1
|
Smith RG, Pishva E, Kouhsar M, Imm J, Dobricic V, Johannsen P, Wittig M, Franke A, Vandenberghe R, Schaeverbeke J, Freund-Levi Y, Frölich L, Scheltens P, Teunissen CE, Frisoni G, Blin O, Richardson JC, Bordet R, Engelborghs S, de Roeck E, Martinez-Lage P, Altuna M, Tainta M, Lleó A, Sala I, Popp J, Peyratout G, Winchester L, Nevado-Holgado A, Verhey F, Tsolaki M, Andreasson U, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Streffer J, Vos SJB, Lovestone S, Visser PJ, Bertram L, Lunnon K. Blood DNA methylomic signatures associated with CSF biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease in the EMIF-AD study. Alzheimers Dement 2024. [PMID: 39193893 DOI: 10.1002/alz.14098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We investigated blood DNA methylation patterns associated with 15 well-established cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathophysiology, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration. METHODS We assessed DNA methylation in 885 blood samples from the European Medical Information Framework for Alzheimer's Disease (EMIF-AD) study using the EPIC array. RESULTS We identified Bonferroni-significant differential methylation associated with CSF YKL-40 (five loci) and neurofilament light chain (NfL; seven loci) levels, with two of the loci associated with CSF YKL-40 levels correlating with plasma YKL-40 levels. A co-localization analysis showed shared genetic variants underlying YKL-40 DNA methylation and CSF protein levels, with evidence that DNA methylation mediates the association between genotype and protein levels. Weighted gene correlation network analysis identified two modules of co-methylated loci correlated with several amyloid measures and enriched in pathways associated with lipoproteins and development. DISCUSSION We conducted the most comprehensive epigenome-wide association study (EWAS) of AD-relevant CSF biomarkers to date. Future work should explore the relationship between YKL-40 genotype, DNA methylation, and protein levels in the brain. HIGHLIGHTS Blood DNA methylation was assessed in the EMIF-AD MBD study. Epigenome-wide association studies (EWASs) were performed for 15 Alzheimer's disease (AD)-relevant cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarker measures. Five Bonferroni-significant loci were associated with YKL-40 levels and seven with neurofilament light chain (NfL). DNA methylation in YKL-40 co-localized with previously reported genetic variation. DNA methylation potentially mediates the effect of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in YKL-40 on CSF protein levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca G Smith
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, UK
| | - Ehsan Pishva
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, UK
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences (FHML), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Morteza Kouhsar
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, UK
| | - Jennifer Imm
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, UK
| | - Valerija Dobricic
- Lübeck Interdisciplinary Platform for Genome Analytics (LIGA), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Peter Johannsen
- Danish Dementia Research Centre, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Wittig
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Andre Franke
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Rik Vandenberghe
- Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, KU Leuven, Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jolien Schaeverbeke
- Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, KU Leuven, Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yvonne Freund-Levi
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
- Department of Geriatrics, Södertälje Hospital, Södertälje, Sweden
| | - Lutz Frölich
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Central Institut of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Philip Scheltens
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Charlotte E Teunissen
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Giovanni Frisoni
- Memory center, Geneva University and University Hospitals; on behalf of the AMYPAD consortium, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Blin
- Aix-Marseille University-CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Jill C Richardson
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, UK
| | | | - Sebastiaan Engelborghs
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Neuroprotection & Neuromodulation (NEUR) Research Group, Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Jette, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ellen de Roeck
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Pablo Martinez-Lage
- Center for Research and Advanced Therapies, Fundación CITA-Alzhéimer Fundazioa, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Miren Altuna
- Center for Research and Advanced Therapies, Fundación CITA-Alzhéimer Fundazioa, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Mikel Tainta
- Center for Research and Advanced Therapies, Fundación CITA-Alzhéimer Fundazioa, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Alberto Lleó
- Servicio de Neurología, Centre of Biomedical Investigation Network for Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Hospital Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Sala
- Servicio de Neurología, Centre of Biomedical Investigation Network for Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Hospital Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julius Popp
- University Hospital of Psychiatry Zürich, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Gwendoline Peyratout
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Frans Verhey
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences (FHML), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Magda Tsolaki
- 1st Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, and Alzheimer Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ulf Andreasson
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
- Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
- Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, and Department of Neurology, Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, University of Science and Technology of China and First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Hefei, PR China
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, N.T., Shatin, Hong Kong, China
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Johannes Streffer
- Translational Medicine Neuroscience, UCB Biopharma SRL, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stephanie J B Vos
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences (FHML), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Simon Lovestone
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Currently at: Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicines, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Pieter Jelle Visser
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences (FHML), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lars Bertram
- Lübeck Interdisciplinary Platform for Genome Analytics (LIGA), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Katie Lunnon
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lista S, Imbimbo BP, Grasso M, Fidilio A, Emanuele E, Minoretti P, López-Ortiz S, Martín-Hernández J, Gabelle A, Caruso G, Malaguti M, Melchiorri D, Santos-Lozano A, Imbimbo C, Heneka MT, Caraci F. Tracking neuroinflammatory biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease: a strategy for individualized therapeutic approaches? J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:187. [PMID: 39080712 PMCID: PMC11289964 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03163-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent trials of anti-amyloid-β (Aβ) monoclonal antibodies, including lecanemab and donanemab, in early Alzheimer disease (AD) showed that these drugs have limited clinical benefits and their use comes with a significant risk of serious adverse events. Thus, it seems crucial to explore complementary therapeutic approaches. Genome-wide association studies identified robust associations between AD and several AD risk genes related to immune response, including but not restricted to CD33 and TREM2. Here, we critically reviewed the current knowledge on candidate neuroinflammatory biomarkers and their role in characterizing the pathophysiology of AD. MAIN BODY Neuroinflammation is recognized to be a crucial and contributing component of AD pathogenesis. The fact that neuroinflammation is most likely present from earliest pre-stages of AD and co-occurs with the deposition of Aβ reinforces the need to precisely define the sequence and nature of neuroinflammatory events. Numerous clinical trials involving anti-inflammatory drugs previously yielded unfavorable outcomes in early and mild-to-moderate AD. Although the reasons behind these failures remain unclear, these may include the time and the target selected for intervention. Indeed, in our review, we observed a stage-dependent neuroinflammatory process in the AD brain. While the initial activation of glial cells counteracts early brain Aβ deposition, the downregulation in the functional state of microglia occurs at more advanced disease stages. To address this issue, personalized neuroinflammatory modulation therapy is required. The emergence of reliable blood-based neuroinflammatory biomarkers, particularly glial fibrillary acidic protein, a marker of reactive astrocytes, may facilitate the classification of AD patients based on the ATI(N) biomarker framework. This expands upon the traditional classification of Aβ ("A"), tau ("T"), and neurodegeneration ("N"), by incorporating a novel inflammatory component ("I"). CONCLUSIONS The present review outlines the current knowledge on potential neuroinflammatory biomarkers and, importantly, emphasizes the role of longitudinal analyses, which are needed to accurately monitor the dynamics of cerebral inflammation. Such a precise information on time and place will be required before anti-inflammatory therapeutic interventions can be considered for clinical evaluation. We propose that an effective anti-neuroinflammatory therapy should specifically target microglia and astrocytes, while considering the individual ATI(N) status of patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Lista
- i+HeALTH Strategic Research Group, Department of Health Sciences, Miguel de Cervantes European University (UEMC), 47012, Valladolid, Spain.
| | - Bruno P Imbimbo
- Department of Research and Development, Chiesi Farmaceutici, 43122, Parma, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Susana López-Ortiz
- i+HeALTH Strategic Research Group, Department of Health Sciences, Miguel de Cervantes European University (UEMC), 47012, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Juan Martín-Hernández
- i+HeALTH Strategic Research Group, Department of Health Sciences, Miguel de Cervantes European University (UEMC), 47012, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Audrey Gabelle
- CMRR, Memory Resources and Research Center, Montpellier University of Excellence i-site, 34295, Montpellier, France
| | - Giuseppe Caruso
- Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018, Troina, Italy
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - Marco Malaguti
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Daniela Melchiorri
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Alejandro Santos-Lozano
- i+HeALTH Strategic Research Group, Department of Health Sciences, Miguel de Cervantes European University (UEMC), 47012, Valladolid, Spain
- Physical Activity and Health Research Group (PaHerg), Research Institute of the Hospital, 12 de Octubre ('imas12'), 28041, Madrid, Spain
| | - Camillo Imbimbo
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Michael T Heneka
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, 4367, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg.
| | - Filippo Caraci
- Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018, Troina, Italy.
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95125, Catania, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bonanni R, Cariati I, Cifelli P, Frank C, Annino G, Tancredi V, D'Arcangelo G. Exercise to Counteract Alzheimer's Disease: What Do Fluid Biomarkers Say? Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6951. [PMID: 39000060 PMCID: PMC11241657 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25136951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) represent an unsolved problem to date with an ever-increasing population incidence. Particularly, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most widespread ND characterized by an accumulation of amyloid aggregates of beta-amyloid (Aβ) and Tau proteins that lead to neuronal death and subsequent cognitive decline. Although neuroimaging techniques are needed to diagnose AD, the investigation of biomarkers within body fluids could provide important information on neurodegeneration. Indeed, as there is no definitive solution for AD, the monitoring of these biomarkers is of strategic importance as they are useful for both diagnosing AD and assessing the progression of the neurodegenerative state. In this context, exercise is known to be an effective non-pharmacological management strategy for AD that can counteract cognitive decline and neurodegeneration. However, investigation of the concentration of fluid biomarkers in AD patients undergoing exercise protocols has led to unclear and often conflicting results, suggesting the need to clarify the role of exercise in modulating fluid biomarkers in AD. Therefore, this critical literature review aims to gather evidence on the main fluid biomarkers of AD and the modulatory effects of exercise to clarify the efficacy and usefulness of this non-pharmacological strategy in counteracting neurodegeneration in AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Bonanni
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, "Tor Vergata" University of Rome, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Ida Cariati
- Department of Systems Medicine, "Tor Vergata" University of Rome, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Pierangelo Cifelli
- Department of Applied Clinical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Claudio Frank
- UniCamillus-Saint Camillus International University of Health Sciences, 00131 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Annino
- Department of Systems Medicine, "Tor Vergata" University of Rome, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Centre of Space Bio-Medicine, "Tor Vergata" University of Rome, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Sports Engineering Laboratory, Department of Industrial Engineering, "Tor Vergata" University of Rome, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Virginia Tancredi
- Department of Systems Medicine, "Tor Vergata" University of Rome, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Centre of Space Bio-Medicine, "Tor Vergata" University of Rome, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna D'Arcangelo
- Department of Systems Medicine, "Tor Vergata" University of Rome, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Centre of Space Bio-Medicine, "Tor Vergata" University of Rome, 00133 Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang S, Xie S, Zheng Q, Zhang Z, Wang T, Zhang G. Biofluid biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2024; 16:1380237. [PMID: 38659704 PMCID: PMC11039951 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2024.1380237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disease, with a complex pathogenesis and an irreversible course. Therefore, the early diagnosis of AD is particularly important for the intervention, prevention, and treatment of the disease. Based on the different pathophysiological mechanisms of AD, the research progress of biofluid biomarkers are classified and reviewed. In the end, the challenges and perspectives of future research are proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sensen Wang
- Shandong Yinfeng Academy of Life Science, Jinan, Shandong, China
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Sitan Xie
- Shandong Yinfeng Academy of Life Science, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Qinpin Zheng
- Shandong Yinfeng Academy of Life Science, Jinan, Shandong, China
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Zhihui Zhang
- Shandong Yinfeng Academy of Life Science, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Tian Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Guirong Zhang
- Shandong Yinfeng Academy of Life Science, Jinan, Shandong, China
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pase MP, Himali JJ, Puerta R, Beiser AS, Gonzales MM, Satizabal CL, Yang Q, Aparicio HJ, Kojis DJ, Decarli CS, Lopez OL, Longstreth W, Gudnason V, Mosley TH, Bis JC, Fohner A, Psaty BM, Boada M, García-González P, Valero S, Marquié M, Tracy R, Launer LJ, Ruiz A, Fornage M, Seshadri S. Association of Plasma YKL-40 With MRI, CSF, and Cognitive Markers of Brain Health and Dementia. Neurology 2024; 102:e208075. [PMID: 38290090 PMCID: PMC11383876 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000208075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Higher YKL-40 levels in the CSF are a known biomarker of brain inflammation. We explored the utility of plasma YKL-40 as a biomarker for accelerated brain aging and dementia risk. METHODS We performed cross-sectional and prospective analyses of 4 community-based cohorts in the United States or Europe: the Age, Gene/Environment Susceptibility-Reykjavik Study, Atherosclerosis Risk in the Communities study, Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study, and Framingham Heart Study (FHS). YKL-40 was measured from stored plasma by a single laboratory using Mesoscale Discovery with levels log transformed and standardized within each cohort. Outcomes included MRI total brain volume, hippocampal volume, and white matter hyperintensity volume (WMHV) as a percentage of intracranial volume, a general cognitive composite derived from neuropsychological testing (SD units [SDU]), and the risk of incident dementia. We sought to replicate associations with dementia in the clinic-based ACE csf cohort, which also had YKL-40 measured from the CSF. RESULTS Meta-analyses of MRI outcomes included 6,558 dementia-free participants, and for analysis of cognition, 6,670. The blood draw preceded MRI/cognitive assessment by up to 10.6 years across cohorts. The mean ages ranged from 50 to 76 years, with 39%-48% male individuals. In random-effects meta-analysis of study estimates, each SDU increase in log-transformed YKL-40 levels was associated with smaller total brain volume (β = -0.33; 95% CI -0.45 to -0.22; p < 0.0001) and poorer cognition (β = -0.04; 95% CI -0.07 to -0.02; p < 0.01), following adjustments for demographic variables. YKL-40 levels did not associate with hippocampal volume or WMHV. In the FHS, each SDU increase in log YKL-40 levels was associated with a 64% increase in incident dementia risk over a median of 5.8 years of follow-up, following adjustments for demographic variables (hazard ratio 1.64; 95% CI 1.25-2.16; p < 0.001). In the ACE csf cohort, plasma and CSF YKL-40 were correlated (r = 0.31), and both were associated with conversion from mild cognitive impairment to dementia, independent of amyloid, tau, and neurodegeneration status. DISCUSSION Higher plasma YKL-40 levels were associated with lower brain volume, poorer cognition, and incident dementia. Plasma YKL-40 may be useful for studying the association of inflammation and its treatment on dementia risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P Pase
- From the Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health (M.P.P.), Monash University, Australia; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.J.H., M.M.G.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio; ACE Alzheimer Center (R.P., M.B., P.G.-G., S.V., M.M., A.R.), Barcelona, Spain; Boston University School of Public Health (A.S.B., D.J.K.), MA; University of Texas Health Sciences Center (C.L.S., S.S.), San Antonio; Department of Neurology (Q.Y., H.J.A.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Department of Neurology (C.S.D.), School of Medicine & Imaging of Dementia and Aging Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis; Department of Neurology (O.L.L.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA; University of Washington (W.L., B.M.P.), Seattle; Faculty of Medicine (V.G.), University of Iceland, Reykjavík; University of Mississippi Medical Center (T.H.M.), The MIND Center, Jackson; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (J.C.B.), Department of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology (A.F.), University of Washington, Seattle; University of Vermont (R.T.), Burlington; Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences (L.J.L.), National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; and University of Texas Health Science Center (M.F.), Houston. Matthew P. Pase is currently at the School of Psychological Sciences and the Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Australia
| | - Jayandra J Himali
