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Thomas M, Varlas S, Wilks TR, Fielden SDP, O'Reilly RK. Controlled node growth on the surface of polymersomes. Chem Sci 2024; 15:4396-4402. [PMID: 38516085 PMCID: PMC10952076 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05915d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Incorporating nucleobases into synthetic polymers has proven to be a versatile method for controlling self-assembly. The formation of strong directional hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleobases provides a driving force that permits access to complex particle morphologies. Here, nucleobase pairing was used to direct the formation and lengthening of nodes on the outer surface of vesicles formed from polymers (polymersomes) functionalised with adenine in their membrane-forming domains. Insertion of a self-assembling short diblock copolymer containing thymine into the polymersome membranes caused an increase in steric crowding at the hydrophilic/hydrophobic interface, which was relieved by initial node formation and subsequent growth. Nano-objects were imaged by (cryo-)TEM, which permitted quantification of node coverage and length. The ability to control node growth on the surface of polymersomes provides a new platform to develop higher-order nanomaterials with tailorable properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjolaine Thomas
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham Edgbaston Birmingham B15 2TT UK
| | - Spyridon Varlas
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham Edgbaston Birmingham B15 2TT UK
| | - Thomas R Wilks
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham Edgbaston Birmingham B15 2TT UK
| | - Stephen D P Fielden
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham Edgbaston Birmingham B15 2TT UK
| | - Rachel K O'Reilly
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham Edgbaston Birmingham B15 2TT UK
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2
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Tojima T, Suda Y, Jin N, Kurokawa K, Nakano A. Spatiotemporal dissection of the Golgi apparatus and the ER-Golgi intermediate compartment in budding yeast. eLife 2024; 13:e92900. [PMID: 38501165 PMCID: PMC10950332 DOI: 10.7554/elife.92900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Cargo traffic through the Golgi apparatus is mediated by cisternal maturation, but it remains largely unclear how the cis-cisternae, the earliest Golgi sub-compartment, is generated and how the Golgi matures into the trans-Golgi network (TGN). Here, we use high-speed and high-resolution confocal microscopy to analyze the spatiotemporal dynamics of a diverse set of proteins that reside in and around the Golgi in budding yeast. We find many mobile punctate structures that harbor yeast counterparts of mammalian endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC) proteins, which we term 'yeast ERGIC'. It occasionally exhibits approach and contact behavior toward the ER exit sites and gradually matures into the cis-Golgi. Upon treatment with the Golgi-disrupting agent brefeldin A, the ERGIC proteins form larger aggregates corresponding to the Golgi entry core compartment in plants, while cis- and medial-Golgi proteins are absorbed into the ER. We further analyze the dynamics of several late Golgi proteins to better understand the Golgi-TGN transition. Together with our previous studies, we demonstrate a detailed spatiotemporal profile of the entire cisternal maturation process from the ERGIC to the Golgi and further to the TGN.
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Grants
- KAKENHI 19K06669 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- KAKENHI 19H04764 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- KAKENHI 22K06213 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- CREST JPMJCR21E3 Japan Science and Technology Agency
- KAKENHI 17H06420 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- KAKENHI 18H05275 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- KAKENHI 23H00382 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuro Tojima
- Live Cell Super-Resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced PhotonicsWakoJapan
| | - Yasuyuki Suda
- Live Cell Super-Resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced PhotonicsWakoJapan
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of TsukubaTsukubaJapan
| | - Natsuko Jin
- Live Cell Super-Resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced PhotonicsWakoJapan
| | - Kazuo Kurokawa
- Live Cell Super-Resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced PhotonicsWakoJapan
| | - Akihiko Nakano
- Live Cell Super-Resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced PhotonicsWakoJapan
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3
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Li Z, Chen R, Wen Y, Liu H, Chen Y, Wu X, Yang Y, Wu X, Zhou Y, Liu J. Comprehensive analysis of the UDP-glucuronate decarboxylase (UXS) gene family in tobacco and functional characterization of NtUXS16 in Golgi apparatus in Arabidopsis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:551. [PMID: 37936064 PMCID: PMC10631120 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04575-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND UDP-glucuronate decarboxylase (also named UXS) converts UDP-glucuronic acid (UDP-GlcA) to UDP-xylose (UDP-Xyl) by decarboxylation of the C6-carboxylic acid of glucuronic acid. UDP-Xyl is an important sugar donor that is required for the synthesis of plant cell wall polysaccharides. RESULTS In this study, we first carried out the genome-wide identification of NtUXS genes in tobacco. A total of 17 NtUXS genes were identified, which could be divided into two groups (Group I and II), and the Group II UXSs can be further divided into two subgroups (Group IIa and IIb). Furthermore, the protein structures, intrachromosomal distributions and gene structures were thoroughly analyzed. To experimentally verify the subcellular localization of NtUXS16 protein, we transformed tobacco BY-2 cells with NtUXS16 fused to the monomeric red fluorescence protein (mRFP) at the C terminus under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter. The fluorescent signals of NtUXS16-mRFP were localized to the medial-Golgi apparatus. Contrary to previous predictions, protease digestion analysis revealed that NtUXS16 is not a type II membrane protein. Overexpression of NtUXS16 in Arabidopsis seedling in darkness led to a significant increase in hypocotyl length and a reduction in root length compared with the wild type. In summary, these results suggest Golgi apparatus localized-NtUXS16 plays an important role in hypocotyl and root growth in the dark. CONCLUSION Our findings facilitate our understanding of the novel functions of NtUXS16 and provide insights for further exploration of the biological roles of NtUXS genes in tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Li
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Runping Chen
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yufang Wen
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Hanxiang Liu
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yangyang Chen
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wu
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Youxin Yang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Postharvest Technology and Nondestructive Testing of Fruits & Vegetables, Collaborative Innovation Center of Post-Harvest Key Technology and Quality Safety of Fruits and Vegetables, College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xinru Wu
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Yong Zhou
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China.
