1
|
Vazão AR, Claudino L, Pimpinato PP, Sampaio LV, Fiais GA, de Freitas RN, Justo MP, Brito VGB, Oliveira SHP, Lima RR, Cintra LTÂ, Chaves-Neto AH. Experimental apical periodontitis alters salivary biochemical composition and induces local redox state disturbances in the salivary glands of male rats. Clin Oral Investig 2024; 28:154. [PMID: 38366095 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-024-05540-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective was to evaluate the effects of experimental apical periodontitis on the inflammatory, functional, biochemical, and redox parameters of the parotid and submandibular glands in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty 12-week-old male Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups (n = 10): a control group and apical periodontitis group. After 28 days, the saliva was collected for salivary flow rate and biochemistry composition. Both glands were sampled for quantification of the tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and biochemical analyses of redox state. RESULTS TNF-α concentrations were higher in both salivary glands adjacent to the periapical lesions in animals with apical periodontitis and also compared to the control group. The apical periodontitis group increased the salivary amylase, chloride, potassium, calcium, and phosphate. The total oxidant capacity increased in the parotid gland adjacent to the periapical lesions in the same rat and compared to the control group. Conversely, the total antioxidant capacity of the parotid glands on both sides in the apical periodontitis group was lower than that in the control group. Furthermore, glutathione peroxidase activity increased in the submandibular gland adjacent to the apical periodontitis group compared to the control group. CONCLUSIONS Experimental apical periodontitis alters salivary biochemical composition, in addition to increasing inflammatory marker and inducing local disturbances in the redox state in the parotid and submandibular glands of male rats. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Apical periodontitis could exacerbate the decline in oral health by triggering dysfunction in the salivary glands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arieli Raymundo Vazão
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba-UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba-UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lívia Claudino
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba-UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pedro Penati Pimpinato
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba-UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Larissa Victorino Sampaio
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba-UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas-SBFis, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba-UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Alice Fiais
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba-UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas-SBFis, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba-UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rayara Nogueira de Freitas
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba-UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba-UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Pagliusi Justo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba-UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba-UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Victor Gustavo Balera Brito
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas-SBFis, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba-UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandra Helena Penha Oliveira
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba-UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas-SBFis, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba-UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael Rodrigues Lima
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Luciano Tavares Ângelo Cintra
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba-UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba-UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio Hernandes Chaves-Neto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba-UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil.
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba-UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas-SBFis, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba-UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
de Freitas RN, da Silva LGL, Fiais GA, Ferreira DSDB, Veras ASC, Teixeira GR, Oliveira SHP, Dornelles RCM, Nakamune ACDMS, Fakhouri WD, Chaves-Neto AH. Alterations in salivary biochemical composition and redox state disruption induced by the anticonvulsant valproic acid in male rat salivary glands. Arch Oral Biol 2023; 155:105805. [PMID: 37741048 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2023.105805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of the anticonvulsant valproic acid (VPA) on salivary glands in male rat using biochemical, functional, histomorphometric, and redox state parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-four male Wistar rats were randomly distributed into three groups (n = 8 per group): Control (0.9% saline solution), VPA100 (100 mg/kg), and VPA400 (400 mg/kg). After 21 consecutive days of treatment with by intragastric gavage. Pilocarpine-induced saliva was collected to determine salivary flow rate, pH, buffering capacity, and biochemical composition. Analyses of histomorphometric parameters and redox balance markers were performed on the parotid and submandibular glands. RESULTS Salivary flow rate, pH, buffering capacity, total protein, potassium, sodium, and chloride were similar between groups. However, phosphate and calcium were reduced in VPA400, while amylase was increased in both VPA100 and VPA400. We did not detect significant differences in the areas of acini, ducts, and connective tissue in the salivary glands between the groups. There were no significant changes in the redox status of the submandibular glands. In turn, in the parotid glands we detected reduced total oxidizing capacity and lipid peroxidation, measured as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs) and higher uric acid concentration in both the VPA100 and VPA400 groups, and increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the VPA400 group. CONCLUSION Chronic treatment with VPA modified the salivary biochemical composition and caused disruption in the redox state of the parotid gland in rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rayara Nogueira de Freitas
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências - Saúde Bucal da Criança, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Gabriela Alice Fiais
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas - SBFis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Allice Santos Cruz Veras
- Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Technology and Sciences, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas - SBFis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giovana Rampazzo Teixeira
- Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Technology and Sciences, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas - SBFis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandra Helena Penha Oliveira
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas - SBFis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rita Cássia Menegati Dornelles
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas - SBFis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Walid D Fakhouri
- Center for Craniofacial Research, Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Antonio Hernandes Chaves-Neto
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências - Saúde Bucal da Criança, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas - SBFis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Expression of phosphate and calcium transporters and their regulators in parotid glands of mice. Pflugers Arch 2023; 475:203-216. [PMID: 36274099 PMCID: PMC9849193 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-022-02764-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The concentration of inorganic phosphate (Pi) in plasma is under hormonal control, with deviations from normal values promptly corrected to avoid hyper- or hypophosphatemia. Major regulators include parathyroid hormone (PTH), fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23), and active vitamin D3 (calcitriol). This control is achieved by mechanisms largely dependent on regulating intestinal absorption and renal excretion, whose combined actions stabilise plasma Pi levels at around 1-2 mM. Instead, Pi concentrations up to 13 and 40 mM have been measured in saliva from humans and ruminants, respectively, suggesting that salivary glands have the capacity to concentrate Pi. Here we analysed the transcriptome of parotid glands, ileum, and kidneys of mice, to investigate their potential differences regarding the expression of genes responsible for epithelial transport of Pi as well as their known regulators. Given that Pi and Ca2+ homeostasis are tightly connected, the expression of genes involved in Ca2+ homeostasis was also included. In addition, we studied the effect of vitamin D3 treatment on the expression of Pi and Ca2+ regulating genes in the three major salivary glands. We found that parotid glands are equipped preferentially with Slc20 rather than with Slc34 Na+/Pi cotransporters, are suited to transport Ca2+ through the transcellular and paracellular route and are potential targets for PTH and vitamin D3 regulation.