- From the Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health (M.P.P.), Monash University, Australia; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.J.H., M.M.G.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio; ACE Alzheimer Center (R.P., M.B., P.G.-G., S.V., M.M., A.R.), Barcelona, Spain; Boston University School of Public Health (A.S.B., D.J.K.), MA; University of Texas Health Sciences Center (C.L.S., S.S.), San Antonio; Department of Neurology (Q.Y., H.J.A.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Department of Neurology (C.S.D.), School of Medicine & Imaging of Dementia and Aging Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis; Department of Neurology (O.L.L.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA; University of Washington (W.L., B.M.P.), Seattle; Faculty of Medicine (V.G.), University of Iceland, Reykjavík; University of Mississippi Medical Center (T.H.M.), The MIND Center, Jackson; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (J.C.B.), Department of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology (A.F.), University of Washington, Seattle; University of Vermont (R.T.), Burlington; Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences (L.J.L.), National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; and University of Texas Health Science Center (M.F.), Houston. Matthew P. Pase is currently at the School of Psychological Sciences and the Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Australia
| | - Raquel Puerta
- From the Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health (M.P.P.), Monash University, Australia; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.J.H., M.M.G.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio; ACE Alzheimer Center (R.P., M.B., P.G.-G., S.V., M.M., A.R.), Barcelona, Spain; Boston University School of Public Health (A.S.B., D.J.K.), MA; University of Texas Health Sciences Center (C.L.S., S.S.), San Antonio; Department of Neurology (Q.Y., H.J.A.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Department of Neurology (C.S.D.), School of Medicine & Imaging of Dementia and Aging Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis; Department of Neurology (O.L.L.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA; University of Washington (W.L., B.M.P.), Seattle; Faculty of Medicine (V.G.), University of Iceland, Reykjavík; University of Mississippi Medical Center (T.H.M.), The MIND Center, Jackson; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (J.C.B.), Department of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology (A.F.), University of Washington, Seattle; University of Vermont (R.T.), Burlington; Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences (L.J.L.), National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; and University of Texas Health Science Center (M.F.), Houston. Matthew P. Pase is currently at the School of Psychological Sciences and the Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Australia
| | - Alexa S Beiser
- From the Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health (M.P.P.), Monash University, Australia; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.J.H., M.M.G.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio; ACE Alzheimer Center (R.P., M.B., P.G.-G., S.V., M.M., A.R.), Barcelona, Spain; Boston University School of Public Health (A.S.B., D.J.K.), MA; University of Texas Health Sciences Center (C.L.S., S.S.), San Antonio; Department of Neurology (Q.Y., H.J.A.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Department of Neurology (C.S.D.), School of Medicine & Imaging of Dementia and Aging Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis; Department of Neurology (O.L.L.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA; University of Washington (W.L., B.M.P.), Seattle; Faculty of Medicine (V.G.), University of Iceland, Reykjavík; University of Mississippi Medical Center (T.H.M.), The MIND Center, Jackson; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (J.C.B.), Department of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology (A.F.), University of Washington, Seattle; University of Vermont (R.T.), Burlington; Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences (L.J.L.), National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; and University of Texas Health Science Center (M.F.), Houston. Matthew P. Pase is currently at the School of Psychological Sciences and the Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Australia
| | - Mitzi M Gonzales
- From the Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health (M.P.P.), Monash University, Australia; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.J.H., M.M.G.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio; ACE Alzheimer Center (R.P., M.B., P.G.-G., S.V., M.M., A.R.), Barcelona, Spain; Boston University School of Public Health (A.S.B., D.J.K.), MA; University of Texas Health Sciences Center (C.L.S., S.S.), San Antonio; Department of Neurology (Q.Y., H.J.A.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Department of Neurology (C.S.D.), School of Medicine & Imaging of Dementia and Aging Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis; Department of Neurology (O.L.L.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA; University of Washington (W.L., B.M.P.), Seattle; Faculty of Medicine (V.G.), University of Iceland, Reykjavík; University of Mississippi Medical Center (T.H.M.), The MIND Center, Jackson; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (J.C.B.), Department of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology (A.F.), University of Washington, Seattle; University of Vermont (R.T.), Burlington; Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences (L.J.L.), National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; and University of Texas Health Science Center (M.F.), Houston. Matthew P. Pase is currently at the School of Psychological Sciences and the Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Australia
| | - Claudia L Satizabal
- From the Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health (M.P.P.), Monash University, Australia; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.J.H., M.M.G.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio; ACE Alzheimer Center (R.P., M.B., P.G.-G., S.V., M.M., A.R.), Barcelona, Spain; Boston University School of Public Health (A.S.B., D.J.K.), MA; University of Texas Health Sciences Center (C.L.S., S.S.), San Antonio; Department of Neurology (Q.Y., H.J.A.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Department of Neurology (C.S.D.), School of Medicine & Imaging of Dementia and Aging Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis; Department of Neurology (O.L.L.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA; University of Washington (W.L., B.M.P.), Seattle; Faculty of Medicine (V.G.), University of Iceland, Reykjavík; University of Mississippi Medical Center (T.H.M.), The MIND Center, Jackson; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (J.C.B.), Department of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology (A.F.), University of Washington, Seattle; University of Vermont (R.T.), Burlington; Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences (L.J.L.), National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; and University of Texas Health Science Center (M.F.), Houston. Matthew P. Pase is currently at the School of Psychological Sciences and the Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Australia
| | - Qiong Yang
- From the Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health (M.P.P.), Monash University, Australia; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.J.H., M.M.G.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio; ACE Alzheimer Center (R.P., M.B., P.G.-G., S.V., M.M., A.R.), Barcelona, Spain; Boston University School of Public Health (A.S.B., D.J.K.), MA; University of Texas Health Sciences Center (C.L.S., S.S.), San Antonio; Department of Neurology (Q.Y., H.J.A.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Department of Neurology (C.S.D.), School of Medicine & Imaging of Dementia and Aging Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis; Department of Neurology (O.L.L.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA; University of Washington (W.L., B.M.P.), Seattle; Faculty of Medicine (V.G.), University of Iceland, Reykjavík; University of Mississippi Medical Center (T.H.M.), The MIND Center, Jackson; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (J.C.B.), Department of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology (A.F.), University of Washington, Seattle; University of Vermont (R.T.), Burlington; Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences (L.J.L.), National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; and University of Texas Health Science Center (M.F.), Houston. Matthew P. Pase is currently at the School of Psychological Sciences and the Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Australia
| | - Hugo J Aparicio
- From the Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health (M.P.P.), Monash University, Australia; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.J.H., M.M.G.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio; ACE Alzheimer Center (R.P., M.B., P.G.-G., S.V., M.M., A.R.), Barcelona, Spain; Boston University School of Public Health (A.S.B., D.J.K.), MA; University of Texas Health Sciences Center (C.L.S., S.S.), San Antonio; Department of Neurology (Q.Y., H.J.A.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Department of Neurology (C.S.D.), School of Medicine & Imaging of Dementia and Aging Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis; Department of Neurology (O.L.L.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA; University of Washington (W.L., B.M.P.), Seattle; Faculty of Medicine (V.G.), University of Iceland, Reykjavík; University of Mississippi Medical Center (T.H.M.), The MIND Center, Jackson; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (J.C.B.), Department of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology (A.F.), University of Washington, Seattle; University of Vermont (R.T.), Burlington; Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences (L.J.L.), National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; and University of Texas Health Science Center (M.F.), Houston. Matthew P. Pase is currently at the School of Psychological Sciences and the Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Australia
| | - Daniel J Kojis
- From the Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health (M.P.P.), Monash University, Australia; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.J.H., M.M.G.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio; ACE Alzheimer Center (R.P., M.B., P.G.-G., S.V., M.M., A.R.), Barcelona, Spain; Boston University School of Public Health (A.S.B., D.J.K.), MA; University of Texas Health Sciences Center (C.L.S., S.S.), San Antonio; Department of Neurology (Q.Y., H.J.A.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Department of Neurology (C.S.D.), School of Medicine & Imaging of Dementia and Aging Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis; Department of Neurology (O.L.L.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA; University of Washington (W.L., B.M.P.), Seattle; Faculty of Medicine (V.G.), University of Iceland, Reykjavík; University of Mississippi Medical Center (T.H.M.), The MIND Center, Jackson; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (J.C.B.), Department of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology (A.F.), University of Washington, Seattle; University of Vermont (R.T.), Burlington; Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences (L.J.L.), National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; and University of Texas Health Science Center (M.F.), Houston. Matthew P. Pase is currently at the School of Psychological Sciences and the Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Australia
| | - Charles S Decarli
- From the Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health (M.P.P.), Monash University, Australia; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.J.H., M.M.G.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio; ACE Alzheimer Center (R.P., M.B., P.G.-G., S.V., M.M., A.R.), Barcelona, Spain; Boston University School of Public Health (A.S.B., D.J.K.), MA; University of Texas Health Sciences Center (C.L.S., S.S.), San Antonio; Department of Neurology (Q.Y., H.J.A.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Department of Neurology (C.S.D.), School of Medicine & Imaging of Dementia and Aging Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis; Department of Neurology (O.L.L.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA; University of Washington (W.L., B.M.P.), Seattle; Faculty of Medicine (V.G.), University of Iceland, Reykjavík; University of Mississippi Medical Center (T.H.M.), The MIND Center, Jackson; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (J.C.B.), Department of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology (A.F.), University of Washington, Seattle; University of Vermont (R.T.), Burlington; Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences (L.J.L.), National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; and University of Texas Health Science Center (M.F.), Houston. Matthew P. Pase is currently at the School of Psychological Sciences and the Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Australia
| | - Oscar L Lopez
- From the Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health (M.P.P.), Monash University, Australia; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.J.H., M.M.G.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio; ACE Alzheimer Center (R.P., M.B., P.G.-G., S.V., M.M., A.R.), Barcelona, Spain; Boston University School of Public Health (A.S.B., D.J.K.), MA; University of Texas Health Sciences Center (C.L.S., S.S.), San Antonio; Department of Neurology (Q.Y., H.J.A.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Department of Neurology (C.S.D.), School of Medicine & Imaging of Dementia and Aging Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis; Department of Neurology (O.L.L.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA; University of Washington (W.L., B.M.P.), Seattle; Faculty of Medicine (V.G.), University of Iceland, Reykjavík; University of Mississippi Medical Center (T.H.M.), The MIND Center, Jackson; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (J.C.B.), Department of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology (A.F.), University of Washington, Seattle; University of Vermont (R.T.), Burlington; Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences (L.J.L.), National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; and University of Texas Health Science Center (M.F.), Houston. Matthew P. Pase is currently at the School of Psychological Sciences and the Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Australia
| | - Will Longstreth
- From the Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health (M.P.P.), Monash University, Australia; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.J.H., M.M.G.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio; ACE Alzheimer Center (R.P., M.B., P.G.-G., S.V., M.M., A.R.), Barcelona, Spain; Boston University School of Public Health (A.S.B., D.J.K.), MA; University of Texas Health Sciences Center (C.L.S., S.S.), San Antonio; Department of Neurology (Q.Y., H.J.A.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Department of Neurology (C.S.D.), School of Medicine & Imaging of Dementia and Aging Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis; Department of Neurology (O.L.L.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA; University of Washington (W.L., B.M.P.), Seattle; Faculty of Medicine (V.G.), University of Iceland, Reykjavík; University of Mississippi Medical Center (T.H.M.), The MIND Center, Jackson; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (J.C.B.), Department of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology (A.F.), University of Washington, Seattle; University of Vermont (R.T.), Burlington; Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences (L.J.L.), National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; and University of Texas Health Science Center (M.F.), Houston. Matthew P. Pase is currently at the School of Psychological Sciences and the Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Australia
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- From the Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health (M.P.P.), Monash University, Australia; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.J.H., M.M.G.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio; ACE Alzheimer Center (R.P., M.B., P.G.-G., S.V., M.M., A.R.), Barcelona, Spain; Boston University School of Public Health (A.S.B., D.J.K.), MA; University of Texas Health Sciences Center (C.L.S., S.S.), San Antonio; Department of Neurology (Q.Y., H.J.A.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Department of Neurology (C.S.D.), School of Medicine & Imaging of Dementia and Aging Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis; Department of Neurology (O.L.L.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA; University of Washington (W.L., B.M.P.), Seattle; Faculty of Medicine (V.G.), University of Iceland, Reykjavík; University of Mississippi Medical Center (T.H.M.), The MIND Center, Jackson; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (J.C.B.), Department of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology (A.F.), University of Washington, Seattle; University of Vermont (R.T.), Burlington; Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences (L.J.L.), National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; and University of Texas Health Science Center (M.F.), Houston. Matthew P. Pase is currently at the School of Psychological Sciences and the Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Australia
| | - Thomas H Mosley
- From the Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health (M.P.P.), Monash University, Australia; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.J.H., M.M.G.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio; ACE Alzheimer Center (R.P., M.B., P.G.-G., S.V., M.M., A.R.), Barcelona, Spain; Boston University School of Public Health (A.S.B., D.J.K.), MA; University of Texas Health Sciences Center (C.L.S., S.S.), San Antonio; Department of Neurology (Q.Y., H.J.A.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Department of Neurology (C.S.D.), School of Medicine & Imaging of Dementia and Aging Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis; Department of Neurology (O.L.L.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA; University of Washington (W.L., B.M.P.), Seattle; Faculty of Medicine (V.G.), University of Iceland, Reykjavík; University of Mississippi Medical Center (T.H.M.), The MIND Center, Jackson; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (J.C.B.), Department of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology (A.F.), University of Washington, Seattle; University of Vermont (R.T.), Burlington; Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences (L.J.L.), National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; and University of Texas Health Science Center (M.F.), Houston. Matthew P. Pase is currently at the School of Psychological Sciences and the Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Australia
| | - Joshua C Bis
- From the Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health (M.P.P.), Monash University, Australia; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.J.H., M.M.G.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio; ACE Alzheimer Center (R.P., M.B., P.G.-G., S.V., M.M., A.R.), Barcelona, Spain; Boston University School of Public Health (A.S.B., D.J.K.), MA; University of Texas Health Sciences Center (C.L.S., S.S.), San Antonio; Department of Neurology (Q.Y., H.J.A.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Department of Neurology (C.S.D.), School of Medicine & Imaging of Dementia and Aging Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis; Department of Neurology (O.L.L.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA; University of Washington (W.L., B.M.P.), Seattle; Faculty of Medicine (V.G.), University of Iceland, Reykjavík; University of Mississippi Medical Center (T.H.M.), The MIND Center, Jackson; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (J.C.B.), Department of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology (A.F.), University of Washington, Seattle; University of Vermont (R.T.), Burlington; Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences (L.J.L.), National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; and University of Texas Health Science Center (M.F.), Houston. Matthew P. Pase is currently at the School of Psychological Sciences and the Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Australia
| | - Alison Fohner
