hatanaka M, Ebe M, Nakamura T, Aoki K, Nakaseko Y, Yanagida M. Genetic defects in SAPK signalling, chromatin regulation, vesicle transport and CoA-related lipid metabolism are rescued by rapamycin in fission yeast. Open Biol 2019; 8:rsob.170261. [PMID: 29593117 PMCID: PMC5881033 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.170261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapamycin inhibits TOR (target of rapamycin) kinase, and is being used clinically to treat various diseases ranging from cancers to fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva. To understand rapamycin mechanisms of action more comprehensively, 1014 temperature-sensitive (ts) fission yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe) mutants were screened in order to isolate strains in which the ts phenotype was rescued by rapamycin. Rapamycin-rescued 45 strains, among which 12 genes responsible for temperature sensitivity were identified. These genes are involved in stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) signalling, chromatin regulation, vesicle transport, and CoA- and mevalonate-related lipid metabolism. Subsequent metabolome analyses revealed that rapamycin upregulated stress-responsive metabolites, while it downregulated purine biosynthesis intermediates and nucleotide derivatives. Rapamycin alleviated abnormalities in cell growth and cell division caused by sty1 mutants (Δsty1) of SAPK. Notably, in Δsty1, rapamycin reduced greater than 75% of overproduced metabolites (greater than 2× WT), like purine biosynthesis intermediates and nucleotide derivatives, to WT levels. This suggests that these compounds may be the points at which the SAPK/TOR balance regulates continuous cell proliferation. Rapamycin might be therapeutically useful for specific defects of these gene functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Sajiki
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Yuria Tahara
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Alejandro Villar-Briones
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Tomáš Pluskal
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Takayuki Teruya
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Ayaka Mori
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Mitsuko Hatanaka
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ebe
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nakamura
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Keita Aoki
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yukinobu Nakaseko
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Yanagida
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
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9
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Gudmundsson S, Annerén G, Marcos-Alcalde Í, Wilbe M, Melin M, Gómez-Puertas P, Bondeson ML. A novel RAD21 p.(Gln592del) variant expands the clinical description of Cornelia de Lange syndrome type 4 - Review of the literature. Eur J Med Genet 2018; 62:103526. [PMID: 30125677 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS) is a heterogeneous developmental disorder where 70% of clinically diagnosed patients harbor a variant in one of five CdLS associated cohesin proteins. Around 500 variants have been identified to cause CdLS, however only eight different alterations have been identified in the RAD21 gene, encoding the RAD21 cohesin complex component protein that constitute the link between SMC1A and SMC3 within the cohesin ring. We report a 15-month-old boy presenting with developmental delay, distinct CdLS-like facial features, gastrointestinal reflux in early infancy, testis retention, prominent digit pads and diaphragmatic hernia. Exome sequencing revealed a novel RAD21 variant, c.1774_1776del, p.(Gln592del), suggestive of CdLS type 4. Segregation analysis of the two healthy parents confirmed the variant as de novo and bioinformatic analysis predicted the variant as disease-causing. Assessment by in silico structural model predicted that the p.Gln592del variant results in a discontinued contact between RAD21-Lys591 and the SMC1A residues Glu1191 and Glu1192, causing changes in the RAD21-SMC1A interface. In conclusion, we report a patient that expands the clinical description of CdLS type 4 and presents with a novel RAD21 p.(Glu592del) variant that causes a disturbed RAD21-SMC1A interface according to in silco structural modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanna Gudmundsson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Science for Life Laboratory, 75108, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Göran Annerén
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Science for Life Laboratory, 75108, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Íñigo Marcos-Alcalde
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), 28049, Madrid, Spain; Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Francisco de Vitoria University, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Wilbe
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Science for Life Laboratory, 75108, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Malin Melin
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Science for Life Laboratory, 75108, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Marie-Louise Bondeson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Science for Life Laboratory, 75108, Uppsala, Sweden.
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10
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Carvalhal S, Tavares A, Santos MB, Mirkovic M, Oliveira RA. A quantitative analysis of cohesin decay in mitotic fidelity. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:3343-3353. [PMID: 30002073 PMCID: PMC6168270 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201801111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sister chromatid cohesion mediated by cohesin is essential for mitotic fidelity. It counteracts spindle forces to prevent premature chromatid individualization and random genome segregation. However, it is unclear what effects a partial decline of cohesin may have on chromosome organization. In this study, we provide a quantitative analysis of cohesin decay by inducing acute removal of defined amounts of cohesin from metaphase-arrested chromosomes. We demonstrate that sister chromatid cohesion is very resistant to cohesin loss as chromatid disjunction is only observed when chromosomes lose >80% of bound cohesin. Removal close to this threshold leads to chromosomes that are still cohered but display compromised chromosome alignment and unstable spindle attachments. Partial cohesin decay leads to increased duration of mitosis and susceptibility to errors in chromosome segregation. We propose that high cohesin density ensures centromeric chromatin rigidity necessary to maintain a force balance with the mitotic spindle. Partial cohesin loss may lead to chromosome segregation errors even when sister chromatid cohesion is fulfilled.
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11
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Larizza L, Finelli P. Developmental disorders with intellectual disability driven by chromatin dysregulation: Clinical overlaps and molecular mechanisms. Clin Genet 2018; 95:231-240. [DOI: 10.1111/cge.13365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Larizza
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics; Istituto Auxologico Italiano; Milan Italy
| | - P. Finelli
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics; Istituto Auxologico Italiano; Milan Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine; Università degli Studi di Milano; Milan Italy
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12
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Pan D, Du Y, Ren Z, Chen Y, Li X, Wang J, Hu B. Radiation induces premature chromatid separation via the miR-142-3p/Bod1 pathway in carcinoma cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:60432-60445. [PMID: 27527863 PMCID: PMC5312394 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation-induced genomic instability plays a vital role in carcinogenesis. Bod1 is required for proper chromosome biorientation, and Bod1 depletion increases premature chromatid separation. MiR-142-3p influences cell cycle progression and inhibits proliferation and invasion in cervical carcinoma cells. We found that radiation induced premature chromatid separation and altered miR-142-3p and Bod1 expression in 786-O and A549 cells. Overexpression of miR-142-3p increased premature chromatid separation and G2/M cell cycle arrest in 786-O cells by suppressing Bod1 expression. We also found that either overexpression of miR-142-3p or knockdown of Bod1 sensitized 786-O and A549 cells to X-ray radiation. Overexpression of Bod1 inhibited radiation- and miR-142-3p-induced premature chromatid separation and increased resistance to radiation in 786-O and A549 cells. Taken together, these results suggest that radiation alters miR-142-3p and Bod1 expression in carcinoma cells, and thus contributes to early stages of radiation-induced genomic instability. Combining ionizing radiation with epigenetic regulation may help improve cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Pan
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Key Laboratory of Space Radiobiology of Gansu Province, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yarong Du
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Key Laboratory of Space Radiobiology of Gansu Province, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhenxin Ren
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Key Laboratory of Space Radiobiology of Gansu Province, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yaxiong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Key Laboratory of Space Radiobiology of Gansu Province, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaoman Li
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Key Laboratory of Space Radiobiology of Gansu Province, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jufang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Key Laboratory of Space Radiobiology of Gansu Province, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Burong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Key Laboratory of Space Radiobiology of Gansu Province, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions and School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
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13
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Zhou H, Zheng L, Lu K, Gao Y, Guo L, Xu W, Wang X. Downregulation of Cohesin Loading Factor Nipped-B-Like Protein (NIPBL) Induces Cell Cycle Arrest, Apoptosis, and Autophagy of Breast Cancer Cell Lines. Med Sci Monit 2017; 23:4817-4825. [PMID: 28987049 PMCID: PMC5642644 DOI: 10.12659/msm.906583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cohesin loading factor, nipped-B-like protein (NIPBL), is also known as the sister chromatid cohesion 2 (SCC2) human homolog. Recently, we have studied the role of expression levels of NIPBL in cell proliferation and chemotherapy resistance of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells in vitro. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of expression of the cohesin loading factor, NIPBL, on the cell cycle, apoptosis, and autophagy of breast cancer cell lines in vitro. MATERIAL AND METHODS Expression levels of the NIPBL in the breast cancer cell lines, MCF7, Bcap37, MDA-MB 453 and MDA-MB 231, were measured using Western blot and flow cytometry. Small interfering RNA (si-RNA) was used to study the biological functions of NIPBL. The cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay and the colony formation assay were used to measure cell proliferation; the wound scratching assay and transwell chamber assay were used to investigate cell invasion and migration. RESULTS NIPBL gene and protein expression were upregulated in the MCF7 and Bcap37 cells; si-NIPBL transfection inhibited cell proliferation, invasion, and migration of breast cancer cells. Downregulation of NIPBL arrested cells in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle and induced apoptosis and autophagy of breast cancer cells through the caspase3 and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathways. CONCLUSIONS [color=black]Downregulation of cohesin loading factor NIPBL arrested breast cancer cells in vitro in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle and induced apoptosis and autophagy. [/color].