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China.
| | - Jianping Liu
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China.
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4
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Lai CC, Chiu WY, Chen YT, Wu CL, Lee FJS. The SNARE-associated protein Sft2 functions in Imh1-mediated SNARE recycling transport upon ER stress. Mol Biol Cell 2023; 34:ar112. [PMID: 37610835 PMCID: PMC10559307 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e23-01-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Vesicular trafficking involving SNARE proteins play a crucial role in the delivery of cargo to the target membrane. Arf-like protein 1 (Arl1) is an important regulator of the endosomal trans-Golgi network (TGN) and secretory trafficking. In yeast, ER stress-enhances Arl1 activation and Golgin Imh1 recruitment to the late-Golgi. Although Arl1 and Imh1 are critical for GARP-mediated endosomal SNARE-recycling transport in response to ER stress, their downstream effectors are unknown. Here, we report that the SNARE-associated protein Sft2 acts downstream of the Arl1-Imh1 axis to regulate SNARE recycling upon ER stress. We first demonstrated that Sft2 is required for Tlg1/Snc1 SNARE-recycling transport under tunicamycin-induced ER stress. Interestingly, we found that Imh1 regulates Tlg2 retrograde transport to the late-Golgi under ER stress, which in turn is required for Sft2 targeting to the late-Golgi. We further showed that Sft2 with 40 amino acids deleted from the N-terminus exhibits defective mediation of SNARE recycling and decreased association with Tlg1 under ER stress. Finally, we demonstrated that Sft2 is required for GARP-dependent endosome-to-Golgi transport in the absence of Rab protein Ypt6. This study highlights Sft2 as a critical downstream effector of the Arl1-Imh1 axis, mediating the endosome-to-Golgi transport of SNAREs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Chi Lai
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10002, Taiwan
- Center of Precision Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10002, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Yun Chiu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10002, Taiwan
- Center of Precision Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10002, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Ting Chen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10002, Taiwan
- Center of Precision Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10002, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Lu Wu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10002, Taiwan
- Center of Precision Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10002, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Jen S. Lee
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10002, Taiwan
- Center of Precision Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10002, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan
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5
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Bravo-Plaza I, Tagua VG, Arst HN, Alonso A, Pinar M, Monterroso B, Galindo A, Peñalva MA. The Uso1 globular head interacts with SNAREs to maintain viability even in the absence of the coiled-coil domain. eLife 2023; 12:e85079. [PMID: 37249218 PMCID: PMC10275640 DOI: 10.7554/elife.85079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Uso1/p115 and RAB1 tether ER-derived vesicles to the Golgi. Uso1/p115 contains a globular-head-domain (GHD), a coiled-coil (CC) mediating dimerization/tethering, and a C-terminal region (CTR) interacting with golgins. Uso1/p115 is recruited to vesicles by RAB1. Genetic studies placed Uso1 paradoxically acting upstream of, or in conjunction with RAB1 (Sapperstein et al., 1996). We selected two missense mutations in uso1 resulting in E6K and G540S in the GHD that rescued lethality of rab1-deficient Aspergillus nidulans. The mutations are phenotypically additive, their combination suppressing the complete absence of RAB1, which emphasizes the key physiological role of the GHD. In living hyphae Uso1 recurs on puncta (60 s half-life) colocalizing partially with the Golgi markers RAB1, Sed5, and GeaA/Gea1/Gea2, and totally with the retrograde cargo receptor Rer1, consistent with Uso1 dwelling in a very early Golgi compartment from which ER residents reaching the Golgi recycle back to the ER. Localization of Uso1, but not of Uso1E6K/G540S, to puncta is abolished by compromising RAB1 function, indicating that E6K/G540S creates interactions bypassing RAB1. That Uso1 delocalization correlates with a decrease in the number of Gea1 cisternae supports that Uso1-and-Rer1-containing puncta are where the protein exerts its physiological role. In S-tag-coprecipitation experiments, Uso1 is an associate of the Sed5/Bos1/Bet1/Sec22 SNARE complex zippering vesicles with the Golgi, with Uso1E6K/G540S showing a stronger association. Using purified proteins, we show that Bos1 and Bet1 bind the Uso1 GHD directly. However, Bet1 is a strong E6K/G540S-independent binder, whereas Bos1 is weaker but becomes as strong as Bet1 when the GHD carries E6K/G540S. G540S alone markedly increases GHD binding to Bos1, whereas E6K causes a weaker effect, correlating with their phenotypic contributions. AlphaFold2 predicts that G540S increases the binding of the GHD to the Bos1 Habc domain. In contrast, E6K lies in an N-terminal, potentially alpha-helical, region that sensitive genetic tests indicate as required for full Uso1 function. Remarkably, this region is at the end of the GHD basket opposite to the end predicted to interact with Bos1. We show that, unlike dimeric full-length and CTR∆ Uso1 proteins, the GHD lacking the CC/CTR dimerization domain, whether originating from bacteria or Aspergillus extracts and irrespective of whether it carries or not E6K/G540S, would appear to be monomeric. With the finding that overexpression of E6K/G540S and wild-type GHD complement uso1∆, our data indicate that the GHD monomer is capable of providing, at least partially, the essential Uso1 functions, and that long-range tethering activity is dispensable. Rather, these findings strongly suggest that the essential role of Uso1 involves the regulation of SNAREs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Bravo-Plaza
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, CSIC Centro de Investigaciones BiológicasMadridSpain
| | - Victor G Tagua
- Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de CandelariaSanta Cruz de TenerifeSpain
| | - Herbert N Arst
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Flowers Building, Imperial CollegeLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Ana Alonso
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, CSIC Centro de Investigaciones BiológicasMadridSpain
| | - Mario Pinar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, CSIC Centro de Investigaciones BiológicasMadridSpain
| | - Begoña Monterroso
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, CSIC Centro de Investigaciones BiológicasMadridSpain
| | - Antonio Galindo
- Division of Cell Biology, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick AvenueCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Miguel A Peñalva
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, CSIC Centro de Investigaciones BiológicasMadridSpain
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6