- From the Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health (M.P.P.), Monash University, Australia; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.J.H., M.M.G.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio; ACE Alzheimer Center (R.P., M.B., P.G.-G., S.V., M.M., A.R.), Barcelona, Spain; Boston University School of Public Health (A.S.B., D.J.K.), MA; University of Texas Health Sciences Center (C.L.S., S.S.), San Antonio; Department of Neurology (Q.Y., H.J.A.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Department of Neurology (C.S.D.), School of Medicine & Imaging of Dementia and Aging Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis; Department of Neurology (O.L.L.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA; University of Washington (W.L., B.M.P.), Seattle; Faculty of Medicine (V.G.), University of Iceland, Reykjavík; University of Mississippi Medical Center (T.H.M.), The MIND Center, Jackson; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (J.C.B.), Department of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology (A.F.), University of Washington, Seattle; University of Vermont (R.T.), Burlington; Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences (L.J.L.), National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; and University of Texas Health Science Center (M.F.), Houston. Matthew P. Pase is currently at the School of Psychological Sciences and the Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Australia
| | - Bruce M Psaty
- From the Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health (M.P.P.), Monash University, Australia; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.J.H., M.M.G.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio; ACE Alzheimer Center (R.P., M.B., P.G.-G., S.V., M.M., A.R.), Barcelona, Spain; Boston University School of Public Health (A.S.B., D.J.K.), MA; University of Texas Health Sciences Center (C.L.S., S.S.), San Antonio; Department of Neurology (Q.Y., H.J.A.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Department of Neurology (C.S.D.), School of Medicine & Imaging of Dementia and Aging Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis; Department of Neurology (O.L.L.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA; University of Washington (W.L., B.M.P.), Seattle; Faculty of Medicine (V.G.), University of Iceland, Reykjavík; University of Mississippi Medical Center (T.H.M.), The MIND Center, Jackson; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (J.C.B.), Department of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology (A.F.), University of Washington, Seattle; University of Vermont (R.T.), Burlington; Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences (L.J.L.), National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; and University of Texas Health Science Center (M.F.), Houston. Matthew P. Pase is currently at the School of Psychological Sciences and the Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Australia
| | - Mercè Boada
- From the Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health (M.P.P.), Monash University, Australia; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.J.H., M.M.G.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio; ACE Alzheimer Center (R.P., M.B., P.G.-G., S.V., M.M., A.R.), Barcelona, Spain; Boston University School of Public Health (A.S.B., D.J.K.), MA; University of Texas Health Sciences Center (C.L.S., S.S.), San Antonio; Department of Neurology (Q.Y., H.J.A.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Department of Neurology (C.S.D.), School of Medicine & Imaging of Dementia and Aging Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis; Department of Neurology (O.L.L.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA; University of Washington (W.L., B.M.P.), Seattle; Faculty of Medicine (V.G.), University of Iceland, Reykjavík; University of Mississippi Medical Center (T.H.M.), The MIND Center, Jackson; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (J.C.B.), Department of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology (A.F.), University of Washington, Seattle; University of Vermont (R.T.), Burlington; Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences (L.J.L.), National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; and University of Texas Health Science Center (M.F.), Houston. Matthew P. Pase is currently at the School of Psychological Sciences and the Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Australia
| | - Pablo García-González
- From the Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health (M.P.P.), Monash University, Australia; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.J.H., M.M.G.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio; ACE Alzheimer Center (R.P., M.B., P.G.-G., S.V., M.M., A.R.), Barcelona, Spain; Boston University School of Public Health (A.S.B., D.J.K.), MA; University of Texas Health Sciences Center (C.L.S., S.S.), San Antonio; Department of Neurology (Q.Y., H.J.A.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Department of Neurology (C.S.D.), School of Medicine & Imaging of Dementia and Aging Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis; Department of Neurology (O.L.L.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA; University of Washington (W.L., B.M.P.), Seattle; Faculty of Medicine (V.G.), University of Iceland, Reykjavík; University of Mississippi Medical Center (T.H.M.), The MIND Center, Jackson; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (J.C.B.), Department of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology (A.F.), University of Washington, Seattle; University of Vermont (R.T.), Burlington; Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences (L.J.L.), National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; and University of Texas Health Science Center (M.F.), Houston. Matthew P. Pase is currently at the School of Psychological Sciences and the Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Australia
| | - Sergi Valero
- From the Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health (M.P.P.), Monash University, Australia; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.J.H., M.M.G.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio; ACE Alzheimer Center (R.P., M.B., P.G.-G., S.V., M.M., A.R.), Barcelona, Spain; Boston University School of Public Health (A.S.B., D.J.K.), MA; University of Texas Health Sciences Center (C.L.S., S.S.), San Antonio; Department of Neurology (Q.Y., H.J.A.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Department of Neurology (C.S.D.), School of Medicine & Imaging of Dementia and Aging Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis; Department of Neurology (O.L.L.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA; University of Washington (W.L., B.M.P.), Seattle; Faculty of Medicine (V.G.), University of Iceland, Reykjavík; University of Mississippi Medical Center (T.H.M.), The MIND Center, Jackson; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (J.C.B.), Department of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology (A.F.), University of Washington, Seattle; University of Vermont (R.T.), Burlington; Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences (L.J.L.), National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; and University of Texas Health Science Center (M.F.), Houston. Matthew P. Pase is currently at the School of Psychological Sciences and the Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Australia
| | - Marta Marquié
- From the Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health (M.P.P.), Monash University, Australia; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.J.H., M.M.G.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio; ACE Alzheimer Center (R.P., M.B., P.G.-G., S.V., M.M., A.R.), Barcelona, Spain; Boston University School of Public Health (A.S.B., D.J.K.), MA; University of Texas Health Sciences Center (C.L.S., S.S.), San Antonio; Department of Neurology (Q.Y., H.J.A.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Department of Neurology (C.S.D.), School of Medicine & Imaging of Dementia and Aging Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis; Department of Neurology (O.L.L.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA; University of Washington (W.L., B.M.P.), Seattle; Faculty of Medicine (V.G.), University of Iceland, Reykjavík; University of Mississippi Medical Center (T.H.M.), The MIND Center, Jackson; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (J.C.B.), Department of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology (A.F.), University of Washington, Seattle; University of Vermont (R.T.), Burlington; Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences (L.J.L.), National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; and University of Texas Health Science Center (M.F.), Houston. Matthew P. Pase is currently at the School of Psychological Sciences and the Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Australia
| | - Russell Tracy
- From the Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health (M.P.P.), Monash University, Australia; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.J.H., M.M.G.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio; ACE Alzheimer Center (R.P., M.B., P.G.-G., S.V., M.M., A.R.), Barcelona, Spain; Boston University School of Public Health (A.S.B., D.J.K.), MA; University of Texas Health Sciences Center (C.L.S., S.S.), San Antonio; Department of Neurology (Q.Y., H.J.A.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Department of Neurology (C.S.D.), School of Medicine & Imaging of Dementia and Aging Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis; Department of Neurology (O.L.L.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA; University of Washington (W.L., B.M.P.), Seattle; Faculty of Medicine (V.G.), University of Iceland, Reykjavík; University of Mississippi Medical Center (T.H.M.), The MIND Center, Jackson; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (J.C.B.), Department of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology (A.F.), University of Washington, Seattle; University of Vermont (R.T.), Burlington; Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences (L.J.L.), National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; and University of Texas Health Science Center (M.F.), Houston. Matthew P. Pase is currently at the School of Psychological Sciences and the Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Australia
| | - Lenore J Launer
- From the Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health (M.P.P.), Monash University, Australia; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.J.H., M.M.G.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio; ACE Alzheimer Center (R.P., M.B., P.G.-G., S.V., M.M., A.R.), Barcelona, Spain; Boston University School of Public Health (A.S.B., D.J.K.), MA; University of Texas Health Sciences Center (C.L.S., S.S.), San Antonio; Department of Neurology (Q.Y., H.J.A.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Department of Neurology (C.S.D.), School of Medicine & Imaging of Dementia and Aging Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis; Department of Neurology (O.L.L.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA; University of Washington (W.L., B.M.P.), Seattle; Faculty of Medicine (V.G.), University of Iceland, Reykjavík; University of Mississippi Medical Center (T.H.M.), The MIND Center, Jackson; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (J.C.B.), Department of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology (A.F.), University of Washington, Seattle; University of Vermont (R.T.), Burlington; Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences (L.J.L.), National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; and University of Texas Health Science Center (M.F.), Houston. Matthew P. Pase is currently at the School of Psychological Sciences and the Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Australia
| | - Agustín Ruiz
- From the Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health (M.P.P.), Monash University, Australia; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.J.H., M.M.G.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio; ACE Alzheimer Center (R.P., M.B., P.G.-G., S.V., M.M., A.R.), Barcelona, Spain; Boston University School of Public Health (A.S.B., D.J.K.), MA; University of Texas Health Sciences Center (C.L.S., S.S.), San Antonio; Department of Neurology (Q.Y., H.J.A.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Department of Neurology (C.S.D.), School of Medicine & Imaging of Dementia and Aging Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis; Department of Neurology (O.L.L.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA; University of Washington (W.L., B.M.P.), Seattle; Faculty of Medicine (V.G.), University of Iceland, Reykjavík; University of Mississippi Medical Center (T.H.M.), The MIND Center, Jackson; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (J.C.B.), Department of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology (A.F.), University of Washington, Seattle; University of Vermont (R.T.), Burlington; Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences (L.J.L.), National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; and University of Texas Health Science Center (M.F.), Houston. Matthew P. Pase is currently at the School of Psychological Sciences and the Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Australia
| | - Myriam Fornage
- From the Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health (M.P.P.), Monash University, Australia; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.J.H., M.M.G.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio; ACE Alzheimer Center (R.P., M.B., P.G.-G., S.V., M.M., A.R.), Barcelona, Spain; Boston University School of Public Health (A.S.B., D.J.K.), MA; University of Texas Health Sciences Center (C.L.S., S.S.), San Antonio; Department of Neurology (Q.Y., H.J.A.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Department of Neurology (C.S.D.), School of Medicine & Imaging of Dementia and Aging Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis; Department of Neurology (O.L.L.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA; University of Washington (W.L., B.M.P.), Seattle; Faculty of Medicine (V.G.), University of Iceland, Reykjavík; University of Mississippi Medical Center (T.H.M.), The MIND Center, Jackson; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (J.C.B.), Department of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology (A.F.), University of Washington, Seattle; University of Vermont (R.T.), Burlington; Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences (L.J.L.), National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; and University of Texas Health Science Center (M.F.), Houston. Matthew P. Pase is currently at the School of Psychological Sciences and the Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Australia
| | - Sudha Seshadri
- From the Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health (M.P.P.), Monash University, Australia; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.J.H., M.M.G.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio; ACE Alzheimer Center (R.P., M.B., P.G.-G., S.V., M.M., A.R.), Barcelona, Spain; Boston University School of Public Health (A.S.B., D.J.K.), MA; University of Texas Health Sciences Center (C.L.S., S.S.), San Antonio; Department of Neurology (Q.Y., H.J.A.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Department of Neurology (C.S.D.), School of Medicine & Imaging of Dementia and Aging Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis; Department of Neurology (O.L.L.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA; University of Washington (W.L., B.M.P.), Seattle; Faculty of Medicine (V.G.), University of Iceland, Reykjavík; University of Mississippi Medical Center (T.H.M.), The MIND Center, Jackson; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (J.C.B.), Department of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology (A.F.), University of Washington, Seattle; University of Vermont (R.T.), Burlington; Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences (L.J.L.), National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; and University of Texas Health Science Center (M.F.), Houston. Matthew P. Pase is currently at the School of Psychological Sciences and the Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yu JE, Yeo IJ, Han SB, Yun J, Kim B, Yong YJ, Lim YS, Kim TH, Son DJ, Hong JT. Significance of chitinase-3-like protein 1 in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases and cancer. Exp Mol Med 2024; 56:1-18. [PMID: 38177294 PMCID: PMC10834487 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-01131-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Chitinase-3-like protein 1 (CHI3L1) is a secreted glycoprotein that mediates inflammation, macrophage polarization, apoptosis, and carcinogenesis. The expression of CHI3L1 is strongly upregulated by various inflammatory and immunological diseases, including several cancers, Alzheimer's disease, and atherosclerosis. Several studies have shown that CHI3L1 can be considered as a marker of disease diagnosis, prognosis, disease activity, and severity. In addition, the proinflammatory action of CHI3L1 may be mediated via responses to various proinflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and interferon-γ. Therefore, CHI3L1 may contribute to a vast array of inflammatory diseases. However, its pathophysiological and pharmacological roles in the development of inflammatory diseases remain unclear. In this article, we review recent findings regarding the roles of CHI3L1 in the development of inflammatory diseases and suggest therapeutic approaches that target CHI3L1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Eun Yu
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, 194-31, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Osong-eup, Cheongju-si, Chungbuk, 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - In Jun Yeo
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, 194-31, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Osong-eup, Cheongju-si, Chungbuk, 28160, Republic of Korea
- College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Bae Han
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, 194-31, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Osong-eup, Cheongju-si, Chungbuk, 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaesuk Yun
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, 194-31, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Osong-eup, Cheongju-si, Chungbuk, 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Bongcheol Kim
- Senelix Co. Ltd., 25, Beobwon-ro 11-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05836, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Ji Yong
- PRESTI GEBIOLOGICS Co. Ltd., Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Osong-eup, Cheongju-si, Chungbuk, 28161, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Soo Lim
- PRESTI GEBIOLOGICS Co. Ltd., Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Osong-eup, Cheongju-si, Chungbuk, 28161, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hun Kim
- Autotelic Bio Inc., Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungbuk, 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Ju Son
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, 194-31, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Osong-eup, Cheongju-si, Chungbuk, 28160, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jin Tae Hong
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, 194-31, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Osong-eup, Cheongju-si, Chungbuk, 28160, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bhalala OG, Watson R, Yassi N. Multi-Omic Blood Biomarkers as Dynamic Risk Predictors in Late-Onset Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1231. [PMID: 38279230 PMCID: PMC10816901 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Late-onset Alzheimer's disease is the leading cause of dementia worldwide, accounting for a growing burden of morbidity and mortality. Diagnosing Alzheimer's disease before symptoms are established is clinically challenging, but would provide therapeutic windows for disease-modifying interventions. Blood biomarkers, including genetics, proteins and metabolites, are emerging as powerful predictors of Alzheimer's disease at various timepoints within the disease course, including at the preclinical stage. In this review, we discuss recent advances in such blood biomarkers for determining disease risk. We highlight how leveraging polygenic risk scores, based on genome-wide association studies, can help stratify individuals along their risk profile. We summarize studies analyzing protein biomarkers, as well as report on recent proteomic- and metabolomic-based prediction models. Finally, we discuss how a combination of multi-omic blood biomarkers can potentially be used in memory clinics for diagnosis and to assess the dynamic risk an individual has for developing Alzheimer's disease dementia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oneil G. Bhalala
- Population Health and Immunity Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3052, Australia; (R.W.); (N.Y.)
- Department of Neurology, Melbourne Brain Centre at The Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3050, Australia
| | - Rosie Watson
- Population Health and Immunity Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3052, Australia; (R.W.); (N.Y.)
- Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3050, Australia
| | - Nawaf Yassi
- Population Health and Immunity Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3052, Australia; (R.W.); (N.Y.)
