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Heida A, van Dijk T, Smit M, Koehorst M, Koster M, Kloosterhuis N, Havinga R, Bloks VW, Wolters JC, de Bruin A, Kuivenhoven JA, de Boer JF, Kuipers F, van de Sluis B. Changes in bile acid composition are correlated with reduced intestinal cholesterol uptake in intestine-specific WASH-deficient mice. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2024; 1869:159445. [PMID: 38086439 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2023.159445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
The Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein and SCAR homolog (WASH) complex is a pentameric protein complex localized at endosomes, where it facilitates the transport of numerous receptors from endosomes toward the plasma membrane. Recent studies have shown that the WASH complex plays an essential role in cholesterol and glucose homeostasis in humans and mice. To investigate the physiological importance of intestinal WASH, we ablated the WASH component WASHC1 specifically in murine enterocytes. Male and female intestine-specific WASHC1-deficient mice (Washc1IKO) were challenged with either a standard chow diet or a high-cholesterol (1.25 %) diet (HCD). Washc1IKO mice fed a standard diet did not present any apparent phenotype, but when fed an HCD, their hepatic cholesterol levels were ~ 50 % lower compared to those observed in control mice. The intestinal cholesterol absorption was almost 2-fold decreased in Washc1IKO mice, which translated into increased fecal neutral sterol loss. The intestinal expression of cholesterogenic genes, such as Hmgcs1, Hmgcr, and Ldlr, was significantly higher in Washc1IKO mice than in control mice and correlated with increased whole-body de novo cholesterol synthesis, likely to compensate for impaired intestinal cholesterol absorption. Unexpectedly, the ratio of biliary 12α-/non-12α-hydroxylated bile acids (BAs) was decreased in Washc1IKO mice and reversing this reduced ratio by feeding the mice with the HCD supplemented with 0.5 % (w/w) sodium cholate normalized the improvement of hepatic cholesterol levels in Washc1IKO mice. Our data indicate that the intestinal WASH complex plays an important role in intestinal cholesterol absorption, likely by modulating biliary BA composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andries Heida
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Theo van Dijk
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marieke Smit
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Martijn Koehorst
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Mirjam Koster
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Niels Kloosterhuis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Rick Havinga
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Vincent W Bloks
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Justina C Wolters
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Alain de Bruin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Albert Kuivenhoven
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Freark de Boer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Folkert Kuipers
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing (ERIBA), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Bart van de Sluis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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2
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Gao SY, Liu YX, Dong Y, Fan LL, Ding Q, Liu L. Case report: A novel WASHC5 variant altering mRNA splicing causes spastic paraplegia in a patient. Front Genet 2023; 14:1205052. [PMID: 38028608 PMCID: PMC10644772 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1205052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) is a progressive upper-motor neurodegenerative disease. Mutations in the WASHC5 gene are associated with autosomal dominant HSP, spastic paraplegia 8 (SPG8). However, due to the small number of reported cases, the exact mechanism remains unclear. Method: We report a Chinese family with HSP. The proband was referred to our hospital due to restless leg syndrome and insomnia. The preliminary clinical diagnosis of the proband was spastic paraplegia. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) and RNA splicing analysis were conducted to evaluate the genetic cause of the disease in this family. Results: A novel splice-altering variant (c.712-2A>G) in the WASHC5 gene was detected and further verified by RNA splicing analysis and Sanger sequencing. Real-time qPCR analysis showed that the expression of genes involved in the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein and SCAR homolog (WASH) complex and endosomal and lysosomal systems was altered due to this variant. Conclusion: A novel heterozygous splice-altering variant (c.712-2A>G) in the WASHC5 gene was detected in a Chinese family with HSP. Our study provided data for genetic counseling to this family and offered evidence that this splicing variant in the WASHC5 gene is significant in causing HSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Yu Gao
- Department of Neurology, Changshu No. 2 People’s Hospital, Changshu, China
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Research Unit of Respiratory Disease, Hunan Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Respiratory Disease, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yu-Xing Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yi Dong
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Liang-Liang Fan
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qi Ding
- Department of Neurology, Changshu No. 2 People’s Hospital, Changshu, China
| | - Lv Liu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Research Unit of Respiratory Disease, Hunan Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Respiratory Disease, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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3
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Schurr Y, Reil L, Spindler M, Nieswandt B, Machesky LM, Bender M. The WASH-complex subunit Strumpellin regulates integrin αIIbβ3 trafficking in murine platelets. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9526. [PMID: 37308549 PMCID: PMC10260982 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36387-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The platelet specific integrin αIIbβ3 mediates platelet adhesion, aggregation and plays a central role in thrombosis and hemostasis. In resting platelets, αIIbβ3 is expressed on the membrane surface and in intracellular compartments. Upon activation, the number of surface-expressed αIIbβ3 is increased by the translocation of internal granule pools to the plasma membrane. The WASH complex is the major endosomal actin polymerization-promoting complex and has been implicated in the generation of actin networks involved in endocytic trafficking of integrins in other cell types. The role of the WASH complex and its subunit Strumpellin in platelet function is still unknown. Here, we report that Strumpellin-deficient murine platelets display an approximately 20% reduction in integrin αIIbβ3 surface expression. While exposure of the internal αIIbβ3 pool after platelet activation was unaffected, the uptake of the αIIbβ3 ligand fibrinogen was delayed. The number of platelet α-granules was slightly but significantly increased in Strumpellin-deficient platelets. Quantitative proteome analysis of isolated αIIbβ3-positive vesicular structures revealed an enrichment of protein markers, which are associated with the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex and early endosomes in Strumpellin-deficient platelets. These results point to a so far unidentified role of the WASH complex subunit Strumpellin in integrin αIIbβ3 trafficking in murine platelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Schurr
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine-Chair I, University Hospital and Rudolf Virchow Center, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lucy Reil
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine-Chair I, University Hospital and Rudolf Virchow Center, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Markus Spindler
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine-Chair I, University Hospital and Rudolf Virchow Center, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Nieswandt
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine-Chair I, University Hospital and Rudolf Virchow Center, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Laura M Machesky
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Sanger Building, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Markus Bender
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine-Chair I, University Hospital and Rudolf Virchow Center, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080, Würzburg, Germany.