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Choi W, Kang S, Kim J. New insights into the role of the Golgi apparatus in the pathogenesis and therapeutics of human diseases. Arch Pharm Res 2022; 45:671-692. [PMID: 36178581 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-022-01408-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The Golgi apparatus is an essential cellular organelle that mediates homeostatic functions, including vesicle trafficking and the post-translational modification of macromolecules. Its unique stacked structure and dynamic functions are tightly regulated, and several Golgi proteins play key roles in the functioning of unconventional protein secretory pathways triggered by cellular stress responses. Recently, an increasing number of studies have implicated defects in Golgi functioning in human diseases such as cancer, neurodegenerative, and immunological disorders. Understanding the extraordinary characteristics of Golgi proteins is important for elucidating its associated intracellular signaling mechanisms and has important ramifications for human health. Therefore, analyzing the mechanisms by which the Golgi participates in disease pathogenesis may be useful for developing novel therapeutic strategies. This review articulates the structural features and abnormalities of the Golgi apparatus reported in various diseases and the suspected mechanisms underlying the Golgi-associated pathologies. Furthermore, we review the potential therapeutic strategies based on Golgi function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wooseon Choi
- Department of Pharmacology, Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, Korea
| | - Shinwon Kang
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jiyoon Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, Korea.
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7
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Sahu P, Balakrishnan A, Di Martino R, Luini A, Russo D. Role of the Mosaic Cisternal Maturation Machinery in Glycan Synthesis and Oncogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:842448. [PMID: 35465326 PMCID: PMC9019784 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.842448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumorigenesis is associated with the deregulation of multiple processes, among which the glycosylation of lipids and proteins is one of the most extensively affected. However, in most cases, it remains unclear whether aberrant glycosylation is a cause, a link in the pathogenetic chain, or a mere consequence of tumorigenesis. In other cases, instead, studies have shown that aberrant glycans can promote oncogenesis. To comprehend how aberrant glycans are generated it is necessary to clarify the underlying mechanisms of glycan synthesis at the Golgi apparatus, which are still poorly understood. Important factors that determine the glycosylation potential of the Golgi apparatus are the levels and intra-Golgi localization of the glycosylation enzymes. These factors are regulated by the process of cisternal maturation which transports the cargoes through the Golgi apparatus while retaining the glycosylation enzymes in the organelle. This mechanism has till now been considered a single, house-keeping and constitutive function. Instead, we here propose that it is a mosaic of pathways, each controlling specific set of functionally related glycosylation enzymes. This changes the conception of cisternal maturation from a constitutive to a highly regulated function. In this new light, we discuss potential new groups oncogenes among the cisternal maturation machinery that can contribute to aberrant glycosylation observed in cancer cells. Further, we also discuss the prospects of novel anticancer treatments targeting the intra-Golgi trafficking process, particularly the cisternal maturation mechanism, to control/inhibit the production of pro-tumorigenic glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - A. Luini
- *Correspondence: A. Luini, ; D. Russo,
| | - D. Russo
- *Correspondence: A. Luini, ; D. Russo,
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8
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Hornak I, Rieger H. Stochastic model of T Cell repolarization during target elimination (II). Biophys J 2022; 121:1246-1265. [PMID: 35196513 PMCID: PMC9034251 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (T cells) and natural killer cells form a tight contact, the immunological synapse (IS), with target cells, where they release their lytic granules containing perforin/granzyme and cytokine-containing vesicles. During this process the cell repolarizes and moves the microtubule organizing center (MTOC) toward the IS. In the first part of our work we developed a computational model for the molecular-motor-driven motion of the microtubule cytoskeleton during T cell polarization and analyzed the effects of cortical-sliding and capture-shrinkage mechanisms. Here we use this model to analyze the dynamics of the MTOC repositioning in situations in which 1) the IS is in an arbitrary position with respect to the initial position of the MTOC and 2) the T cell has two IS at two arbitrary positions. In the case of one IS, we found that the initial position determines which mechanism is dominant and that the time of repositioning does not rise monotonously with the MTOC-IS distance. In the case of two IS, we observe several scenarios that have also been reported experimentally: the MTOC alternates stochastically (but with a well-defined average transition time) between the two IS; it wiggles in between the two IS without transiting to one of the two; or it is at some point pulled to one of the two IS and stays there. Our model allows one to predict which scenario emerges in dependency of the mechanisms in action and the number of dyneins present. We report that the presence of capture-shrinkage mechanism in at least one IS is necessary to assure the transitions in every cell configuration. Moreover, the frequency of transitions does not decrease with the distance between the two IS and is the highest when both mechanisms are present in both IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Hornak
- Department of Theoretical Physics, Center for Biophysics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Heiko Rieger
- Department of Theoretical Physics, Center for Biophysics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
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9
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Cheung AY, Cosgrove DJ, Hara-Nishimura I, Jürgens G, Lloyd C, Robinson DG, Staehelin LA, Weijers D. A rich and bountiful harvest: Key discoveries in plant cell biology. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:53-71. [PMID: 34524464 PMCID: PMC8773953 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The field of plant cell biology has a rich history of discovery, going back to Robert Hooke's discovery of cells themselves. The development of microscopes and preparation techniques has allowed for the visualization of subcellular structures, and the use of protein biochemistry, genetics, and molecular biology has enabled the identification of proteins and mechanisms that regulate key cellular processes. In this review, seven senior plant cell biologists reflect on the development of this research field in the past decades, including the foundational contributions that their teams have made to our rich, current insights into cell biology. Topics covered include signaling and cell morphogenesis, membrane trafficking, cytokinesis, cytoskeletal regulation, and cell wall biology. In addition, these scientists illustrate the pathways to discovery in this exciting research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Y Cheung
- Author for correspondence: (A.Y.C.), (D.J.C.), (I.H.N.), (G.J.), (C.L.), (D.G.R.), (L.A.S.) (D.W.)
