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Yi XM, Lei YL, Li M, Zhong L, Li S. The monkeypox virus-host interplays. CELL INSIGHT 2024; 3:100185. [PMID: 39144256 PMCID: PMC11321328 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellin.2024.100185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is a DNA virus belonging to the Orthopoxvirus genus within the Poxviridae family which can cause a zoonotic infection. The unexpected non-endemic outbreak of mpox in 2022 is considered as a new global threat. It is imperative to take proactive measures, including enhancing our understanding of MPXV's biology and pathogenesis, and developing novel antiviral strategies. The host immune responses play critical roles in defensing against MPXV infection while the virus has also evolved multiple strategies for immune escape. This review summarizes the biological features, antiviral immunity, immune evasion mechanisms, pathogenicity, and prevention strategies for MPXV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Mei Yi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Medical Research Institute, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Research Unit of Innate Immune and Inflammatory Diseases (2019RU063), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Ya-Li Lei
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Medical Research Institute, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Research Unit of Innate Immune and Inflammatory Diseases (2019RU063), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Mi Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Medical Research Institute, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Research Unit of Innate Immune and Inflammatory Diseases (2019RU063), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Li Zhong
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shu Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Medical Research Institute, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Research Unit of Innate Immune and Inflammatory Diseases (2019RU063), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
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Hall JM, Lyons CE, Li J, Martinez-Romero G, Hayes T, Cook A, Barouch DH, Martinot AJ. Mpox infection of stromal cells and macrophages of macaque with endometriosis. Sci Rep 2024; 14:21947. [PMID: 39304769 PMCID: PMC11415505 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-73012-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 09/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The mpox outbreak of 2022-2023 represented a new global health challenge and recognition of mpox as a sexually transmitted disease. The majority of cases were reported in men who have sex with men (MSM), but women are also susceptible, especially during pregnancy. We evaluated the reproductive tracts of a subset of macaques from a large rechallenge study of mpox infection with virus from the 2022 outbreak and identified intraabdominal mpox replication associated with endometriosis. Mpox virus (MPXV) was found not only in skin, but in the cervix, the uterus, and periovarian endometriotic lesions of the affected macaque. Mpox replication preferentially targeted vimentin-positive poorly differentiated endometriotic stromal tissue and infiltrating macrophages in the reproductive tract. Mpox tropism for stromal cells and macrophages has broad implications for mpox pathogenesis and associated clinical syndromes. In addition, women with endometriosis may be at heightened risk for adverse outcomes associated with mpox infection. The rhesus macaque provides rare insight into this disease and the potential complications of mpox infection in the context of genitourinary tract disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Hall
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, 01536, USA
| | - Claire E Lyons
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, 01536, USA
| | - Jingyi Li
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, 01536, USA
| | - Gisela Martinez-Romero
- Department Comparative Pathobiology, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, 01536, USA
| | - Tammy Hayes
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, 01536, USA
| | | | - Dan H Barouch
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Amanda J Martinot
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, 01536, USA.
- Department Comparative Pathobiology, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, 01536, USA.
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Nakhaie M, Pirmoradi Z, Bashash D, Rukerd MRZ, Charostad J. Beyond skin deep: shedding light on the neuropsychiatric consequences of Monkeypox (Mpox). Acta Neurol Belg 2024; 124:1189-1197. [PMID: 37624565 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-023-02361-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
This review is attempted in view of World Health Organization (WHO) warning on Monkeypox virus (Mpox) to summarize the available data regarding the potential effect on central nervous system (CNS), its complications, and diagnostic methods. We combed various international databases (including Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar) for articles mentioning Mpox infection, orthopox infection, and the central nervous system that were published between the years 2000 and 2022. Further evidence was evaluated from relevant studies published in the literature. There is emerging evidence of central nervous system neurological involvement. In addition to encephalopathy, which is one of the most serious neurological complications of Mpox, the most common complications of Mpox infection are headache, weakness, myalgia, anorexia, and altered consciousness. Anxiety and depression have also been identified as the most common psychiatric symptoms in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Nakhaie
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Zeynab Pirmoradi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Davood Bashash
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rezaei Zadeh Rukerd
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Javad Charostad
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
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Chakravarty N, Hemani D, Paravastu R, Ahmad Z, Palani SN, Arumugaswami V, Kumar A. Mpox Virus and its ocular surface manifestations. Ocul Surf 2024; 34:108-121. [PMID: 38972544 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2024.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
The Mpox virus (MPXV) is the causative agent of human Mpox disease - a debilitating rash illness similar to smallpox. Although Clade I MPXV has remained endemic to West and Central Africa, Clade II MPXV has been responsible for many outbreaks worldwide. The most recent outbreak in 2022 resulted from the rapid spread of a new clade of MPXV, classified into Clade IIb - a distinct lineage from the previously circulating viral strains. The rapid spread and increased severity of Mpox disease by the Clade IIb strain have raised the serious public health imperative of better understanding the host and viral determinants during MPXV infection. In addition to typical skin rashes, including in the periorbital area, MPXV causes moderate to severe ophthalmic manifestations - most commonly, ocular surface complications (e.g., keratitis, conjunctivitis, blepharitis). While ocular manifestations of Clade I Mpox within the Congo basin have been well-reported, global incidence trends of ocular Mpox cases by Clade IIb are still emerging. Given the demonstrated ability of all MPXV strains to auto-inoculate ocular tissue, alongside the enhanced transmissibility of the Clade IIb virus, there is an urgent need to elucidate the mechanisms by which MPXV causes ocular anomalies. In this review, we discuss the viral and genomic structures of MPXV, the epidemiology, and pathology of systemic and ocular Mpox, as well as potential prophylactic and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Chakravarty
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; School of Medicine, California University of Science and Medicine, Colton, CA, USA
| | - Darshi Hemani
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Ramya Paravastu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zeeshan Ahmad
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Sankara Naynar Palani
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Vaithilingaraja Arumugaswami