Collapse
|
4
|
Walker V, Vuister GW. Biochemistry and pathophysiology of the Transient Potential Receptor Vanilloid 6 (TRPV6) calcium channel. Adv Clin Chem 2023; 113:43-100. [PMID: 36858649 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2022.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
TRPV6 is a Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid (TRPV) cation channel with high selectivity for Ca2+ ions. First identified in 1999 in a search for the gene which mediates intestinal Ca2+ absorption, its far more extensive repertoire as a guardian of intracellular Ca2+ has since become apparent. Studies on TRPV6-deficient mice demonstrated additional important roles in placental Ca2+ transport, fetal bone development and male fertility. The first reports of inherited deficiency in newborn babies appeared in 2018, revealing its physiological importance in humans. There is currently strong evidence that TRPV6 also contributes to the pathogenesis of some common cancers. The recently reported association of TRPV6 deficiency with non-alcoholic chronic pancreatitis suggests a role in normal pancreatic function. Over time and with greater awareness of TRPV6, other disease-associations are likely to emerge. Powerful analytical tools have provided invaluable insights into the structure and operation of TRPV6. Its roles in Ca2+ signaling and carcinogenesis, and the use of channel inhibitors in cancer treatment are being intensively investigated. This review first briefly describes the biochemistry and physiology of the channel, and analytical methods used to investigate these. The focus subsequently shifts to the clinical disorders associated with abnormal expression and the underlying pathophysiology. The aims of this review are to increase awareness of this channel, and to draw together findings from a wide range of sources which may help to formulate new ideas for further studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Walker
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom.
| | - Geerten W Vuister
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cypriano ML, Dos Santos Ramos GHA, de Oliveira ACF, Dos Santos DR, Fiais GA, de Oliveira AP, Antoniali C, Dornelles RCM, de Melo Stevanato Nakamune AC, Chaves-Neto AH. Effect of testosterone replacement therapy and mate tea (Ilex paraguariensis) on biochemical, functional and redox parameters of saliva in orchiectomized rats. Arch Oral Biol 2021; 132:105289. [PMID: 34695671 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2021.105289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evaluate the effects of testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) and mate tea (MT) [Ilex paraguariensis] on biochemical, functional, and redox parameters of saliva in orchiectomized rats (ORX) DESIGN: Sixty young adult male Wistar rats (3 months old) were either castrated bilaterally or underwent fictitious surgery (SHAM) and were distributed into 5 groups: SHAM, ORX, TU (castrated rats that received a single intramuscular injection of testosterone undecanoate 100 mg/kg), MT (castrated rats that received MT 20 mg/kg, via intragastric gavage, daily), and TU + MT. All treatments started 4 weeks after castration (4 months old) and lasted 4 weeks (5 months old). At the end of treatment, pilocarpine-induced salivary secretion was collected to analyze salivary flow rate (SFR) and biochemistry composition through determination of total protein (TP), amylase (AMY), electrolyte, and biomarkers of oxidative stress. RESULTS ORX increased SFR, salivary buffering capacity, calcium, phosphate, chloride, total antioxidant capacity, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs), and carbonyl protein, reduced TP and AMY activity, and did not change pH, sodium, and potassium compared to SHAM. TU and TU+MT restored all salivary parameters to values of SHAM, while only TBARs and AMY returned to SHAM levels in the MT group. CONCLUSIONS TRT with long-acting TU restored the biochemical, functional, and redox parameters of saliva in orchiectomized rats. Although MT did not have a TRT-like effect on salivary gland function, the more effective reduction in lipid oxidative damage in the MT and TU + MT groups could be considered as adjuvant to alleviate the salivary oxidative stress induced by orchiectomy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Lima Cypriano
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas - SBFis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Damáris Raissa Dos Santos
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas - SBFis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Alice Fiais
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas - SBFis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Arthur Passos de Oliveira
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristina Antoniali
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas - SBFis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rita Cássia Menegati Dornelles
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas - SBFis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Cláudia de Melo Stevanato Nakamune
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas - SBFis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio Hernandes Chaves-Neto
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas - SBFis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chalazias A, Plemmenos G, Evangeliou E, Piperi C. Pivotal role of Transient Receptor Potential Channels in oral physiology. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:1408-1425. [PMID: 34365940 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210806113132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) Channels constitute a large family of non-selective permeable ion channels involved in the perception of environmental stimuli with a central and continuously expanding role in oral tissue homeostasis. Recent studies indicate the regulatory role of TRPs in pulp physiology, oral mucosa sensation, dental pain nociception and salivary gland secretion. This review provides an update on the diverse functions of TRP channels in the physiology of oral cavity, with emphasis on their cellular location, the underlying molecular mechanisms and clinical significance. METHODS A structured search of bibliographic databases (PubMed and MEDLINE) was performed for peer reviewed studies on TRP channels function on oral cavity physiology the last ten years. A qualitative content analysis was performed in screened papers and a critical discussion of main findings is provided. RESULTS TRPs expression has been detected in major cell types of the oral cavity, including odontoblasts, periodontal ligament, oral epithelial, salivary gland cells, and chondrocytes of temporomandibular joints, where they mediate signal perception and transduction of mechanical, thermal, and osmotic stimuli. They contribute to pulp physiology through dentin formation, mineralization, and periodontal ligament formation along with alveolar bone remodeling in dental pulp and periodontal ligament cells. TRPs are also involved in oral mucosa sensation, dental pain nociception, saliva secretion, swallowing reflex and temporomandibular joints' development. CONCLUSION Various TRP channels regulate oral cavity homeostasis, playing an important role in the transduction of external stimuli to intracellular signals in a cell type-specific manner and presenting promising drug targets for the development of pharmacological strategies to manage oral diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Chalazias
- School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 2 Thivon Str, Goudi, 115 27 Athens. Greece
| | - Grigorios Plemmenos
- School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 2 Thivon Str, Goudi, 115 27 Athens. Greece
| | - Evangelos Evangeliou
- School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 2 Thivon Str, Goudi, 115 27 Athens. Greece
| | - Christina Piperi
- School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 2 Thivon Str, Goudi, 115 27 Athens. Greece