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4
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Kramer DA, Piper HK, Chen B. WASP family proteins: Molecular mechanisms and implications in human disease. Eur J Cell Biol 2022; 101:151244. [PMID: 35667337 PMCID: PMC9357188 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2022.151244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteins of the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP) family play a central role in regulating actin cytoskeletal dynamics in a wide range of cellular processes. Genetic mutations or misregulation of these proteins are tightly associated with many diseases. The WASP-family proteins act by transmitting various upstream signals to their conserved WH2-Central-Acidic (WCA) peptide sequence at the C-terminus, which in turn binds to the Arp2/3 complex to stimulate the formation of branched actin networks at membranes. Despite this common feature, the regulatory mechanisms and cellular functions of distinct WASP-family proteins are very different. Here, we summarize and clarify our current understanding of WASP-family proteins and how disruption of their functions is related to human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Kramer
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, 2437 Pammel Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Hannah K Piper
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, 2437 Pammel Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Baoyu Chen
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, 2437 Pammel Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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Rudenskaya GE, Kadnikova VA, Bessonova LA, Sparber PA, Kurbatov SA, Mironovich OL, Konovalov FA, Ryzhkova OP. [Autosomal dominant spastic paraplegias]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2021; 121:75-87. [PMID: 34184482 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202112105175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the proportion and spectrum of infrequent autosomal dominant spastic paraplegias in a group of families with DNA-confirmed diagnosis and to investigate their molecular and clinical characteristics. MATERIAL AND METHODS Ten families with 6 AD-SPG: SPG6 (n=1), SPG8 (n=2), SPG9A (n=1), SPG12 (n=1), SPG17 (n=3), SPG31 (n=2) were studied using clinical, genealogical, molecular-genetic (massive parallel sequencing, spastic paraplegia panel, whole-exome sequencing, multiplex ligation-dependent amplification, Sanger sequencing) and bioinformatic methods. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Nine heterozygous mutations were detected in 6 genes, including the common de novo mutation p.Gly106Arg in NIPA1 (SPG6), the earlier reported mutation p.Val626Phe in WASHC5 (SPG8) in isolated case and the novel p.Val695Ala in WASHC5 (SPG8) in a family with 4 patients, the novel mutation p.Thr301Arg in RTN2 (SPG12) in a family with 2 patients, the novel mutation c.105+4A>G in REEP1 (SPG31) in a family with 4 patients and the reported earlier p.Lys101Lys in REEP1 (SPG31) in a family with 3 patients, the known de novo mutation p.Arg252Gln in ALDH18A1 (SPG9A) in two monozygous twins; the common mutation p.Ser90Leu in BSCL2 (SPG17) in a family with 3 patients and in isolated case, reported mutation p.Leu363Pro in a family with 2 patients. SPG6, SPG8, SPG12 and SPG31 presented 'pure' phenotypes, SPG31 had most benign course. Age of onset varied in SPG31 family and was atypically early in SPG6 case. Patients with SPG9A and SPG17 had 'complicated' paraplegias; amyotrophy of hands typical for SPG17 was absent in a child and in an adolescent from 2 families, but may develop later.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Rudenskaya
- Bochkov Research Center for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
| | - V A Kadnikova
- Bochkov Research Center for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
| | - L A Bessonova
- Bochkov Research Center for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
| | - P A Sparber
- Bochkov Research Center for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
| | - S A Kurbatov
- Voronezh Regional Clinical Consultative and Diagnostic Center, Vodonezh, Russia
| | - O L Mironovich
- Bochkov Research Center for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
| | - F A Konovalov
- Genomed LLC, Laboratory of Clinical Bioinformatics, Moscow, Russia
| | - O P Ryzhkova
- Bochkov Research Center for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
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6
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Courtland JL, Bradshaw TWA, Waitt G, Soderblom EJ, Ho T, Rajab A, Vancini R, Kim IH, Soderling SH. Genetic disruption of WASHC4 drives endo-lysosomal dysfunction and cognitive-movement impairments in mice and humans. eLife 2021; 10:e61590. [PMID: 33749590 PMCID: PMC7984842 DOI: 10.7554/elife.61590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutation of the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein and SCAR homology (WASH) complex subunit, SWIP, is implicated in human intellectual disability, but the cellular etiology of this association is unknown. We identify the neuronal WASH complex proteome, revealing a network of endosomal proteins. To uncover how dysfunction of endosomal SWIP leads to disease, we generate a mouse model of the human WASHC4c.3056C>G mutation. Quantitative spatial proteomics analysis of SWIPP1019R mouse brain reveals that this mutation destabilizes the WASH complex and uncovers significant perturbations in both endosomal and lysosomal pathways. Cellular and histological analyses confirm that SWIPP1019R results in endo-lysosomal disruption and uncover indicators of neurodegeneration. We find that SWIPP1019R not only impacts cognition, but also causes significant progressive motor deficits in mice. A retrospective analysis of SWIPP1019R patients reveals similar movement deficits in humans. Combined, these findings support the model that WASH complex destabilization, resulting from SWIPP1019R, drives cognitive and motor impairments via endo-lysosomal dysfunction in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L Courtland