- Department of Neurology, Melbourne Brain Centre at The Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3050, Australia
- Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3050, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Greenblatt CL, Lathe R. Vaccines and Dementia: Part II. Efficacy of BCG and Other Vaccines Against Dementia. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 98:361-372. [PMID: 38393913 DOI: 10.3233/jad-231323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
There is growing awareness that infections may contribute to the development of senile dementia including Alzheimer's disease (AD), and that immunopotentiation is therefore a legitimate target in the management of diseases of the elderly including AD. In Part I of this work, we provided a historical and molecular background to how vaccines, adjuvants, and their component molecules can elicit broad-spectrum protective effects against diverse agents, culminating in the development of the tuberculosis vaccine strain Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) as a treatment for some types of cancer as well as a prophylactic against infections of the elderly such as pneumonia. In Part II, we critically review studies that BCG and other vaccines may offer a measure of protection against dementia development. Five studies to date have determined that intravesicular BCG administration, the standard of care for bladder cancer, is followed by a mean ∼45% reduction in subsequent AD development in these patients. Although this could potentially be ascribed to confounding factors, the finding that other routine vaccines such as against shingles (herpes zoster virus) and influenza (influenza A virus), among others, also offer a degree of protection against AD (mean 29% over multiple studies) underlines the plausibility that the protective effects are real. We highlight clinical trials that are planned or underway and discuss whether BCG could be replaced by key components of the mycobacterial cell wall such as muramyl dipeptide. We conclude that BCG and similar agents merit far wider consideration as prophylactic agents against dementia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles L Greenblatt
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Richard Lathe
- Division of Infection Medicine, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, UK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lathe R, Schultek NM, Balin BJ, Ehrlich GD, Auber LA, Perry G, Breitschwerdt EB, Corry DB, Doty RL, Rissman RA, Nara PL, Itzhaki R, Eimer WA, Tanzi RE. Establishment of a consensus protocol to explore the brain pathobiome in patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease: Research outline and call for collaboration. Alzheimers Dement 2023; 19:5209-5231. [PMID: 37283269 PMCID: PMC10918877 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Microbial infections of the brain can lead to dementia, and for many decades microbial infections have been implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. However, a causal role for infection in AD remains contentious, and the lack of standardized detection methodologies has led to inconsistent detection/identification of microbes in AD brains. There is a need for a consensus methodology; the Alzheimer's Pathobiome Initiative aims to perform comparative molecular analyses of microbes in post mortem brains versus cerebrospinal fluid, blood, olfactory neuroepithelium, oral/nasopharyngeal tissue, bronchoalveolar, urinary, and gut/stool samples. Diverse extraction methodologies, polymerase chain reaction and sequencing techniques, and bioinformatic tools will be evaluated, in addition to direct microbial culture and metabolomic techniques. The goal is to provide a roadmap for detecting infectious agents in patients with mild cognitive impairment or AD. Positive findings would then prompt tailoring of antimicrobial treatments that might attenuate or remit mounting clinical deficits in a subset of patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Lathe
- Division of Infection Medicine, Chancellor's Building, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Brian J. Balin
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19131, USA
| | - Garth D. Ehrlich
- Center for Genomic Sciences, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | | | - George Perry
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Edward B. Breitschwerdt
- Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - David B. Corry
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Richard L. Doty
- Smell and Taste Center, Department of Otorhinolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Robert A. Rissman
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego and VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA
| | | | - Ruth Itzhaki
- Institute of Population Ageing, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - William A. Eimer
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, Mass General Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
- McCance Cancer Center for Brain Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Rudolph E. Tanzi
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, Mass General Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
- McCance Cancer Center for Brain Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Intracell Research Group Consortium Collaborators
- David L. Hahn (Intracell Research Group, USA), Benedict C. Albensi (Nova Southeastern, USA), James St John (Griffith University, Australia), Jenny Ekberg (Griffith University, Australia), Mark L. Nelson (Intracell Research Group, USA), Gerald McLaughlin (National Institutes of Health, USA), Christine Hammond (Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, USA), Judith Whittum-Hudson (Wayne State University, USA), Alan P. Hudson (Wayne State University, USA), Guillaume Sacco (Université Cote d’Azur, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, CoBTek, France), Alexandra Konig (Université Cote d’Azur and CoBTek, France), Bruno Pietro Imbimbo (Chiesi Farmaceutici, Parma, Italy), Nicklas Linz (Ki Elements Ltd, Saarbrücken, Germany), Nicole Danielle Bell (Author, 'What Lurks in the Woods'), Shima T. Moein (Smell and Taste Center, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Philadelphia, USA), Jürgen G. Haas (Infection Medicine, University of Edinburgh Medical School, UK)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zilinskaite N, Shukla RP, Baradoke A. Use of 3D Printing Techniques to Fabricate Implantable Microelectrodes for Electrochemical Detection of Biomarkers in the Early Diagnosis of Cardiovascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases. ACS MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AU 2023; 3:315-336. [PMID: 37868357 PMCID: PMC10588936 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.3c00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
This Review provides a comprehensive overview of 3D printing techniques to fabricate implantable microelectrodes for the electrochemical detection of biomarkers in the early diagnosis of cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Early diagnosis of these diseases is crucial to improving patient outcomes and reducing healthcare systems' burden. Biomarkers serve as measurable indicators of these diseases, and implantable microelectrodes offer a promising tool for their electrochemical detection. Here, we discuss various 3D printing techniques, including stereolithography (SLA), digital light processing (DLP), fused deposition modeling (FDM), selective laser sintering (SLS), and two-photon polymerization (2PP), highlighting their advantages and limitations in microelectrode fabrication. We also explore the materials used in constructing implantable microelectrodes, emphasizing their biocompatibility and biodegradation properties. The principles of electrochemical detection and the types of sensors utilized are examined, with a focus on their applications in detecting biomarkers for cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Finally, we address the current challenges and future perspectives in the field of 3D-printed implantable microelectrodes, emphasizing their potential for improving early diagnosis and personalized treatment strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nemira Zilinskaite
- Wellcome/Cancer
Research UK Gurdon Institute, Henry Wellcome Building of Cancer and
Developmental Biology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, U.K.
- Faculty
of Medicine, University of Vilnius, M. K. Čiurlionio g. 21, LT-03101 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Rajendra P. Shukla
- BIOS
Lab-on-a-Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Max Planck
Center for Complex Fluid Dynamics, University
of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Ausra Baradoke
- Wellcome/Cancer
Research UK Gurdon Institute, Henry Wellcome Building of Cancer and
Developmental Biology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, U.K.
- Faculty
of Medicine, University of Vilnius, M. K. Čiurlionio g. 21, LT-03101 Vilnius, Lithuania
- BIOS
Lab-on-a-Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Max Planck
Center for Complex Fluid Dynamics, University
of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
- Center for
Physical Sciences and Technology, Savanoriu 231, LT-02300 Vilnius, Lithuania
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lathe R, St Clair D. Programmed ageing: decline of stem cell renewal, immunosenescence, and Alzheimer's disease. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2023; 98:1424-1458. [PMID: 37068798 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
The characteristic maximum lifespan varies enormously across animal species from a few hours to hundreds of years. This argues that maximum lifespan, and the ageing process that itself dictates lifespan, are to a large extent genetically determined. Although controversial, this is supported by firm evidence that semelparous species display evolutionarily programmed ageing in response to reproductive and environmental cues. Parabiosis experiments reveal that ageing is orchestrated systemically through the circulation, accompanied by programmed changes in hormone levels across a lifetime. This implies that, like the circadian and circannual clocks, there is a master 'clock of age' (circavital clock) located in the limbic brain of mammals that modulates systemic changes in growth factor and hormone secretion over the lifespan, as well as systemic alterations in gene expression as revealed by genomic methylation analysis. Studies on accelerated ageing in mice, as well as human longevity genes, converge on evolutionarily conserved fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and their receptors, including KLOTHO, as well as insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and steroid hormones, as key players mediating the systemic effects of ageing. Age-related changes in these and multiple other factors are inferred to cause a progressive decline in tissue maintenance through failure of stem cell replenishment. This most severely affects the immune system, which requires constant renewal from bone marrow stem cells. Age-related immune decline increases risk of infection whereas lifespan can be extended in germfree animals. This and other evidence suggests that infection is the major cause of death in higher organisms. Immune decline is also associated with age-related diseases. Taking the example of Alzheimer's disease (AD), we assess the evidence that AD is caused by immunosenescence and infection. The signature protein of AD brain, Aβ, is now known to be an antimicrobial peptide, and Aβ deposits in AD brain may be a response to infection rather than a cause of disease. Because some cognitively normal elderly individuals show extensive neuropathology, we argue that the location of the pathology is crucial - specifically, lesions to limbic brain are likely to accentuate immunosenescence, and could thus underlie a vicious cycle of accelerated immune decline and microbial proliferation that culminates in AD. This general model may extend to other age-related diseases, and we propose a general paradigm of organismal senescence in which declining stem cell proliferation leads to programmed immunosenescence and mortality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Lathe
- Division of Infection Medicine, Chancellor's Building, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Little France, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - David St Clair
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kodosaki E, Zetterberg H, Heslegrave A. Validating blood tests as a possible routine diagnostic assay of Alzheimer's disease. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2023; 23:1153-1165. [PMID: 38018372 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2023.2289553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In recent years, exciting developments in disease modifying treatments for Alzheimer's disease (AD) have made accurate and timely diagnosis of this disease a priority. Blood biomarkers (BBMs) for amyloid pathology using improved immunoassay and mass spectrometry techniques have been an area of intense research for the last 10 years and are coming to the fore, as a real prospect to be used in the clinical diagnostics of the disease. AREAS COVERED The following review will update and discuss blood biomarkers that will be most useful in diagnosing AD and the context necessary for their implementation. EXPERT OPINION It is clear we now have BBMs, and technology to measure them, that are capable of detecting amyloid pathology in AD. The challenge is to validate them across platforms and populations to incorporate them into clinical practice. It is important that implementation comes with education, we need to give clinicians the tools for appropriate use and interpretation. It is feasible that BBMs will be used to screen populations, initially for clinical trial entry but also therapeutic intervention in the foreseeable future. We now need to focus BBM research on other pathologies to ensure we accelerate the development of therapeutics for all neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleftheria Kodosaki
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Centre, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology,Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
- Hong Kong Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Amanda Heslegrave
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Russo C, Valle MS, Casabona A, Malaguarnera L. Chitinase Signature in the Plasticity of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076301. [PMID: 37047273 PMCID: PMC10094409 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Several reports have pointed out that Chitinases are expressed and secreted by various cell types of central nervous system (CNS), including activated microglia and astrocytes. These cells play a key role in neuroinflammation and in the pathogenesis of many neurodegenerative disorders. Increased levels of Chitinases, in particular Chitotriosidase (CHIT-1) and chitinase-3-like protein 1 (CHI3L1), have been found increased in several neurodegenerative disorders. Although having important biological roles in inflammation, to date, the molecular mechanisms of Chitinase involvement in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders is not well-elucidated. Several studies showed that some Chitinases could be assumed as markers for diagnosis, prognosis, activity, and severity of a disease and therefore can be helpful in the choice of treatment. However, some studies showed controversial results. This review will discuss the potential of Chitinases in the pathogenesis of some neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis, to understand their role as distinctive biomarkers of neuronal cell activity during neuroinflammatory processes. Knowledge of the role of Chitinases in neuronal cell activation could allow for the development of new methodologies for downregulating neuroinflammation and consequently for diminishing negative neurological disease outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Russo
- Section of Pathology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Stella Valle
- Laboratory of Neuro-Biomechanics, Section of Physiology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Antonino Casabona
- Laboratory of Neuro-Biomechanics, Section of Physiology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Lucia Malaguarnera
- Section of Pathology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Jang YO, Ahn HS, Dao TNT, Hong J, Shin W, Lim YM, Chung SJ, Lee JH, Liu H, Koo B, Kim MG, Kim K, Lee EJ, Shin Y. Magnetic transferrin nanoparticles (MTNs) assay as a novel isolation approach for exosomal biomarkers in neurological diseases. Biomater Res 2023; 27:12. [PMID: 36797805 PMCID: PMC9936675 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-023-00353-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain-derived exosomes released into the blood are considered a liquid biopsy to investigate the pathophysiological state, reflecting the aberrant heterogeneous pathways of pathological progression of the brain in neurological diseases. Brain-derived blood exosomes provide promising prospects for the diagnosis of neurological diseases, with exciting possibilities for the early and sensitive diagnosis of such diseases. However, the capability of traditional exosome isolation assays to specifically isolate blood exosomes and to characterize the brain-derived blood exosomal proteins by high-throughput proteomics for clinical specimens from patients with neurological diseases cannot be assured. We report a magnetic transferrin nanoparticles (MTNs) assay, which combined transferrin and magnetic nanoparticles to isolate brain-derived blood exosomes from clinical samples. METHODS The principle of the MTNs assay is a ligand-receptor interaction through transferrin on MTNs and transferrin receptor on exosomes, and electrostatic interaction via positively charged MTNs and negatively charged exosomes to isolate brain-derived blood exosomes. In addition, the MTNs assay is simple and rapid (< 35 min) and does not require any large instrument. We confirmed that the MTNs assay accurately and efficiently isolated exosomes from serum samples of humans with neurodegenerative diseases, such as dementia, Parkinson's disease (PD), and multiple sclerosis (MS). Moreover, we isolated exosomes from serum samples of 30 patients with three distinct neurodegenerative diseases and performed unbiased proteomic analysis to explore the pilot value of brain-derived blood protein profiles as biomarkers. RESULTS Using comparative statistical analysis, we found 21 candidate protein biomarkers that were significantly different among three groups of neurodegenerative diseases. CONCLUSION The MTNs assay is a convenient approach for the specific and affordable isolation of extracellular vesicles from body fluids for minimally-invasive diagnosis of neurological diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Ok Jang
- grid.15444.300000 0004 0470 5454Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Sung Ahn
- grid.413967.e0000 0001 0842 2126Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, 05505 Republic of Korea
| | - Thuy Nguyen Thi Dao
- grid.15444.300000 0004 0470 5454Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - JeongYeon Hong
- grid.413967.e0000 0001 0842 2126Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, 05505 Republic of Korea ,grid.267370.70000 0004 0533 4667Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505 Republic of Korea
| | - Wangyong Shin
- grid.413967.e0000 0001 0842 2126Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505 Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Min Lim
- grid.413967.e0000 0001 0842 2126Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505 Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Ju Chung
- grid.413967.e0000 0001 0842 2126Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505 Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hong Lee
- grid.413967.e0000 0001 0842 2126Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505 Republic of Korea
| | - Huifang Liu
- grid.15444.300000 0004 0470 5454Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Bonhan Koo
- grid.15444.300000 0004 0470 5454Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung Gyu Kim
- grid.15444.300000 0004 0470 5454Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Kyunggon Kim
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eun-Jae Lee
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yong Shin
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Behzad M, Zirak N, Madani GH, Baidoo L, Rezaei A, Karbasi S, Sadeghi M, Shafie M, Mayeli M, Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. CSF-Targeted Proteomics Indicate Amyloid-Beta Ratios in Patients with Alzheimer's Dementia Spectrum. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 2023:5336273. [PMID: 36793451 PMCID: PMC9925239 DOI: 10.1155/2023/5336273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background According to recent studies, amyloid-β (Aβ) isoforms as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers have remarkable predictive value for cognitive decline in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Herein, we aimed to investigate the correlations between several targeted proteomics in CSF samples with Aβ ratios and cognitive scores in patients in AD spectrum to search for potential early diagnostic utility. Methods A total of 719 participants were found eligible for inclusion. Patients were then categorized into cognitively normal (CN), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and AD and underwent an assessment of Aβ and proteomics. Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR), Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale (ADAS), and Mini Mental State Exam (MMSE) were used for further cognitive assessment. The Aβ42, Aβ42/Aβ40, and Aβ42/38 ratios were considered as means of comparison to identify those peptides corresponding significantly to these established biomarkers and cognitive scores. The diagnostic utility of the IASNTQSR, VAELEDEK, VVSSIEQK, GDSVVYGLR, EPVAGDAVPGPK, and QETLPSK was assessed. Results All investigated peptides corresponded significantly to Aβ42 in controls. In those with MCI, VAELEDEK and EPVAGDAVPGPK were significantly correlated with Aβ42 (p value < 0.001). Additionally, IASNTQSR, VVSSIEQK, GDSVVYGLR, and QETLPSK were significantly correlated with Aβ42/Aβ40 and Aβ42/38 (p value < 0.001) in this group. This group of peptides similarly corresponded to Aβ ratios in those with AD. Eventually, IASNTQSR, VAELEDEK, and VVSSIEQK were significantly associated with CDR, ADAS-11, and ADAS-13, particularly in MCI group. Conclusion Our research suggests potential early diagnostic and prognostic utilities for certain peptides extracted from CSF-targeted proteomics research. The ethical approval of ADNI is available at ClinicalTrials.gov with Identifier: NCT00106899.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Behzad
- NeuroTRACT Association, Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Chemistery, University of Tehran, Iran
| | - Negin Zirak
- NeuroTRACT Association, Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Educational Science and Psychology, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ghazal Hamidi Madani
- NeuroTRACT Association, Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Guilan, Iran
| | - Linda Baidoo
- NeuroTRACT Association, Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Rezaei
- NeuroTRACT Association, Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shima Karbasi
- NeuroTRACT Association, Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sadeghi
- NeuroTRACT Association, Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahan Shafie
- NeuroTRACT Association, Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Mayeli
- NeuroTRACT Association, Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sanfilippo C, Castrogiovanni P, Imbesi R, Musumeci G, Vecchio M, Li Volti G, Tibullo D, Broggi G, Caltabiano R, Ulivieri M, Kazakova M, Parenti R, Vicario N, Fazio F, Di Rosa M. Sex-dependent neuro-deconvolution analysis of Alzheimer's disease brain transcriptomes according to CHI3L1 expression levels. J Neuroimmunol 2022; 373:577977. [PMID: 36228382 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2022.577977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Glial activation and related neuroinflammatory processes play a key role in the aging and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). CHI3L1/ YKL40 is a widely investigated chitinase in neurodegenerative diseases and recent studies have shown its involvement in aging and AD. Nevertheless, the biological function of CHI3L1 in AD is still unknown. Here, we collected microarray datasets from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) brain samples of not demented healthy controls (NDHC) who died from causes not attributable to neurodegenerative disorders (n = 460), and of deceased patients suffering from Alzheimer's disease (AD) (n = 697). The NDHC and AD patients were stratified according to CHI3L1 expression levels as a cut-off. We identified two groups both males and females, subsequently used for our statistical comparisons: the high CHI3L1 expression group (HCEG) and the low CHI3L1 expression group (LCEG). Comparing HCEG to LCEG, we attained four signatures according to the sex of patients, in order to identify the healthy and AD brain cellular architecture, performing a genomic deconvolution analysis. We used neurological signatures (NS) belonging to six neurological cells populations and nine signatures that included the main physiological neurological processes. We discovered that, in the brains of NDHC the high expression levels of CHI3L1 were associated with astrocyte activation profile, while in AD males and females we showed an inflammatory profile microglia-mediated. The low CHI3L1 brain expression levels in NDHC and AD patients highlighted a neuronal activation profile. Furthermore, using drugs opposing CHI3L1 transcriptomic signatures, we found a specific drug profile for AD males and females characterized by high levels of CHI3L1 composed of fostamatinib, rucaparib, cephaeline, prednisolone, and dinoprostone. Brain levels of CHI3L1 in AD patients represent a biological signature that allows distinguishing between males and females and their likely cellular brain architecture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Sanfilippo
- Neurologic Unit, AOU "Policlinico-San Marco", Department of Medical, Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies, GF, Ingrassia, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia n.78, 95100 Catania, Sicily, Italy
| | - Paola Castrogiovanni
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Anatomy, Histology and Movement Sciences Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Rosa Imbesi
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Anatomy, Histology and Movement Sciences Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Musumeci
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Anatomy, Histology and Movement Sciences Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Michele Vecchio
- Rehabilitation Unit, "AOU Policlinico Vittorio Emanuele", Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Catania, Catania 95123, Italy
| | - Giovanni Li Volti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, University of Catania, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Daniele Tibullo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, University of Catania, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Broggi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G. F. Ingrassia", Anatomic Pathology, University of Catania, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Rosario Caltabiano
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G. F. Ingrassia", Anatomic Pathology, University of Catania, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Martina Ulivieri
- University of California San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, Health Science, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Maria Kazakova
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical University, Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; Research Institute, Medical University-, Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Rosalba Parenti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Nunzio Vicario
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Francesco Fazio
- University of California San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, Health Science, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michelino Di Rosa
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Anatomy, Histology and Movement Sciences Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yasuno F, Watanabe A, Kimura Y, Yamauchi Y, Ogata A, Ikenuma H, Abe J, Minami H, Nihashi T, Yokoi K, Hattori S, Shimoda N, Kasuga K, Ikeuchi T, Takeda A, Sakurai T, Ito K, Kato T. Estimation of blood-based biomarkers of glial activation related to neuroinflammation. Brain Behav Immun Health 2022; 26:100549. [PMID: 36388135 PMCID: PMC9650015 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2022.100549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neuroinflammation is a well-known feature of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and a blood-based test for estimating the levels of neuroinflammation would be expected. In this study, we examined and validated a model using blood-based biomarkers to predict the level of glial activation due to neuroinflammation, as estimated by 11C-DPA-713 positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. Methods We included 15 patients with AD and 10 cognitively normal (CN) subjects. Stepwise backward deletion multiple regression analysis was used to determine the predictors of the TSPO-binding potential (BPND) estimated by PET imaging. The independent variables were age, sex, diagnosis, apolipoprotein E4 positivity, body mass index and the serum concentration of blood-based biomarkers, including monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), fractalkine, chitinase 3-like protein-1 (CHI3L1), soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (sTREM2), and clusterin. Results Sex, diagnosis, and serum concentrations of MCP1 and sTREM2 were determined as predictors of TSPO-BPND in the Braak1-3 area. The serum concentrations of MCP1 and sTREM2 correlated positively with TSPO-BPND. In a leave one out (LOO) cross-validation (CV) analysis, the model gave a LOO CV R2 of 0.424, which indicated that this model can account for approximately 42.4% of the variance of brain TSPO-BPND. Conclusions We found that the model including serum MCP-1 and sTREM2 concentration and covariates of sex and diagnosis was the best for predicting brain TSPO-BPND. The detection of neuroinflammation in AD patients by blood-based biomarkers should be a sensitive and useful tool for making an early diagnosis and monitoring disease progression and treatment effectiveness.