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Zhou
- Department of Oncology, The First Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- Department of Medical Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Lei Zheng
- Department of Oncology, The First Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- Department of Medical Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Kongbeng Lu
- Department of Oncology, The First Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- Department of Medical Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Yun Gao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Liwei Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Weizhen Xu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojia Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- Department of Medical Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
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14
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Fazio G, Bettini LR, Rigamonti S, Meta D, Biondi A, Cazzaniga G, Selicorni A, Massa V. Impairment of Retinoic Acid Signaling in Cornelia de Lange Syndrome Fibroblasts. Birth Defects Res 2017; 109:1268-1276. [PMID: 28752682 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS) is a rare genetic disorder affecting the neurodevelopment, gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal systems. CdLS is caused by mutations within NIPBL, SMC1A, SMC3, RAD21, and HDAC8 genes. These genes codify for the "cohesin complex" playing a role in chromatid adhesion, DNA repair and gene expression regulation. The aim of this study was to investigate retinoic acid (RA) signaling pathway, a master developmental regulator, in CdLS cells. METHODS Skin biopsies from CdLS patients and healthy controls were cultured and derived primary fibroblast cells were treated with RA or dimethyl sulfoxide (vehicle). After RA treatment, cells were harvested and RNA was isolated for quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction experiments. RESULTS We analyzed several components of RA metabolism in a human cell line of kidney fibroblasts (293T), in addition to fibroblasts collected from both NIPBL-mutated patients and healthy donors, with or without RA treatment. In all cases, ADH and RALDH1 gene expression was not affected by RA treatment, while CRABP1 was induced. CRABP2 was dramatically upregulated upon RA treatment in healthy donors but not in CdLS patients cells. CONCLUSION We investigated if CdLS alterations are associated to perturbation of RA signaling. Cells derived from CdLS patients do not respond to RA signaling as efficiently as healthy controls. RA pathway alterations suggest a possible underlying mechanism for several cellular and developmental abnormalities associated with cohesin function. Birth Defects Research 109:1268-1276, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Fazio
- Centro Ricerca M. Tettamanti, Clinica Pediatrica, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Ospedale San Gerardo/Fondazione MBBM, Monza, Italy
| | - Laura Rachele Bettini
- Clinica Pediatrica, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Ospedale San Gerardo/Fondazione MBBM, Monza, Italy
| | - Silvia Rigamonti
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Milan, Italy
| | - Dorela Meta
- Centro Ricerca M. Tettamanti, Clinica Pediatrica, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Ospedale San Gerardo/Fondazione MBBM, Monza, Italy
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Cusano Milanino, Italy
| | - Andrea Biondi
- Centro Ricerca M. Tettamanti, Clinica Pediatrica, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Ospedale San Gerardo/Fondazione MBBM, Monza, Italy
- Clinica Pediatrica, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Ospedale San Gerardo/Fondazione MBBM, Monza, Italy
| | - Giovanni Cazzaniga
- Centro Ricerca M. Tettamanti, Clinica Pediatrica, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Ospedale San Gerardo/Fondazione MBBM, Monza, Italy
| | - Angelo Selicorni
- Clinica Pediatrica, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Ospedale San Gerardo/Fondazione MBBM, Monza, Italy
- Department of Pediatrics, Presidio S. Fermo, ASST Lariana, Como, Italy
| | - Valentina Massa
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Milan, Italy
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15
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Zhang J, Shi D, Li X, Ding L, Tang J, Liu C, Shirahige K, Cao Q, Lou H. Rtt101-Mms1-Mms22 coordinates replication-coupled sister chromatid cohesion and nucleosome assembly. EMBO Rep 2017; 18:1294-1305. [PMID: 28615292 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201643807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Two sister chromatids must be held together by a cohesion process from their synthesis during S phase to segregation in anaphase. Despite its pivotal role in accurate chromosome segregation, how cohesion is established remains elusive. Here, we demonstrate that yeast Rtt101-Mms1, Cul4 family E3 ubiquitin ligases are stronger dosage suppressors of loss-of-function eco1 mutants than PCNA The essential cohesion reaction, Eco1-catalyzed Smc3 acetylation is reduced in the absence of Rtt101-Mms1. One of the adaptor subunits, Mms22, associates directly with Eco1. Point mutations (L61D/G63D) in Eco1 that abolish the interaction with Mms22 impair Smc3 acetylation. Importantly, an eco1LGpol30A251V double mutant displays additive Smc3ac reduction. Moreover, Smc3 acetylation and cohesion defects also occur in the mutants of other replication-coupled nucleosome assembly (RCNA) factors upstream or downstream of Rtt101-Mms1, indicating unanticipated cross talk between histone modifications and cohesin acetylation. These data suggest that fork-associated Cul4-Ddb1 E3s, together with PCNA, coordinate chromatin reassembly and cohesion establishment on the newly replicated sister chromatids, which are crucial for maintaining genome and chromosome stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Di Shi
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoli Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Ding
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Cong Liu
- Laboratory of Genomic Stability, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Katsuhiko Shirahige
- Research Center for Epigenetic Disease, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Qinhong Cao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Huiqiang Lou
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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16
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Fujita Y, Masuda K, Bando M, Nakato R, Katou Y, Tanaka T, Nakayama M, Takao K, Miyakawa T, Tanaka T, Ago Y, Hashimoto H, Shirahige K, Yamashita T. Decreased cohesin in the brain leads to defective synapse development and anxiety-related behavior. J Exp Med 2017; 214:1431-1452. [PMID: 28408410 PMCID: PMC5413336 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20161517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal epigenetic regulation can cause the nervous system to develop abnormally. Here, we sought to understand the mechanism by which this occurs by investigating the protein complex cohesin, which is considered to regulate gene expression and, when defective, is associated with higher-level brain dysfunction and the developmental disorder Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS). We generated conditional Smc3-knockout mice and observed greater dendritic complexity and larger numbers of immature synapses in the cerebral cortex of Smc3+/- mice. Smc3+/- mice also exhibited more anxiety-related behavior, which is a symptom of CdLS. Further, a gene ontology analysis after RNA-sequencing suggested the enrichment of immune processes, particularly the response to interferons, in the Smc3+/- mice. Indeed, fewer synapses formed in their cortical neurons, and this phenotype was rescued by STAT1 knockdown. Thus, low levels of cohesin expression in the developing brain lead to changes in gene expression that in turn lead to a specific and abnormal neuronal and behavioral phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Fujita
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Koji Masuda
- Research Center for Epigenetic Disease, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Masashige Bando
- Research Center for Epigenetic Disease, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Ryuichiro Nakato
- Research Center for Epigenetic Disease, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Yuki Katou
- Research Center for Epigenetic Disease, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Takashi Tanaka
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nakayama
- Department of Pathology, Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Osaka 594-1101, Japan
| | - Keizo Takao
- Life Science Research Center, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Miyakawa
- Life Science Research Center, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
- Division of Systems Medical Science, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Tatsunori Tanaka
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yukio Ago
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Hashimoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Division of Bioscience, Institute for Datability Science, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- iPS Cell-based Research Project on Brain Neuropharmacology and Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Molecular Research Center for Children's Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Shirahige
- Research Center for Epigenetic Disease, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Toshihide Yamashita
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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17
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Abstract
The kollerin complex, consisting of Scc2/Scc4 in yeast and Nipbl/Mau2 in vertebrates, is crucial for the chromatin-association of the cohesin complex and therefore for the critical functions of cohesin in cell division, transcriptional regulation and chromatin organisation. Despite the recent efforts to determine the genomic localization of the kollerin complex in different cell lines, major questions still remain unresolved, for instance where cohesin is actually loaded onto chromatin. Further, Nipbl seems to have also additional roles, for instance as transcription factor.This chapter summarizes our current knowledge on kollerin function and the recent studies on the genomic localization of Scc2, highlighting and critically discussing controversial data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin S Wendt