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of MedicineDurhamUnited States
| | - Tyler WA Bradshaw
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of MedicineDurhamUnited States
| | - Greg Waitt
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Shared Resource, Duke University School of MedicineDurhamUnited States
| | - Erik J Soderblom
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Shared Resource, Duke University School of MedicineDurhamUnited States
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of MedicineDurhamUnited States
| | - Tricia Ho
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Shared Resource, Duke University School of MedicineDurhamUnited States
| | - Anna Rajab
- Burjeel Hospital, VPS HealthcareMuscatOman
| | - Ricardo Vancini
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of MedicineDurhamUnited States
| | - Il Hwan Kim
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of MedicineDurhamUnited States
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Heath Science CenterMemphisUnited States
| | - Scott H Soderling
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of MedicineDurhamUnited States
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of MedicineDurhamUnited States
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7
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Tu Y, Zhao L, Billadeau DD, Jia D. Endosome-to-TGN Trafficking: Organelle-Vesicle and Organelle-Organelle Interactions. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:163. [PMID: 32258039 PMCID: PMC7093645 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Retrograde transport from endosomes to the trans-Golgi network (TGN) diverts proteins and lipids away from lysosomal degradation. It is essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis and signaling. In recent years, significant advancements have been made in understanding this classical pathway, revealing new insights into multiple steps of vesicular trafficking as well as critical roles of ER-endosome contacts for endosomal trafficking. In this review, we summarize up-to-date knowledge about this trafficking pathway, in particular, mechanisms of cargo recognition at endosomes and vesicle tethering at the TGN, and contributions of ER-endosome contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingfeng Tu
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Daniel D. Billadeau
- Division of Oncology Research, Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Da Jia
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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8
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Ginanneschi F, D’Amore A, Barghigiani M, Tessa A, Rossi A, Santorelli FM. SPG8 mutations in Italian families: clinical data and literature review. Neurol Sci 2019; 41:699-703. [DOI: 10.1007/s10072-019-04180-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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9
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Lee CA, Blackstone C. ER morphology and endo-lysosomal crosstalk: Functions and disease implications. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019; 1865:158544. [PMID: 31678515 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.158544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a continuous endomembrane system comprising the nuclear envelope, ribosome-studded sheets, dense peripheral matrices, and an extensive polygonal network of interconnected tubules. In addition to performing numerous critical cellular functions, the ER makes extensive contacts with other organelles, including endosomes and lysosomes. The molecular and functional characterization of these contacts has advanced significantly over the past several years. These contacts participate in key functions such as cholesterol transfer, endosome tubule fission, and Ca2+ exchange. Disruption of key proteins at these sites can result in often severe diseases, particularly those affecting the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal A Lee
- Cell Biology Section, Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Craig Blackstone
- Cell Biology Section, Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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10
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Structural and functional studies of TBC1D23 C-terminal domain provide a link between endosomal trafficking and PCH. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:22598-22608. [PMID: 31624125 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1909316116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pontocerebellar hypoplasia (PCH) is a group of neurological disorders that affect the development of the brain, in particular, the pons and cerebellum. Homozygous mutations of TBC1D23 have been found recently to lead to PCH; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we show that the crystal structure of the TBC1D23 C-terminal domain adopts a Pleckstrin homology domain fold and selectively binds to phosphoinositides, in particular, PtdIns(4)P, through one surface while binding FAM21 via the opposite surface. Mutation of key residues of TBC1D23 or FAM21 selectively disrupts the endosomal vesicular trafficking toward the Trans-Golgi Network. Finally, using the zebrafish model, we show that PCH patient-derived mutants, impacting either phosphoinositide binding or FAM21 binding, lead to abnormal neuronal growth and brain development. Taken together, our data provide a molecular basis for the interaction between TBC1D23 and FAM21, and suggest a plausible role for PtdIns(4)P in the TBC1D23-mediating endosome-to-TGN trafficking pathway. Defects in this trafficking pathway are, at least partially, responsible for the pathogenesis of certain types of PCH.