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mao QY, Xie S, Wu LL, Xiang RL, Cai ZG. Aberrantly expressed lncRNAs and mRNAs after botulinum toxin type A inhibiting salivary secretion. Oral Dis 2020; 27:1171-1183. [PMID: 32892462 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this study, we sought to determine the expression profiles of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and construct functional networks to analyze their potential roles following botulinum toxin type A (BTXA)-mediated inhibition of salivary secretion. METHODS The submandibular gland of rats in the BTXA and control groups was injected with BTXA and saline, respectively. Microarray analysis was used to identify the differentially expressed lncRNAs and mRNAs. Gene ontology and pathway analysis were performed to examine the biological functions. Functional networks, including lncRNA-mRNA co-expression and competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks, were constructed to reveal the interaction between the coding and non-coding genes. RESULTS Microarray analysis revealed that 254 lncRNAs and 631 mRNAs were differentially expressed between the BTXA and control groups. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that most of the mRNAs were closely related to transmembrane transporter activity. lncRNA-mRNA co-expression and ceRNA networks were constructed, and several critical mRNA-lncRNA axes and key microRNAs related to salivary secretion were identified. CONCLUSIONS Our study identified differentially expressed lncRNAs and mRNAs through microarray analysis and explored the interactions between the coding and non-coding genes through bioinformatic analysis. These findings provide new insights into the mechanism of BTXA-mediated inhibition of salivary secretion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Ying Mao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Shang Xie
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Ling Wu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Ruo-Lan Xiang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Cai
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
Two decades ago a class of ion channels, hitherto unsuspected, was discovered. In mammals these Transient Receptor Potential channels (TRPs) have not only expanded in number (to 26 functional channels) but also expanded the view of our interface with the physical and chemical environment. Some are heat and cold sensors while others monitor endogenous and/or exogenous chemical signals. Some TRP channels monitor osmotic potential, and others measure cell movement, stretching, and fluid flow. Many TRP channels are major players in nociception and integration of pain signals. One member of the vanilloid sub-family of channels is TRPV6. This channel is highly selective for divalent cations, particularly calcium, and plays a part in general whole-body calcium homeostasis, capturing calcium in the gut from the diet. TRPV6 can be greatly elevated in a number of cancers deriving from epithelia and considerable study has been made of its role in the cancer phenotype where calcium control is dysfunctional. This review compiles and updates recent published work on TRPV6 as a promising drug target in a number of cancers including those afflicting breast, ovarian, prostate and pancreatic tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John M. Stewart
- Soricimed Biopharma Inc. 18 Botsford Street, Moncton, NB, Canada, E1C 4W7
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Koutlas IG, Dolan M, Lingen MW, Argyris PP. Plasmacytoid cells in salivary pleomorphic adenoma: an alternative interpretation of their immunohistochemical characteristics highlights function and capability for epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2019; 128:515-529. [PMID: 31400990 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2019.01.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Plasmacytoid cells (PLCs) in salivary pleomorphic adenoma (SPA) are regarded as modified neoplastic myoepithelia and define plasmacytoid myoepithelioma (pMYO). However, histochemically, immunohistochemically and ultrastructurally, PLCs fail to demonstrate frank myogenous properties. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) may explain the phenotypes in SPA. Our aim was to evaluate (1) PLCs with accepted or purported myoepithelial and EMT-related markers; and (2) pMYOs for PLAG1 aberrations by using fluorescence in situ hybridization. STUDY DESIGN Eight SPAs with or without PLC-predominance and 3 pMYOs were immunohistochemically studied. RESULTS PLCs in SPA and pMYO exhibited strong, scattered to diffuse positivity for K7, rare K14 positivity and were mostly negative for α-smooth muscle actin, h-caldesmon, and p63/p40. S100 staining was strong and diffuse, whereas calponin was variable. DOG1 was negative. PLCs in pMYO and PLC-rich SPA exhibited selective or diffuse WT1 and D2-40 immunoreactivity. EMT markers SNAIL/SLUG exhibited strong and variable immunoreactivity in PLCs in contrast to weak or absent E-cadherin expression. SOX10 was diffusely and strongly positive. PLAG1 rearrangement was present in 1 pMYO. CONCLUSIONS PLCs mostly fail to express myoepithelial markers; PLCs are neoplastic cells adapting to microenvironmental changes and capable of EMT; and tumors composed solely of PLCs are apparently SPAs depleted of a ductal component.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis G Koutlas
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Michelle Dolan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Mark W Lingen
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Prokopios P Argyris
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tachibana K, Suzuki H, Yamashita M, Yamamoto T. Distribution, nature, and origin of CXCL14-immunoreactive fibers in rat parotid gland. Neurosci Lett 2019; 704:21-27. [PMID: 30930077 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The distribution and nature of CXCL14-immunoreactive nerve fibers in salivary glands, especially the parotid gland was immunohistochemically investigated. Furthermore, the origin of parotid CXCL14-immunoreactive nerve fibers was determined by retrograde tracing experiments. CXCL14-immunoreactive nerve fibers were localized in the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands, particularly in the parotid gland. Double staining using identical sections revealed that a subpopulation of cells neuropeptide Y (NPY)-containing fibers was immunopositive for CXCL14 in the parotid gland. In the peripheral regions of acinar cells, CXCL14-immunoreactive fibers tended to coexist with NPY; however, perivascular NPY-immunoreactive fibers tended to be immunonegative for CXCL14. Parotid CXCL14-immunoreactive fibers were immunopositive for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) but immunonegative for choline acetyltransferase and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). After injection of horseradish peroxidase-labeled wheat germ agglutinin (WGA-HRP) in the parotid gland, retrogradely labeled neurons were seen in the superior cervical ganglion (SCG) and otic ganglion. Some of the WGA-immunoreactive somata in the SCG were immunopositive for CXCL14; however, no doubly-labeled somata were noted in the otic ganglion. These results indicate that CXCL14-immunoreactive nerve fibers originate in the SCG, and are sympathetic in nature. The coexistence of CXCL14 with NPY/TH suggests that CXCL14 may be associated with NPY/TH functions as a neuromodulatory chemokine in the parotid gland. The localization of CXCL14 nerve fibers around the acinar cells of the parotid gland indicates its involvement in acinar cell function, but not vasoconstriction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaname Tachibana
- Nittai Healthcare College Yoga 2-2-7, Setagaya, Tokyo 158-0087, Japan
| | - Hirohumi Suzuki
- Brain Functions and Neuroscience Division, Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, Inaoka-cho 82, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238-8580, Japan; Department of Biology, University of Teacher Education Fukuoka, Akamabunkyou-machi 1-1, Munakata, Fukuoka 811-4192, Japan
| | - Masako Yamashita
- Department of Dentistry, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Yamamoto
- Brain Functions and Neuroscience Division, Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, Inaoka-cho 82, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238-8580, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Shaalan A, Carpenter G, Proctor G. Inducible nitric oxide synthase-mediated injury in a mouse model of acute salivary gland dysfunction. Nitric Oxide 2018; 78:95-102. [PMID: 29885902 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