| | - Daniel J Cosgrove
- Author for correspondence: (A.Y.C.), (D.J.C.), (I.H.N.), (G.J.), (C.L.), (D.G.R.), (L.A.S.) (D.W.)
| | | | - Gerd Jürgens
- Author for correspondence: (A.Y.C.), (D.J.C.), (I.H.N.), (G.J.), (C.L.), (D.G.R.), (L.A.S.) (D.W.)
| | - Clive Lloyd
- Author for correspondence: (A.Y.C.), (D.J.C.), (I.H.N.), (G.J.), (C.L.), (D.G.R.), (L.A.S.) (D.W.)
| | - David G Robinson
- Author for correspondence: (A.Y.C.), (D.J.C.), (I.H.N.), (G.J.), (C.L.), (D.G.R.), (L.A.S.) (D.W.)
| | - L Andrew Staehelin
- Author for correspondence: (A.Y.C.), (D.J.C.), (I.H.N.), (G.J.), (C.L.), (D.G.R.), (L.A.S.) (D.W.)
| | - Dolf Weijers
- Author for correspondence: (A.Y.C.), (D.J.C.), (I.H.N.), (G.J.), (C.L.), (D.G.R.), (L.A.S.) (D.W.)
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10
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Kang BH, Anderson CT, Arimura SI, Bayer E, Bezanilla M, Botella MA, Brandizzi F, Burch-Smith TM, Chapman KD, Dünser K, Gu Y, Jaillais Y, Kirchhoff H, Otegui MS, Rosado A, Tang Y, Kleine-Vehn J, Wang P, Zolman BK. A glossary of plant cell structures: Current insights and future questions. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:10-52. [PMID: 34633455 PMCID: PMC8846186 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In this glossary of plant cell structures, we asked experts to summarize a present-day view of plant organelles and structures, including a discussion of outstanding questions. In the following short reviews, the authors discuss the complexities of the plant cell endomembrane system, exciting connections between organelles, novel insights into peroxisome structure and function, dynamics of mitochondria, and the mysteries that need to be unlocked from the plant cell wall. These discussions are focused through a lens of new microscopy techniques. Advanced imaging has uncovered unexpected shapes, dynamics, and intricate membrane formations. With a continued focus in the next decade, these imaging modalities coupled with functional studies are sure to begin to unravel mysteries of the plant cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Ho Kang
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell & Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Charles T Anderson
- Department of Biology and Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 USA
| | - Shin-ichi Arimura
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Emmanuelle Bayer
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR 5200, Villenave d'Ornon F-33140, France
| | - Magdalena Bezanilla
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
| | - Miguel A Botella
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortifruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora,” Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Universidad de Málaga, Málaga 29071, Spain
| | - Federica Brandizzi
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Lab, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Tessa M Burch-Smith
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | - Kent D Chapman
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203, USA
| | - Kai Dünser
- Faculty of Biology, Chair of Molecular Plant Physiology (MoPP) University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
- Center for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies (CIBSS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Yangnan Gu
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Yvon Jaillais
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes (RDP), Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, Lyon, France
| | - Helmut Kirchhoff
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
| | - Marisa S Otegui
- Department of Botany and Center for Quantitative Cell Imaging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Abel Rosado
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Yu Tang
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Jürgen Kleine-Vehn
- Faculty of Biology, Chair of Molecular Plant Physiology (MoPP) University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
- Center for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies (CIBSS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Pengwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Bethany Karlin Zolman
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri, St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63121, USA
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11
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Abstract
Fluorescent tools have emerged as an important tool for studying the distinct chemical microenvironments of organelles, due to their high specificity and ability to be used in non-destructive, live cellular studies. These tools fall largely in two categories: exogenous fluorescent dyes, or endogenous labels such as genetically encoded fluorescent proteins. In both cases, the probe must be targeted to the organelle of interest. To date, many organelle-targeted fluorescent tools have been reported and used to uncover new information about processes that underpin health and disease. However, the majority of these tools only apply a handful of targeting groups, and less-studied organelles have few robust targeting strategies. While the development of new, robust strategies is difficult, it is essential to develop such strategies to allow for the development of new tools and broadening the effective study of organelles. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the major targeting strategies for both endogenous and exogenous fluorescent cargo, outlining the specific challenges for targeting each organelle type and as well as new developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarun Lin
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute (Sydney Nano), The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Kylie Yang
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - Elizabeth J New
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute (Sydney Nano), The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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12
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Nordgaard C, Tollenaere MAX, Val AMD, Bekker-Jensen DB, Blasius M, Olsen JV, Bekker-Jensen S. Regulation of the Golgi Apparatus by p38 and JNK Kinases during Cellular Stress Responses. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9595. [PMID: 34502507 PMCID: PMC8431686 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
p38 and c-Jun N-terninal kinase (JNK) are activated in response to acute stress and inflammatory signals. Through modification of a plethora of substrates, these kinases profoundly re-shape cellular physiology for the optimal response to a harmful environment and/or an inflammatory state. Here, we utilized phospho-proteomics to identify several hundred substrates for both kinases. Our results indicate that the scale of signaling from p38 and JNK are of a similar magnitude. Among the many new targets, we highlight the regulation of the transcriptional regulators grb10-interacting GYF protein 1 and 2 (GIGYF1/2) by p38-dependent MAP kinase-activated protein kinase 2 (MK2) phosphorylation and 14-3-3 binding. We also show that the Golgi apparatus contains numerous substrates, and is a major target for regulation by p38 and JNK. When activated, these kinases mediate structural rearrangement of the Golgi apparatus, which positively affects protein flux through the secretory system. Our work expands on our knowledge about p38 and JNK signaling with important biological ramifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathrine Nordgaard
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (C.N.); (M.A.X.T.); (M.B.)