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11
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Abramov IS, Emelyanova MA, Ryabaya OO, Krasnov GS, Zasedatelev AS, Nasedkina TV. Somatic Mutations Associated with Metastasis in Acral Melanoma. Mol Biol 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893319040022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Wijers M, Zanoni P, Liv N, Vos DY, Jäckstein MY, Smit M, Wilbrink S, Wolters JC, van der Veen YT, Huijkman N, Dekker D, Kloosterhuis N, van Dijk TH, Billadeau DD, Kuipers F, Klumperman J, von Eckardstein A, Kuivenhoven JA, van de Sluis B. The hepatic WASH complex is required for efficient plasma LDL and HDL cholesterol clearance. JCI Insight 2019; 4:126462. [PMID: 31167970 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.126462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary conserved Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein and SCAR homolog (WASH) complex is one of the crucial multiprotein complexes that facilitates endosomal recycling of transmembrane proteins. Defects in WASH components have been associated with inherited developmental and neurological disorders in humans. Here, we show that hepatic ablation of the WASH component Washc1 in chow-fed mice increases plasma concentrations of cholesterol in both LDLs and HDLs, without affecting hepatic cholesterol content, hepatic cholesterol synthesis, biliary cholesterol excretion, or hepatic bile acid metabolism. Elevated plasma LDL cholesterol was related to reduced hepatocytic surface levels of the LDL receptor (LDLR) and the LDLR-related protein LRP1. Hepatic WASH ablation also reduced the surface levels of scavenger receptor class B type I and, concomitantly, selective uptake of HDL cholesterol into the liver. Furthermore, we found that WASHC1 deficiency increases LDLR proteolysis by the inducible degrader of LDLR, but does not affect proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9-mediated LDLR degradation. Remarkably, however, loss of hepatic WASHC1 may sensitize LDLR for proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9-induced degradation. Altogether, these findings identify the WASH complex as a regulator of LDL as well as HDL metabolism and provide in vivo evidence for endosomal trafficking of scavenger receptor class B type I in hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinde Wijers
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Paolo Zanoni
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Centre for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nalan Liv
- Section Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Dyonne Y Vos
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Michelle Y Jäckstein
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Marieke Smit
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Sanne Wilbrink
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Justina C Wolters
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Ydwine T van der Veen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Nicolette Huijkman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Daphne Dekker
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Niels Kloosterhuis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Theo H van Dijk
- Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Daniel D Billadeau
- Department of Immunology and Biochemistry, Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Folkert Kuipers
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.,Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Judith Klumperman
- Section Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Arnold von Eckardstein
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Centre for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jan Albert Kuivenhoven
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Bart van de Sluis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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13
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Wang J, Fedoseienko A, Chen B, Burstein E, Jia D, Billadeau DD. Endosomal receptor trafficking: Retromer and beyond. Traffic 2018; 19:578-590. [PMID: 29667289 PMCID: PMC6043395 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The tubular endolysosomal network is a quality control system that ensures the proper delivery of internalized receptors to specific subcellular destinations in order to maintain cellular homeostasis. Although retromer was originally described in yeast as a regulator of endosome-to-Golgi receptor recycling, mammalian retromer has emerged as a central player in endosome-to-plasma membrane recycling of a variety of receptors. Over the past decade, information regarding the mechanism by which retromer facilitates receptor trafficking has emerged, as has the identification of numerous retromer-associated molecules including the WASH complex, sorting nexins (SNXs) and TBC1d5. Moreover, the recent demonstration that several SNXs can directly interact with retromer cargo to facilitate endosome-to-Golgi retrieval has provided new insight into how these receptors are trafficked in cells. The mechanism by which SNX17 cargoes are recycled out of the endosomal system was demonstrated to involve a retromer-like complex termed the retriever, which is recruited to WASH positive endosomes through an interaction with the COMMD/CCDC22/CCDC93 (CCC) complex. Lastly, the mechanisms by which bacterial and viral pathogens highjack this complex sorting machinery in order to escape the endolysosomal system or remain hidden within the cells are beginning to emerge. In this review, we will highlight recent studies that have begun to unravel the intricacies by which the retromer and associated molecules contribute to receptor trafficking and how deregulation at this sorting domain can contribute to disease or facilitate pathogen infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Paediatrics, Division of Neurology, West China Second University Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Alina Fedoseienko
- Division of Oncology Research, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Bayou Chen
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Ezra Burstein
- Department of Internal Medicine, and Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Da Jia