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
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Nurmukanova V, Matsvay A, Gordukova M, Shipulin G. Square the Circle: Diversity of Viral Pathogens Causing Neuro-Infectious Diseases. Viruses 2024; 16:787. [PMID: 38793668 PMCID: PMC11126052 DOI: 10.3390/v16050787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuroinfections rank among the top ten leading causes of child mortality globally, even in high-income countries. The crucial determinants for successful treatment lie in the timing and swiftness of diagnosis. Although viruses constitute the majority of infectious neuropathologies, diagnosing and treating viral neuroinfections remains challenging. Despite technological advancements, the etiology of the disease remains undetermined in over half of cases. The identification of the pathogen becomes more difficult when the infection is caused by atypical pathogens or multiple pathogens simultaneously. Furthermore, the modern surge in global passenger traffic has led to an increase in cases of infections caused by pathogens not endemic to local areas. This review aims to systematize and summarize information on neuroinvasive viral pathogens, encompassing their geographic distribution and transmission routes. Emphasis is placed on rare pathogens and cases involving atypical pathogens, aiming to offer a comprehensive and structured catalog of viral agents with neurovirulence potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varvara Nurmukanova
- Federal State Budgetary Institution “Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks” of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, 119121 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alina Matsvay
- Federal State Budgetary Institution “Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks” of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, 119121 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria Gordukova
- G. Speransky Children’s Hospital No. 9, 123317 Moscow, Russia
| | - German Shipulin
- Federal State Budgetary Institution “Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks” of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, 119121 Moscow, Russia
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Sun Y, Nie W, Tian D, Ye Q. Human monkeypox virus: Epidemiologic review and research progress in diagnosis and treatment. J Clin Virol 2024; 171:105662. [PMID: 38432097 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2024.105662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is responsible for causing a zoonotic disease called monkeypox (mpox), which sporadically infects humans in West and Central Africa. It first infected humans in 1970 and, along with the variola virus, belongs to the genus Orthopoxvirus in the poxvirus family. Since the World Health Organization declared the MPXV outbreak a "Public Health Emergency of International Concern" on July 23, 2022, the number of infected patients has increased dramatically. To control this epidemic and address this previously neglected disease, MPXV needs to be better understood and reevaluated. In this review, we cover recent research on MPXV, including its genomic and pathogenic characteristics, transmission, mutations and mechanisms, clinical characteristics, epidemiology, laboratory diagnosis, and treatment measures, as well as prevention of MPXV infection in light of the 2022 and 2023 global outbreaks. The 2022 MPXV outbreak has been primarily associated with close intimate contact, including sexual activity, with most cases diagnosed among men who have sex with men. The incubation period of MPXV infection usually lasts from 6 to 13 days, and symptoms include fever, muscle pains, headache, swollen lymph nodes, and a characteristic painful rash, including several stages, such as macules, papules, blisters, pustules, scabs, and scab shedding involving the genitals and anus. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is usually used to detect MPXV in skin lesion material. Treatment includes supportive care, antivirals, and intravenous vaccinia immune globulin. Smallpox vaccines have been designed with four givens emergency approval for use against MPXV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children's Regional Medical Center, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Wenjian Nie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children's Regional Medical Center, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Dandan Tian
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children's Regional Medical Center, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Qing Ye
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children's Regional Medical Center, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, China.
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Ashley CN, Broni E, Wood CM, Okuneye T, Ojukwu MPT, Dong Q, Gallagher C, Miller WA. Identifying potential monkeypox virus inhibitors: an in silico study targeting the A42R protein. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1351737. [PMID: 38500508 PMCID: PMC10945028 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1351737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox (now Mpox), a zoonotic disease caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV) is an emerging threat to global health. In the time span of only six months, from May to October 2022, the number of MPXV cases breached 80,000 and many of the outbreaks occurred in locations that had never previously reported MPXV. Currently there are no FDA-approved MPXV-specific vaccines or treatments, therefore, finding drugs to combat MPXV is of utmost importance. The A42R profilin-like protein of the MPXV is involved in cell development and motility making it a critical drug target. A42R protein is highly conserved across orthopoxviruses, thus A42R inhibitors may work for other family members. This study sought to identify potential A42R inhibitors for MPXV treatment using computational approaches. The energy minimized 3D structure of the A42R profilin-like protein (PDB ID: 4QWO) underwent virtual screening using a library of 36,366 compounds from Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), AfroDb, and PubChem databases as well as known inhibitor tecovirimat via AutoDock Vina. A total of seven compounds comprising PubChem CID: 11371962, ZINC000000899909, ZINC000001632866, ZINC000015151344, ZINC000013378519, ZINC000000086470, and ZINC000095486204, predicted to have favorable binding were shortlisted. Molecular docking suggested that all seven proposed compounds have higher binding affinities to A42R (-7.2 to -8.3 kcal/mol) than tecovirimat (-6.7 kcal/mol). This was corroborated by MM/PBSA calculations, with tecovirimat demonstrating the highest binding free energy of -68.694 kJ/mol (lowest binding affinity) compared to the seven shortlisted compounds that ranged from -73.252 to -97.140 kJ/mol. Furthermore, the 7 compounds in complex with A42R demonstrated higher stability than the A42R-tecovirimat complex when subjected to 100 ns molecular dynamics simulations. The protein-ligand interaction maps generated using LigPlot+ suggested that residues Met1, Glu3, Trp4, Ile7, Arg127, Val128, Thr131, and Asn133 are important for binding. These seven compounds were adequately profiled to be potential antivirals via PASS predictions and structural similarity searches. All seven potential lead compounds were scored Pa > Pi for antiviral activity while ZINC000001632866 and ZINC000015151344 were predicted as poxvirus inhibitors with Pa values of 0.315 and 0.215, and Pi values of 0.052 and 0.136, respectively. Further experimental validations of the identified lead compounds are required to corroborate their predicted activity. These seven identified compounds represent solid footing for development of antivirals against MPXV and other orthopoxviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn N. Ashley
- Department of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, United States
| | - Emmanuel Broni
- Department of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, United States
| | - Chanyah M. Wood
- Department of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Lincoln University, Lincoln, PA, United States
| | - Tunmise Okuneye
- Department of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, United States
- Department of Biology, Lincoln University, Lincoln, PA, United States