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC, Faculty Building, Room Ee1020, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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18
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Cereda A, Mariani M, Rebora P, Sajeva A, Ajmone PF, Gervasini C, Russo S, Kullmann G, Valsecchi G, Selicorni A. A new prognostic index of severity of intellectual disabilities in Cornelia de Lange syndrome. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2016; 172:179-89. [PMID: 27148700 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Cornelia de Lange syndrome is a well-known multiple congenital anomalies/intellectual disability syndrome with genetic heterogeneity and wide clinical variability, regarding the severity of both the intellectual disabilities and the physical features, not completely explained by the genotype-phenotype correlations known to date. The aim of the study was the identification of prognostic features, ascertainable precociously in the patient's life, of a better intellectual outcome and the development of a new prognostic index of severity of intellectual disability in CdLS patients. In 66 italian CdLS patients aged 8 years or more, we evaluated the association of the degree of intellectual disability with various clinical parameters ascertainable before 6 months of life and with the molecular data by the application of cumulative regression logistic model. Based on these results and on the previously known genotype-phenotype correlations, we selected seven parameters to be used in a multivariate cumulative regression logistic model to develop a prognostic index of severity of intellectual disability. The probability of a mild ID increases with the reducing final score less than two, the probability of a severe ID increases with the increasing final score more than three. This prognostic index allows to define, precociously in the life of a baby, the probability of a better or worse intellectual outcome in CdLS patients. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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19
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Fazio G, Gaston-Massuet C, Bettini LR, Graziola F, Scagliotti V, Cereda A, Ferrari L, Mazzola M, Cazzaniga G, Giordano A, Cotelli F, Bellipanni G, Biondi A, Selicorni A, Pistocchi A, Massa V. CyclinD1 Down-Regulation and Increased Apoptosis Are Common Features of Cohesinopathies. J Cell Physiol 2016. [PMID: 26206533 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Genetic variants within components of the cohesin complex (NIPBL, SMC1A, SMC3, RAD21, PDS5, ESCO2, HDAC8) are believed to be responsible for a spectrum of human syndromes known as "cohesinopathies" that includes Cornelia de Lange Syndrome (CdLS). CdLS is a multiple malformation syndrome affecting almost any organ and causing severe developmental delay. Cohesinopathies seem to be caused by dysregulation of specific developmental pathways downstream of mutations in cohesin components. However, it is still unclear how mutations in different components of the cohesin complex affect the output of gene regulation. In this study, zebrafish embryos and SMC1A-mutated patient-derived fibroblasts were used to analyze abnormalities induced by SMC1A loss of function. We show that the knockdown of smc1a in zebrafish impairs neural development, increases apoptosis, and specifically down-regulates Ccnd1 levels. The same down-regulation of cohesin targets is observed in SMC1A-mutated patient fibroblasts. Previously, we have demonstrated that haploinsufficiency of NIPBL produces similar effects in zebrafish and in patients fibroblasts indicating a possible common feature for neurological defects and mental retardation in cohesinopathies. Interestingly, expression analysis of Smc1a and Nipbl in developing mouse embryos reveals a specific pattern in the hindbrain, suggesting a role for cohesins in neural development in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Fazio
- Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, Clinica Pediatrica, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Ospedale San Gerardo/Fondazione MBBM, Monza, Italy
| | - Carles Gaston-Massuet
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London Medical School, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Laura Rachele Bettini
- Clinica Pediatrica, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Ospedale San Gerardo/Fondazione MBBM, Monza, Italy
| | - Federica Graziola
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London Medical School, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.,Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Valeria Scagliotti
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London Medical School, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Anna Cereda
- Clinica Pediatrica, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Ospedale San Gerardo/Fondazione MBBM, Monza, Italy
| | - Luca Ferrari
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Mara Mazzola
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Gianni Cazzaniga
- Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, Clinica Pediatrica, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Ospedale San Gerardo/Fondazione MBBM, Monza, Italy
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Franco Cotelli
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Bellipanni
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrea Biondi
- Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, Clinica Pediatrica, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Ospedale San Gerardo/Fondazione MBBM, Monza, Italy.,Clinica Pediatrica, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Ospedale San Gerardo/Fondazione MBBM, Monza, Italy
| | - Angelo Selicorni
- Clinica Pediatrica, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Ospedale San Gerardo/Fondazione MBBM, Monza, Italy
| | - Anna Pistocchi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.,Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Valentina Massa
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
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20
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Pradillo M, Knoll A, Oliver C, Varas J, Corredor E, Puchta H, Santos JL. Involvement of the Cohesin Cofactor PDS5 (SPO76) During Meiosis and DNA Repair in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:1034. [PMID: 26648949 PMCID: PMC4664637 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Maintenance and precise regulation of sister chromatid cohesion is essential for faithful chromosome segregation during mitosis and meiosis. Cohesin cofactors contribute to cohesin dynamics and interact with cohesin complexes during cell cycle. One of these, PDS5, also known as SPO76, is essential during mitosis and meiosis in several organisms and also plays a role in DNA repair. In yeast, the complex Wapl-Pds5 controls cohesion maintenance and colocalizes with cohesin complexes into chromosomes. In Arabidopsis, AtWAPL proteins are essential during meiosis, however, the role of AtPDS5 remains to be ascertained. Here we have isolated mutants for each of the five AtPDS5 genes (A-E) and obtained, after different crosses between them, double, triple, and even quadruple mutants (Atpds5a Atpds5b Atpds5c Atpds5e). Depletion of AtPDS5 proteins has a weak impact on meiosis, but leads to severe effects on development, fertility, somatic homologous recombination (HR) and DNA repair. Furthermore, this cohesin cofactor could be important for the function of the AtSMC5/AtSMC6 complex. Contrarily to its function in other species, our results suggest that AtPDS5 is dispensable during the meiotic division of Arabidopsis, although it plays an important role in DNA repair by HR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Pradillo
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad ComplutenseMadrid, Spain
| | - Alexander Knoll
- Botanical Institute II, Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyKarlsruhe, Germany
| | - Cecilia Oliver
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad ComplutenseMadrid, Spain
| | - Javier Varas
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad ComplutenseMadrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Corredor
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad ComplutenseMadrid, Spain
| | - Holger Puchta
- Botanical Institute II, Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyKarlsruhe, Germany
| | - Juan L. Santos
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad ComplutenseMadrid, Spain
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21
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Bajic V, Spremo-Potparevic B, Zivkovic L, Isenovic ER, Arendt T. Cohesion and the aneuploid phenotype in Alzheimer's disease: A tale of genome instability. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 55:365-74. [PMID: 26003528 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Neurons are postmitotic cells that are in permanent cell cycle arrest. However, components of the cell cycle machinery that are expressed in Alzheimer's disease (AD) neurons are showing features of a cycling cell and those attributed to a postmitotic cell as well. Furthermore, the unique physiological operations taking place in neurons, ascribed to "core cell cycle regulators" are also key regulators in cell division. Functions of these cell cycle regulators include neuronal migration, axonal elongation, axon pruning, dendrite morphogenesis and synaptic maturation and plasticity. In this review, we focus on cohesion and cohesion related proteins in reference to their neuronal functions and how impaired centromere/cohesion dynamics may connect cell cycle dysfunction to aneuploidy in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladan Bajic
- Institute for Nuclear Research "Vinca", Laboratory for Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Belgrade, P.O. 522, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Biljana Spremo-Potparevic
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Physiology, Department of Biology and Human Genetics, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Lada Zivkovic
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Physiology, Department of Biology and Human Genetics, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Esma R Isenovic
- Institute for Nuclear Research "Vinca", Laboratory for Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Belgrade, P.O. 522, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Thomas Arendt
- Paul-Flechsig-Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, School of Medicine, Leipzig, Germany.