Collapse
|
18
|
Karaboğa MNS, Sezgintürk MK. Biosensor approaches on the diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases: Sensing the past to the future. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 209:114479. [PMID: 34861607 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Early diagnosis of neurodegeneration-oriented diseases that develop with the aging world is essential for improving the patient's living conditions as well as the treatment of the disease. Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases are prominent examples of neurodegeneration characterized by dementia leading to the death of nerve cells. The clinical diagnosis of these diseases only after the symptoms appear, delays the treatment process. Detection of biomarkers, which are distinctive molecules in biological fluids, involved in neurodegeneration processes, has the potential to allow early diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases. Studies on biosensors, whose main responsibility is to detect the target analyte with high specificity, has gained momentum in recent years with the aim of high detection of potential biomarkers of neurodegeneration process. This study aims to provide an overview of neuro-biosensors developed on the basis of biomarkers identified in biological fluids for the diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), and Parkinson's disease (PD), and to provide an overview of the urgent needs in this field, emphasizing the importance of early diagnosis in the general lines of the neurodegeneration pathway. In this review, biosensor systems developed for the detection of biomarkers of neurodegenerative diseases, especially in the last 5 years, are discussed.
Collapse
|
19
|
Ahangar-Sirous R, Poudineh M, Ansari A, Nili A, Dana SMMA, Nasiri Z, Hosseini ZS, Karami D, Mokhtari M, Deravi N. Pharmacotherapeutic Potential of Garlic in Age-Related Neurological Disorders. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2021; 21:377-398. [PMID: 34579639 DOI: 10.2174/1871527320666210927101257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Age-related neurological disorders [ANDs] involve neurodegenerative diseases [NDDs] such as Alzheimer's disease [AD], the most frequent kind of dementia in elderly people, and Parkinson's disease [PD], and also other disorders like epilepsy and migraine. Although ANDs are multifactorial, Aging is a principal risk factor for them. The common and most main pathologic features among ANDs are inflammation, oxidative stress, and misfolded proteins accumulation. Since failing brains caused by ANDs impose a notable burden on public health and their incidence is increasing, a lot of works has been done to overcome them. Garlic, Allium sativum, has been used for different medical purposes globally and more than thousands of publications have reported its health benefits. Garlic and aged garlic extract are considered potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidants agents and can have remarkable neuroprotective effects. This review is aimed to summarize knowledge on the pharmacotherapeutic potential of garlic and its components in ANDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Arina Ansari
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd. Iran
| | - Ali Nili
- Student Research Committee, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord. Iran
| | | | - Zahra Nasiri
- Student's Research Committee, School of medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran. Iran
| | | | - Dariush Karami
- Student's Research Committee, School of medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran. Iran
| | - Melika Mokhtari
- Student Research Committee, Dental Faculty, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran. Iran
| | - Niloofar Deravi
- Student's Research Committee, School of medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran. Iran
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Blood-Based Biomarkers of Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's Disease: A Central Role for Periphery? Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11091525. [PMID: 34573867 PMCID: PMC8464786 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11091525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation represents a central feature in the development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The resident innate immune cells of the brain are the principal players in neuroinflammation, and their activation leads to a defensive response aimed at promoting β-amyloid (Aβ) clearance. However, it is now widely accepted that the peripheral immune system—by virtue of a dysfunctional blood–brain barrier (BBB)—is involved in the pathogenesis and progression of AD; microglial and astrocytic activation leads to the release of chemokines able to recruit peripheral immune cells into the central nervous system (CNS); at the same time, cytokines released by peripheral cells are able to cross the BBB and act upon glial cells, modifying their phenotype. To successfully fight this neurodegenerative disorder, accurate and sensitive biomarkers are required to be used for implementing an early diagnosis, monitoring the disease progression and treatment effectiveness. Interestingly, as a result of the bidirectional communication between the brain and the periphery, the blood compartment ends up reflecting several pathological changes occurring in the AD brain and can represent an accessible source for such biomarkers. In this review, we provide an overview on some of the most promising peripheral biomarkers of neuroinflammation, discussing their pathogenic role in AD.
Collapse
|
21
|
Ko PW, Lee HW, Lee M, Youn YC, Kim S, Kim JH, Kang K, Suk K. Increased plasma levels of chitinase 3-like 1 (CHI3L1) protein in patients with idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus. J Neurol Sci 2021; 423:117353. [PMID: 33652290 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2021.117353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) is an uncommon neurological disorder with no known pathological hallmarks. INPH may share common degenerative pathways with other neurological diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the reversible properties of iNPH may share differing pathophysiological mechanisms with other diseases. This study aimed at assessing the diagnostic value of plasma chitinase 3-like 1 (CHI3L1) protein levels as a disease-specific biomarker for iNPH. We selected both iNPH and AD patients as well as normal and disease control subjects from an enrolled dementia registry. A total of 121 AD, 80 iNPH, 13 idiopathic Parkinson's disease, and 23 mild cognitive impairment patients with 83 healthy controls were included in the final analysis. The Aβ42, total tau, and phosphorylated tau levels within the cerebrospinal fluid, as well as plasma levels of CHI3L1, were measured using commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. CHI3L1 levels for iNPH patients were higher than those of the other groups. Analysis of covariance adjusting for age showed significantly increased plasma CHI3L1 levels in iNPH patients than in the controls (p < 0.001). CHI3L1 plasma levels may be useful in differentiating iNPH patients from healthy individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pan-Woo Ko
- Department of Neurology, Daegu Health College Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Won Lee
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea; Brain Science & Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Myunghoon Lee
- Research Center, D&P Biotech Inc, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Chul Youn
- Department of Neurology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - SangYun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Heon Kim
- Brain Science & Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyunghun Kang
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea; Brain Science & Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Wilczyńska K, Maciejczyk M, Zalewska A, Waszkiewicz N. Serum Amyloid Biomarkers, Tau Protein and YKL-40 Utility in Detection, Differential Diagnosing, and Monitoring of Dementia. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:725511. [PMID: 34589009 PMCID: PMC8473887 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.725511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The diagnosis and treatment of dementia is one of the greatest challenges in contemporary health care. The widespread use of dementia biomarkers would improve the quality of life of patients and reduce the economic costs of the disease. The aim of the study was to evaluate the usefulness of proteins related to the Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis-amyloid beta isoform (Aβ) and total tau protein (t-tau), as well as the quite recently discovered marker YKL-40 in the most common types of dementia. Methods: 60 dementia (AD-Alzheimer's disease, VaD-vascular dementia, MxD-mixed dementia) and 20 cognitively normal subjects over 60 years old were examined. Subjects with dementia of etiology different than AD or VaD and with neoplastic or chronic inflammatory diseases were excluded. Concentrations of Aβ40, Aβ42, t-tau, and YKL-40 were measured in serum using ELISA kits on admission and after 4 weeks of inpatient treatment. ANOVA and Tukey's test or Dunn's test were used to perform comparison tests between groups. Correlations were measured using Pearson's coefficient. Biomarker diagnostic utility was assessed with ROC analysis. Results: YKL-40 differentiates between cognitively normal and mild dementia patients with 85% sensitivity and specificity and t-tau with 72% sensitivity and 70% specificity. YKL-40 and t-tau concentrations correlate with each other and with the severity of clinically observed cognitive decline. Conclusions: YKL-40 is a sensitive and specific biomarker of early dementia and, to a lesser extent, of dementia progression, however, many comorbidities may influence its levels. In such conditions, less specific but still reliable t-tau may serve as an alternative marker. Obtained results did not confirm the diagnostic utility of amyloid biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Wilczyńska
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Mateusz Maciejczyk
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Ergonomics, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Anna Zalewska
- Experimental Dentistry Laboratory, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Fluid Candidate Biomarkers for Alzheimer's Disease: A Precision Medicine Approach. J Pers Med 2020; 10:jpm10040221. [PMID: 33187336 PMCID: PMC7712586 DOI: 10.3390/jpm10040221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A plethora of dynamic pathophysiological mechanisms underpins highly heterogeneous phenotypes in the field of dementia, particularly in Alzheimer's disease (AD). In such a faceted scenario, a biomarker-guided approach, through the implementation of specific fluid biomarkers individually reflecting distinct molecular pathways in the brain, may help establish a proper clinical diagnosis, even in its preclinical stages. Recently, ultrasensitive assays may detect different neurodegenerative mechanisms in blood earlier. ß-amyloid (Aß) peptides, phosphorylated-tau (p-tau), and neurofilament light chain (NFL) measured in blood are gaining momentum as candidate biomarkers for AD. P-tau is currently the more convincing plasma biomarker for the diagnostic workup of AD. The clinical role of plasma Aβ peptides should be better elucidated with further studies that also compare the accuracy of the different ultrasensitive techniques. Blood NFL is promising as a proxy of neurodegeneration process tout court. Protein misfolding amplification assays can accurately detect α-synuclein in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), thus representing advancement in the pathologic stratification of AD. In CSF, neurogranin and YKL-40 are further candidate biomarkers tracking synaptic disruption and neuroinflammation, which are additional key pathophysiological pathways related to AD genesis. Advanced statistical analysis using clinical scores and biomarker data to bring together individuals with AD from large heterogeneous cohorts into consistent clusters may promote the discovery of pathophysiological causes and detection of tailored treatments.
Collapse
|
24
|
Wilczyńska K, Waszkiewicz N. Diagnostic Utility of Selected Serum Dementia Biomarkers: Amyloid β-40, Amyloid β-42, Tau Protein, and YKL-40: A Review. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9113452. [PMID: 33121040 PMCID: PMC7692800 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9113452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Dementia is a group of disorders that causes dysfunctions in human cognitive and operating functions. Currently, it is not possible to conduct a fast, low-invasive dementia diagnostic process with the use of peripheral blood biomarkers, however, there is a great deal of research in progress covering this subject. Research on dementia biomarkers in serum validates anticipated health and economic benefits from early screening tests. Biomarkers are also essential for improving the process of developing new drugs. Methods: The result analysis, of current studies on selected biomarker concentrations (Aβ40, Aβ42, t-tau, and YKL-40) and their combination in the serum of patients with dementia and mild cognitive disorders, involved a search for papers available in Medline, PubMed, and Web of Science databases published from 2000 to 2020. Results: The results of conducted cross-sectional studies comparing Aβ40, Aβ42, and Aβ42/Aβ40 among people with cognitive disorders and a control group are incoherent. Most of the analyzed papers showed an increase in t-tau concentration in diagnosed Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients’ serum, whereas results of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) groups did not differ from the control groups. In several papers on the concentration of YKL-40 and t-tau/Aβ42 ratio, the results were promising. To date, several studies have only covered the field of biomarker concentrations in dementia disorders other than AD. Conclusions: Insufficient amyloid marker test repeatability may result either from imperfection of the used laboratorial techniques or inadequate selection of control groups with their comorbidities. On the basis of current knowledge, t-tau, t-tau/Aβ42, and YKL-40 seem to be promising candidates as biomarkers of cognitive disorders in serum. YKL-40 seems to be a more useful biomarker in early MCI diagnostics, whereas t-tau can be used as a marker of progress of prodromal states in mild AD. Due to the insignificant number of studies conducted to date among patients with dementia disorders other than AD, it is not possible to make a sound assessment of their usefulness in dementia differential diagnostics.