| | - Mary-Pearl T. Ojukwu
- Department of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Lincoln University, Lincoln, PA, United States
- College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Qunfeng Dong
- Department of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, United States
- Center for Biomedical Informatics, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, United States
| | - Carla Gallagher
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Lincoln University, Lincoln, PA, United States
| | - Whelton A. Miller
- Department of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, United States
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Loyola University Medical Center, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, United States
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Maqbool KU, Akhtar MT, Ayub S, Simran FNU, Malik J, Malik M, Zubair R, Mehmoodi A. Role of vaccination in patients with human monkeypox virus and its cardiovascular manifestations. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2024; 86:1506-1516. [PMID: 38463133 PMCID: PMC10923390 DOI: 10.1097/ms9.0000000000001674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Human monkeypox, caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV), is an emerging infectious disease with the potential for human-to-human transmission and diverse clinical presentations. While generally considered milder than smallpox, it can lead to severe cardiovascular complications. The virus primarily spreads through contact with infected animals or through human-to-human transmission. Cardiovascular involvement in human monkeypox is rare but has been associated with myocarditis, pericarditis, arrhythmias, and even fulminant myocardial infarction. Vaccination plays a crucial role in preventing and controlling monkeypox, but the eradication of smallpox has left global populations vulnerable. This review explores the cardiovascular manifestations of human monkeypox, the role of vaccination in disease prevention, and the importance of continued research and development of effective vaccines to protect against this emerging infectious threat. The global impact of monkeypox outbreaks, particularly on vulnerable populations, further highlights the importance of understanding and addressing this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shayan Ayub
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cardiovascular Analytics Group
| | - FNU Simran
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cardiovascular Analytics Group
| | - Jahanzeb Malik
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cardiovascular Analytics Group
| | - Maria Malik
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cardiovascular Analytics Group
| | - Rafia Zubair
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cardiovascular Analytics Group
| | - Amin Mehmoodi
- Department of Medicine, Ibn e Seena Hospital, Kabul, Afghanistan
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Natami M, Gorgzadeh A, Gholipour A, Fatemi SN, Firouzeh N, Zokaei M, Mohammed Ali SH, Kheradjoo H, Sedighi S, Gholizadeh O, Kalavi S. An overview on mRNA-based vaccines to prevent monkeypox infection. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:86. [PMID: 38429829 PMCID: PMC10908150 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02355-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The human monkeypox virus (Mpox) is classified as a member of the Poxviridae family and belongs to the Orthopoxvirus genus. Mpox possesses double-stranded DNA, and there are two known genetic clades: those originating in West Africa and the Congo Basin, commonly known as Central African clades. Mpox may be treated with either the vaccinia vaccination or the therapeutics. Modifying the smallpox vaccine for treating and preventing Mpox has shown to be beneficial because of the strong link between smallpox and Mpox viruses and their categorization in the same family. Cross-protection against Mpox is effective with two Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved smallpox vaccines (ACAM2000 and JYNNEOSTM). However, ACAM2000 has the potential for significant adverse effects, such as cardiac issues, whereas JYNNEOS has a lower risk profile. Moreover, Mpox has managed to resurface, although with modified characteristics, due to the discontinuation and cessation of the smallpox vaccine for 40 years. The safety and efficacy of the two leading mRNA vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 and its many variants have been shown in clinical trials and subsequent data analysis. This first mRNA treatment model involves injecting patients with messenger RNA to produce target proteins and elicit an immunological response. High potency, the possibility of safe administration, low-cost manufacture, and quick development is just a few of the benefits of RNA-based vaccines that pave the way for a viable alternative to conventional vaccines. When protecting against Mpox infection, mRNA vaccines are pretty efficient and may one day replace the present whole-virus vaccines. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to provide a synopsis of the ongoing research, development, and testing of an mRNA vaccine against Mpox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Natami
- Department of Urology, Shahid Mohammadi Hospital, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | | | - Arsalan Gholipour
- Free Researchers, Biotechnology and Nanobiotechnology, Babolsar, Iran
| | | | - Nima Firouzeh
- Vector-borne Diseases Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Maryam Zokaei
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition Science, Food Science and Technology/National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | | | | | - Shaylan Kalavi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Islamic Azad University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Miranzadeh Mahabadi H, Lin YCJ, Ogando NS, Moussa EW, Mohammadzadeh N, Julien O, Alto NM, Noyce RS, Evans DH, Power C. Monkeypox virus infection of human astrocytes causes gasdermin B cleavage and pyroptosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2315653121. [PMID: 38346199 PMCID: PMC10895262 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2315653121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox virus (MPXV) infections in humans cause neurological disorders while studies of MPXV-infected animals indicate that the virus penetrates the brain. Pyroptosis is an inflammatory type of regulated cell death, resulting from plasma membrane rupture (PMR) due to oligomerization of cleaved gasdermins to cause membrane pore formation. Herein, we investigated the human neural cell tropism of MPXV compared to another orthopoxvirus, vaccinia virus (VACV), as well as its effects on immune responses and cell death. Astrocytes were most permissive to MPXV (and VACV) infections, followed by microglia and oligodendrocytes, with minimal infection of neurons based on plaque assays. Aberrant morphological changes were evident in MPXV-infected astrocytes that were accompanied with viral protein (I3) immunolabelling and detection of over 125 MPXV-encoded proteins in cell lysates by mass spectrometry. MPXV- and VACV-infected astrocytes showed increased expression of immune gene transcripts (IL12, IRF3, IL1B, TNFA, CASP1, and GSDMB). However, MPXV infection of astrocytes specifically induced proteolytic cleavage of gasdermin B (GSDMB) (50 kDa), evident by the appearance of cleaved N-terminal-GSDMB (30 kDa) and C-terminal- GSDMB (18 kDa) fragments. GSDMB cleavage was associated with release of lactate dehydrogenase and increased cellular nucleic acid staining, indicative of PMR. Pre-treatment with dimethyl fumarate reduced cleavage of GSDMB and associated PMR in MPXV-infected astrocytes. Human astrocytes support productive MPXV infection, resulting in inflammatory gene induction with accompanying GSDMB-mediated pyroptosis. These findings clarify the recently recognized neuropathogenic effects of MPXV in humans while also offering potential therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Y. C. James Lin
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, ABT5N 2S2, Canada
| | - Natacha S. Ogando
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, ABT5N 2S2, Canada
| | - Eman W. Moussa
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, ABT5N 2S2, Canada
| | - Nazanin Mohammadzadeh