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Tong K, Skibbens RV. Pds5 regulators segregate cohesion and condensation pathways in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:7021-6. [PMID: 25986377 PMCID: PMC4460518 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1501369112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cohesins are required both for the tethering together of sister chromatids (termed cohesion) and subsequent condensation into discrete structures-processes fundamental for faithful chromosome segregation into daughter cells. Differentiating between cohesin roles in cohesion and condensation would provide an important advance in studying chromatin metabolism. Pds5 is a cohesin-associated factor that is essential for both cohesion maintenance and condensation. Recent studies revealed that ELG1 deletion suppresses the temperature sensitivity of pds5 mutant cells. However, the mechanisms through which Elg1 may regulate cohesion and condensation remain unknown. Here, we report that ELG1 deletion from pds5-1 mutant cells results in a significant rescue of cohesion, but not condensation, defects. Based on evidence that Elg1 unloads the DNA replication clamp PCNA from DNA, we tested whether PCNA overexpression would similarly rescue pds5-1 mutant cell cohesion defects. The results indeed reveal that elevated levels of PCNA rescue pds5-1 temperature sensitivity and cohesion defects, but do not rescue pds5-1 mutant cell condensation defects. In contrast, RAD61 deletion rescues the condensation defect, but importantly, neither the temperature sensitivity nor cohesion defects exhibited by pds5-1 mutant cells. In combination, these findings reveal that cohesion and condensation are separable pathways and regulated in nonredundant mechanisms. These results are discussed in terms of a new model through which cohesion and condensation are spatially regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Tong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015
| | - Robert V Skibbens
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015
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23
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Xu W, Ying Y, Shan L, Feng J, Zhang S, Gao Y, Xu X, Yao Y, Zhu C, Mao W. Enhanced expression of cohesin loading factor NIPBL confers poor prognosis and chemotherapy resistance in non-small cell lung cancer. J Transl Med 2015; 13:153. [PMID: 25963978 PMCID: PMC4438579 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0503-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND NIPBL, the sister chromatid cohesion 2 (SCC2) human homolog, is a cohesin loading factor which is essential for deposition of cohesin onto the sister chromatid. Recent studies have shown that NIPBL contribute to sister chromatid cohesion and plays a critical role in development, DNA repair, and gene regulation. In this study, we measured the expression of NIPBL in clinical non-small cell lung cancer specimens, and determined its effects on cellular processes and chemosensitivity in vitro. METHODS NIPBL immunohistochemistry was performed on 123 lung adenocarcinoma samples. Through knockdown of NIPBL protein expression, non-small cell lung cancer cell lines were used to test the potential involvement of NIPBL silencing on cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis. Chemosensitivity was assessed with clonogenic assays, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays were performed to analyze the relationship between NIPBL and signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3). RESULTS Immunohistochemical analysis showed that high expression of NIPBL was strongly correlated with poor prognosis, tumor differentiation, and lymph node metastasis. Survival analysis further indicated that NIPBL expression was a potential prognostic factor for non-small cell lung cancer. Knockdown of NIPBL in non-small cell lung cancer cell lines significantly reduced cellular proliferation, migration, and invasion, and enhanced cellular apoptosis and sensitivity to cisplatin, paclitaxel, and gemcitabine hydrochloride. NIPBL bound to the promoter region of the STAT3 gene, directly regulating the expression of STAT3. CONCLUSIONS These data suggested that NIPBL played a significant role in lung carcinogenesis. NIPBL expression conferred poor prognosis and resistance to chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer, suggesting that NIPBL may be a novel therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhen Xu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment Technology on Thoracic Oncology (Lung and Esophagus), 38, Guangji Load, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China.
- Cancer Research Institute, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, 38, Guangji Load, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China.
| | - Yinyin Ying
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment Technology on Thoracic Oncology (Lung and Esophagus), 38, Guangji Load, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China.
| | - Lihong Shan
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment Technology on Thoracic Oncology (Lung and Esophagus), 38, Guangji Load, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China.
| | - Jianguo Feng
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment Technology on Thoracic Oncology (Lung and Esophagus), 38, Guangji Load, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China.
- Cancer Research Institute, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, 38, Guangji Load, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China.
| | - Shengjie Zhang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment Technology on Thoracic Oncology (Lung and Esophagus), 38, Guangji Load, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China.
- Cancer Research Institute, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, 38, Guangji Load, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China.
| | - Yun Gao
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment Technology on Thoracic Oncology (Lung and Esophagus), 38, Guangji Load, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China.
- Cancer Research Institute, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, 38, Guangji Load, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China.
| | - Xiaoling Xu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment Technology on Thoracic Oncology (Lung and Esophagus), 38, Guangji Load, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China.
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, 38, Guangji Load, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China.
| | - Yinli Yao
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment Technology on Thoracic Oncology (Lung and Esophagus), 38, Guangji Load, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China.
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, 38, Guangji Load, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China.
| | - Chihong Zhu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment Technology on Thoracic Oncology (Lung and Esophagus), 38, Guangji Load, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China.
- Cancer Research Institute, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, 38, Guangji Load, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China.
| | - Weimin Mao
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment Technology on Thoracic Oncology (Lung and Esophagus), 38, Guangji Load, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China.
- Cancer Research Institute, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, 38, Guangji Load, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China.
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, 38, Guangji Load, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China.
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24
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Orgil O, Matityahu A, Eng T, Guacci V, Koshland D, Onn I. A conserved domain in the scc3 subunit of cohesin mediates the interaction with both mcd1 and the cohesin loader complex. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005036. [PMID: 25748820 PMCID: PMC4352044 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The Structural Maintenance of Chromosome (SMC) complex, termed cohesin, is essential for sister chromatid cohesion. Cohesin is also important for chromosome condensation, DNA repair, and gene expression. Cohesin is comprised of Scc3, Mcd1, Smc1, and Smc3. Scc3 also binds Pds5 and Wpl1, cohesin-associated proteins that regulate cohesin function, and to the Scc2/4 cohesin loader. We mutagenized SCC3 to elucidate its role in cohesin function. A 5 amino acid insertion after Scc3 residue I358, or a missense mutation of residue D373 in the adjacent stromalin conservative domain (SCD) induce inviability and defects in both cohesion and cohesin binding to chromosomes. The I358 and D373 mutants abrogate Scc3 binding to Mcd1. These results define an Scc3 region extending from I358 through the SCD required for binding Mcd1, cohesin localization to chromosomes and cohesion. Scc3 binding to the cohesin loader, Pds5 and Wpl1 are unaffected in I358 mutant and the loader still binds the cohesin core trimer (Mcd1, Smc1 and Smc3). Thus, Scc3 plays a critical role in cohesin binding to chromosomes and cohesion at a step distinct from loader binding to the cohesin trimer. We show that residues Y371 and K372 within the SCD are critical for viability and chromosome condensation but dispensable for cohesion. However, scc3 Y371A and scc3 K372A bind normally to Mcd1. These alleles also provide evidence that Scc3 has distinct mechanisms of cohesin loading to different loci. The cohesion-competence, condensation-incompetence of Y371 and K372 mutants suggests that cohesin has at least one activity required specifically for condensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola Orgil
- Faculty of Medicine in The Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Avi Matityahu
- Faculty of Medicine in The Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Thomas Eng
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Vincent Guacci
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Douglas Koshland
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Itay Onn
- Faculty of Medicine in The Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
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25
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An autoregulatory pathway establishes the definitive chromatin conformation at the pit-1 locus. Mol Cell Biol 2015; 35:1523-32. [PMID: 25691665 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01283-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor Pit-1 (POU1-F1) plays a dominant role in cell lineage expansion and differentiation in the anterior pituitary. Prior studies of the mouse Pit-1 (mPit-1) gene revealed that this master regulatory locus is activated at embryonic day 13.5 (E13.5) by an early enhancer (EE), whereas its subsequent expression throughout adult life is maintained by a more distal definitive enhancer (DE). Here, we demonstrate that the sequential actions of these two enhancers are linked to corresponding shifts in their proximities to the Pit-1 promoter. We further demonstrate that the looping of the definitive enhancer to the mPit-1 promoter is critically dependent on a self-sustaining autoregulatory mechanism mediated by the Pit-1 protein. These Pit-1-dependent actions are accompanied by localized recruitment of CBP and enrichment for H3K27 acetylation within the Pit-1 locus. These data support a model in which the sequential actions of two developmentally activated enhancers are linked to a corresponding shift in higher-order chromatin structures. This shift establishes an autoregulatory circuit that maintains durable expression of Pit-1 throughout adult life.