Collapse
|
25
|
Moyse E, Haddad M, Benlabiod C, Ramassamy C, Krantic S. Common Pathological Mechanisms and Risk Factors for Alzheimer's Disease and Type-2 Diabetes: Focus on Inflammation. Curr Alzheimer Res 2020; 16:986-1006. [PMID: 31692443 DOI: 10.2174/1567205016666191106094356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes is considered as a risk factor for Alzheimer's Disease, but it is yet unclear whether this pathological link is reciprocal. Although Alzheimer's disease and diabetes appear as entirely different pathological entities affecting the Central Nervous System and a peripheral organ (pancreas), respectively, they share a common pathological core. Recent evidence suggests that in the pancreas in the case of diabetes, as in the brain for Alzheimer's Disease, the initial pathological event may be the accumulation of toxic proteins yielding amyloidosis. Moreover, in both pathologies, amyloidosis is likely responsible for local inflammation, which acts as a driving force for cell death and tissue degeneration. These pathological events are all inter-connected and establish a vicious cycle resulting in the progressive character of both pathologies. OBJECTIVE To address the literature supporting the hypothesis of a common pathological core for both diseases. DISCUSSION We will focus on the analogies and differences between the disease-related inflammatory changes in a peripheral organ, such as the pancreas, versus those observed in the brain. Recent evidence suggesting an impact of peripheral inflammation on neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease will be presented. CONCLUSION We propose that it is now necessary to consider whether neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease affects inflammation in the pancreas related to diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohamed Haddad
- INRS-Centre Armand-Frappier Sante Biotechnologie, Laval, QC, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Chitinase-3 like-protein-1 function and its role in diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:201. [PMID: 32929074 PMCID: PMC7490424 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00303-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-enzymatic chitinase-3 like-protein-1 (CHI3L1) belongs to glycoside hydrolase family 18. It binds to chitin, heparin, and hyaluronic acid, and is regulated by extracellular matrix changes, cytokines, growth factors, drugs, and stress. CHI3L1 is synthesized and secreted by a multitude of cells including macrophages, neutrophils, synoviocytes, chondrocytes, fibroblast-like cells, smooth muscle cells, and tumor cells. It plays a major role in tissue injury, inflammation, tissue repair, and remodeling responses. CHI3L1 has been strongly associated with diseases including asthma, arthritis, sepsis, diabetes, liver fibrosis, and coronary artery disease. Moreover, following its initial identification in the culture supernatant of the MG63 osteosarcoma cell line, CHI3L1 has been shown to be overexpressed in a wealth of both human cancers and animal tumor models. To date, interleukin-13 receptor subunit alpha-2, transmembrane protein 219, galectin-3, chemo-attractant receptor-homologous 2, and CD44 have been identified as CHI3L1 receptors. CHI3L1 signaling plays a critical role in cancer cell growth, proliferation, invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis, activation of tumor-associated macrophages, and Th2 polarization of CD4+ T cells. Interestingly, CHI3L1-based targeted therapy has been increasingly applied to the treatment of tumors including glioma and colon cancer as well as rheumatoid arthritis. This review summarizes the potential roles and mechanisms of CHI3L1 in oncogenesis and disease pathogenesis, then posits investigational strategies for targeted therapies.
Collapse
|
27
|
Significance of Blood and Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers for Alzheimer's Disease: Sensitivity, Specificity and Potential for Clinical Use. J Pers Med 2020; 10:jpm10030116. [PMID: 32911755 PMCID: PMC7565390 DOI: 10.3390/jpm10030116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia, affecting more than 5 million Americans, with steadily increasing mortality and incredible socio-economic burden. Not only have therapeutic efforts so far failed to reach significant efficacy, but the real pathogenesis of the disease is still obscure. The current theories are based on pathological findings of amyloid plaques and tau neurofibrillary tangles that accumulate in the brain parenchyma of affected patients. These findings have defined, together with the extensive neurodegeneration, the diagnostic criteria of the disease. The ability to detect changes in the levels of amyloid and tau in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) first, and more recently in blood, has allowed us to use these biomarkers for the specific in-vivo diagnosis of AD in humans. Furthermore, other pathological elements of AD, such as the loss of neurons, inflammation and metabolic derangement, have translated to the definition of other CSF and blood biomarkers, which are not specific of the disease but, when combined with amyloid and tau, correlate with the progression from mild cognitive impairment to AD dementia, or identify patients who will develop AD pathology. In this review, we discuss the role of current and hypothetical biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease, their specificity, and the caveats of current high-sensitivity platforms for their peripheral detection.
Collapse
|
28
|
Kim JH, Afridi R, Lee WH, Suk K. Proteomic examination of the neuroglial secretome: lessons for the clinic. Expert Rev Proteomics 2020; 17:207-220. [PMID: 32187501 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2020.1745069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Glial cells are closely associated with neurons located throughout the nervous system and regulate neuronal activity and function through various mechanisms including the secretion of proteins and other signaling molecules. Glia-secreted proteins play crucial roles in modulating neuronal function in physiological and pathological conditions. Aberrant activation of glial cells leading to neuroinflammation is a common phenomenon observed in various neurological disorders. Aberrantly activated glial cells secrete proteins in disease-specific manner and can be exploited as a repository for novel biomarker discovery.Areas covered: In this review, we describe the recent advances in proteomic techniques, highlighting the need for their application to the secretomic field. Studies regarding the secretome profile of glial cells published within the last 5 years are discussed in detail. The use of glia-based biomarkers in various neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases is also discussed.Expert opinion: Precise diagnosis and timely treatment of neurological disorders remains a challenge and glia-focused research to identify specific biomarkers appears to be a promising approach to combat these disorders. Recent technological advancement in proteomic research would open new frontiers for more rigorous analysis of glial secretome variations over time and the discovery/development of novel biomarkers for neurological disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Heon Kim
- Brain Science & Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Ruqayya Afridi
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science & Engineering Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Ha Lee
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- Brain Science & Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science & Engineering Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Khoonsari PE, Shevchenko G, Herman S, Remnestål J, Giedraitis V, Brundin R, Degerman Gunnarsson M, Kilander L, Zetterberg H, Nilsson P, Lannfelt L, Ingelsson M, Kultima K. Improved Differential Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease by Integrating ELISA and Mass Spectrometry-Based Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 67:639-651. [PMID: 30614806 PMCID: PMC6398544 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is diagnosed based on a clinical evaluation as well as analyses of classical biomarkers: Aβ42, total tau (t-tau), and phosphorylated tau (p-tau) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Although the sensitivities and specificities of the classical biomarkers are fairly good for detection of AD, there is still a need to develop novel biochemical markers for early detection of AD. Objective: We explored if integration of novel proteins with classical biomarkers in CSF can better discriminate AD from non-AD subjects. Methods: We applied ELISA, mass spectrometry, and multivariate modeling to investigate classical biomarkers and the CSF proteome in subjects (n = 206) with 76 AD patients, 74 mild cognitive impairment (MCI) patients, 11 frontotemporal dementia (FTD) patients, and 45 non-dementia controls. The MCI patients were followed for 4–9 years and 21 of these converted to AD, whereas 53 remained stable. Results: By combining classical CSF biomarkers with twelve novel markers, the area of the ROC curves (AUROCS) of distinguishing AD and MCI/AD converters from non-AD were 93% and 96%, respectively. The FTDs and non-dementia controls were identified versus all other groups with AUROCS of 96% and 87%, respectively. Conclusions: Integration of new and classical CSF biomarkers in a model-based approach can improve the identification of AD, FTD, and non-dementia control subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Payam Emami Khoonsari
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ganna Shevchenko
- Department of Chemistry-BMC, Analytical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stephanie Herman
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Julia Remnestål
- Division of Affinity Proteomics, SciLifeLab, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vilmantas Giedraitis
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences/Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - RoseMarie Brundin
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences/Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Lena Kilander
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences/Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.,UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Nilsson
- Division of Affinity Proteomics, SciLifeLab, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Lannfelt
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences/Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Martin Ingelsson
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences/Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kim Kultima
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Milà-Alomà M, Suárez-Calvet M, Molinuevo JL. Latest advances in cerebrospinal fluid and blood biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2019; 12:1756286419888819. [PMID: 31897088 PMCID: PMC6920596 DOI: 10.1177/1756286419888819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease and its diagnosis has classically been based on clinical symptoms. Recently, a biological rather than a syndromic definition of the disease has been proposed that is based on biomarkers that reflect neuropathological changes. In AD, there are two main biomarker categories, namely neuroimaging and fluid biomarkers [cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood]. As a complex and multifactorial disease, AD biomarkers are important for an accurate diagnosis and to stage the disease, assess the prognosis, test target engagement, and measure the response to treatment. In addition, biomarkers provide us with information that, even if it does not have a current clinical use, helps us to understand the mechanisms of the disease. In addition to the pathological hallmarks of AD, which include amyloid-β and tau deposition, there are multiple concomitant pathological events that play a key role in the disease. These include, but are not limited to, neurodegeneration, inflammation, vascular dysregulation or synaptic dysfunction. In addition, AD patients often have an accumulation of other proteins including α-synuclein and TDP-43, which may have a pathogenic effect on AD. In combination, there is a need to have biomarkers that reflect different aspects of AD pathogenesis and this will be important in the future to establish what are the most suitable applications for each of these AD-related biomarkers. It is unclear whether sex, gender, or both have an effect on the causes of AD. There may be differences in fluid biomarkers due to sex but this issue has often been neglected and warrants further research. In this review, we summarize the current state of the principal AD fluid biomarkers and discuss the effect of sex on these biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Milà-Alomà
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC),
Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research
Institute), Barcelona
| | - Marc Suárez-Calvet
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC),
Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research
Institute), Barcelona
- Department of Neurology, Hospital del Mar,
Barcelona
| | - José Luís Molinuevo
- Scientific Director, Alzheimer’s Prevention
Program, Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center, Wellington 30, Barcelona,
08005, Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research
Institute), Barcelona
- CIBER Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable,
Madrid, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Simrén J, Ashton NJ, Blennow K, Zetterberg H. An update on fluid biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases: recent success and challenges ahead. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2019; 61:29-39. [PMID: 31838254 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2019.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Over the last twenty years, the characterization of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients has progressed from a description of clinical symptomatology followed by neuropathological findings at autopsy to in vivo pathophysiological signatures using cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and positron emission tomography (PET). Additionally, CSF biomarkers now reflect synaptic pathology, axonal injury and neuroinflammation. Novel techniques are capable of measuring proteins of pathophysiological importance at femtomolar concentrations in blood (e.g. amyloid, tau species and neurofilaments), which enable screening of large populations in the near future. This will be essential for secondary prevention trials and clinical management. However, common diseases such as dementia with Lewy bodies, Parkinson's disease and frontotemporal dementias, are still without reliable diagnostic biomarkers, although emerging techniques show promising pilot results for some of these diseases. This is likely to change in the next few years, which will be crucial to stratify populations enrolling in clinical trials, since pathologies often coexist.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joel Simrén
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Nicholas J Ashton
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Institute Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London, UK; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health and Biomedical Research Unit for Dementia at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation, London, UK
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Lomiguen C, Vidal L, Kozlowski P, Prancan A, Stern R. Possible Role of Chitin-Like Proteins in the Etiology of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 66:439-444. [PMID: 30282354 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chitin is a β-linked straight chain carbohydrate matrix monopolymer prominent in invertebrates, from fungi to arthropods. Surprisingly, chitin is now documented in vertebrates, including humans, a component of vertebrate physiology that has been neglected until now. Chitin levels are elevated in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients, not only in the central nervous system but also in the cerebrospinal fluid and plasma. Elevated levels of chitin lectin have been reported in patients with AD. Chitinase activity varies widely in the human population. Chitin levels can increase in individuals with intrinsically low chitinase activity. Elevated amounts of chitin can reflect accumulation of the small chitin fragments that remain wherever rapid hyaluronan synthesis occurs. Another source of chitin may be from remote fungal infections. Chitin can be toxic for neurons, and its accumulation may lead to the development of AD. We present new suggestions for animal models and treatment modalities that could prove useful in future research endeavors. An unexpected connection with Gaucher's disease patients and their heterozygote relatives is also identified. These chitin-related mechanisms are novel approaches to AD whose etiology until now has defied explication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Lomiguen
- Department of Anatomy, Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Luis Vidal
- Department of Anatomy, Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Piotr Kozlowski
- Professor of Pathology and Dean for Research, Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Arthur Prancan
- Associate Professor of Pharmacology and Pre-Clinical Dean, Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert Stern
- Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Villar-Piqué A, Schmitz M, Hermann P, Goebel S, Bunck T, Varges D, Ferrer I, Riggert J, Llorens F, Zerr I. Plasma YKL-40 in the spectrum of neurodegenerative dementia. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:145. [PMID: 31299989 PMCID: PMC6624942 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1531-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Increased plasma YKL-40 has been reported in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), but its levels in other neurodegenerative diseases are unknown. Here, we aimed to investigate plasma YKL-40 in the spectrum of neurodegenerative dementias. Methods YKL-40 was quantified in the plasma of 315 cases, including healthy controls (HC), neurological disease controls (ND), AD, vascular dementia (VaD), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) and Lewy body dementia (LBD). Diagnostic accuracy in the differential diagnostic context and influence of age and gender was assessed. Results Highest YKL-40 levels were detected in CJD, followed by LBD, VaD, AD, FTD, ND and HC. YKL-40 was associated to age but not to sex. After controlling for age, YKL-40 was significantly elevated in CJD compared to HC (p < 0.001), ND, AD and VaD (p < 0.01) and in LBD compared to HC (p < 0.05). In CJD, YKL-40 concentrations were significantly higher at late disease stages. Conclusions Plasma YKL-40 is significantly elevated in CJD regardless of clinical and genetic parameters, with moderate diagnostic accuracy in the discrimination from control cases. Our study discards a potential use of this biomarker in the differential diagnostic context but opens the possibility to be explored as a marker for CJD monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Villar-Piqué
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Dementia Center and National Reference Center for CJD Surveillance, University Medical School, Robert Koch 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Matthias Schmitz
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Dementia Center and National Reference Center for CJD Surveillance, University Medical School, Robert Koch 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Peter Hermann
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Dementia Center and National Reference Center for CJD Surveillance, University Medical School, Robert Koch 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Goebel
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Dementia Center and National Reference Center for CJD Surveillance, University Medical School, Robert Koch 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Timothy Bunck
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Dementia Center and National Reference Center for CJD Surveillance, University Medical School, Robert Koch 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Daniela Varges
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Dementia Center and National Reference Center for CJD Surveillance, University Medical School, Robert Koch 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Isidre Ferrer
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, (CIBERNED), Institute Carlos III, Ministry of Health, Feixa Llarga s/n, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907, Barcelona, Spain.,Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.,Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Barcelona, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Joachim Riggert
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, University Medical School, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Franc Llorens
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Dementia Center and National Reference Center for CJD Surveillance, University Medical School, Robert Koch 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany. .,Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, (CIBERNED), Institute Carlos III, Ministry of Health, Feixa Llarga s/n, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907, Barcelona, Spain. .,Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.