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, ABT5N 2S2, Canada
| | - Oliver Julien
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, ABT5N 2S2, Canada
| | - Neal M. Alto
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX75390-8816
| | - Ryan S. Noyce
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, ABT5N 2S2, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, ABT5N 2S2, Canada
| | - David H. Evans
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, ABT5N 2S2, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, ABT5N 2S2, Canada
| | - Christopher Power
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, ABT5N 2S2, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, ABT5N 2S2, Canada
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de Oliveira Thomasi RM, da Silva Correa T, Silva do Carmo D, Rodrigues DF, da Silva Correa LV, Xavier SR, Silva LS, da Silva JO, Santos MD, da Silva Dantas A, da Paz MC, Chávez-Fumagalli MA, Giunchetti RC, Ferraz Coelho EA, Machado JM, Galdino AS. Molecular Methods for Diagnosis of Monkeypox: A Mini-review. Curr Mol Med 2024; 24:1208-1218. [PMID: 37461338 DOI: 10.2174/1566524023666230717141920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monkeypox is a global public health issue caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV). As of October 28, 2022, a total of 77,115 laboratoryconfirmed cases and 3,610 probable cases, including 36 deaths, were reported, with 9,070 cases reported in Brazil, the second most affected country. The need to develop national technologies for the rapid diagnosis of emerging diseases for mass testing of the population is evident, as observed in the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. OBJECTIVE With that in mind, this article provides an overview of current methods, techniques, and their applications in the molecular detection of monkeypox, focusing the search on real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and polymerase chain reaction-enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (PCRELISA). METHODS The relevant documents or papers covered in this study were selected by a search in international bibliographic databases. The search terms used in the databases were aimed at summarizing existing knowledge on molecular diagnostic methods, such as monkeypox; MPX, MPXV, qPCR, PCR, PCR-ELISA, diagnosis and detection searched separately or together using the Boolean operator "AND" either in the title or abstract. The searches took place in September 2022, and the corresponding articles were selected between 2012 and 2022. RESULTS We found 256 documents in total and twelve studies addressing the molecular diagnosis of monkeypox were classified as possible sources for this review. CONCLUSION It is evident there is a pressing need to develop national technologies for rapid diagnosis of emerging diseases for mass testing of the population. It is also extremely important to have national detection kits with greater diagnostic capacity to assist in developing effective public policies in countries affected by this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Michelini de Oliveira Thomasi
- Disciplina Biotecnologia e Inovações, Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia e Programa Multicentrico de Pós-graduação em Bíoquimica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de São João Del- Rei, Divinópolis, 35501-296, MG, Brazil
| | - Thais da Silva Correa
- Disciplina Biotecnologia e Inovações, Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia e Programa Multicentrico de Pós-graduação em Bíoquimica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de São João Del- Rei, Divinópolis, 35501-296, MG, Brazil
| | - Dalise Silva do Carmo
- Disciplina Biotecnologia e Inovações, Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia e Programa Multicentrico de Pós-graduação em Bíoquimica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de São João Del- Rei, Divinópolis, 35501-296, MG, Brazil
| | - Déborah Fernandes Rodrigues
- Disciplina Biotecnologia e Inovações, Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia e Programa Multicentrico de Pós-graduação em Bíoquimica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de São João Del- Rei, Divinópolis, 35501-296, MG, Brazil
| | - Luiz Vinicius da Silva Correa
- Disciplina Biotecnologia e Inovações, Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia e Programa Multicentrico de Pós-graduação em Bíoquimica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de São João Del- Rei, Divinópolis, 35501-296, MG, Brazil
| | - Sandra Rodrigues Xavier
- Disciplina Biotecnologia e Inovações, Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia e Programa Multicentrico de Pós-graduação em Bíoquimica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de São João Del- Rei, Divinópolis, 35501-296, MG, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Microrganismos, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei, Divinópolis, 35501-296, MG, Brazil
| | - Líria Souza Silva
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Microrganismos, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei, Divinópolis, 35501-296, MG, Brazil
| | - Jonatas Oliveira da Silva
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Microrganismos, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei, Divinópolis, 35501-296, MG, Brazil
| | - Michelli Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Microrganismos, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei, Divinópolis, 35501-296, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Mariana Campos da Paz
- Laboratório de Bioativos & NanoBiotecnologia, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei, Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, 400, 35501-296, Divinópolis, MG, Brazil
| | - Miguel Angel Chávez-Fumagalli
- Computational Biology and Chemistry Research Group, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Urb. San José S/N, Umacollo, Arequipa 04000, Peru
| | - Rodolfo Cordeiro Giunchetti
- Laboratory of Cell-Cell Interactions, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270- 901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Antônio Ferraz Coelho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina,Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Juliana Martins Machado
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Microrganismos, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei, Divinópolis, 35501-296, MG, Brazil
| | - Alexsandro Sobreira Galdino
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Microrganismos, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei, Divinópolis, 35501-296, MG, Brazil
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Abdul Hamid T, Mustafa N, Zulfiquar Parkar A, Marina Varghese S, Sayedahmed O, Ghanaim M. Manifestation of Guillain-Barre Syndrome in a Case of Monkeypox Virus Infection: A Rare Case Report. Case Rep Infect Dis 2023; 2023:2426659. [PMID: 37727329 PMCID: PMC10506871 DOI: 10.1155/2023/2426659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is one of the rare zoonotic infections caused by orthopoxvirus. MPXV has recently been an evolving threat to public health with its contagious human-to-human transmission. Various presentations of MPXV infection have been reported ranging from generalised symptoms such as fever, chills, body aches, and swollen lymph nodes to dermatological presentations. Neurological manifestations that have been reported include headaches, myalgia, seizures, and even mood disturbances. Postinfectious complications such as encephalitis, vision problems, and skin infections have also been noticed. Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS) is an acquired acute inflammatory polyradiculoneuropathy characterized by progressive, symmetrical, proximal, and distal tingling and weakness. Although various microorganisms are known to cause GBS and have been linked to the smallpox vaccine, they are rarely linked to MPXV disease. In this report, we describe a case of a confirmed monkeypox infection in a patient presenting with Guillain-Barre Syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariq Abdul Hamid
- Department of Urology, Dubai Hospital, Dubai Health Authority, Dubai, UAE
| | | | | | | | - Ossama Sayedahmed
- Emergency Department, Dubai Hospital, Dubai Health Authority, Dubai, UAE
| | - Mohammed Ghanaim
- Emergency Department, Dubai Hospital, Dubai Health Authority, Dubai, UAE