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26
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Short tandem repeats in CdLS-causing genes: distribution and comparison. J Genet 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12041-014-0435-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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27
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Dupont C, Bucourt M, Guimiot F, Kraoua L, Smiljkovski D, Le Tessier D, Lebugle C, Gerard B, Spaggiari E, Bourdoncle P, Tabet AC, Benzacken B, Dupont JM. 3D-FISH analysis reveals chromatid cohesion defect during interphase in Roberts syndrome. Mol Cytogenet 2014; 7:59. [PMID: 25320640 PMCID: PMC4197286 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-014-0059-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Roberts syndrome (RBS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder mainly characterized by growth retardation, limb defects and craniofacial anomalies. Characteristic cytogenetic findings are “railroad track” appearance of chromatids and premature centromere separation in metaphase spreads. Mutations in the ESCO2 (establishment of cohesion 1 homolog 2) gene located in 8p21.1 have been found in several families. ESCO2, a member of the cohesion establishing complex, has a role in the effective cohesion between sister chromatids. In order to analyze sister chromatids topography during interphase, we performed 3D-FISH using pericentromeric heterochromatin probes of chromosomes 1, 4, 9 and 16, on preserved nuclei from a fetus with RBS carrying compound heterozygous null mutations in the ESCO2 gene. Results Along with the first observation of an abnormal separation between sister chromatids in heterochromatic regions, we observed a statistically significant change in the intranuclear localization of pericentromeric heterochromatin of chromosome 1 in cells of the fetus compared to normal cells, demonstrating for the first time a modification in the spatial arrangement of chromosome domains during interphase. Conclusion We hypothesize that the disorganization of nuclear architecture may result in multiple gene deregulations, either through disruption of DNA cis interaction –such as modification of chromatin loop formation and gene insulation - mediated by cohesin complex, or by relocation of chromosome territories. These changes may modify interactions between the chromatin and the proteins associated with the inner nuclear membrane or the pore complexes. This model offers a link between the molecular defect in cohesion and the complex phenotypic anomalies observed in RBS. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13039-014-0059-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Dupont
- Unité fonctionnelle de Cytogénétique-Département de Génétique- APHP, Hôpital Robert Debré, 48 Bd Sérurier, 75935 Paris, France
| | - Martine Bucourt
- Laboratoire de Fœtopathologie- APHP, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Bondy, France
| | - Fabien Guimiot
- Service de Biologie du Développement- APHP, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France ; Université Paris Diderot Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR 1141, F-75019 Paris, France
| | - Lilia Kraoua
- Unité fonctionnelle de Génétique moléculaire - Département de Génétique- APHP, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France
| | - Daniel Smiljkovski
- Génomique, Epigénétique et Physiopathologie de la Reproduction, U1016 INSERM-UMR 8104 CNRS (Institut Cochin), Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France ; Laboratoire de Cytogénétique- APHP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Centre, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Le Tessier
- Laboratoire de Cytogénétique- APHP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Centre, Paris, France
| | - Camille Lebugle
- Institut Cochin, Plateforme d'imagerie cellulaire, Paris, France
| | - Benedicte Gerard
- Unité fonctionnelle de Génétique moléculaire - Département de Génétique- APHP, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Spaggiari
- Service de Biologie du Développement- APHP, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France
| | | | - Anne-Claude Tabet
- Unité fonctionnelle de Cytogénétique-Département de Génétique- APHP, Hôpital Robert Debré, 48 Bd Sérurier, 75935 Paris, France
| | - Brigitte Benzacken
- Unité fonctionnelle de Cytogénétique-Département de Génétique- APHP, Hôpital Robert Debré, 48 Bd Sérurier, 75935 Paris, France ; Service d'Histologie, Embryologie et Cytogénétique, Biologie de la Reproduction- APHP, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Bondy, France; UFR-SMBH, Paris, XIII France
| | - Jean-Michel Dupont
- Génomique, Epigénétique et Physiopathologie de la Reproduction, U1016 INSERM-UMR 8104 CNRS (Institut Cochin), Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France ; Laboratoire de Cytogénétique- APHP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Centre, Paris, France
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Ball AR, Chen YY, Yokomori K. Mechanisms of cohesin-mediated gene regulation and lessons learned from cohesinopathies. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2014; 1839:191-202. [PMID: 24269489 PMCID: PMC3951616 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 11/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cohesins are conserved and essential Structural Maintenance of Chromosomes (SMC) protein-containing complexes that physically interact with chromatin and modulate higher-order chromatin organization. Cohesins mediate sister chromatid cohesion and cellular long-distance chromatin interactions affecting genome maintenance and gene expression. Discoveries of mutations in cohesin's subunits and its regulator proteins in human developmental disorders, so-called "cohesinopathies," reveal crucial roles for cohesins in development and cellular growth and differentiation. In this review, we discuss the latest findings concerning cohesin's functions in higher-order chromatin architecture organization and gene regulation and new insight gained from studies of cohesinopathies. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Chromatin and epigenetic regulation of animal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander R Ball
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-1700, USA
| | - Yen-Yun Chen
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-1700, USA
| | - Kyoko Yokomori
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-1700, USA.
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29
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Mannini L, Cucco F, Quarantotti V, Krantz ID, Musio A. Mutation spectrum and genotype-phenotype correlation in Cornelia de Lange syndrome. Hum Mutat 2013; 34:1589-96. [PMID: 24038889 PMCID: PMC3880228 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS) is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous developmental disorder. Clinical features include growth retardation, intellectual disability, limb defects, typical facial dysmorphism, and other systemic involvement. The increased understanding of the genetic basis of CdLS has led to diagnostic improvement and expansion of the phenotype. Mutations in five genes (NIPBL, SMC1A, SMC3, RAD21, and HDAC8), all regulators or structural components of cohesin, have been identified. Approximately 60% of CdLS cases are due to NIPBL mutations, 5% caused by mutations in SMC1A, RAD21, and HDAC8 and one proband was found to carry a mutation in SMC3. To date, 311 CdLS-causing mutations are known including missense, nonsense, small deletions and insertions, splice site mutations, and genomic rearrangements. Phenotypic variability is seen both intra- and intergenically. This article reviews the spectrum of CdLS mutations with a particular emphasis on their correlation to the clinical phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Mannini
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Cucco
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pisa, Italy
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Valentina Quarantotti
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ian D. Krantz
- Division of Human Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Antonio Musio
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pisa, Italy
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30
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Sajesh BV, Lichtensztejn Z, McManus KJ. Sister chromatid cohesion defects are associated with chromosome instability in Hodgkin lymphoma cells. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:391. [PMID: 23962039 PMCID: PMC3751861 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chromosome instability manifests as an abnormal chromosome complement and is a pathogenic event in cancer. Although a correlation between abnormal chromosome numbers and cancer exist, the underlying mechanisms that cause chromosome instability are poorly understood. Recent data suggests that aberrant sister chromatid cohesion causes chromosome instability and thus contributes to the development of cancer. Cohesion normally functions by tethering nascently synthesized chromatids together to prevent premature segregation and thus chromosome instability. Although the prevalence of aberrant cohesion has been reported for some solid tumors, its prevalence within liquid tumors is unknown. Consequently, the current study was undertaken to evaluate aberrant cohesion within Hodgkin lymphoma, a lymphoid malignancy that frequently exhibits chromosome instability. Methods Using established cytogenetic techniques, the prevalence of chromosome instability and aberrant cohesion was examined within mitotic spreads generated from five commonly employed Hodgkin lymphoma cell lines (L-1236, KM-H2, L-428, L-540 and HDLM-2) and a lymphocyte control. Indirect immunofluorescence and Western blot analyses were performed to evaluate the localization and expression of six critical proteins involved in the regulation of sister chromatid cohesion. Results We first confirmed that all five Hodgkin lymphoma cell lines exhibited chromosome instability relative to the lymphocyte control. We then determined that each Hodgkin lymphoma cell line exhibited cohesion defects that were subsequently classified into mild, moderate or severe categories. Surprisingly, ~50% of the mitotic spreads generated from L-540 and HDLM-2 harbored cohesion defects. To gain mechanistic insight into the underlying cause of the aberrant cohesion we examined the localization and expression of six critical proteins involved in cohesion. Although all proteins produced the expected nuclear localization pattern, striking differences in RAD21 expression was observed: RAD21 expression was lowest in L-540 and highest within HDLM-2. Conclusion We conclude that aberrant cohesion is a common feature of all five Hodgkin lymphoma cell lines evaluated. We further conclude that aberrant RAD21 expression is a strong candidate to underlie aberrant cohesion, chromosome instability and contribute to the development of the disease. Our findings support a growing body of evidence suggesting that cohesion defects and aberrant RAD21 expression are pathogenic events that contribute to tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babu V Sajesh
- Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology and the Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, ON6010 - 675 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba MB R3E 0V9, Canada
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31
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Mehta GD, Kumar R, Srivastava S, Ghosh SK. Cohesin: functions beyond sister chromatid cohesion. FEBS Lett 2013; 587:2299-312. [PMID: 23831059 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 06/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Faithful segregation of chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis is the cornerstone process of life. Cohesin, a multi-protein complex conserved from yeast to human, plays a crucial role in this process by keeping the sister chromatids together from S-phase to anaphase onset during mitosis and meiosis. Technological advancements have discovered myriad functions of cohesin beyond its role in sister chromatid cohesion (SCC), such as transcription regulation, DNA repair, chromosome condensation, homolog pairing, monoorientation of sister kinetochore, etc. Here, we have focused on such functions of cohesin that are either independent of or dependent on its canonical role of sister chromatid cohesion. At the end, human diseases associated with malfunctioning of cohesin, albeit with mostly unperturbed sister chromatid cohesion, have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunjan D Mehta
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Wadhwani Research Centre for Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
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32
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Abstract
ORC (origin recognition complex) serves as the initiator for the assembly of the pre-RC (pre-replication complex) and the subsequent DNA replication. Together with many of its non-replication functions, ORC is a pivotal regulator of various cellular processes. Notably, a number of reports connect ORC to numerous human diseases, including MGS (Meier-Gorlin syndrome), EBV (Epstein-Barr virus)-infected diseases, American trypanosomiasis and African trypanosomiasis. However, much of the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. In those genetic diseases, mutations in ORC alter its function and lead to the dysregulated phenotypes; whereas in some pathogen-induced symptoms, host ORC and archaeal-like ORC are exploited by these organisms to maintain their own genomes. In this review, I provide detailed examples of ORC-related human diseases, and summarize the current findings on how ORC is involved and/or dysregulated. I further discuss how these discoveries can be generalized as model systems, which can then be applied to elucidating other related diseases and revealing potential targets for developing effective therapies.