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Paediatrics, Division of Neurology, West China Second University Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Daniel D. Billadeau
- Division of Oncology Research, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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14
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Endosomal Retrieval of Cargo: Retromer Is Not Alone. Trends Cell Biol 2018; 28:807-822. [PMID: 30072228 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Endosomes are major protein sorting stations in cells. Endosomally localised multi-protein complexes sort integral proteins, including signaling receptors, nutrient transporters, adhesion molecules, and lysosomal hydrolase receptors, for lysosomal degradation or conversely for retrieval and subsequent recycling to various membrane compartments. Correct endosomal sorting of these proteins is essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis, with defects in endosomal sorting implicated in various human pathologies including neurodegenerative disorders. Retromer, an ancient multi-protein complex, is essential for the retrieval and recycling of hundreds of transmembrane proteins. While retromer is a major player in endosomal retrieval and recycling, several studies have recently identified retrieval mechanisms that are independent of retromer. Here, we review endosomal retrieval complexes, with a focus on recently discovered retromer-independent mechanisms.
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15
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Pehrson C, Hertz JM, Wirenfeldt M, Stenager E, Wermuth L, Winther Kristensen B. Hereditary spastic paraplegia type 8: Neuropathological findings. Brain Pathol 2018; 28:292-294. [PMID: 28181327 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Pehrson
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jens Michael Hertz
- Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Martin Wirenfeldt
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Egon Stenager
- MS-Clinic of Southern Jutland (Sønderborg, Esbjerg, Kolding), Department of Neurology, Sygehus Sønderjylland, Denmark and Institute of Regional Research, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
| | - Lene Wermuth
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Bjarne Winther Kristensen
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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16
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Abstract
Hereditary spastic paraplegia comprises a wide and heterogeneous group of inherited neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders resulting from primary retrograde dysfunction of the long descending fibers of the corticospinal tract. Although spastic paraparesis and urinary dysfunction represent the most common clinical presentation, a complex group of different neurological and systemic compromise has been recognized recently and a growing number of new genetic subtypes were described in the last decade. Clinical characterization of individual and familial history represents the main step during diagnostic workup; however, frequently, few and unspecific data allows a low rate of definite diagnosis based solely in clinical and neuroimaging basis. Likewise, a wide group of neurological acquired and inherited disorders should be included in the differential diagnosis and properly excluded after a complete laboratorial, neuroimaging, and genetic evaluation. The aim of this review article is to provide an extensive overview regarding the main clinical and genetic features of the classical and recently described subtypes of hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP).
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17
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Bogucki P, Sobczyńska-Tomaszewska A. First patient with hereditary spastic paraplegia type 8 in Poland. Clin Case Rep 2017; 5:1468-1470. [PMID: 28878906 PMCID: PMC5582219 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.1080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
SPG 8 is an autosomal dominant HSP, which phenotype results from KIAA0196 gene mutations. There have been twelve types of KIAA0196 mutations described in HGMD, which are located in conservative region of gene encoding strumpellin. We describe first patient in Poland, simultaneously second in the world with KIAA0196 mutation – p.V620A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Bogucki
- Synapsa Piotr Boguckiul. Barona 22F/543-100 Tychy Poland
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18
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Lee AK, Potts PR. A Comprehensive Guide to the MAGE Family of Ubiquitin Ligases. J Mol Biol 2017; 429:1114-1142. [PMID: 28300603 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma antigen (MAGE) genes are conserved in all eukaryotes and encode for proteins sharing a common MAGE homology domain. Although only a single MAGE gene exists in lower eukaryotes, the MAGE family rapidly expanded in eutherians and consists of more than 50 highly conserved genes in humans. A subset of MAGEs initially garnered interest as cancer biomarkers and immunotherapeutic targets due to their antigenic properties and unique expression pattern that is primary restricted to germ cells and aberrantly reactivated in various cancers. However, further investigation revealed that MAGEs not only drive tumorigenesis but also regulate pathways essential for diverse cellular and developmental processes. Therefore, MAGEs are implicated in a broad range of diseases including neurodevelopmental, renal, and lung disorders, and cancer. Recent biochemical and biophysical studies indicate that MAGEs assemble with E3 RING ubiquitin ligases to form MAGE-RING ligases (MRLs) and act as regulators of ubiquitination by modulating ligase activity, substrate specification, and subcellular localization. Here, we present a comprehensive guide to MAGEs highlighting the molecular mechanisms of MRLs and their physiological roles in germ cell and neural development, oncogenic functions in cancer, and potential as therapeutic targets in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Lee
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA
| | - Patrick Ryan Potts
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA.