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Banik A, Ahmed SR, Shahid SB, Ahmed T, Tamanna HK, Marma H. Therapeutic Promises of Plant Metabolites against Monkeypox Virus: An In Silico Study. Adv Virol 2023; 2023:9919776. [PMID: 37693295 PMCID: PMC10492655 DOI: 10.1155/2023/9919776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The monkeypox virus was still spreading in May 2022, with the first case identified in a person with travel ties to Nigeria. Using molecular docking-based techniques, we evaluated the efficiency of different bioactive chemicals obtained from plants against the monkeypox virus. A total of 56 plant compounds were evaluated for antimonekypox capabilities, with the top four candidates having a higher binding affinity than the control. We targeted the monkeypox profilin-like protein, which plays a key role in viral replication and assembly. Among the metabolites, curcumin showed the strongest binding affinity with a value of -37.43 kcal/mol, followed by gedunin (-34.89 kcal/mol), piperine (-34.58 kcal/mol), and coumadin (-34.14 kcal/mol). Based on ADME and toxicity assessments, the top four substances had no negative impacts. Furthermore, four compounds demonstrated resistance to deformability, which was corroborated by normal mode analysis. According to the bioactivity prediction study, the top compound target class was an enzyme, membrane receptor, and oxidoreductase. Furthermore, the study discovered that wortmannin, a gedunin analogue, can behave as an orthopoxvirus. The study found that these bioactive natural drug candidates could potentially work as monkeypox virus inhibitors. We recommended further experimental validation to confirm the promising findings of the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anik Banik
- Department of Plant and Environmental Biotechnology, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh
| | - Sheikh Rashel Ahmed
- Department of Plant and Environmental Biotechnology, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh
| | - Sonia Binte Shahid
- Department of Plant and Environmental Biotechnology, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh
| | - Tufayel Ahmed
- Department of Plant and Environmental Biotechnology, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh
| | | | - Hlamrasong Marma
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh
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14
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Khan SA, Parajuli SB, Rauniyar VK. Neurological manifestations of an emerging zoonosis-Human monkeypox virus: A systematic review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e34664. [PMID: 37657009 PMCID: PMC10476717 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000034664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The last few decades have witnessed an appalling rise in several emerging and re-emerging viral and zoonotic outbreaks. Amongst those emerging zoonosis, one of the diseases which is gaining popularity these days and has been declared as public health emergency of international concern by the world health organization, is human monkeypox virus (HMPX). Proper understanding of the clinical spectrum of the disease is of paramount importance for early diagnosis and treatment. In this review, we aimed to study and quantify the neurological manifestations of HMPX virus infection. METHODS Any study, released prior to April 13, 2023, that reported neurological manifestations in patients infected by HMPX virus were reviewed systematically on PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Library using the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic review and Meta-Analysis) statement. RESULTS Our systematic review included data from 22 eligible studies: 10 cohort studies, 3 cross sectional studies, one retrospective study, 5 case series, and 2 case reports. The most commonly reported neurological manifestations of HMPX were headache (48.84%), myalgia (27.50%), fatigue (17.73%), and photophobia (4.43%). Uncommonly, HMPX can also present with visual deficit (0.57%), seizure (0.34%), encephalitis (0.8%), dizziness (0.34%), encephalomyelitis (0.23%), coma (0.11%), and transverse myelitis (0.11%). DISCUSSIONS Monkeypox virus usually presents with self-limiting painful rash, lymphadenitis, and fever, complications like secondary skin infection, eye problems and pneumonia can be life threatening, carrying a case fatality rate of 1% to 10%. Neurological manifestations are not uncommon and can further add-on to morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Surya Bahadur Parajuli
- Department of Community Medicine, Birat Medical College Teaching Hospital, Morang, Nepal
| | - Vivek K. Rauniyar
- Department of Clinical Neurology, Birat Medical College Teaching Hospital, Morang, Nepal
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15
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Ajmera K, Shah H, Chourasia P, Chitturi S. Current Evidence and Practice Guidelines of Systemic Complications of 2022 Mpox Outbreak: A Scoping Review. Cureus 2023; 15:e45754. [PMID: 37771934 PMCID: PMC10529470 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.45754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In May of 2022, the World Health Organization declared a worldwide Mpox virus (MPXV) outbreak. Due to the widespread implementation of vaccination protocols and heightened awareness among the general population, there has been a notable decline in the incidence of Mpox (formerly known as Monkeypox) cases since March 2023. Nevertheless, it is crucial to remember that Mpox has the potential to impact multiple physiological systems in humans, encompassing the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, ear/nose/throat, and ocular systems. The mortality rate of the Mpox disease is comparatively lower than that of smallpox. However, it is essential to note that this disease can still lead to significant systemic consequences. The specific pathophysiological mechanisms by which the virus affects various physiological systems are now being investigated. Direct inoculation through mucosal damage or intranasal exposure, direct viral toxicity, and lymphatic transmission via the seminal fluid are all viable hypotheses. The prompt recognition of such complications is crucial to decrease morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunal Ajmera
- Hospital Medicine, Sentara Northern Virginia Medical Center, Woodbridge, USA
| | - Harshal Shah
- Internal Medicine, Doctors Hospital of Augusta, Augusta, USA
| | - Prabal Chourasia
- Hospital Medicine, Mary Washington Hospital, Fredericksburg , USA
| | - Satyakant Chitturi
- Hospital Medicine, Doctors Hospital of Manteca, Manteca, USA
- Family Medicine, California Health Care Facility, Stockton, USA
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16
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Rabaan AA, Al-Shwaikh SA, Alfouzan WA, Al-Bahar AM, Garout M, Halwani MA, Albayat H, Almutairi NB, Alsaeed M, Alestad JH, Al-Mozaini MA, Ashgar TMA, Alotaibi S, Abuzaid AA, Aldawood Y, Alsaleh AA, Al-Afghani HM, Altowaileb JA, Alshukairi AN, Arteaga-Livias K, Singh KKB, Imran M. A Comprehensive Review on Monkeypox Viral Disease with Potential Diagnostics and Therapeutic Options. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1826. [PMID: 37509466 PMCID: PMC10376530 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11071826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to give an up-to-date, thorough, and timely overview of monkeypox (Mpox), a severe infectious viral disease. Furthermore, this review provides an up-to-date treatment option for Mpox. The monkeypox virus (MPXV) has remained the most virulent poxvirus for humans since the elimination of smallpox approximately 41 years ago, with distribution mainly in central and west Africa. Mpox in humans is a zoonotically transferred disease that results in symptoms like those of smallpox. It had spread throughout west and central Africa when it was first diagnosed in the Republic of Congo in 1970. Mpox has become a major threat to global health security, necessitating a quick response by virologists, veterinarians, public health professionals, doctors, and researchers to create high-efficiency diagnostic tests, vaccinations, antivirals, and other infection control techniques. The emergence of epidemics outside of Africa emphasizes the disease's global significance. A better understanding of Mpox's dynamic epidemiology may be attained by increased surveillance and identification of cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A Rabaan