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33
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Morita A, Nakahira K, Hasegawa T, Uchida K, Taniguchi Y, Takeda S, Toyoda A, Sakaki Y, Shimada A, Takeda H, Yanagihara I. Establishment and characterization of Roberts syndrome and SC phocomelia model medaka (Oryzias latipes). Dev Growth Differ 2012; 54:588-604. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-169x.2012.01362.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Morita
- Department of Developmental Medicine; Research Institute; Osaka Medical Center for Maternal and Child Health; Izumi; Osaka
| | - Kumiko Nakahira
- Department of Developmental Medicine; Research Institute; Osaka Medical Center for Maternal and Child Health; Izumi; Osaka
| | - Taeko Hasegawa
- Department of Developmental Medicine; Research Institute; Osaka Medical Center for Maternal and Child Health; Izumi; Osaka
| | - Kaoru Uchida
- Department of Developmental Medicine; Research Institute; Osaka Medical Center for Maternal and Child Health; Izumi; Osaka
| | - Yoshihito Taniguchi
- Department of Radiation Genetics; Faculty of Medicine; Kyoto University; CREST; Japan Science and Technology Laboratory; Kyoto
| | - Shunichi Takeda
- Department of Radiation Genetics; Faculty of Medicine; Kyoto University; CREST; Japan Science and Technology Laboratory; Kyoto
| | - Atsushi Toyoda
- Sequence Technology Team; RIKEN Genomic Sciences Center; Yokohama; Kanagawa
| | - Yoshiyuki Sakaki
- Sequence Technology Team; RIKEN Genomic Sciences Center; Yokohama; Kanagawa
| | - Atsuko Shimada
- Department of Biological Sciences; Graduate School of Science; University of Tokyo; Tokyo; Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Takeda
- Department of Biological Sciences; Graduate School of Science; University of Tokyo; Tokyo; Japan
| | - Itaru Yanagihara
- Department of Developmental Medicine; Research Institute; Osaka Medical Center for Maternal and Child Health; Izumi; Osaka
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Mouri K, Horiuchi SY, Uemura T. Cohesin controls planar cell polarity by regulating the level of the seven-pass transmembrane cadherin Flamingo. Genes Cells 2012; 17:509-24. [PMID: 22563761 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2443.2012.01604.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Planar cell polarity (PCP) refers to the coordination of global organ axes and individual cell polarity in vertebrate and invertebrate epithelia. Mechanisms of PCP have been best studied in the Drosophila wing, in which each epidermal cell produces a single wing hair at the distal cell edge, and this spatial specification is mediated by redistribution of the core group proteins, including the seven-pass transmembrane cadherin Flamingo/Starry night (Fmi/Stan), to selective plasma membrane domains. Through genetic screening, we found that a mutation of the SMC3 gene caused dramatic misspecification of wing hair positions. SMC3 protein is one subunit of the cohesin complex, which regulates sister chromatid cohesion and also plays a role in transcriptional control of gene expression. In the SMC3 mutant cells, Fmi appeared to be upregulated by a posttranscriptional mechanism(s), and this elevation of Fmi was at least one cause of the PCP defect. In addition to the PCP phenotype, the loss of the cohesin function affected wing morphogenesis at multiple levels: one malformation was loss of the wing margin, and this was most likely a result of downregulation of the homeodomain protein Cut. At the cellular level, apical cell size and hexagonal packing were affected in the mutant wing. Dysfunction of cohesin in humans results in Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS), which is characterized by various developmental abnormalities and mental retardation. Our analysis of cohesin in epithelia may provide new insight into cellular and molecular mechanisms of CdLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kousuke Mouri
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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Neguembor MV, Gabellini D. In junk we trust: repetitive DNA, epigenetics and facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy. Epigenomics 2012; 2:271-87. [PMID: 22121874 DOI: 10.2217/epi.10.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) is an autosomal dominant myopathy with a peculiar etiology. Unlike most genetic disorders, FSHD is not caused by mutations in a protein-coding gene. Instead, it is associated with contraction of the D4Z4 macrosatellite repeat array located at 4q35. Interestingly, D4Z4 deletion is not sufficient per se to cause FSHD. Moreover, the disease severity, its rate of progression and the distribution of muscle weakness display great variability even among close family relatives. Hence, additional genetic and epigenetic events appear to be required for FSHD pathogenesis. Indeed, recent findings suggest that virtually all levels of epigenetic regulation, from DNA methylation to higher order chromosomal architecture, exhibit alterations in the disease locus causing deregulation of 4q35 gene expression, ultimately leading to FSHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria V Neguembor
- International PhD Program in Cellular & Molecular Biology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
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36
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Abstract
The cohesin complex, named for its key role in sister chromatid cohesion, also plays critical roles in gene regulation and DNA repair. It performs all three functions in single cell eukaryotes such as yeasts, and in higher organisms such as man. Minor disruption of cohesin function has significant consequences for human development, even in the absence of measurable effects on chromatid cohesion or chromosome segregation. Here we survey the roles of cohesin in gene regulation and DNA repair, and how these functions vary from yeast to man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale Dorsett
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA.