AIM Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is a key regulator of the innate immune system. The aim of the current study was to explore whether innate immune-mediated iNOS and reactive nitrogen species acutely perturb acinar cell physiology and calcium homeostasis of exocrine salivary tissues. METHODS Innate immunity in the submandibular gland of C57BL/6 mice was locally activated via intraductal retrograde infusion of polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly (I:C). Expressions of iNOS and the activity of the reactive nitrogen species peroxynitrite, were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Mice were pre-treated with the selective iNOS inhibitor aminoguanidine in order to substantiate the injurious effect of the nitrosative signal on the key calcium regulator sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA2b) and calcium signalling. RESULTS Challenging salivary gland innate immunity with poly (I:C) prompted upregulated expression of iNOS and the generation of peroxynitrite. Inhibition of iNOS/peroxynitrite revealed the role played by upregulated nitrosative signalling in: dysregulated expression of SERCA2b, perturbed calcium homeostasis and loss of saliva secretion. CONCLUSION iNOS mediates disruption of exocrine calcium signalling causing secretory dysfunction following activation of innate immunity in a novel salivary gland injury model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abeer Shaalan
- Mucosal and Salivary Biology, Dental Institute, King's College London, United Kingdom.
| | - Guy Carpenter
- Mucosal and Salivary Biology, Dental Institute, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Gordon Proctor
- Mucosal and Salivary Biology, Dental Institute, King's College London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kwon SM, Kim SA, Yoon JH, Yook JI, Ahn SG. Global analysis of gene expression profiles in the submandibular salivary gland of klotho knockout mice. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:3282-3294. [PMID: 28885690 PMCID: PMC5765504 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Salivary dysfunction commonly occurs in many older adults and is considered a physiological phenomenon. However, the genetic changes in salivary glands during aging have not been characterized. The present study analyzed the gene expression profile in salivary glands from accelerated aging klotho deficient mice (klotho−/−, 4 weeks old). Microarray analysis showed that 195 genes were differentially expressed (z‐score > 2 in two independent arrays) in klotho null mice compared to wild‐type mice. Importantly, alpha2‐Na+/K+‐ATPase (Atp1a2), Ca2+‐ATPase (Atp2a1), epidermal growth factor (EGF), and nerve growth factor (NGF), which have been suggested to be regulators of submandibular salivary gland function, were significantly decreased. When a network was constructed from the differentially expressed genes, proliferator‐activated receptor‐γ (PPAR γ), which regulates energy homeostasis and insulin sensitivity, was located at the core of the network. In addition, the expression of genes proposed to regulate various PPAR γ‐related cellular pathways, such as Klk1b26, Egfbp2, Cox8b, Gpx3, Fabp3, EGF, and NGFβ, was altered in the submandibular salivary glands of klotho−/− mice. Our results may provide clues for the identification of novel genes involved in salivary gland dysfunction. Further characterization of these differentially expressed genes will be useful in elucidating the genetic basis of aging‐related changes in the submandibular salivary gland.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Min Kwon
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, College of Dentistry, Wonkwang University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-A Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Oriental Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hoon Yoon
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, College of Dentistry, Wonkwang University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-In Yook
- Department of Oral Pathology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Gun Ahn
- Department of Pathology, College of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Shaddel M, Mirzaii-Dizgah I, Sharifi-Sarasiabi K, Kamali Z, Dastgheib M. Stimulated and Unstimulated Saliva Levels of Calcium and Magnesium in Giardiasis. Biol Trace Elem Res 2017; 179:8-12. [PMID: 28111708 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-017-0943-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Giardia lamblia causes malabsorption. The aim of this study was to evaluate serum and saliva calcium and magnesium levels in patients with giardiasis. Thirty patients with giardiasis as a case and 30 person without giardiasis as a control group were enrolled. The stimulated and unstimulated whole saliva and serum calcium and magnesium levels were assayed by Arsenazo reaction and xylidyl blue complex methods, respectively. Mean calcium and magnesium level was low in serum and stimulated saliva of case group than that of controls. However, they were higher in the unstimulated saliva of the case group. It is suggested that patients suffering from giardiasis have low calcium and magnesium levels, and they lose the most of calcium and magnesium by saliva during unstimulated condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minoo Shaddel
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Iraj Mirzaii-Dizgah
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Khojasteh Sharifi-Sarasiabi
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Zahra Kamali
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Stafford N, Wilson C, Oceandy D, Neyses L, Cartwright EJ. The Plasma Membrane Calcium ATPases and Their Role as Major New Players in Human Disease. Physiol Rev 2017; 97:1089-1125. [PMID: 28566538 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00028.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Ca2+ extrusion function of the four mammalian isoforms of the plasma membrane calcium ATPases (PMCAs) is well established. There is also ever-increasing detail known of their roles in global and local Ca2+ homeostasis and intracellular Ca2+ signaling in a wide variety of cell types and tissues. It is becoming clear that the spatiotemporal patterns of expression of the PMCAs and the fact that their abundances and relative expression levels vary from cell type to cell type both reflect and impact on their specific functions in these cells. Over recent years it has become increasingly apparent that these genes have potentially significant roles in human health and disease, with PMCAs1-4 being associated with cardiovascular diseases, deafness, autism, ataxia, adenoma, and malarial resistance. This review will bring together evidence of the variety of tissue-specific functions of PMCAs and will highlight the roles these genes play in regulating normal physiological functions and the considerable impact the genes have on human disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Stafford
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Wilson
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Delvac Oceandy
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Ludwig Neyses
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth J Cartwright
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Multifaceted plasma membrane Ca(2+) pumps: From structure to intracellular Ca(2+) handling and cancer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1863:1351-63. [PMID: 26707182 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Plasma membrane Ca(2+) ATPases (PMCAs) are intimately involved in the control of intracellular Ca(2+) concentration. They reduce Ca(2+) in the cytosol not only by direct ejection, but also by controlling the formation of inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate and decreasing Ca(2+) release from the endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) pool. In mammals four genes (PMCA1-4) are expressed, and alternative RNA splicing generates more than twenty variants. The variants differ in their regulatory characteristics. They localize into highly specialized membrane compartments and respond to the incoming Ca(2+) with distinct temporal resolution. The expression pattern of variants depends on cell type; a change in this pattern can result in perturbed Ca(2+) homeostasis and thus altered cell function. Indeed, PMCAs undergo remarkable changes in their expression pattern during tumorigenesis that might significantly contribute to the unbalanced Ca(2+) homeostasis of cancer cells. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Calcium and Cell Fate. Guest Editors: Jacques Haiech, Claus Heizmann, Joachim Krebs, Thierry Capiod and Olivier Mignen.