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur 22610, Pakistan
| | - Seham A Al-Shwaikh
- Department of Commitment Management, Directorate of Health Affairs in the Eastern Province, Dammam 31176, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wadha A Alfouzan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait
- Microbiology Unit, Department of Laboratories, Farwania Hospital, Farwania 85000, Kuwait
| | - Ali M Al-Bahar
- Department of Laboratory, Dhahran Long Term Care Hospital, Dhahran 34257, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Garout
- Department of Community Medicine and Health Care for Pilgrims, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad A Halwani
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Al Baha University, Al Baha 4781, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hawra Albayat
- Infectious Disease Department, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh 7790, Saudi Arabia
| | - Norah B Almutairi
- Infectious Disease Department, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh 7790, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alsaeed
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh 11159, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jeehan H Alestad
- Immunology and Infectious Microbiology Department, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK
- Microbiology Department, Collage of Medicine, Jabriya 46300, Kuwait
| | - Maha A Al-Mozaini
- Immunocompromsised Host Research Section, Department of Infection and Immunity, King Faisal, Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tala M Al Ashgar
- College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan Alotaibi
- Molecular Microbiology Department, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh 11525, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulmonem A Abuzaid
- Medical Microbiology Department, Security Forces Hospital Programme, Dammam 32314, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yahya Aldawood
- Clinical Laboratory Science Department, Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Dammam 34222, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulmonem A Alsaleh
- Clinical Laboratory Science Department, Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Dammam 34222, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hani M Al-Afghani
- Laboratory Department, Security Forces Hospital, Makkah 24269, Saudi Arabia
- iGene Center for Research and Training, Jeddah 2022, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jaffar A Altowaileb
- Microbiology Laboratory, Laboratory Department, Qatif Central Hospital, Qatif 32654, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abeer N Alshukairi
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Jeddah 22233, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kovy Arteaga-Livias
- Escuela de Medicina-Filial Ica, Universidad Privada San Juan Bautista, Ica 11000, Peru
- Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Hermilio Valdizán, Huanuco 10000, Peru
| | - Kirnpal Kaur Banga Singh
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Imran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Northern Border University, Rafha 91911, Saudi Arabia
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17
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Rabaan AA, Alasiri NA, Aljeldah M, Alshukairiis AN, AlMusa Z, Alfouzan WA, Abuzaid AA, Alamri AA, Al-Afghani HM, Al-Baghli N, Alqahtani N, Al-Baghli N, Almoutawa MY, Mahmoud Alawi M, Alabdullah M, Bati NAA, Alsaleh AA, Tombuloglu H, Arteaga-Livias K, Al-Ahdal T, Garout M, Imran M. An Updated Review on Monkeypox Viral Disease: Emphasis on Genomic Diversity. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1832. [PMID: 37509470 PMCID: PMC10376458 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11071832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox virus has remained the most virulent poxvirus since the elimination of smallpox approximately 41 years ago, with distribution mostly in Central and West Africa. Monkeypox (Mpox) in humans is a zoonotically transferred disease that results in a smallpox-like disease. It was first diagnosed in 1970 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), and the disease has spread over West and Central Africa. The purpose of this review was to give an up-to-date, thorough, and timely overview on the genomic diversity and evolution of a re-emerging infectious disease. The genetic profile of Mpox may also be helpful in targeting new therapeutic options based on genes, mutations, and phylogeny. Mpox has become a major threat to global health security, necessitating a quick response by virologists, veterinarians, public health professionals, doctors, and researchers to create high-efficiency diagnostic tests, vaccinations, antivirals, and other infection control techniques. The emergence of epidemics outside of Africa emphasizes the disease's global significance. Increased monitoring and identification of Mpox cases are critical tools for obtaining a better knowledge of the ever-changing epidemiology of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A Rabaan
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur 22610, Pakistan
| | - Nada A Alasiri
- Monitoring and Risk Assessment Department, Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh 13513, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Aljeldah
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hafr Al Batin, Hafr Al Batin 39831, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abeer N Alshukairiis
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Jeddah 21499, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zainab AlMusa
- Infectious Disease Section, Internal Medicine Department, King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Dammam 32253, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wadha A Alfouzan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait
- Microbiology Unit, Department of Laboratories, Farwania Hospital, Farwania 85000, Kuwait
| | - Abdulmonem A Abuzaid
- Medical Microbiology Department, Security Forces Hospital Programme, Dammam 32314, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aref A Alamri
- Molecular Microbiology and Cytogenetics Department, Riyadh Regional Laboratory, Riyadh 11425, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hani M Al-Afghani
- Laboratory Department, Security Forces Hospital, Makkah 24269, Saudi Arabia
- iGene Center for Research and Training, Jeddah 2022, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nadira Al-Baghli
- Directorate of Public Health, Dammam Network, Eastern Health Cluster, Dammam 31444, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nawal Alqahtani
- Directorate of Public Health, Dammam Network, Eastern Health Cluster, Dammam 31444, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nadia Al-Baghli
- Directorate of Health Affairs, Al-Ahsa Health Cluster, Ministry of Health, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mashahed Y Almoutawa
- Primary Healthcare, Qatif Health Network, Eastern Health Cluster, Safwa 32833, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha Mahmoud Alawi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah 22254, Saudi Arabia
- Infection Control and Environmental Health Unit, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah 22254, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alabdullah
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Almoosa Specialist Hospital, Al Mubarraz 36342, Saudi Arabia
| | - Neda A Al Bati
- Medical and Clinical Affairs, Rural Health Network, Eastern Health Cluster, Dammam 31444, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulmonem A Alsaleh
- Clinical Laboratory Science Department, Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Dammam 34222, Saudi Arabia
| | - Huseyin Tombuloglu
- Department of Genetics Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34221, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kovy Arteaga-Livias
- Escuela de Medicina-Filial Ica, Universidad Privada San Juan Bautista, Ica 11000, Peru
- Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Hermilio Valdizán, Huanuco 10000, Peru
| | - Tareq Al-Ahdal
- Research Associate, Institute of Global Health, Heidelberg University, Neuenheimerfeld130/3, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mohammed Garout