| | - Inga Zerr
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Dementia Center and National Reference Center for CJD Surveillance, University Medical School, Robert Koch 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Racine AM, Merluzzi AP, Adluru N, Norton D, Koscik RL, Clark LR, Berman SE, Nicholas CR, Asthana S, Alexander AL, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Kim WH, Singh V, Carlsson CM, Bendlin BB, Johnson SC. Association of longitudinal white matter degeneration and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of neurodegeneration, inflammation and Alzheimer's disease in late-middle-aged adults. Brain Imaging Behav 2019; 13:41-52. [PMID: 28600739 PMCID: PMC5723250 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-017-9732-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by substantial neurodegeneration, including both cortical atrophy and loss of underlying white matter fiber tracts. Understanding longitudinal alterations to white matter may provide new insights into trajectories of brain change in both healthy aging and AD, and fluid biomarkers may be particularly useful in this effort. To examine this, 151 late-middle-aged participants enriched with risk for AD with at least one lumbar puncture and two diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) scans were selected for analysis from two large observational and longitudinally followed cohorts. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was assayed for biomarkers of AD-specific pathology (phosphorylated-tau/Aβ42 ratio), axonal degeneration (neurofilament light chain protein, NFL), dendritic degeneration (neurogranin), and inflammation (chitinase-3-like protein 1, YKL-40). Linear mixed effects models were performed to test the hypothesis that biomarkers for AD, neurodegeneration, and inflammation, or two-year change in those biomarkers, would be associated with worse white matter health overall and/or progressively worsening white matter health over time. At baseline in the cingulum, phosphorylated-tau/Aβ42 was associated with higher mean diffusivity (MD) overall (intercept) and YKL-40 was associated with increases in MD over time. Two-year change in neurogranin was associated with higher mean diffusivity and lower fractional anisotropy overall (intercepts) across white matter in the entire brain and in the cingulum. These findings suggest that biomarkers for AD, neurodegeneration, and inflammation are potentially important indicators of declining white matter health in a cognitively healthy, late-middle-aged cohort.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annie M Racine
- Neuroscience and Public Policy Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Andrew P Merluzzi
- Neuroscience and Public Policy Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Nagesh Adluru
- Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Derek Norton
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Rebecca L Koscik
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Lindsay R Clark
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, William S. Middleton Memorial VA Hospital, 2500 Overlook Terrace, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Sara E Berman
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Christopher R Nicholas
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, William S. Middleton Memorial VA Hospital, 2500 Overlook Terrace, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Sanjay Asthana
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, William S. Middleton Memorial VA Hospital, 2500 Overlook Terrace, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Andrew L Alexander
- Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53719, USA
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Won Hwa Kim
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
- Department of Computer Sciences, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Vikas Singh
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
- Department of Computer Sciences, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Cynthia M Carlsson
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, William S. Middleton Memorial VA Hospital, 2500 Overlook Terrace, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Barbara B Bendlin
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Sterling C Johnson
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
- Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, William S. Middleton Memorial VA Hospital, 2500 Overlook Terrace, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Molinuevo JL, Ayton S, Batrla R, Bednar MM, Bittner T, Cummings J, Fagan AM, Hampel H, Mielke MM, Mikulskis A, O'Bryant S, Scheltens P, Sevigny J, Shaw LM, Soares HD, Tong G, Trojanowski JQ, Zetterberg H, Blennow K. Current state of Alzheimer's fluid biomarkers. Acta Neuropathol 2018; 136:821-853. [PMID: 30488277 PMCID: PMC6280827 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-018-1932-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 339] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease with a complex and heterogeneous pathophysiology. The number of people living with AD is predicted to increase; however, there are no disease-modifying therapies currently available and none have been successful in late-stage clinical trials. Fluid biomarkers measured in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or blood hold promise for enabling more effective drug development and establishing a more personalized medicine approach for AD diagnosis and treatment. Biomarkers used in drug development programmes should be qualified for a specific context of use (COU). These COUs include, but are not limited to, subject/patient selection, assessment of disease state and/or prognosis, assessment of mechanism of action, dose optimization, drug response monitoring, efficacy maximization, and toxicity/adverse reactions identification and minimization. The core AD CSF biomarkers Aβ42, t-tau, and p-tau are recognized by research guidelines for their diagnostic utility and are being considered for qualification for subject selection in clinical trials. However, there is a need to better understand their potential for other COUs, as well as identify additional fluid biomarkers reflecting other aspects of AD pathophysiology. Several novel fluid biomarkers have been proposed, but their role in AD pathology and their use as AD biomarkers have yet to be validated. In this review, we summarize some of the pathological mechanisms implicated in the sporadic AD and highlight the data for several established and novel fluid biomarkers (including BACE1, TREM2, YKL-40, IP-10, neurogranin, SNAP-25, synaptotagmin, α-synuclein, TDP-43, ferritin, VILIP-1, and NF-L) associated with each mechanism. We discuss the potential COUs for each biomarker.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Molinuevo
- BarcelonaBeta Brain Research Center, Fundació Pasqual Maragall, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- Unidad de Alzheimer y otros trastornos cognitivos, Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Scott Ayton
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Richard Batrla
- Roche Centralised and Point of Care Solutions, Roche Diagnostics International, Rotkreuz, Switzerland
| | - Martin M Bednar
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area Unit, Takeda Development Centre Americas Ltd, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tobias Bittner
- Genentech, A Member of the Roche Group, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jeffrey Cummings
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Anne M Fagan
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Harald Hampel
- AXA Research Fund and Sorbonne University Chair, Paris, France
- Sorbonne University, GRC No 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
- Brain and Spine Institute (ICM), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Memory and Alzheimer's Disease (IM2A), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Michelle M Mielke
- Departments of Epidemiology and Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Sid O'Bryant
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience; Institute for Healthy Aging, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Philip Scheltens
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey Sevigny
- Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Leslie M Shaw
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Holly D Soares
- Clinical Development Neurology, AbbVie, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - John Q Trojanowski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Mölndal Campus, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 431 80, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Mölndal Campus, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 431 80, Mölndal, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Singh S, Gupta SK, Seth PK. Biomarkers for detection, prognosis and therapeutic assessment of neurological disorders. Rev Neurosci 2018; 29:771-789. [PMID: 29466244 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2017-0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Neurological disorders have aroused a significant concern among the health scientists globally, as diseases such as Parkinson's, Alzheimer's and dementia lead to disability and people have to live with them throughout the life. Recent evidence suggests that a number of environmental chemicals such as pesticides (paraquat) and metals (lead and aluminum) are also the cause of these diseases and other neurological disorders. Biomarkers can help in detecting the disorder at the preclinical stage, progression of the disease and key metabolomic alterations permitting identification of potential targets for intervention. A number of biomarkers have been proposed for some neurological disorders based on laboratory and clinical studies. In silico approaches have also been used by some investigators. Yet the ideal biomarker, which can help in early detection and follow-up on treatment and identifying the susceptible populations, is not available. An attempt has therefore been made to review the recent advancements of in silico approaches for discovery of biomarkers and their validation. In silico techniques implemented with multi-omics approaches have potential to provide a fast and accurate approach to identify novel biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarita Singh
- Distinguished Scientist Laboratory, Biotech Park, Sector-G Jankipram, Kursi Road, Lucknow 226021, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sunil Kumar Gupta
- Distinguished Scientist Laboratory, Biotech Park, Lucknow 226021, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Prahlad Kishore Seth
- Distinguished Scientist Laboratory, Biotech Park, Lucknow 226021, Uttar Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Rakic S, Hung YMA, Smith M, So D, Tayler HM, Varney W, Wild J, Harris S, Holmes C, Love S, Stewart W, Nicoll JAR, Boche D. Systemic infection modifies the neuroinflammatory response in late stage Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2018; 6:88. [PMID: 30193587 PMCID: PMC6127939 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-018-0592-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical studies indicate that systemic infections accelerate cognitive decline in Alzheimer’s disease. Animal models suggest that this may be due to enhanced pro-inflammatory changes in the brain. We have performed a post-mortem human study to determine whether systemic infection modifies the neuropathology and in particular, neuroinflammation, in the late-stage of the disease. Sections of cerebral cortex and underlying white matter from controls and Alzheimer's patients who died with or without a terminal systemic infection were immunolabelled and quantified for: (i) Αβ and phosphorylated-tau; (ii) the inflammation-related proteins Iba1, CD68, HLA-DR, FcγRs (CD64, CD32a, CD32b, CD16), CHIL3L1, IL4R and CCR2; and (iii) T-cell marker CD3. In Alzheimer's disease, the synaptic proteins synaptophysin and PSD-95 were quantified by ELISA, and the inflammatory proteins and mRNAs by MesoScale Discovery Multiplex Assays and qPCR, respectively. Systemic infection in Alzheimer's disease was associated with decreased CD16 (p = 0.027, grey matter) and CD68 (p = 0.015, white matter); increased CD64 (p = 0.017, white matter) as well as increased protein expression of IL6 (p = 0.047) and decreased IL5 (p = 0.007), IL7 (p = 0.002), IL12/IL23p40 (p = 0.001), IL15 (p = 0.008), IL16 (p < 0.001) and IL17A (p < 0.001). Increased expression of anti-inflammatory genes CHI3L1 (p = 0.012) and IL4R (p = 0.004) were detected in this group. T-cell recruitment to the brain was reduced when systemic infection was present. However, exposure to systemic infection did not modify the pathology. In Alzheimer's disease, CD68 (p = 0.026), CD64 (p = 0.002), CHI3L1 (p = 0.016), IL4R (p = 0.005) and CCR2 (p = 0.010) were increased independently of systemic infection. Our findings suggest that systemic infections modify neuroinflammatory processes in Alzheimer's disease. However, rather than promoting pro-inflammatory changes, as observed in experimental models, they seem to promote an anti-inflammatory, potentially immunosuppressive, environment in the human brain.
Collapse
|
38
|
Kaya M, Kaya D, Idiman E, Kocak N, Ozturk T, Ayhan Z, Altun Z, Kaynak S. A Novel Biomarker in Diabetic Macular Edema with Serous Retinal Detachment: Serum Chitinase-3-Like Protein 1. Ophthalmologica 2018; 241:90-97. [PMID: 30130755 DOI: 10.1159/000490534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether serum chitinase-3-like protein 1 (CHI3L1) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels correlate with serous retinal detachment (SRD) in diabetic macular edema (DME) using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). METHODS In this cross-sectional case-control study, 394 patients (treatment-naive DME patients, n = 218; diabetic patients without DME, n = 96; nondiabetic controls, n = 80) were included in the study. Eyes were classified according to SD-OCT features of DME: SRD, cystoid macular edema (CMO), and diffuse retinal thickness (DRT). Serum concentrations of CHI3L1 and IL-6 were analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Serum CHI3L1 and IL-6 levels were significantly higher in DME with SRD compared to patients with CMO and DRT (p < 0.001 for all groups). Multivariate regression analysis showed that CHI3L1 and IL-6 had a stronger influence on the presence of SRD in DME (r = 1.162, p = 0.026, and r = 1.242, p = 0.016, respectively). Serum concentration of CHI3L1 was significantly correlated with that of IL-6 (r = 0.386, p = 0.0015). CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that serum concentrations of CHI3L1 and IL-6 are involved in the process of SRD in DME. CHI3L1 can be investigated further as a new diagnostic biomarker for DME with SRD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmut Kaya
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dokuz Eylul University School of Medicine, Izmir,
| | - Derya Kaya
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Egemen Idiman
- Department of Neurology, Dokuz Eylul University School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Nilufer Kocak
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dokuz Eylul University School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Taylan Ozturk
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dokuz Eylul University School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ziya Ayhan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dokuz Eylul University School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Zekiye Altun
- Department of Basic Oncology, Institute of Oncology, Dokuz Eylul University School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Suleyman Kaynak
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dokuz Eylul University School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Merluzzi AP, Carlsson CM, Johnson SC, Schindler SE, Asthana S, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Bendlin BB. Neurodegeneration, synaptic dysfunction, and gliosis are phenotypic of Alzheimer dementia. Neurology 2018; 91:e436-e443. [PMID: 29959263 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000005901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that cognitively unimpaired individuals with Alzheimer disease (AD) neuropathology differ from individuals with AD dementia on biomarkers of neurodegeneration, synaptic dysfunction, and glial activation. METHODS In a cross-sectional study, adult participants >70 years old (n = 79, age 77.1 ± 5.3 years) underwent comprehensive cognitive evaluation and CSF collection, which was assayed for markers of amyloid, phosphorylated tau (p-tau), neurodegeneration (neurofilament light protein [NFL] and total tau), synaptic dysfunction (neurogranin), and glial activation (chitinase-3-like protein 1 [YKL-40]). Participants were divided into 3 groups based on diagnosis and p-tau/β-amyloid42 (Aβ42): those with low p-tau/Aβ42 and unimpaired cognition were classified as controls (n = 25); those with high p-tau/Aβ42 diagnosed with AD-dementia or AD-mild cognitive impairment were classified as AD-Dementia (n = 40); and those with high p-tau/Aβ42 but unimpaired cognition were classified as mismatches (n = 14). A similar, secondary analysis was performed with no age exclusion criteria (n = 411). RESULTS In both the primary and secondary analyses, biomarker levels between groups were compared with the use of analysis of covariance while controlling for age and demographic variables. Despite p-tau/Aβ42 and Aβ42/Aβ40 levels comparable to those of the AD-Dementia group, mismatches had significantly lower levels of NFL and total tau. While not significantly lower than the AD-Dementia group on YKL-40 and neurogranin, mismatches were also not significantly different from controls. CONCLUSIONS These results provide evidence that, in the absence of significant neurodegenerative processes, individuals who harbor AD neuropathology may remain cognitively unimpaired. This finding provides insight into the biological processes phenotypic of dementia and supports monitoring multiple biomarkers in individuals positive for AD neuropathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Merluzzi
- From the Department of Medicine (A.P.M., C.M.C., S.C.J., S.A., B.B.B.), Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, and Neuroscience and Public Policy Program (A.P.M.), University of Wisconsin; Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (C.M.C., S.C.J., S.A.), William S. Middleton Memorial Veteran's Hospital; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Institute (S.C.J.), Madison; Department of Neurology (S.E.S.), Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (K.B., H.Z.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (K.B., H.Z.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Institute of Neurology (H.Z.), University College London, Queen Square; and UK Dementia Research Institute (H.Z.), London.