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37
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Guacci V, Koshland D. Cohesin-independent segregation of sister chromatids in budding yeast. Mol Biol Cell 2012; 23:729-39. [PMID: 22190734 PMCID: PMC3279399 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e11-08-0696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Revised: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cohesin generates cohesion between sister chromatids, which enables chromosomes to form bipolar attachments to the mitotic spindle and segregate. Cohesin also functions in chromosome condensation, transcriptional regulation, and DNA damage repair. Here we analyze the role of acetylation in modulating cohesin functions and how it affects budding yeast viability. Previous studies show that cohesion establishment requires Eco1p-mediated acetylation of the cohesin subunit Smc3p at residue K113. Smc3p acetylation was proposed to promote establishment by merely relieving Wpl1p inhibition because deletion of WPL1 bypasses the lethality of an ECO1 deletion (eco1Δ wpl1Δ). We find that little, if any, cohesion is established in eco1Δ wpl1Δ cells, indicating that Eco1p performs a function beyond antagonizing Wpl1p. Cohesion also fails to be established when SMC3 acetyl-mimics (K113Q or K112R,K113Q) are the sole functional SMC3s in cells. These results suggest that Smc3p acetylation levels affect establishment. It is remarkable that, despite their severe cohesion defect, eco1Δ wpl1Δ and smc3-K112R,K113Q strains are viable because a cohesin-independent mechanism enables bipolar attachment and segregation. This alternative mechanism is insufficient for smc3-K113Q strain viability. Smc3-K113Q is defective for condensation, whereas eco1Δ wpl1Δ and smc3-K112R,K113Q strains are competent for condensation. We suggest that Smc3p acetylation and Wpl1p antagonistically regulate cohesin's essential role in condensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Guacci
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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Whelan G, Kreidl E, Wutz G, Egner A, Peters JM, Eichele G. Cohesin acetyltransferase Esco2 is a cell viability factor and is required for cohesion in pericentric heterochromatin. EMBO J 2012; 31:71-82. [PMID: 22101327 PMCID: PMC3252581 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2011.381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Sister chromatid cohesion, mediated by cohesin and regulated by Sororin, is essential for chromosome segregation. In mammalian cells, cohesion establishment and Sororin recruitment to chromatin-bound cohesin depends on the acetyltransferases Esco1 and Esco2. Mutations in Esco2 cause Roberts syndrome, a developmental disease in which mitotic chromosomes have a 'railroad' track morphology. Here, we show that Esco2 deficiency leads to termination of mouse development at pre- and post-implantation stages, indicating that Esco2 functions non-redundantly with Esco1. Esco2 is transiently expressed during S-phase when it localizes to pericentric heterochromatin (PCH). In interphase, Esco2 depletion leads to a reduction in cohesin acetylation and Sororin recruitment to chromatin. In early mitosis, Esco2 deficiency causes changes in the chromosomal localization of cohesin and its protector Sgo1. Our results suggest that Esco2 is needed for cohesin acetylation in PCH and that this modification is required for the proper distribution of cohesin on mitotic chromosomes and for centromeric cohesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Whelan
- Genes and Behavior Department, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Emanuel Kreidl
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gordana Wutz
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Egner
- Department of Nanobiophotonics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Goettingen, Germany
| | | | - Gregor Eichele
- Genes and Behavior Department, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Goettingen, Germany
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Panigrahi AK, Zhang N, Mao Q, Pati D. Calpain-1 cleaves Rad21 to promote sister chromatid separation. Mol Cell Biol 2011; 31:4335-47. [PMID: 21876002 PMCID: PMC3209327 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.06075-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Defining the mechanisms of chromosomal cohesion and dissolution of the cohesin complex from chromatids is important for understanding the chromosomal missegregation seen in many tumor cells. Here we report the identification of a novel cohesin-resolving protease and describe its role in chromosomal segregation. Sister chromatids are held together by cohesin, a multiprotein ring-like complex comprised of Rad21, Smc1, Smc3, and SA2 (or SA1). Cohesin is known to be removed from vertebrate chromosomes by two distinct mechanisms, namely, the prophase and anaphase pathways. First, PLK1-mediated phosphorylation of SA2 in prophase leads to release of cohesin from chromosome arms, leaving behind centromeric cohesins that continue to hold the sisters together. Then, at the onset of anaphase, activated separase cleaves the centromeric cohesin Rad21, thereby opening the cohesin ring and allowing the sister chromatids to separate. We report here that the calcium-dependent cysteine endopeptidase calpain-1 is a Rad21 peptidase and normally localizes to the interphase nuclei and chromatin. Calpain-1 cleaves Rad21 at L192, in a calcium-dependent manner. We further show that Rad21 cleavage by calpain-1 promotes separation of chromosome arms, which coincides with a calcium-induced partial loss of cohesin at several chromosomal loci. Engineered cleavage of Rad21 at the calpain-cleavable site without activation of calpain-1 can lead to a loss of sister chromatid cohesion. Collectively, our work reveals a novel function of calpain-1 and describes an additional pathway for sister chromatid separation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil K Panigrahi
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1102 Bates Avenue, Suite 1220, Houston, TX 77030.
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40
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Chien R, Zeng W, Ball AR, Yokomori K. Cohesin: a critical chromatin organizer in mammalian gene regulation. Biochem Cell Biol 2011; 89:445-58. [PMID: 21851156 PMCID: PMC4056987 DOI: 10.1139/o11-039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cohesins are evolutionarily conserved essential multi-protein complexes that are important for higher-order chromatin organization. They play pivotal roles in the maintenance of genome integrity through mitotic chromosome regulation, DNA repair and replication, as well as gene regulation critical for proper development and cellular differentiation. In this review, we will discuss the multifaceted functions of mammalian cohesins and their apparent functional hierarchy in the cell, with particular focus on their actions in gene regulation and their relevance to human developmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Chien
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-1700, USA
| | - Weihua Zeng
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-1700, USA
| | - Alexander R. Ball
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-1700, USA
| | - Kyoko Yokomori
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-1700, USA
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41
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Shimura M, Toyoda Y, Iijima K, Kinomoto M, Tokunaga K, Yoda K, Yanagida M, Sata T, Ishizaka Y. Epigenetic displacement of HP1 from heterochromatin by HIV-1 Vpr causes premature sister chromatid separation. J Cell Biol 2011; 194:721-35. [PMID: 21875947 PMCID: PMC3171121 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201010118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although pericentromeric heterochromatin is essential for chromosome segregation, its role in humans remains controversial. Dissecting the function of HIV-1-encoded Vpr, we unraveled important properties of heterochromatin during chromosome segregation. In Vpr-expressing cells, hRad21, hSgo1, and hMis12, which are crucial for proper chromosome segregation, were displaced from the centromeres of mitotic chromosomes, resulting in premature chromatid separation (PCS). Interestingly, Vpr displaced heterochromatin protein 1-α (HP1-α) and HP1-γ from chromatin. RNA interference (RNAi) experiments revealed that down-regulation of HP1-α and/or HP1-γ induced PCS, concomitant with the displacement of hRad21. Notably, Vpr stimulated the acetylation of histone H3, whereas p300 RNAi attenuated the Vpr-induced displacement of HP1-α and PCS. Furthermore, Vpr bound to p300 that was present in insoluble regions of the nucleus, suggesting that Vpr aberrantly recruits the histone acetyltransferase activity of p300 to chromatin, displaces HP1-α, and causes chromatid cohesion defects. Our study reveals for the first time centromere cohesion impairment resulting from epigenetic disruption of higher-order structures of heterochromatin by a viral pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Shimura
- Department of Intractable Diseases, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan.
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Vogelmann J, Valeri A, Guillou E, Cuvier O, Nollmann M. Roles of chromatin insulator proteins in higher-order chromatin organization and transcription regulation. Nucleus 2011; 2:358-69. [PMID: 21983085 DOI: 10.4161/nucl.2.5.17860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic chromosomes are condensed into several hierarchical levels of complexity: DNA is wrapped around core histones to form nucleosomes, nucleosomes form a higher-order structure called chromatin, and chromatin is subsequently compartmentalized in part by the combination of multiple specific or unspecific long-range contacts. The conformation of chromatin at these three levels greatly influences DNA metabolism and transcription. One class of chromatin regulatory proteins called insulator factors may organize chromatin both locally, by setting up barriers between heterochromatin and euchromatin, and globally by establishing platforms for long-range interactions. Here, we review recent data revealing a global role of insulator proteins in the regulation of transcription through the formation of clusters of long-range interactions that impact different levels of chromatin organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutta Vogelmann
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Institut National de la Santé et la Recherche Médicale, 29 rue de Navacelles, 34090, Montpellier, France
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43
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Capalbo G, Müller-Kuller T, Ottmann OG, Hoelzer D, Scheuring UJ. HIV-1 infection suppresses expression of host cell cycle-associated gene PDS5A. Intervirology 2011; 55:263-75. [PMID: 21865657 DOI: 10.1159/000328323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To unravel the interplay between HIV-1 and its host cell, the effect of HIV-1 infection on cellular gene expression was investigated. METHODS HIV-1(SF33)-infected and uninfected H9 T cells were screened by differential display and RNase protection assay. The finding (PDS5A) was confirmed in HIV-1(Lai)-infected P4-CCR5 HeLa cells, which were also examined after PDS5A siRNA knockdown in regard to HIV-1 replication by quantitative RT-PCR, p24 ELISA and LTR-driven β-galactosidase expression. The PDS5A knockdown effect on cellular gene expressions was studied by microarray analysis. PDS5A tissue expression was determined by Northern blotting. RESULTS Regulator of cohesion maintenance, homolog A (PDS5A) was found to be down-regulated by HIV-1. When PDS5A was suppressed by siRNA, HIV-1 replication was unaffected. PDS5A was found to be highly expressed in skeletal muscle tissue, and to lesser degrees in pancreas, heart, placenta, lung, kidney, liver and brain. Microarray analysis of PDS5A knockdown revealed 91 differential gene products over-representing cell cycle, transport and protein stability regulation, including 4 genes (PP2A, RANTES, PCAF, TCF7L2) previously reported to interact with HIV-1. CONCLUSION The data show a downregulation of proliferation-associated host gene PDS5A and suggest a role of PDS5A in HIV-1-induced cellular pathogenesis but not viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianni Capalbo
- Department of Hematology/Oncology and Infectious Diseases, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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44
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Manning AL, Dyson NJ. pRB, a tumor suppressor with a stabilizing presence. Trends Cell Biol 2011; 21:433-41. [PMID: 21664133 PMCID: PMC3149724 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2011.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Revised: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The product of the retinoblastoma tumor-susceptibility gene (RB1) is a key regulator of cell proliferation and this function is thought to be central to its tumor suppressive activity. Several studies have demonstrated that inactivation of pRB not only allows inappropriate proliferation but also undermines mitotic fidelity, leading to genome instability and ploidy changes. Such properties promote tumor evolution and correlate with increased resistance to therapeutics and tumor relapse. These observations suggest that inactivation of pRB could contribute to both tumor initiation and progression. Further characterization of the role of pRB in chromosome segregation will provide insight into processes that are misregulated in human tumors and could reveal new therapeutic targets to kill or stall these chromosomally unstable lesions. We review the evidence that pRB promotes genome stability and discuss the mechanisms that probably contribute to this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amity L Manning
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, USA.