| | - Maxim A. X. Tollenaere
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (C.N.); (M.A.X.T.); (M.B.)
- LEO Pharma A/S, Industriparken 55, 2750 Ballerup, Denmark
| | - Ana Martinez Del Val
- Mass Spectrometry for Quantitative Proteomics, Proteomics Program, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (A.M.D.V.); (D.B.B.-J.); (J.V.O.)
| | - Dorte B. Bekker-Jensen
- Mass Spectrometry for Quantitative Proteomics, Proteomics Program, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (A.M.D.V.); (D.B.B.-J.); (J.V.O.)
| | - Melanie Blasius
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (C.N.); (M.A.X.T.); (M.B.)
| | - Jesper V. Olsen
- Mass Spectrometry for Quantitative Proteomics, Proteomics Program, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (A.M.D.V.); (D.B.B.-J.); (J.V.O.)
| | - Simon Bekker-Jensen
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (C.N.); (M.A.X.T.); (M.B.)
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13
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Kang Y, Liu J, Jiang Y, Yin S, Huang Z, Zhang Y, Wu J, Chen L, Shao L. Understanding the interactions between inorganic-based nanomaterials and biological membranes. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 175:113820. [PMID: 34087327 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The interactions between inorganic-based nanomaterials (NMs) and biological membranes are among the most important phenomena for developing NM-based therapeutics and resolving nanotoxicology. Herein, we introduce the structural and functional effects of inorganic-based NMs on biological membranes, mainly the plasma membrane and the endomembrane system, with an emphasis on the interface, which involves highly complex networks between NMs and biomolecules (such as membrane proteins and lipids). Significant efforts have been devoted to categorizing and analyzing the interaction mechanisms in terms of the physicochemical characteristics and biological effects of NMs, which can directly or indirectly influence the effects of NMs on membranes. Importantly, we summarize that the biological membranes act as platforms and thereby mediate NMs-immune system contacts. In this overview, the existing challenges and potential applications in the areas are addressed. A strong understanding of the discussed concepts will promote therapeutic NM designs for drug delivery systems by leveraging the NMs-membrane interactions and their functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyuan Kang
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Yanping Jiang
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Suhan Yin
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Zhendong Huang
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yanli Zhang
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Junrong Wu
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Lili Chen
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Longquan Shao
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Guangzhou 510515, China.
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14
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Zhang X. Alterations of Golgi Structural Proteins and Glycosylation Defects in Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:665289. [PMID: 34055798 PMCID: PMC8149618 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.665289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
As the central hub in the secretory and endocytic pathways, the Golgi apparatus continually receives the flow of cargos and serves as a major processing station in the cell. Due to its dynamic nature, a sophisticated and constantly remodeling mechanism needs to be set up to maintain the Golgi architecture and function in the non-stop trafficking of proteins and lipids. Abundant evidence has been accumulated that a well-organized Golgi structure is required for its proper functions, especially protein glycosylation. Remarkably, altered glycosylation has been a hallmark of most cancer cells. To understand the causes of Golgi defects in cancer, efforts have been made to characterize Golgi structural proteins under physiological and pathological conditions. This review summarizes the current knowledge of crucial Golgi structural proteins and their connections with tumor progression. We foresee that understanding the Golgi structural and functional defects may help solve the puzzle of whether glycosylation defect is a cause or effect of oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zhang
- College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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15
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Aw R, De Wachter C, Laukens B, De Rycke R, De Bruyne M, Bell D, Callewaert N, Polizzi KM. Knockout of RSN1, TVP18 or CSC1-2 causes perturbation of Golgi cisternae in Pichia pastoris. Traffic 2020; 22:48-63. [PMID: 33263222 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The structural organization of the Golgi stacks in mammalian cells is intrinsically linked to function, including glycosylation, but the role of morphology is less clear in lower eukaryotes. Here we investigated the link between the structural organization of the Golgi and secretory pathway function using Pichia pastoris as a model system. To unstack the Golgi cisternae, we disrupted 18 genes encoding proteins in the secretory pathway without loss of viability. Using biosensors, confocal microscopy and transmission electron microscopy we identified three strains with irreversible perturbations in the stacking of the Golgi cisternae, all of which had disruption in genes that encode proteins with annotated function as or homology to calcium/calcium permeable ion channels. Despite this, no variation in the secretory pathway for ER size, whole cell glycomics or recombinant protein glycans was observed. Our investigations showed the robust nature of the secretory pathway in P. pastoris and suggest that Ca2+ concentration, homeostasis or signalling may play a significant role for Golgi stacking in this organism and should be investigated in other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rochelle Aw
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Imperial College Centre for Synthetic Biology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charlot De Wachter
- VIB-UGent, Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bram Laukens
- VIB-UGent, Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Riet De Rycke
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology and Expertise Centre for Transmission Electron Microscopy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Center for Inflammation Research and BioImaging Core, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Michiel De Bruyne