| | - Cynthia M Carlsson
- From the Department of Medicine (A.P.M., C.M.C., S.C.J., S.A., B.B.B.), Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, and Neuroscience and Public Policy Program (A.P.M.), University of Wisconsin; Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (C.M.C., S.C.J., S.A.), William S. Middleton Memorial Veteran's Hospital; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Institute (S.C.J.), Madison; Department of Neurology (S.E.S.), Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (K.B., H.Z.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (K.B., H.Z.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Institute of Neurology (H.Z.), University College London, Queen Square; and UK Dementia Research Institute (H.Z.), London
| | - Sterling C Johnson
- From the Department of Medicine (A.P.M., C.M.C., S.C.J., S.A., B.B.B.), Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, and Neuroscience and Public Policy Program (A.P.M.), University of Wisconsin; Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (C.M.C., S.C.J., S.A.), William S. Middleton Memorial Veteran's Hospital; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Institute (S.C.J.), Madison; Department of Neurology (S.E.S.), Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (K.B., H.Z.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (K.B., H.Z.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Institute of Neurology (H.Z.), University College London, Queen Square; and UK Dementia Research Institute (H.Z.), London
| | - Suzanne E Schindler
- From the Department of Medicine (A.P.M., C.M.C., S.C.J., S.A., B.B.B.), Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, and Neuroscience and Public Policy Program (A.P.M.), University of Wisconsin; Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (C.M.C., S.C.J., S.A.), William S. Middleton Memorial Veteran's Hospital; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Institute (S.C.J.), Madison; Department of Neurology (S.E.S.), Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (K.B., H.Z.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (K.B., H.Z.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Institute of Neurology (H.Z.), University College London, Queen Square; and UK Dementia Research Institute (H.Z.), London
| | - Sanjay Asthana
- From the Department of Medicine (A.P.M., C.M.C., S.C.J., S.A., B.B.B.), Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, and Neuroscience and Public Policy Program (A.P.M.), University of Wisconsin; Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (C.M.C., S.C.J., S.A.), William S. Middleton Memorial Veteran's Hospital; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Institute (S.C.J.), Madison; Department of Neurology (S.E.S.), Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (K.B., H.Z.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (K.B., H.Z.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Institute of Neurology (H.Z.), University College London, Queen Square; and UK Dementia Research Institute (H.Z.), London
| | - Kaj Blennow
- From the Department of Medicine (A.P.M., C.M.C., S.C.J., S.A., B.B.B.), Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, and Neuroscience and Public Policy Program (A.P.M.), University of Wisconsin; Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (C.M.C., S.C.J., S.A.), William S. Middleton Memorial Veteran's Hospital; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Institute (S.C.J.), Madison; Department of Neurology (S.E.S.), Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (K.B., H.Z.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (K.B., H.Z.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Institute of Neurology (H.Z.), University College London, Queen Square; and UK Dementia Research Institute (H.Z.), London
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- From the Department of Medicine (A.P.M., C.M.C., S.C.J., S.A., B.B.B.), Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, and Neuroscience and Public Policy Program (A.P.M.), University of Wisconsin; Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (C.M.C., S.C.J., S.A.), William S. Middleton Memorial Veteran's Hospital; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Institute (S.C.J.), Madison; Department of Neurology (S.E.S.), Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (K.B., H.Z.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (K.B., H.Z.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Institute of Neurology (H.Z.), University College London, Queen Square; and UK Dementia Research Institute (H.Z.), London
| | - Barbara B Bendlin
- From the Department of Medicine (A.P.M., C.M.C., S.C.J., S.A., B.B.B.), Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, and Neuroscience and Public Policy Program (A.P.M.), University of Wisconsin; Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (C.M.C., S.C.J., S.A.), William S. Middleton Memorial Veteran's Hospital; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Institute (S.C.J.), Madison; Department of Neurology (S.E.S.), Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (K.B., H.Z.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (K.B., H.Z.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Institute of Neurology (H.Z.), University College London, Queen Square; and UK Dementia Research Institute (H.Z.), London
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Alonso R, Pisa D, Fernández-Fernández AM, Carrasco L. Infection of Fungi and Bacteria in Brain Tissue From Elderly Persons and Patients With Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:159. [PMID: 29881346 PMCID: PMC5976758 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia in elderly people. The etiology of this disease remains a matter of intensive research in many laboratories. We have advanced the idea that disseminated fungal infection contributes to the etiology of AD. Thus, we have demonstrated that fungal proteins and DNA are present in nervous tissue from AD patients. More recently, we have reported that bacterial infections can accompany these mycoses, suggesting that polymicrobial infections exist in AD brains. In the present study, we have examined fungal and bacterial infection in brain tissue from AD patients and control subjects by immunohistochemistry. In addition, we have documented the fungal and bacterial species in brain regions from AD patients and control subjects by next-generation sequencing (NGS). Our results from the analysis of ten AD patients reveal a variety of fungal and bacterial species, although some were more prominent than others. The fungal genera more prevalent in AD patients were Alternaria, Botrytis, Candida, and Malassezia. We also compared these genera with those found in elderly and younger subjects. One of the most prominent genera in control subjects was Fusarium. Principal component analysis clearly indicated that fungi from frontal cortex samples of AD brains clustered together and differed from those of equivalent control subjects. Regarding bacterial infection, the phylum Proteobacteria was the most prominent in both AD patients and controls, followed by Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroides. At the family level, Burkholderiaceae and Staphylococcaceae exhibited higher percentages in AD brains than in control brains. These findings could be of interest to guide targeted antimicrobial therapy for AD patients. Moreover, the variety of microbial species in each patient may constitute a basis for a better understanding of the evolution and severity of clinical symptoms in each patient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Luis Carrasco
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas y Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Siddiqui MS, Francois M, Hecker J, Faunt J, Fenech MF, Leifert WR. γH2AX is increased in peripheral blood lymphocytes of Alzheimer's disease patients in the South Australian Neurodegeneration, Nutrition and DNA Damage (SAND) study of aging. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2018; 829-830:6-18. [PMID: 29704994 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
An early cellular response to DNA double-strand breaks is the phosphorylation of histone H2AX to form γH2AX. Although increased levels of γH2AX have been reported in neuronal nuclei of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients, γH2AX responses in the lymphocytes of individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD remain unexplored. In this study, the endogenous γH2AX level was measured, using laser scanning cytometry (LSC) and visual scoring, in lymphocyte nuclei from MCI (n = 18), or AD (n = 20) patients and healthy controls (n = 40). Levels were significantly elevated in nuclei of the AD group compared to the MCI and control groups, and there was a concomitant increase, with a significant trend, from the control group through MCI to the AD group. A significant negative correlation was seen between γH2AX and the mini mental state examination (MMSE) score, when the analysis included all subjects. Receiver Operation Characteristic curves were carried out for different γH2AX parameters; visually scored percent cells containing overlapping γH2AX foci displayed the best area under the curve value of 0.9081 with 85% sensitivity and 92% specificity for the identification of AD patients versus control. Plasma homocysteine, creatinine, and chitinase-3-like protein 1 (CHI3L1) were positively correlated with lymphocyte γH2AX signals, while glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was negatively correlated. Finally, there was a diminished γH2AX response to X-rays in lymphocytes of the MCI and AD groups compared to the control group. Our results indicate that lymphocyte γH2AX levels are a potential marker for identifying individuals at increased risk of developing AD. Prospective studies with normal healthy individuals are needed to test whether there is indeed a link between γH2AX levels and AD risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Sabbir Siddiqui
- CSIRO Food and Nutrition, Personalised Nutrition and DNA Damage, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia; University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food & Wine, Urrbrae, South Australia, 5064, Australia
| | - Maxime Francois
- CSIRO Food and Nutrition, Personalised Nutrition and DNA Damage, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Jane Hecker
- Department of Internal Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Faunt
- Department of General Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Michael F Fenech
- CSIRO Food and Nutrition, Personalised Nutrition and DNA Damage, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Wayne R Leifert
- CSIRO Food and Nutrition, Personalised Nutrition and DNA Damage, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Chitin, chitinases, and chitin lectins: Emerging roles in human pathophysiology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 25:253-262. [PMID: 30266339 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chitin is a simple β-linked repeating sugar polymer prominent in the building block structures of a wide variety of organisms, from the yeast cell wall to the exoskeleton and shells of arthropods and other forms of invertebrate life. It had previously been assumed that vertebrates did not contain chitins. However, chitin and chitinases are now documented to occur in vertebrate tissues. Chitin, chitinases and particularly chitinase-like proteins are involved in important human pathologies, though the mechanisms by which these function is unknown. These chitinase-like proteins bind to chitin and function as chitin lectins in that they bind to chitin but have lost the ability to degrade it. Emphasis is placed on one of the chitinase-like proteins, CHI3L1, that has acquired wide clinical importance. The purpose of this review is to place an array of bewildering observations associated with various human disorders into a framework, particularly the pathologies of the human gastro-intestinal tract. A reasonably cohesive story may eventually emerge.
Collapse
|
43
|
Alonso R, Pisa D, Aguado B, Carrasco L. Identification of Fungal Species in Brain Tissue from Alzheimer's Disease by Next-Generation Sequencing. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 58:55-67. [PMID: 28387676 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The possibility that patients diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease (AD) have disseminated fungal infection has been recently advanced by the demonstration of fungal proteins and DNA in nervous tissue from AD patients. In the present study, next-generation sequencing (NGS) was used to identify fungal species present in the central nervous system (CNS) of AD patients. Initially, DNA was extracted from frozen tissue from four different CNS regions of one AD patient and the fungi in each region were identified by NGS. Notably, whereas a great variety of species were identified using the Illumina platform, Botrytis cinerea and Cryptococcus curvatus were common to all four CNS regions analyzed. Further analysis of entorhinal/cortex hippocampus samples from an additional eight AD patients revealed a variety of fungal species, although some were more prominent than others. Five genera were common to all nine patients: Alternaria, Botrytis, Candida, Cladosporium, and Malassezia. These observations could be used to guide targeted antifungal therapy for AD patients. Moreover, the differences found between the fungal species in each patient may constitute a basis to understand the evolution and severity of clinical symptoms in AD.
Collapse
|
44
|
Jung YY, Kim KC, Park MH, Seo Y, Park H, Park MH, Chang J, Hwang DY, Han SB, Kim S, Son DJ, Hong JT. Atherosclerosis is exacerbated by chitinase-3-like-1 in amyloid precursor protein transgenic mice. Am J Cancer Res 2018; 8:749-766. [PMID: 29344304 PMCID: PMC5771091 DOI: 10.7150/thno.20183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the important role of amyloid precursor protein (APP) in vascular diseases associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been demonstrated, the underlying molecular mechanisms and physiological consequences are unclear. We aimed to evaluate vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis in Swedish mutant of human APP transgenic (APPsw-Tg) and ApoE-/-/APPsw-Tg mice. We also aimed to explore the mechanisms underlying any changes observed in these mice compared with non-Tg controls. Methods: The transgenic and non-Tg mouse strains were subjected to partial ligation of the left carotid artery to induce atherosclerotic changes, which were measured using histological approaches, immunohistochemistry, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and gene expression microarrays. Results: Our results showed increased vascular inflammation, arterial wall thickness, and atherosclerosis in APPsw-Tg and ApoE-/-/APPsw-Tg mice. We further found that the expression of chitinase-3-like-1 (Chi3l1) is increased in the APPsw-Tg mouse artery and Chi3l1 mediates endothelial cell (EC) inflammation and vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) activation, which in turn exacerbates atherosclerosis. In addition, using two publicly available microarray datasets from the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of people with AD and unaffected controls as well as inflamed human umbilical vein endothelial cells, we found that Chi3l1 and associated inflammatory gene were significantly associated with AD, evaluated by co-expression network analysis and functional annotation. Knockdown of Chi3l1 in the arterial endothelium in vivo suppressed the development of atherosclerosis. We also show that microRNA 342-3p (miR-342-3p) inhibits EC inflammation and VSMC activation through directly targeting Chi3l1, and that APPsw increased Chi3l1 expression by reducing miR-342-3p expression in the arterial endothelium, promoting atherosclerosis. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that targeting Chi3l1 might provide new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for vascular diseases in patients with AD.
Collapse
|
45
|
Jha MK, Kim JH, Song GJ, Lee WH, Lee IK, Lee HW, An SSA, Kim S, Suk K. Functional dissection of astrocyte-secreted proteins: Implications in brain health and diseases. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 162:37-69. [PMID: 29247683 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes, which are homeostatic cells of the central nervous system (CNS), display remarkable heterogeneity in their morphology and function. Besides their physical and metabolic support to neurons, astrocytes modulate the blood-brain barrier, regulate CNS synaptogenesis, guide axon pathfinding, maintain brain homeostasis, affect neuronal development and plasticity, and contribute to diverse neuropathologies via secreted proteins. The identification of astrocytic proteome and secretome profiles has provided new insights into the maintenance of neuronal health and survival, the pathogenesis of brain injury, and neurodegeneration. Recent advances in proteomics research have provided an excellent catalog of astrocyte-secreted proteins. This review categorizes astrocyte-secreted proteins and discusses evidence that astrocytes play a crucial role in neuronal activity and brain function. An in-depth understanding of astrocyte-secreted proteins and their pathways is pivotal for the development of novel strategies for restoring brain homeostasis, limiting brain injury/inflammation, counteracting neurodegeneration, and obtaining functional recovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mithilesh Kumar Jha
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jong-Heon Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyun Jee Song
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Ha Lee
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Kyu Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Won Lee
- Department of Neurology, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Soo A An
- Department of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - SangYun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Baldacci F, Lista S, Cavedo E, Bonuccelli U, Hampel H. Diagnostic function of the neuroinflammatory biomarker YKL-40 in Alzheimer’s disease and other neurodegenerative diseases. Expert Rev Proteomics 2017; 14:285-299. [DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2017.1304217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Baldacci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- AXA Research Fund UPMC Chair, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) Paris 06, Inserm, CNRS, Institut du cerveau et de la moelle (ICM), Département de Neurologie, Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d’Alzheimer (IM2A), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Boulevard de l’hôpital, Paris, France
| | - Simone Lista
- AXA Research Fund UPMC Chair, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) Paris 06, Inserm, CNRS, Institut du cerveau et de la moelle (ICM), Département de Neurologie, Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d’Alzheimer (IM2A), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Boulevard de l’hôpital, Paris, France
| | - Enrica Cavedo
- AXA Research Fund UPMC Chair, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) Paris 06, Inserm, CNRS, Institut du cerveau et de la moelle (ICM), Département de Neurologie, Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d’Alzheimer (IM2A), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Boulevard de l’hôpital, Paris, France
- IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio-Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Ubaldo Bonuccelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Harald Hampel
- AXA Research Fund UPMC Chair, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) Paris 06, Inserm, CNRS, Institut du cerveau et de la moelle (ICM), Département de Neurologie, Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d’Alzheimer (IM2A), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Boulevard de l’hôpital, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Sanfilippo C, Nunnari G, Calcagno A, Malaguarnera L, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Di Rosa M. The chitinases expression is related to Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Encephalitis (SIVE) and in HIV encephalitis (HIVE). Virus Res 2017; 227:220-230. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
48
|
Pisa D, Alonso R, Rábano A, Horst MN, Carrasco L. Fungal Enolase, β-Tubulin, and Chitin Are Detected in Brain Tissue from Alzheimer's Disease Patients. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1772. [PMID: 27872620 PMCID: PMC5097921 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent findings provide evidence that fungal structures can be detected in brain tissue from Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients using rabbit polyclonal antibodies raised against whole fungal cells. In the present work, we have developed and tested specific antibodies that recognize the fungal proteins, enolase and β-tubulin, and an antibody that recognizes the fungal polysaccharide chitin. Consistent with our previous studies, a number of rounded yeast-like and hyphal structures were detected using these antibodies in brain sections from AD patients. Some of these structures were intracellular and, strikingly, some were found to be located inside nuclei from neurons, whereas other fungal structures were detected extracellularly. Corporya amylacea from AD patients also contained enolase and β-tubulin as revealed by these selective antibodies, but were devoid of fungal chitin. Importantly, brain sections from control subjects were usually negative for staining with the three antibodies. However, a few fungal structures can be observed in some control individuals. Collectively, these findings indicate the presence of two fungal proteins, enolase and β-tubulin, and the polysaccharide chitin, in CNS tissue from AD patients. These findings are consistent with our hypothesis that AD is caused by disseminated fungal infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Pisa
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa," Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid, Spain
| | - Ruth Alonso
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa," Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Rábano
- Department of Neuropathology and Tissue Bank, Unidad de Investigación Proyecto Alzheimer, Fundación CIEN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid, Spain
| | - Michael N Horst
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon GA, USA
| | - Luis Carrasco
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa," Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Di Rosa M, Brundo VM, Malaguarnera L. New insights on chitinases immunologic activities. World J Immunol 2016; 6:96-104. [DOI: 10.5411/wji.v6.i2.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian chitinases and the related chilectins (ChiLs) belong to the GH18 family, which hydrolyse the glycosidic bond of chitin by a substrate-assisted mechanism. Chitin the fundamental component in the coating of numerous living species is the most abundant natural biopolymer. Mounting evidence suggest that the function of the majority of the mammalian chitinases is not exclusive to catalyze the hydrolysis of chitin producing pathogens, but include crucial role specific in the immunologic activities. The chitinases and chitinase-like proteins are expressed in response to different proinflammatory cues in various tissues by activated macrophages, neutrophils and in different monocyte-derived cell lines. The mechanism and molecular interaction of chitinases in relation to immune regulation embrace bacterial infection, inflammation, dismetabolic and degenerative disease. The aim of this review is to update the reader with regard to the role of chitinases proposed in the recent innate and adaptive immunity literature. The deep scrutiny of this family of enzymes could be a useful base for further studies addressed to the development of potential procedure directing these molecules as diagnostic and prognostic markers for numerous immune and inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
|
50
|
Alonso R, Pisa D, Rábano A, Rodal I, Carrasco L. Cerebrospinal Fluid from Alzheimer's Disease Patients Contains Fungal Proteins and DNA. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 47:873-6. [PMID: 26401766 DOI: 10.3233/jad-150382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The identification of biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease is important for patient management and to assess the effectiveness of clinical intervention. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers constitute a powerful tool for diagnosis and monitoring disease progression. We have analyzed the presence of fungal proteins and DNA in CSF from AD patients. Our findings reveal that fungal proteins can be detected in CSF with different anti-fungal antibodies using a slot-blot assay. Additionally, amplification of fungal DNA by PCR followed by sequencing distinguished several fungal species. The possibility that these fungal macromolecules could represent AD biomarkers is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Alonso
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", c/Nicolás Cabrera, 1, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diana Pisa
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", c/Nicolás Cabrera, 1, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Rábano
- Department of Neuropathology and Tissue Bank, Unidad de Investigación Proyecto Alzheimer, Fundación CIEN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Izaskun Rodal
- Department of Neuropathology and Tissue Bank, Unidad de Investigación Proyecto Alzheimer, Fundación CIEN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Carrasco
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", c/Nicolás Cabrera, 1, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|