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45
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Lin S, Ferguson-Smith AC, Schultz RM, Bartolomei MS. Nonallelic transcriptional roles of CTCF and cohesins at imprinted loci. Mol Cell Biol 2011; 31:3094-104. [PMID: 21628529 PMCID: PMC3147605 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01449-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Revised: 01/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The cohesin complex holds sister chromatids together and is essential for chromosome segregation. Recently, cohesins have been implicated in transcriptional regulation and insulation through genome-wide colocalization with the insulator protein CTCF, including involvement at the imprinted H19/Igf2 locus. CTCF binds to multiple imprinted loci and is required for proper imprinted expression at the H19/Igf2 locus. Here we report that cohesins colocalize with CTCF at two additional imprinted loci, the Dlk1-Dio3 and the Kcnq1/Kcnq1ot1 loci. Similar to the H19/Igf2 locus, CTCF and cohesins preferentially bind to the Gtl2 differentially methylated region (DMR) on the unmethylated maternal allele. To determine the functional importance of the binding of CTCF and cohesins at the three imprinted loci, CTCF and cohesins were depleted in mouse embryonic fibroblast cells. The monoallelic expression of imprinted genes at these three loci was maintained. However, mRNA levels for these genes were typically increased; for H19 and Igf2 the increased level of expression was independent of the CTCF-binding sites in the imprinting control region. Results of these experiments demonstrate an unappreciated role for CTCF and cohesins in the repression of imprinted genes in somatic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Lin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Anne C. Ferguson-Smith
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, United Kingdom
| | - Richard M. Schultz
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Marisa S. Bartolomei
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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Kang H, Wiedmer A, Yuan Y, Robertson E, Lieberman PM. Coordination of KSHV latent and lytic gene control by CTCF-cohesin mediated chromosome conformation. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002140. [PMID: 21876668 PMCID: PMC3158054 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpesvirus persistence requires a dynamic balance between latent and lytic cycle gene expression, but how this balance is maintained remains enigmatic. We have previously shown that the Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus (KSHV) major latency transcripts encoding LANA, vCyclin, vFLIP, v-miRNAs, and Kaposin are regulated, in part, by a chromatin organizing element that binds CTCF and cohesins. Using viral genome-wide chromatin conformation capture (3C) methods, we now show that KSHV latency control region is physically linked to the promoter regulatory region for ORF50, which encodes the KSHV immediate early protein RTA. Other linkages were also observed, including an interaction between the 5' and 3' end of the latency transcription cluster. Mutation of the CTCF-cohesin binding site reduced or eliminated the chromatin conformation linkages, and deregulated viral transcription and genome copy number control. siRNA depletion of CTCF or cohesin subunits also disrupted chromosomal linkages and deregulated viral latent and lytic gene transcription. Furthermore, the linkage between the latent and lytic control region was subject to cell cycle fluctuation and disrupted during lytic cycle reactivation, suggesting that these interactions are dynamic and regulatory. Our findings indicate that KSHV genomes are organized into chromatin loops mediated by CTCF and cohesin interactions, and that these inter-chromosomal linkages coordinate latent and lytic gene control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyojeung Kang
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- The Kyungpook National University, College of Pharmacy, Daegu, Korea
| | - Andreas Wiedmer
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Yan Yuan
- The University of Pennsylvania, School of Dentistry, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Erle Robertson
- The University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Paul M. Lieberman
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Goff SA. A unifying theory for general multigenic heterosis: energy efficiency, protein metabolism, and implications for molecular breeding. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2011; 189:923-937. [PMID: 21166808 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03574.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Hybrids between genetically diverse varieties display enhanced growth, and increased total biomass, stress resistance and grain yield. Gene expression and metabolic studies in maize, rice and other species suggest that protein metabolism plays a role in the growth differences between hybrids and inbreds. Single trait heterosis can be explained by the existing theories of dominance, overdominance and epistasis. General multigenic heterosis is observed in a wide variety of different species and is likely to share a common underlying biological mechanism. This review presents a model to explain differences in growth and yield caused by general multigenic heterosis. The model describes multigenic heterosis in terms of energy-use efficiency and faster cell cycle progression where hybrids have more efficient growth than inbreds because of differences in protein metabolism. The proposed model is consistent with the observed variation of gene expression in different pairs of inbred lines and hybrid offspring as well as growth differences in polyploids and aneuploids. It also suggests an approach to enhance yield gains in both hybrid and inbred crops via the creation of an appropriate computational analysis pipeline coupled to an efficient molecular breeding program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Goff
- iPlant Collaborative, BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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48
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Soshnikova N, Montavon T, Leleu M, Galjart N, Duboule D. Functional analysis of CTCF during mammalian limb development. Dev Cell 2011; 19:819-30. [PMID: 21145498 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2010.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2010] [Revised: 10/17/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) is a nuclear zinc-finger protein that displays insulating activity in a variety of biological assays. For example, CTCF-binding sites have been suggested to isolate Hox gene clusters from neighboring transcriptional interference. We investigated this issue during limb development, where Hoxd genes must remain isolated from long-range effects to allow essential regulation within independent sub-groups. We used conditional Ctcf inactivation in incipient forelimbs and show that the overall pattern of Hoxd gene expression remains unchanged. Transcriptome analysis using tiling arrays covering chromosomes 2 and X confirmed the weak effect of CTCF depletion on global gene regulation. However, Ctcf deletion caused massive apoptosis, leading to a nearly complete loss of limb structure at a later stage. We conclude that, at least in this physiological context, rather than being an insulator, CTCF is required for cell survival via the direct transcriptional regulation of target genes critical for cellular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Soshnikova
- Department of Zoology and Animal Biology, University of Geneva, Switzerland
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49
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Sherwood R, Takahashi TS, Jallepalli PV. Sister acts: coordinating DNA replication and cohesion establishment. Genes Dev 2010; 24:2723-31. [PMID: 21159813 PMCID: PMC3003188 DOI: 10.1101/gad.1976710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The ring-shaped cohesin complex links sister chromatids and plays crucial roles in homologous recombination and mitotic chromosome segregation. In cycling cells, cohesin's ability to generate cohesive linkages is restricted to S phase and depends on loading and establishment factors that are intimately connected to DNA replication. Here we review how cohesin is regulated by the replication machinery, as well as recent evidence that cohesin itself influences how chromosomes are replicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Sherwood
- Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Tatsuro S. Takahashi
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Prasad V. Jallepalli
- Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
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50
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Lambert MP, Jackson LG, Clark D, Kaur M, Krantz ID, Deardorff MA. The incidence of thrombocytopenia in children with Cornelia de Lange syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2010; 155A:33-7. [PMID: 21204208 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2010] [Accepted: 07/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Thrombocytopenia was first reported in Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS) by Froster in 1993. Despite early reports, thrombocytopenia has been rarely reported in this disorder. We performed a retrospective analysis of a large cohort of patients with CdLS. We calculated prevalence of thrombocytopenia in three subsets of this cohort: the entire cohort (n = 1,740), a subset of subjects with substantial clinical records (n = 695) and a subset of subjects with clinical information regarding platelet counts (n = 85). This analysis revealed that 15 have had thrombocytopenia (18% of those with available blood counts); seven had immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). The reported prevalence of pediatric ITP is between 5 and 13 per 100,000 persons. The prevalence of ITP in this cohort is between 7/1,740 and 7/85, giving a relative risk of ITP of between 30 (CI 12-77) and 633 (CI 259-1,549). Contrary to the reported cases in the literature, none of our patients have had progression of the thrombocytopenia nor have they developed other cytopenias. All 15 patients with thromobocytopenia had CdLS based on clinical criteria. Of the 10 patients tested for mutations in NIBPL, 8 had mutations identified. These data support an increased incidence of thrombocytopenia and ITP in CdLS. Subsequently, patients are at risk for spontaneous hemorrhage, and likely increased risk secondary to the high frequency of self-injurious behavior. Although further studies are needed to better define the scope of the problem and to define the mechanisms of thrombocytopenia in CdLS, we would recommend screening for thrombocytopenia upon diagnosis and at 5-year intervals thereafter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele P Lambert
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA.
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