- Department of Community Medicine and Health Care for Pilgrims, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Imran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Northern Border University, Rafha 91911, Saudi Arabia
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18
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Almufareh MF, Tehsin S, Humayun M, Kausar S. A Transfer Learning Approach for Clinical Detection Support of Monkeypox Skin Lesions. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13081503. [PMID: 37189603 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13081503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox (MPX) is a disease caused by monkeypox virus (MPXV). It is a contagious disease and has associated symptoms of skin lesions, rashes, fever, and respiratory distress lymph swelling along with numerous neurological distresses. This can be a deadly disease, and the latest outbreak of it has shown its spread to Europe, Australia, the United States, and Africa. Typically, diagnosis of MPX is performed through PCR, by taking a sample of the skin lesion. This procedure is risky for medical staff, as during sample collection, transmission and testing, they can be exposed to MPXV, and this infectious disease can be transferred to medical staff. In the current era, cutting-edge technologies such as IoT and artificial intelligence (AI) have made the diagnostics process smart and secure. IoT devices such as wearables and sensors permit seamless data collection while AI techniques utilize the data in disease diagnosis. Keeping in view the importance of these cutting-edge technologies, this paper presents a non-invasive, non-contact, computer-vision-based method for diagnosis of MPX by analyzing skin lesion images that are more smart and secure compared to traditional methods of diagnosis. The proposed methodology employs deep learning techniques to classify skin lesions as MPXV positive or not. Two datasets, the Kaggle Monkeypox Skin Lesion Dataset (MSLD) and the Monkeypox Skin Image Dataset (MSID), are used for evaluating the proposed methodology. The results on multiple deep learning models were evaluated using sensitivity, specificity and balanced accuracy. The proposed method has yielded highly promising results, demonstrating its potential for wide-scale deployment in detecting monkeypox. This smart and cost-effective solution can be effectively utilized in underprivileged areas where laboratory infrastructure may be lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maram Fahaad Almufareh
- Department of Information Systems, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Jouf University, Sakakah 72388, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samabia Tehsin
- Department of Computer Science, Bahria University, Islamabad 44220, Pakistan
| | - Mamoona Humayun
- Department of Information Systems, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Jouf University, Sakakah 72388, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sumaira Kausar
- Department of Computer Science, Bahria University, Islamabad 44220, Pakistan
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19
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Meyding-Lamadé U, Craemer EM. [Viral diseases of the nervous system-Selected new and old viruses]. DER NERVENARZT 2023; 94:268-277. [PMID: 36943464 PMCID: PMC10029798 DOI: 10.1007/s00115-023-01452-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Viral diseases of the nervous system are ancient and poliomyelitis was described in Egypt as early as 2000 BC. They can cause a wide range of neurological symptoms, such as meningitis, encephalitis, meningoencephalitis, Guillain-Barré-like syndrome and stroke, often leaving mild to severe residuals. Depending on the pathogen, the symptoms appear quickly within hours, or lead to increasing chronic symptoms within 1 week or months. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which was newly identified in January 2020 and occurs worldwide, illustrates the sequelae of a phenomenon that has been known for centuries, the possible rapid spread of pathogen-related infectious diseases. Due to vaccination programs some pathogens are becoming rarer or are considered to be eradicated. Nevertheless, vaccination programs, especially in the poorer regions, are repeatedly interrupted, for example by wars. The most recent example is the interruption of vaccination against poliomyelitis in Ukraine. As life expectancy continues to rise and years of life lost to infectious diseases decrease, the new infectious disease threat is likely to come from emerging and re-emerging infections; however, according to a recent analysis of population data from 29 countries, life expectancy during the corona pandemic has decreased, e.g., by 28 months in the USA and by 6 months in Germany. Climate change, rapid urbanization and changing land-use patterns could increase the risk in the coming decades. In particular, the climate change can alter the spectrum of global pathogens and especially vector-borne infections can spread to new areas. A sustained increase in travel, trade and mobility enables the pathogens to spread quickly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uta Meyding-Lamadé
- Krankenhaus Nordwest, Steinbacher Hohl 2-26, 60488, Frankfurt, Deutschland.
| | - Eva Maria Craemer
- Krankenhaus Nordwest, Steinbacher Hohl 2-26, 60488, Frankfurt, Deutschland
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20
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Alorfi NM, Alshehri FS, Haseeb A. Characterization of interventional clinical trials for monkeypox; systematic review of ClinicalTrials.gov database. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1144325. [PMID: 36969617 PMCID: PMC10034333 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1144325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundMonkeypox (mpox), a zoonotic viral infection, poses a global threat that is being acknowledged at the national and international levels. This systematic review aims to identify and characterize interventional clinical trials for mpox.MethodAll interventional clinical trials registered at ClinicalTrials.gov for mpox were searched up to January 6, 2023. We described the characteristics of interventional clinical trials, and drug interventions (including drugs and vaccines).ResultsAs of January 6, 2023, there were 10 clinical trials in the ClinicalTrials.gov registry that met our criteria. Most of the interventional clinical trials were focused on the treatment (N = 4, 40%) and prevention (N = 4, 40%) of mpox. From the 10 trials, 50% used random treatment allocation, and six (60%) chose the parallel assignment intervention model. All 10 studies were blinded, and six were open-label blinded. The largest proportion of the clinical trials (N = 4, 40%) were registered in Europe, followed by America (N = 3, 30%) and Africa and others (N = 3, 30%). The JYNNEOS vaccine (40%), followed by Tecovirimat (30%) were the most frequently studied drugs used against mpox.ConclusionA limited number of clinical trials have been registered on ClinicalTrials.gov since the first case of mpox was reported. Therefore, there is an urgent need to conduct large-scale randomized clinical trials to assess the safety and efficacy of the drugs and vaccines being used against the mpox virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser M. Alorfi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
- *Correspondence: Nasser M. Alorfi
| | - Fahad S. Alshehri
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul Haseeb
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
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21
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Anand A, Das AK, Bhardwaj S, Singh SK. A brief review of the monkeypox virus and emerging concerns for neuroinvasiveness. Surg Neurol Int 2023; 14:78. [PMID: 37025545 PMCID: PMC10070311 DOI: 10.25259/sni_1176_2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background:
Amidst the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, monkeypox virus (MPXV) disease has been recognized as another disease of pandemic nature by the World Health Organization. Nearly four decades after the eradication of smallpox, as half of the world population is naïve to ortho-pox viruses (supposedly due to lack of immunity by vaccination), MPXV remains the most pathogenic species of the family of poxviruses.