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19
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CCC- and WASH-mediated endosomal sorting of LDLR is required for normal clearance of circulating LDL. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10961. [PMID: 26965651 PMCID: PMC4792963 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) plays a pivotal role in clearing atherogenic circulating low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. Here we show that the COMMD/CCDC22/CCDC93 (CCC) and the Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome protein and SCAR homologue (WASH) complexes are both crucial for endosomal sorting of LDLR and for its function. We find that patients with X-linked intellectual disability caused by mutations in CCDC22 are hypercholesterolaemic, and that COMMD1-deficient dogs and liver-specific Commd1 knockout mice have elevated plasma LDL cholesterol levels. Furthermore, Commd1 depletion results in mislocalization of LDLR, accompanied by decreased LDL uptake. Increased total plasma cholesterol levels are also seen in hepatic COMMD9-deficient mice. Inactivation of the CCC-associated WASH complex causes LDLR mislocalization, increased lysosomal degradation of LDLR and impaired LDL uptake. Furthermore, a mutation in the WASH component KIAA0196 (strumpellin) is associated with hypercholesterolaemia in humans. Altogether, this study provides valuable insights into the mechanisms regulating cholesterol homeostasis and LDLR trafficking. Low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) is crucial for cholesterol homeostasis. Here, the authors show that components of the CCC-protein complex, CCDC22 and COMMD1, facilitate the endosomal sorting of LDLR and that mutations in these genes cause hypercholesterolemia in dogs and mice, providing new insights into regulation of cholesterol homeostasis.
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20
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FAM21 directs SNX27-retromer cargoes to the plasma membrane by preventing transport to the Golgi apparatus. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10939. [PMID: 26956659 PMCID: PMC4786876 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The endosomal network maintains cellular homeostasis by sorting, recycling and degrading endocytosed cargoes. Retromer organizes the endosomal sorting pathway in conjunction with various sorting nexin (SNX) proteins. The SNX27–retromer complex has recently been identified as a major endosomal hub that regulates endosome-to-plasma membrane recycling by preventing lysosomal entry of cargoes. Here, we show that SNX27 directly interacts with FAM21, which also binds retromer, within the Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome protein and SCAR homologue (WASH) complex. This interaction is required for the precise localization of SNX27 at an endosomal subdomain as well as for recycling of SNX27-retromer cargoes. Furthermore, FAM21 prevents cargo transport to the Golgi apparatus by controlling levels of phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate, which facilitates cargo dissociation at the Golgi. Together, our results demonstrate that the SNX27–retromer–WASH complex directs cargoes to the plasma membrane by blocking their transport to lysosomes and the Golgi. Endosomes maintain cellular homeostasis by sorting, recycling and degrading endocytosed cargoes. Here the authors show that the SNX27-retromer-WASH complex acts as a hub to direct cargoes to the plasma membrane by blocking their transport to lysosomes and Golgi apparatus.
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21
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Jahic A, Khundadze M, Jaenisch N, Schüle R, Klimpe S, Klebe S, Frahm C, Kassubek J, Stevanin G, Schöls L, Brice A, Hübner CA, Beetz C. The spectrum of KIAA0196 variants, and characterization of a murine knockout: implications for the mutational mechanism in hereditary spastic paraplegia type SPG8. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2015; 10:147. [PMID: 26572744 PMCID: PMC4647479 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-015-0359-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSPs) are rare neurodegenerative gait disorders which are genetically highly heterogeneous. For each single form, eventual consideration of therapeutic strategies requires an understanding of the mechanism by which mutations confer pathogenicity. SPG8 is a dominantly inherited HSP, and associated with rather early onset and rapid progression. A total of nine mutations in KIAA0196, which encodes the WASH regulatory complex (SHRC) member strumpellin, have been reported in SPG8 patients so far. Based on biochemical and cell biological approaches, they have been suggested to act via loss of function-mediated haploinsufficiency. Methods We generated a deletion-based knockout allele for E430025E21Rik, i.e. the murine homologue of KIAA0196. The consequences on mRNA and protein levels were analyzed by qPCR and Western-blotting, respectively. Motor performance was evaluated by the foot-base angle paradigm. Axon outgrowth and relevant organelle compartments were investigated in primary neuron cultures and primary fibroblast cultures, respectively. A homemade multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification assay enabling identification of large inactivating KIAA0196 deletion alleles was applied to DNA from 240 HSP index patients. Results Homozygous but not heterozygous mice showed early embryonic lethality. No transcripts from the knockout allele were detected, and the previously suggested compensation by the wild-type allele upon heterozygosity was disproven. mRNA expression of genes encoding other SHRC members was unaltered, while there was evidence for reduced SHRC abundance at protein level. We did, however, neither observe HSP-related in vivo and ex vivo phenotypes, nor alterations affecting endosomal, lysosomal, or autophagic compartments. KIAA0196 copy number screening excluded large inactivating deletion mutations in HSP patients. The consequences of monoallelic KIAA0196/E430025E21Rik activation thus differ from those observed for dominant HSP genes for which a loss-of-function mechanism is well established. Conclusions Our data do not support the current view that heterozygous loss of strumpellin/SHRC function leads to haploinsufficiency and, in turn, to HSP. The lethality of homozygous knockout mice, i.e. the effect of complete loss of function, also argues against a dominant negative effect of mutant on wild-type strumpellin in patients. Toxic gain-of-function represents a potential alternative explanation. Confirmation of this therapeutically relevant hypothesis in vivo, however, will require availability of appropriate knockin models. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13023-015-0359-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Jahic