Collapse
|
16
|
Yang YM, Lee J, Jo H, Park S, Chang I, Muallem S, Shin DM. Homer2 protein regulates plasma membrane Ca²⁺-ATPase-mediated Ca²⁺ signaling in mouse parotid gland acinar cells. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:24971-9. [PMID: 25049230 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.577221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Homer proteins are scaffold molecules with a domain structure consisting of an N-terminal Ena/VASP homology 1 protein-binding domain and a C-terminal leucine zipper/coiled-coil domain. The Ena/VASP homology 1 domain recognizes proline-rich motifs and binds multiple Ca(2+)-signaling proteins, including G protein-coupled receptors, inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptors, ryanodine receptors, and transient receptor potential channels. However, their role in Ca(2+) signaling in nonexcitable cells is not well understood. In this study, we investigated the role of Homer2 on Ca(2+) signaling in parotid gland acinar cells using Homer2-deficient (Homer2(-/-)) mice. Homer2 is localized at the apical pole in acinar cells. Deletion of Homer2 did not affect inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor localization or channel activity and did not affect the expression and activity of sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase pumps. In contrast, Homer2 deletion markedly increased expression of plasma membrane Ca(2+)-ATPase (PMCA) pumps, in particular PMCA4, at the apical pole. Accordingly, Homer2 deficiency increased Ca(2+) extrusion by acinar cells. These findings were supported by co-immunoprecipitation of Homer2 and PMCA in wild-type parotid cells and transfected human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells. We identified a Homer-binding PPXXF-like motif in the N terminus of PMCA that is required for interaction with Homer2. Mutation of the PPXXF-like motif did not affect the interaction of PMCA with Homer1 but inhibited its interaction with Homer2 and increased Ca(2+) clearance by PMCA. These findings reveal an important regulation of PMCA by Homer2 that has a central role on PMCA-mediated Ca(2+) signaling in parotid acinar cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Mi Yang
- From the Department of Oral Biology, BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 120-752, Korea
| | - Jiae Lee
- From the Department of Oral Biology, BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 120-752, Korea
| | - Hae Jo
- the College of Life Sciences and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyunghee University, Global Campus, Gyeonggi 446-701, Korea, and
| | - Soonhong Park
- From the Department of Oral Biology, BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 120-752, Korea
| | - Inik Chang
- From the Department of Oral Biology, BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 120-752, Korea
| | - Shmuel Muallem
- the Epithelial Signaling and Transport Section, Molecular Physiology and Therapeutics Branch, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Dong Min Shin
- From the Department of Oral Biology, BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 120-752, Korea,
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
TRP channels: diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets for breast cancer? Trends Mol Med 2013; 19:117-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Revised: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
18
|
Bae JS, Koo NY, Namkoong E, Davies AJ, Choi SK, Shin Y, Jin M, Hwang SM, Mikoshiba K, Park K. Chaperone stress 70 protein (STCH) binds and regulates two acid/base transporters NBCe1-B and NHE1. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:6295-305. [PMID: 23303189 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.392001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulation of intracellular pH is critical for the maintenance of cell homeostasis in response to stress. We used yeast two-hybrid screening to identify novel interacting partners of the pH-regulating transporter NBCe1-B. We identified Hsp70-like stress 70 protein chaperone (STCH) as interacting with NBCe1-B at the N-terminal (amino acids 96-440) region. Co-injection of STCH and NBCe1-B cRNA into Xenopus oocytes significantly increased surface expression of NBCe1-B and enhanced bicarbonate conductance compared with NBCe1-B cRNA alone. STCH siRNA decreased the rate of Na(+)-dependent pHi recovery from NH4(+) pulse-induced acidification in an HSG (human submandibular gland ductal) cell line. We observed that in addition to NBCe1-B, Na(+)/H(+) exchanger (NHE)-dependent pHi recovery was also impaired by STCH siRNA and further confirmed the interaction of STCH with NHE1 but not plasma membrane Ca(2+) ATPase. Both NBCe1-B and NHE1 interactions were dependent on a specific 45-amino acid region of STCH. In conclusion, we identify a novel role of STCH in the regulation of pHi through site-specific interactions with NBCe1-B and NHE1 and subsequent modulation of membrane transporter expression. We propose STCH may play a role in pHi regulation at times of cellular stress by enhancing the recovery from intracellular acidification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Seok Bae
- Department of Physiology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University and Dental Research Institute, Seoul 110-749, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Bandyopadhyay BC, Swaim WD, Sarkar A, Liu X, Ambudkar IS. Extracellular Ca(2+) sensing in salivary ductal cells. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:30305-16. [PMID: 22778254 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.394122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Ca(2+) is secreted from the salivary acinar cells as an ionic constituent of primary saliva. Ions such as Na(+) and Cl(-) get reabsorbed whereas primary saliva flows through the salivary ductal system. Although earlier studies have shown that salivary [Ca(2+)] decreases as it flows down the ductal tree into the oral cavity, ductal reabsorption of Ca(2+) remains enigmatic. Here we report a potential role for the G protein-coupled receptor, calcium-sensing receptor (CSR), in the regulation of Ca(2+) reabsorption by salivary gland ducts. Our data show that CSR is present in the apical region of ductal cells where it is co-localized with transient receptor potential canonical 3 (TRPC3). CSR is activated in isolated salivary gland ducts as well as a ductal cell line (SMIE) by altering extracellular [Ca(2+)] or by aromatic amino acid, L-phenylalanine (L-Phe, endogenous component of saliva), as well as neomycin. CSR activation leads to Ca(2+) influx that, in polarized cells grown on a filter support, is initiated in the luminal region. We show that TRPC3 contributes to Ca(2+) entry triggered by CSR activation. Further, stimulation of CSR in SMIE cells enhances the CSR-TRPC3 association as well as surface expression of TRPC3. Together our findings suggest that CSR could serve as a Ca(2+) sensor in the luminal membrane of salivary gland ducts and regulate reabsorption of [Ca(2+)] from the saliva via TRPC3, thus contributing to maintenance of salivary [Ca(2+)]. CSR could therefore be a potentially important protective mechanism against formation of salivary gland stones (sialolithiasis) and infection (sialoadenitis).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bidhan C Bandyopadhyay
- Calcium Signaling Laboratory, Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC 20422, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Hubbard MJ, McHugh NJ, Mangum JE. Exclusion of all three calbindins from a calcium-ferry role in rat enamel cells. Eur J Oral Sci 2012; 119 Suppl 1:112-9. [PMID: 22243236 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2011.00890.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
It is widely accepted that healthy enamel formation depends on a steady supply of calcium, yet only fragmentary understanding exists about the mechanisms underlying transepithelial calcium transport. Several lines of evidence indicate that calcium principally follows a transcellular route, which classically is thought to be facilitated by cytosolic calcium-binding proteins termed calbindins. In enamel cells, however, this 'calcium-ferry' dogma appears to fail as we previously found that the major calbindin in murine enamel cells (calbindin-28 kDa) was down-regulated during the peak period of calcium transport and enamel was formed normally in mice lacking calbindin-28 kDa. It remains to be clarified whether the two other known calbindins could function as calcium ferries instead. This study used biochemical and proteomic approaches to obtain definitive identification and quantification of the 30-kDa calbindin (calretinin) and calbindin-9 kDa (S100-G) in enamel epithelium from rat. By establishing that both of these calbindins contribute insufficient calcium capacities in molars and incisors, our results render the calcium-ferry dogma untenable. Of significance to enamel defects and dental bioengineering, these findings support other evidence for an alternative organelle-based mode of calcium transport (calcium transcytosis) and also implicate S100-G/calbindin-9 kDa, but not calretinin, in a calcium-signaling role during enamel maturation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Hubbard
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Wojtkiewicz J, Juranek JK, Kowalski I, Bladowski M, Całka J, Majewski M. Immunohistochemical characterization of superior cervical ganglion neurons supplying porcine parotid salivary gland. Neurosci Lett 2011; 500:57-62. [PMID: 21683765 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.05.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The main goal of our study was to investigate the chemical coding of the superior cervical ganglion (SCG) sympathetic neurons supplying the porcine parotid gland. Additionally, the chemical nature of the vicinal nerve fibers surrounding the parotid SCG perikarya was investigated. Fast blue (FB) retrograde tracing of the parotid gland and immunofluorescent labelling of SCG neurons were studied in juvenile female pigs. Microscopic analysis revealed that only ipsilateral SCG neurons were retrogradely labelled. The labelled neurons formed a discrete cluster in the middle and caudal region of the ganglion. Immunofluorescent labelling revealed that virtually all of the FB-positive parotid gland neurons were immunoreactive to tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), confirming their sympathetic nature. In addition to TH, the majority of the FB-positive neurons were found to be immunoreactive to calbindin (CB) and to a lesser extent for neuropeptide Y (NPY), leu-enkephalin (LENK) and galanin (GAL). In the close proximity of the FB-traced perikarya, a large number of immunoreactive (IR) vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP-IR), pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP-IR), nitric oxide synthase (NOS-IR) processes were identified. Moreover, calcitonin gene related peptide-immunoreactive (CGRP-IR), substance P-immunoreactive (SP-IR), vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT-IR), calretinin (CRT-IR), GAL-IR, LENK-IR and CB-IR protrusions were observed. The results of the present study provide a detailed characteristic of the location and neurochemical coding of sympathetic SCG neurons innervating the parotid salivary gland of the pig and lay ground for more advanced, clinical studies on salivary gland innervations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Wojtkiewicz
- Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury, Warszawska 30, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Wu DM, Zhao D, Li DZ, Xu DY, Chu WF, Wang XF. Maslinic acid induces apoptosis in salivary gland adenoid cystic carcinoma cells by Ca2+-evoked p38 signaling pathway. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2011; 383:321-30. [PMID: 21279332 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-011-0598-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Maslinic acid (MA) is a triterpenoid with a high concentration that exists in olives. This natural compound, which has shown multiple biological activities, was proved to be an anti-tumoral agent more recently. We have investigated the mechanisms of MA with regard to its inhibitory effects on the growth of salivary gland adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC). We demonstrated that MA at 10-100 μM reduced cell viability in a dose-dependent manner, IC(50) of 43.68 μM, and 45.76 μM, respectively in cultured ACC-2 and ACC-M cells. Fifty micromolars of MA efficiently induced apoptosis as indicated by AO/EB staining, electronic microscopy, flow cytometry, and activation of caspase-3 activity. MA induced an elevation of [Ca(2+)](i) in a dose-dependent manner, and cell viability inhibition and cell apoptosis induced by MA were blocked by an intracellular Ca(2+) chelator, BAPTA-AM. The elevation of [Ca(2+)](i) induced by MA was blocked by EGTA or TRPV channel inhibitor suggesting TRPV channel involved in calcium influx induced by MA. MA also activated ERK and p38 MAPK in a time-dependent manner. MA induced cell apoptosis and activation of caspase-3 activity were reversed by SB203580, but not by PD98059, suggesting that the apoptosis induction of MA was via p38 MAPK, but not via ERK. Chelation of intracellular Ca(2+) with BAPTA reversed MA induced p38 MAPK phosphorylation, but SB203580 did not block MA-evoked elevation of [Ca(2+)](i), suggesting a Ca(2+)-evoked p38 MAPK signaling involved in MA-induced apoptosis in ACC cells. Taken together, in ACC cells, maslinic acid induced an increase in [Ca(2+)](i), which evoked p38 MAPK phosphorylation, subsequently activated caspase-3 leading to apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Mei Wu
- Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Peng JB. TRPV5 and TRPV6 in transcellular Ca(2+) transport: regulation, gene duplication, and polymorphisms in African populations. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2011; 704:239-75. [PMID: 21290300 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-0265-3_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
TRPV5 and TRPV6 are unique members of the TRP super family. They are highly selective for Ca(2+) ions with multiple layers of Ca(2+)-dependent inactivation mechanisms, expressed at the apical membrane of Ca(2+) transporting epithelia, and robustly responsive to 1,25-dihydroxivitamin D(3). These features are well suited for their roles as Ca(2+) entry channels in the first step of transcellular Ca(2+) transport pathways, which are involved in intestinal absorption, renal reabsorption of Ca(2+), placental transfer of Ca(2+) to fetus, and many other processes. While TRPV6 is more broadly expressed in a variety of tissues such as esophagus, stomach, small intestine, colon, kidney, placenta, pancreas, prostate, uterus, salivary gland, and sweat gland, TRPV5 expression is relatively restricted to the distal convoluted tubule and connecting tubule of the kidney. There is only one TRPV6-like gene in fish and birds in comparison to both TRPV5 and TRPV6 genes in mammals, indicating TRPV5 gene was likely generated from duplication of TRPV6 gene during the evolution of mammals to meet the needs of complex renal function. TRPV5 and TRPV6 are subjected to vigorous regulations under physiological, pathological, and therapeutic conditions. The elevated TRPV6 level in malignant tumors such as prostate and breast cancers makes it a potential therapeutic target. TRPV6, and to a lesser extent TRPV5, exhibit unusually high levels of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in African populations as compared to other populations, indicating TRPV6 gene was under selective pressure during or after humans migrated out of Africa. The SNPs of TRPV6 and TRPV5 likely contribute to the Ca(2+) conservation mechanisms in African populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Bin Peng
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research and Training Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Shi Y, Song M, Guo R, Wang H, Gao P, Shi W, Huang L. Knockdown of stromal interaction molecule 1 attenuates hepatocyte growth factor-induced endothelial progenitor cell proliferation. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2010; 235:317-25. [PMID: 20404049 DOI: 10.1258/ebm.2009.009237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased Ca(2+) entry through store-operated Ca(2+) channels (SOCCs) plays an essential role in the regulation of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)-induced cell proliferation. Stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) is thought to transmit endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca(2+) store depletion signals to the plasma membrane (PM), causing the opening of SOCCs in the PM. However, the relationship between HGF and STIM1 in endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) proliferation remains uncharacterized. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential involvement of STIM1 in HGF-induced EPC proliferation. For this purpose, we used cultured rat bone marrow-derived EPCs and found that HGF-induced EPC proliferation at low concentrations. Store-operated Ca(2+) entry (SOCE) was elevated in HGF-treated EPCs, and the SOCC inhibitors 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2-APB) and BTP-2 inhibited the HGF-induced proliferation response. Moreover, STIM1 mRNA and protein expression levels were increased in response to HGF stimulation and knockdown of STMI1 decreased SOCE and prevented HGF-induced EPC proliferation. In conclusion, our data suggest that HGF-induced EPC proliferation is mediated partly via activation of STIM1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yankun Shi
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Guo RW, Huang L. New insights into the activation mechanism of store-operated calcium channels: roles of STIM and Orai. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2009; 9:591-601. [PMID: 18763308 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b0820042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The activation of Ca2+ entry through store-operated channels by agonists that deplete Ca2+ from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a ubiquitous signaling mechanism, the molecular basis of which has remained elusive for the past two decades. Store-operated Ca2+-release-activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channels constitute the sole pathway for Ca2+ entry following antigen-receptor engagement. In a set of breakthrough studies over the past two years, stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1, the ER Ca2+ sensor) and Orai1 (a pore-forming subunit of the CRAC channel) have been identified. Here we review these recent studies and the insights they provide into the mechanism of store-operated Ca2+ channels (SOCCs).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui-wei Guo
- Department of Cardiovascular, Xinqiao Hospital, University of the Third Military Medical, Chongqing 400037, China.