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology and Expertise Centre for Transmission Electron Microscopy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Center for Inflammation Research and BioImaging Core, Ghent, Belgium
| | - David Bell
- Section for Structural Biology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,London Biofoundry, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nico Callewaert
- VIB-UGent, Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karen M Polizzi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Imperial College Centre for Synthetic Biology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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16
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Vagne Q, Vrel JP, Sens P. A minimal self-organisation model of the Golgi apparatus. eLife 2020; 9:47318. [PMID: 32755543 PMCID: PMC7406241 DOI: 10.7554/elife.47318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The design principles dictating the spatio-temporal organisation of eukaryotic cells, and in particular the mechanisms controlling the self-organisation and dynamics of membrane-bound organelles such as the Golgi apparatus, remain elusive. Although this organelle was discovered 120 years ago, such basic questions as whether vesicular transport through the Golgi occurs in an anterograde (from entry to exit) or retrograde fashion are still strongly debated. Here, we address these issues by studying a quantitative model of organelle dynamics that includes: de-novo compartment generation, inter-compartment vesicular exchange, and biochemical conversion of membrane components. We show that anterograde or retrograde vesicular transports are asymptotic behaviors of a much richer dynamical system. Indeed, the structure and composition of cellular compartments and the directionality of vesicular exchange are intimately linked. They are emergent properties that can be tuned by varying the relative rates of vesicle budding, fusion and biochemical conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Vagne
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jean-Patrick Vrel
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 168, F-75005, Paris, France.,UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 168, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Sens
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 168, F-75005, Paris, France.,UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 168, F-75005, Paris, France
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17
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Rui Q, Wang J, Li Y, Tan X, Bao Y. Arabidopsis COG6 is essential for pollen tube growth and Golgi structure maintenance. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 528:447-452. [PMID: 32499114 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.05.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The conserved oligomeric Golgi (COG) complex, which consists of eight subunits named COG1-COG8, is highly conserved with homologous subunits present in most eukaryotic species. In yeast and mammalian, the COG complex has been implicated in the tethering of retrograde intra-Golgi vesicles. Although homologs of COG subunits have been identified in Arabidopsis, the functions of the complex and its subunits remain to be fully elucidated. In this study, we have utilized genetic and cytologic approaches to characterize the role of the COG6 subunit. We showed that a mutation in COG6 caused male transmission defect due to aberrant pollen tube growth. At the subcellular level, Golgi bodies exhibited altered morphology in cog6 pollen and cell wall components were incorrectly deposited in pollen tubes. COG6 fused to green fluorescent protein (GFP), which complemented the aberrant growth of cog6 pollen tubes, was localized to the Golgi apparatus. We propose that COG6, as a subunit of the COG complex, modulates Golgi morphology and vesicle trafficking homeostasis during pollen tube growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingchen Rui
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Junxia Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanbin Li
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyun Tan
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiqun Bao
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.
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18
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Nuccitelli R, McDaniel A, Connolly R, Zelickson B, Hartman H. Nano-Pulse Stimulation Induces Changes in the Intracellular Organelles in Rat Liver Tumors Treated In Situ. Lasers Surg Med 2020; 52:882-889. [PMID: 32220023 PMCID: PMC7586959 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.23239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives Nano‐pulse stimulation (NPS) therapy is the application of ultrafast pulses of high amplitude electrical energy to tissues to influence cell function. Unique characteristics of these pulses enable electric field penetration into the interior of cells and organelles to generate transient nanopores in both organelle and plasma membranes. The purpose of this study is to document the temporal and physical changes in intracellular organelles following NPS therapy using electron microscopy. Study Design/Materials and Methods Liver tumors were induced in five buffalo rats by implanting syngeneic McA‐RH7777 hepatocellular carcinoma cells into the surgically exposed livers. Tumors were allowed to grow for 1 week and then the surgically exposed livers were treated in situ with NPS energy delivered at a sufficient level to trigger regulated cell death in the tumor. Samples of NPS‐treated and control tissue were removed and fixed for electron microscopy at 1 minute, 5 minutes, 30 minutes, 2 hours and 4 hours after exposure. Results Measurements of cellular organelles indicate strong swelling following NPS therapy exposure compared with untreated controls. The mean diameter of the mitochondria increased by 55% within 1 minute and then by 2.5‐fold by 2 hours post‐NPS therapy. The rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) cisternae swelled immediately after NPS therapy with reduced swelling by 30 minutes and loss of structural integrity by 2 hours. The Golgi apparatus appears swollen in images collected 1 and 5 minutes after NPS therapy and was no longer detected at 30 minutes and 2 hours post‐NPS therapy. By 4 hours after NPS therapy, a nascent Golgi apparatus was detected in many of the images. The plasma membrane lost its well‐defined morphology and became less linear, exhibiting discontinuities as early as 1 minute post‐NPS energy exposure and the nuclear envelope became subjectively less distinct over time. Conclusions NPS therapy at sufficient energy levels causes the rapid swelling of organelles, disintegration of the RER, breaks in the plasma membrane and blurs the borders of the nuclear envelope. These changes in the mitochondria and RER are indicative of a regulated cell death process. These immediate physical changes to vital cell organelles are likely to trigger subsequent regulated cell death mechanisms observed in other studies of NPS therapy. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2020 The Authors. Lasers in Surgery and Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amanda McDaniel