Methods:
The articles on MPXV were searched on PubMed/Medline and data were retrieved and analyzed.
Results:
Although reported as a disease of milder exanthem and lower mortality as compared to smallpox, the MPXV disease tends to be neuroinvasive. This article highlights the neurological signs and symptoms of MPXV disease and discusses, in brief, the management strategies.
Conclusion:
Neuroinvasive properties of the virus as demonstrated in in vitro studies, and further verified by neurological illnesses in patients, present a special threat to mankind. Clinicians must be prepared to recognize and treat these neurological complications and start treatment to limit long-lasting brain injury as seen in patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul Anand
- Department of General Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Anand Kumar Das
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Sona Bhardwaj
- Department of Microbiology, ESIC Hospital, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Saraj Kumar Singh
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India
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22
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Abstract
Human monkeypox is a viral zoonosis endemic to West and Central Africa that has recently generated increased interest and concern on a global scale as an emerging infectious disease threat in the midst of the slowly relenting COVID-2019 disease pandemic. The hallmark of infection is the development of a flu-like prodrome followed by the appearance of a smallpox-like exanthem. Precipitous person-to-person transmission of the virus among residents of 100 countries where it is nonendemic has motivated the immediate and widespread implementation of public health countermeasures. In this review, we discuss the origins and virology of monkeypox virus, its link with smallpox eradication, its record of causing outbreaks of human disease in regions where it is endemic in wildlife, its association with outbreaks in areas where it is nonendemic, the clinical manifestations of disease, laboratory diagnostic methods, case management, public health interventions, and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer Elsayed
- Department of Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lise Bondy
- Department of Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - William P. Hanage
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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23
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Zardi EM, Chello C. Human Monkeypox-A Global Public Health Emergency. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph192416781. [PMID: 36554659 PMCID: PMC9779584 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192416781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Monkeypox, a viral zoonosis caused by an Orthopoxvirus, is clinically characterized by fever, headache, lymphadenopathy, myalgia, rash and burdened by some complications that can be severe and life threatening. Monkeypox, endemic in some central and west African countries, in tropical areas near equator, rose to the headlines following its recent outbreak in non-endemic countries of Europe and the USA. Thus, the World Health Organization, worried about the growing dimension of the problem, declared monkeypox a global public health emergency. Now, after months of careful observation, the western scientific research is drawing conclusion that African endemic countries represent a reserve pool able to feed, through travelers and sexual networks, the outbreak in non-endemic countries in which high-risk communities such as gay and bisexual men are the most affected. Prevention through vaccination and early diagnosis are the core to breaking the chain of diffusion of this epidemic. Particular attention should be paid to avoid the spread from endemic countries, also implementing the economic investments in their public health system. Information campaigns and assistance to high-risk classes in non-endemic countries are important priorities, however, assuming that specific treatments for this disease are still tentative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Maria Zardi
- Internistic Ultrasound Service, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Camilla Chello
- PhD Course, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Rome, Italy
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24
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The evolving epidemiology of monkeypox virus. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2022; 68:1-12. [PMID: 36244878 PMCID: PMC9547435 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2022.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Monkeypox, caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV), is a zoonotic disease endemic mainly in West and Central Africa. As of 27 September 2022, human monkeypox has occurred in more than 100 countries (mostly in non-endemic regions) and caused over 66,000 confirmed cases, which differs from previous epidemics that mainly affected African countries. Due to the increasing number of confirmed cases worldwide, the World Health Organization (WHO) has declared the monkeypox outbreak as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern on July 23, 2022. The international outbreak of human monkeypox represents a novel route of transmission for MPXV, with genital lesions as the primary infection, and the emergence of monkeypox in the current outbreak is also new, as novel variants emerge. Clinical physicians and scientists should be aware of this emerging situation, which presents a different scenario from previous outbreaks. In this review, we will discuss the molecular virology, evasion of antiviral immunity, epidemiology, evolution, and detection of MPXV, as well as prophylaxis and treatment strategies for monkeypox. This review also emphasizes the integration of relevant epidemiological data with genomic surveillance data to obtain real-time data, which could formulate prevention and control measures to curb this outbreak.
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25
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Chailangkarn T, Teeravechyan S, Attasombat K, Thaweerattanasinp T, Sunchatawirul K, Suwanwattana P, Pongpirul K, Jongkaewwattana A. Monkeypox virus productively infects human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived astrocytes and neural progenitor cells. J Infect 2022; 85:702-769. [PMID: 36272454 PMCID: PMC9580251 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2022.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thanathom Chailangkarn
- Virology and Cell Technology Research Team, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand,Corresponding author
| | - Samaporn Teeravechyan
- Virology and Cell Technology Research Team, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Khemphitcha Attasombat
- Virology and Cell Technology Research Team, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Theeradej Thaweerattanasinp
- Virology and Cell Technology Research Team, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Kitpong Sunchatawirul
- Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Bamrasnaradura Infectious Diseases Institute, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand
| | - Pawita Suwanwattana
- Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Bamrasnaradura Infectious Diseases Institute, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand
| | - Krit Pongpirul
- Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Anan Jongkaewwattana
- Virology and Cell Technology Research Team, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
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