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Mukhran Khundadze
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Nadine Jaenisch
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Rebecca Schüle
- Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Research Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany.,Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Sven Klimpe
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center of the Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Stephan Klebe
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christiane Frahm
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Jan Kassubek
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Giovanni Stevanin
- INSERM U1127, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR_S1127, CNRS UMR7225, EPHE, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Paris, France
| | - Ludger Schöls
- Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Research Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alexis Brice
- INSERM U1127, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR_S1127, CNRS UMR7225, EPHE, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Paris, France
| | | | - Christian Beetz
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
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22
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Hensiek A, Kirker S, Reid E. Diagnosis, investigation and management of hereditary spastic paraplegias in the era of next-generation sequencing. J Neurol 2014; 262:1601-12. [PMID: 25480570 PMCID: PMC4503825 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-014-7598-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSPs) are a group of genetic conditions in which spastic paralysis of the legs is the principal clinical feature. This is caused by a relatively selective distal axonal degeneration involving the longest axons of the corticospinal tracts. Consequently, these conditions provide an opportunity to identify genes, proteins and cellular pathways that are critical for axonal health. In this review, we will provide a brief overview of the classification, clinical features and genetics of HSP, highlighting selected HSP subtypes (i.e. those associated with thin corpus callosum or cerebellar ataxia) that are of particular clinical interest. We will then discuss appropriate investigation strategies for HSPs, suggesting how these might evolve with the introduction of next-generation sequencing technology. Finally, we will discuss the management of HSP, an area somewhat neglected by HSP research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Hensiek
- Department of Neurology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, Addenbrooke’s Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephen Kirker
- Addenbrooke’s Rehabilitation Clinic, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, Addenbrooke’s Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Evan Reid
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
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23
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Deng ZH, Gomez TS, Osborne DG, Phillips-Krawczak CA, Zhang JS, Billadeau DD. Nuclear FAM21 participates in NF-κB-dependent gene regulation in pancreatic cancer cells. J Cell Sci 2014; 128:373-84. [PMID: 25431135 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.161513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The pentameric WASH complex is best known for its role in regulating receptor trafficking from retromer-rich endosomal subdomains. FAM21 functions to stabilize the WASH complex through its N-terminal head domain and localizes it to endosomes by directly binding the retromer through its extended C-terminal tail. Herein, we used affinity purification combined with mass spectrometry to identify additional FAM21-interacting proteins. Surprisingly, multiple components of the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) pathway were identified, including the p50 and p65 (RelA) NF-κB subunits. We show that FAM21 interacts with these components and regulates NF-κB-dependent gene transcription at the level of p65 chromatin binding. We further demonstrate that FAM21 contains a functional monopartite nuclear localization signal sequence (NLS) as well as a CRM1/exportin1-dependent nuclear export signal (NES), both of which work jointly with the N-terminal head domain and C-terminal retromer recruitment domain to regulate FAM21 cytosolic and nuclear subcellular localization. Finally, our findings indicate that FAM21 depletion sensitizes pancreatic cancer cells to gemcitabine and 5-fluorouracil. Thus, FAM21 not only functions as an integral component of the cytoplasmic WASH complex, but also modulates NF-κB gene transcription in the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hui Deng
- Division of Oncology Research and Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA Department of Pathophysiology, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 161006, China
| | - Timothy S Gomez
- Division of Oncology Research and Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Douglas G Osborne
- Division of Oncology Research and Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Christine A Phillips-Krawczak
- Division of Oncology Research and Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Jin-San Zhang
- Division of Oncology Research and Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Daniel D Billadeau
- Division of Oncology Research and Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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24