- Pulse Biosciences, 3957 Point Eden Way, Hayward, California, 94545
| | - Richard Connolly
- Pulse Biosciences, 3957 Point Eden Way, Hayward, California, 94545
| | - Brian Zelickson
- Zel Skin and Laser Specialists, 4100 W 50th St, Edina, Minnesota, 55424
| | - Holly Hartman
- Pulse Biosciences, 3957 Point Eden Way, Hayward, California, 94545
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19
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Hornak I, Rieger H. Stochastic Model of T Cell Repolarization during Target Elimination I. Biophys J 2020; 118:1733-1748. [PMID: 32130873 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (T) and natural killer cells are the main cytotoxic killer cells of the human body to eliminate pathogen-infected or tumorigenic cells (i.e., target cells). Once a natural killer or T cell has identified a target cell, they form a tight contact zone, the immunological synapse (IS). One then observes a repolarization of the cell involving the rotation of the microtubule (MT) cytoskeleton and a movement of the MT organizing center (MTOC) to a position that is just underneath the plasma membrane at the center of the IS. Concomitantly, a massive relocation of organelles attached to MTs is observed, including the Golgi apparatus, lytic granules, and mitochondria. Because the mechanism of this relocation is still elusive, we devise a theoretical model for the molecular-motor-driven motion of the MT cytoskeleton confined between plasma membrane and nucleus during T cell polarization. We analyze different scenarios currently discussed in the literature, the cortical sliding and capture-shrinkage mechanisms, and compare quantitative predictions about the spatiotemporal evolution of MTOC position and MT cytoskeleton morphology with experimental observations. The model predicts the experimentally observed biphasic nature of the repositioning due to an interplay between MT cytoskeleton geometry and motor forces and confirms the dominance of the capture-shrinkage over the cortical sliding mechanism when the MTOC and IS are initially diametrically opposed. We also find that the two mechanisms act synergistically, thereby reducing the resources necessary for repositioning. Moreover, it turns out that the localization of dyneins in the peripheral supramolecular activation cluster facilitates their interaction with the MTs. Our model also opens a way to infer details of the dynein distribution from the experimentally observed features of the MT cytoskeleton dynamics. In a subsequent publication, we will address the issue of general initial configurations and situations in which the T cell established two ISs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Hornak
- Center for Biophysics (ZBP) and Department of Theoretical Physics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Heiko Rieger
- Center for Biophysics (ZBP) and Department of Theoretical Physics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.
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20
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Abstract
The Golgi apparatus has intrigued researchers since its discovery and despite the advances, there are still many open questions in regards to its shape and function. We propose a mechanical model of Golgi apparatus stack and explain its most elementary geometrical properties: the equilibrium number of cisternae, the stack size, and its general equilibrium shape. Combining both analytical and numerical methods we successfully reconstruct the stack morphology within the theory of bending elasticity. We demonstrate that energy-wise the stack prefers an overall bent shape and show strong evidence that the adhesion strength determines the equilibrium number of cisternae per stack. We explore the morphological role of fenestrations and discuss their impact on the overall stack structure. We also comment on the effects of the asymmetry in the composition of membrane leaflets on the shape of the cisternae and thus offer a broad steady-state study of the stack morphology and present a method that can be used also for other membrane-bound organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Jelerčič
- Department of Theoretical Physics, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia. Current affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering and Ilse Kats Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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21
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A signal motif retains Arabidopsis ER-α-mannosidase I in the cis-Golgi and prevents enhanced glycoprotein ERAD. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3701. [PMID: 31420549 PMCID: PMC6697737 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11686-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The Arabidopsis ER-α-mannosidase I (MNS3) generates an oligomannosidic N-glycan structure that is characteristically found on ER-resident glycoproteins. The enzyme itself has so far not been detected in the ER. Here, we provide evidence that in plants MNS3 exclusively resides in the Golgi apparatus at steady-state. Notably, MNS3 remains on dispersed punctate structures when subjected to different approaches that commonly result in the relocation of Golgi enzymes to the ER. Responsible for this rare behavior is an amino acid signal motif (LPYS) within the cytoplasmic tail of MNS3 that acts as a specific Golgi retention signal. This retention is a means to spatially separate MNS3 from ER-localized mannose trimming steps that generate the glycan signal required for flagging terminally misfolded glycoproteins for ERAD. The physiological importance of the very specific MNS3 localization is demonstrated here by means of a structurally impaired variant of the brassinosteroid receptor BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1. The Arabidopsis ER-α-mannosidase I MNS3 generates N-glycan structures typical of ER-resident glycoproteins. Here Schoberer et al. identify a novel motif that anchors MNS3 to the cis-Golgi, spatially separating MNS3 from ER-localized mannose trimming associated with the ER-associated degradation pathway.