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
VanHouten JN, Wysolmerski JJ. Transcellular calcium transport in mammary epithelial cells. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2007; 12:223-35. [PMID: 17999165 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-007-9057-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2007] [Accepted: 10/25/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The time-honored paradigm for mammary gland transepithelial calcium transport into milk is centered on the view that most, if not all, calcium enters milk through the secretory pathway, and no ionic calcium directly crosses the apical plasma membrane. Data from several recent studies all strongly suggest that most calcium, in fact, is extruded across the apical plasma membrane directly by the plasma membrane calcium-ATPase isoform 2 (PMCA2). In this review we break down transcellular calcium transport into the tasks of calcium entry, calcium sequestration and compartmentalization, and calcium extrusion. We compare and contrast the steps of calcium transport into milk by mammary epithelial cells, and the specific molecules that might perform these tasks, with well-characterized calcium transport mechanisms in other epithelia, such as the kidney, small intestine, and salivary gland. Finally, we suggest an updated model for calcium transport into milk that incorporates calcium transport across the apical plasma membrane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua N VanHouten
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 208020, New Haven, CT 06520-8020, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
VanHouten JN, Neville MC, Wysolmerski JJ. The calcium-sensing receptor regulates plasma membrane calcium adenosine triphosphatase isoform 2 activity in mammary epithelial cells: a mechanism for calcium-regulated calcium transport into milk. Endocrinology 2007; 148:5943-54. [PMID: 17823248 PMCID: PMC7108505 DOI: 10.1210/en.2007-0850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The calcium-sensing receptor (CaR) regulates transepithelial calcium transport into milk by mammary epithelial cells. Using a genome-wide screening strategy, we identified the plasma membrane calcium ATPase isoform 2 (PMCA2) as a potential downstream target of the CaR. We show that PMCA2 expression in the mouse mammary gland increases during lactation and that PMCA2 is localized solely to the apical plasma membrane of mammary epithelial cells. In milk from deafwaddler mice, which have mutations in the gene encoding PMCA2, calcium concentrations were reduced, confirming its importance in calcium transport into milk. Furthermore, in cultured primary and EpH4 mouse mammary epithelial cells, CaR stimulation up-regulated calcium-dependent ATPase activity in plasma membrane preparations. By small interfering RNA-mediated gene knockdown of PMCA2, we show that PMCA2 accounts for the preponderance of calcium-ATPase activity. We also show that reduction of CaR expression with small interfering RNA eliminates the ability of extracellular calcium to elicit an increase in calcium-dependent ATPase activity in EpH4 cell membranes. These results demonstrate that activation of the CaR increases PMCA2 activity in mouse mammary epithelial cells, providing a mechanism for the regulation of transepithelial calcium transport by calcium in the lactating mouse mammary gland.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua N VanHouten
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8020, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
The progress in discerning the structure and function of cells and tissues in health and disease has been achieved to a large extent by the continued development of new reagents for histochemistry, the improvement of existing techniques and new imaging techniques. This review will highlight some advancements made in these fields.
Collapse
|
29
|
Kriegs JO, Homann V, Kinne-Saffran E, Kinne RKH. Identification and subcellular localization of paracellin-1 (claudin-16) in human salivary glands. Histochem Cell Biol 2007; 128:45-53. [PMID: 17551748 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-007-0291-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/27/2007] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Salivary calcium plays an important role in the pathogenesis of dental caries and the bio-mineralization of dental enamel and exposed dentin. The cellular and molecular basis of calcium secretion by the human salivary glands is, however, poorly understood. Recently a transcellular transport of calcium by the acinus cells has been proposed. In this paper we looked for evidence for paracellular calcium transport by investigating the presence and cellular localization of paracellin-1 (claudin-16) that has been implied in paracellular magnesium and calcium transport in the kidney. At the mRNA level, using RT-PCR with primers of appropriate sequence, paracellin-1 mRNA could be found in human Glandula parotis, Glandula submandibularis, Glandula labialis and Glandula sublingualis samples. In addition, a splice variant was detected in three out of 15 glands consisting of exons one and five of the paracellin gene. In immunohistochemical studies paracellin-1 colocalised in the salivary excretory ducts with the tight junction proteins ZO-1 and occludin suggesting a potential role in paracellular calcium and magnesium transport. In the acini no such colocalisation was observed; paracellin was instead detected at the basal poles of the cells, between cells of the same acinus as well as between cells of neighboring acini. At this location paracellin-1 might act as selectivity filter for the paracellular movement of ions and water during stimulated secretion. Thus, both in the ducts and in the acini a paracellular transport of calcium appears possible. Whether it occurs at all and the extent to which it contributes to the overall salivary calcium secretion remains, however, to be determined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Ole Kriegs
- Department of Epithelial Cell Physiology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Str. 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Arnold WH, Gaengler P. Quantitative analysis of the calcium and phosphorus content of developing and permanent human teeth. Ann Anat 2007; 189:183-90. [PMID: 17419551 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2006.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
It was the aim of this study to investigate the distribution of Ca, P and C in predentin, dentin and enamel in human tooth buds and permanent teeth by EDX element analysis. The mandible of a 16-week-old human fetus containing eight mineralizing tooth buds and three human permanent molars were fixed in formaldehyde and embedded in Technovit 9100. Serial sections of 80 microm thickness of the mandible were cut in the frontal-dorsal direction, and polarized light micrographs were taken of these sections. The permanent teeth were cut in mesio-distal direction. The sections were investigated with scanning electron microscopy and EDX element analysis with a Philips XL 30 FEG scanning microscope and an EDAX energy-dispersive X-ray system using spot measurements, EDX line-scans and element mapping. Quantitative measurements were made in predentin, mineralizing dentin adjacent to predentin, mature dentin, mineralizing enamel and young enamel of developing teeth and mature enamel of permanent teeth. In developing teeth the Ca and P content increased rapidly from outer predentin towards mineralizing dentin. In enamel prisms of developing teeth the Ca and P content increased linearly from the surface towards the enamel-dentin junction. In permanent teeth only a small layer of predentin was found. The Ca and P content in enamel and circumpulpal dentin of permanent teeth was higher than in developing teeth. The Ca/P ratio differed between predentin and dentin areas reflecting different calcium phosphate compositions, but it was the same in mineralizing and young enamel. The differences in the distribution of Ca and P reflect different mineralizing patterns of the enamel and dentin matrices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W H Arnold
- Department of Anatomy, University of Witten/Herdecke, 58448 Witten, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Taatjes DJ, Zuber C, Roth J. The histochemistry and cell biology vade mecum: a review of 2005–2006. Histochem Cell Biol 2006; 126:743-88. [PMID: 17149649 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-006-0253-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/03/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The procurement of new knowledge and understanding in the ever expanding discipline of cell biology continues to advance at a breakneck pace. The progress in discerning the physiology of cells and tissues in health and disease has been driven to a large extent by the continued development of new probes and imaging techniques. The recent introduction of semi-conductor quantum dots as stable, specific markers for both fluorescence light microscopy and electron microscopy, as well as a virtual treasure-trove of new fluorescent proteins, has in conjunction with newly introduced spectral imaging systems, opened vistas into the seemingly unlimited possibilities for experimental design. Although it oftentimes proves difficult to predict what the future will hold with respect to advances in disciplines such as cell biology and histochemistry, it is facile to look back on what has already occurred. In this spirit, this review will highlight some advancements made in these areas in the past 2 years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas J Taatjes
- Department of Pathology, Microscopy Imaging Center, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|