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Jahic A, Kreuz F, Zacher P, Fiedler J, Bier A, Reif S, Rieger M, Krüger S, Beetz C, Plaschke J. A novel strumpellin mutation and potential pitfalls in the molecular diagnosis of hereditary spastic paraplegia type SPG8. J Neurol Sci 2014; 347:372-4. [PMID: 25454649 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2014.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous, neurodegenerative movement disorder. A total of eight KIAA0196/strumpellin variants have thus far been associated with SPG8, a rare dominant HSP. We present a novel strumpellin alteration in a small family with clinically pure HSP. We corroborated its causality by comparing it to rare benign variants at several levels, and, along this line, also re-considered previous genetic reports on SPG8. These analyses identified significant challenges in the interpretation of strumpellin alterations, and suggested that at least two of the few families claimed to suffer from SPG8 may have been genetically misdiagnosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Jahic
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Friedmar Kreuz
- Gemeinschaftspraxis für Humangenetik, Gutenbergstraße 5, Dresden, Germany
| | - Pia Zacher
- Gemeinschaftspraxis für Humangenetik, Gutenbergstraße 5, Dresden, Germany; Masters Program General Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Fiedler
- Gemeinschaftspraxis für Humangenetik, Gutenbergstraße 5, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andrea Bier
- Gemeinschaftspraxis für Humangenetik, Gutenbergstraße 5, Dresden, Germany
| | - Silke Reif
- Gemeinschaftspraxis für Humangenetik, Gutenbergstraße 5, Dresden, Germany
| | - Manuela Rieger
- Gemeinschaftspraxis für Humangenetik, Gutenbergstraße 5, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Krüger
- Gemeinschaftspraxis für Humangenetik, Gutenbergstraße 5, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Beetz
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
| | - Jens Plaschke
- Gemeinschaftspraxis für Humangenetik, Gutenbergstraße 5, Dresden, Germany
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25
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Lo Giudice T, Lombardi F, Santorelli FM, Kawarai T, Orlacchio A. Hereditary spastic paraplegia: clinical-genetic characteristics and evolving molecular mechanisms. Exp Neurol 2014; 261:518-39. [PMID: 24954637 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2014] [Revised: 06/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) is a group of clinically and genetically heterogeneous neurological disorders characterized by pathophysiologic hallmark of length-dependent distal axonal degeneration of the corticospinal tracts. The prominent features of this pathological condition are progressive spasticity and weakness of the lower limbs. To date, 72 spastic gait disease-loci and 55 spastic paraplegia genes (SPGs) have been identified. All modes of inheritance (autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, and X-linked) have been described. Recently, a late onset spastic gait disorder with maternal trait of inheritance has been reported, as well as mutations in genes not yet classified as spastic gait disease. Several cellular processes are involved in its pathogenesis, such as membrane and axonal transport, endoplasmic reticulum membrane modeling and shaping, mitochondrial function, DNA repair, autophagy, and abnormalities in lipid metabolism and myelination processes. Moreover, recent evidences have been found about the impairment of endosome membrane trafficking in vesicle formation and about the involvement of oxidative stress and mtDNA polymorphisms in the onset of the disease. Interactome networks have been postulated by bioinformatics and biological analyses of spastic paraplegia genes, which would contribute to the development of new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temistocle Lo Giudice
- Laboratorio di Neurogenetica, Centro Europeo di Ricerca sul Cervello (CERC) - Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy; Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, Università di Roma "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Lombardi
- Laboratorio di Neurogenetica, Centro Europeo di Ricerca sul Cervello (CERC) - Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Filippo Maria Santorelli
- Unità Operativa Complessa di Medicina Molecolare, Neurogenetica e Malattie Neurodegenerative, IRCCS Stella Maris, Pisa, Italy
| | - Toshitaka Kawarai
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Health Biosciences, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Antonio Orlacchio
- Laboratorio di Neurogenetica, Centro Europeo di Ricerca sul Cervello (CERC) - Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy; Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, Università di Roma "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.
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26
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Bettencourt C, Morris HR, Singleton AB, Hardy J, Houlden H. Exome sequencing expands the mutational spectrum of SPG8 in a family with spasticity responsive to L-DOPA treatment. J Neurol 2013; 260:2414-6. [PMID: 23881105 PMCID: PMC3764324 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-013-7044-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Conceição Bettencourt
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG UK
| | - Huw R. Morris
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG UK
| | - Andrew B. Singleton
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - John Hardy
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG UK
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG UK
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Retromer-mediated endosomal protein sorting: all WASHed up! Trends Cell Biol 2013; 23:522-8. [PMID: 23721880 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2013.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Endosomal protein sorting governs the fate of many physiologically important proteins involved in a panoply of cellular functions. Recent discoveries have revealed a vital role for endosomally localised branched actin patches in facilitating protein sorting. The formation of the actin patches has been shown to require the function of the WASH complex - the major endosomal actin polymerisation-promoting complex - which stimulates the activity of the ubiquitously expressed Arp2/3 complex. Another key component of the endosomal protein-sorting machinery is the retromer complex. Studies now show that retromer mediates the recruitment of the WASH complex and its regulators to endosomes. In this review, recent progress in understanding the role of the WASH complex along with retromer in endosomal protein sorting is discussed.
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