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22
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Pantazopoulou A, Glick BS. A Kinetic View of Membrane Traffic Pathways Can Transcend the Classical View of Golgi Compartments. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:153. [PMID: 31448274 PMCID: PMC6691344 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A long-standing assumption is that the cisternae of the Golgi apparatus can be grouped into functionally distinct compartments, yet the molecular identities of those compartments have not been clearly described. The concept of a compartmentalized Golgi is challenged by the cisternal maturation model, which postulates that cisternae form de novo and then undergo progressive biochemical changes. Cisternal maturation can potentially be reconciled with Golgi compartmentation by defining compartments as discrete kinetic stages in the maturation process. These kinetic stages are distinguished by the traffic pathways that are operating. For example, a major transition occurs when a cisterna stops producing COPI vesicles and begins producing clathrin-coated vesicles. This transition separates one kinetic stage, the "early Golgi," from a subsequent kinetic stage, the "late Golgi" or "trans-Golgi network (TGN)." But multiple traffic pathways drive Golgi maturation, and the periods of operation for different traffic pathways can partially overlap, so there is no simple way to define a full set of Golgi compartments in terms of kinetic stages. Instead, we propose that the focus should be on the series of transitions experienced by a Golgi cisterna as various traffic pathways are switched on and off. These traffic pathways drive changes in resident transmembrane protein composition. Transitions in traffic pathways seem to be the fundamental, conserved determinants of Golgi organization. According to this view, the initial goal is to identify the relevant traffic pathways and place them on the kinetic map of Golgi maturation, and the ultimate goal is to elucidate the logic circuit that switches individual traffic pathways on and off as a cisterna matures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Areti Pantazopoulou
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Benjamin S Glick
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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23
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Tojima T, Suda Y, Ishii M, Kurokawa K, Nakano A. Spatiotemporal dissection of the trans-Golgi network in budding yeast. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.231159. [PMID: 31289195 PMCID: PMC6703704 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.231159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The trans-Golgi network (TGN) acts as a sorting hub for membrane traffic. It receives newly synthesized and recycled proteins, and sorts and delivers them to specific targets such as the plasma membrane, endosomes and lysosomes/vacuoles. Accumulating evidence suggests that the TGN is generated from the trans-most cisterna of the Golgi by maturation, but the detailed transition processes remain obscure. Here, we examine spatiotemporal assembly dynamics of various Golgi/TGN-resident proteins in budding yeast by high-speed and high-resolution spinning-disk confocal microscopy. The Golgi–TGN transition gradually proceeds via at least three successive stages: the ‘Golgi stage’ where glycosylation occurs; the ‘early TGN stage’, which receives retrograde traffic; and the ‘late TGN stage’, where transport carriers are produced. During the stage transition periods, earlier and later markers are often compartmentalized within a cisterna. Furthermore, for the late TGN stage, various types of coat/adaptor proteins exhibit distinct assembly patterns. Taken together, our findings characterize the identity of the TGN as a membrane compartment that is structurally and functionally distinguishable from the Golgi. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper. Highlighted Article: The TGN displays two sub-stages of maturation: ‘early TGN’, when retrograde traffic is received, and ‘late TGN’, when transport carriers are produced. At the late TGN, various coat/adaptor proteins exhibit distinct assembly dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuro Tojima
- Live Cell Super-Resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Suda
- Live Cell Super-Resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.,Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Midori Ishii
- Live Cell Super-Resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Kazuo Kurokawa
- Live Cell Super-Resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Akihiko Nakano
- Live Cell Super-Resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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Zhao SB, Suda Y, Nakanishi H, Wang N, Yoko-O T, Gao XD, Fujita M. Yeast Dop1 is required for glycosyltransferase retrieval from the trans-Golgi network. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2019; 1863:1147-1157. [PMID: 30981741 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycosyltransferases are type II membrane proteins that are responsible for glycan modification of proteins and lipids, and localize to distinct cisternae in the Golgi apparatus. During cisternal maturation, retrograde trafficking helps maintain the steady-state localization of these enzymes in the sub-compartments of the Golgi. METHODS To understand how glycosyltransferases are recycled in the late Golgi complex, we searched for genes that are essential for budding yeast cell growth and that encode proteins localized in endosomes and in the Golgi. We specifically analyzed the roles of Dop1 and its binding partner Neo1 in retaining Golgi-resident glycosyltransferases, in the late Golgi complex. RESULTS Dop1 primarily localized to younger compartments of the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and seemed to cycle within the TGN. In contrast, Neo1, a P4-ATPase that interacts with Dop1, localized to the TGN. Abolition of DOP1 expression led to defects in the FM4-64 endocytic pathway. Dop1 and Neo1 were required for correct glycosylation of invertase, a secretory protein, at the Golgi. In DOP1-shutdown cells, Och1, a mannosyltransferase that is typically located in the cis-Golgi, mislocalized to the TGN. In addition, the function of multiple glycosyltransferases required for N- and O-glycosylation were impaired in DOP1-shutdown cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that Dop1 is involved in vesicular transport at the TGN, and is critical for retrieving glycosyltransferases from the TGN to the Golgi in yeast. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Golgi-resident glycosyltransferases recycling from the TGN to the Golgi is dependent on Dop1 and the P4-ATPase Neo1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen-Bao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Yasuyuki Suda
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan; Live Cell Super-Resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hideki Nakanishi
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Takehiko Yoko-O
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
| | - Xiao-Dong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
| | - Morihisa Fujita
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
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Casler JC, Papanikou E, Barrero JJ, Glick BS. Maturation-driven transport and AP-1-dependent recycling of a secretory cargo in the Golgi. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:1582-1601. [PMID: 30858194 PMCID: PMC6504904 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201807195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Golgi cisternal maturation model predicts that secretory cargo proteins should be continuously present within the cisternae while resident Golgi proteins come and go. Casler et al. verify this prediction by tracking the passage of a fluorescent secretory cargo through the yeast Golgi. Golgi cisternal maturation has been visualized by fluorescence imaging of individual cisternae in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, but those experiments did not track passage of a secretory cargo. The expectation is that a secretory cargo will be continuously present within maturing cisternae as resident Golgi proteins arrive and depart. We tested this idea using a regulatable fluorescent secretory cargo that forms ER-localized aggregates, which dissociate into tetramers upon addition of a ligand. The solubilized tetramers rapidly exit the ER and then transit through early and late Golgi compartments before being secreted. Early Golgi cisternae form near the ER and become loaded with the secretory cargo. As predicted, cisternae contain the secretory cargo throughout the maturation process. An unexpected finding is that a burst of intra-Golgi recycling delivers additional secretory cargo molecules to cisternae during the early-to-late Golgi transition. This recycling requires the AP-1 adaptor, suggesting that AP-1 can recycle secretory cargo proteins as well as resident Golgi proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason C Casler
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Effrosyni Papanikou
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Juan J Barrero
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Benjamin S Glick
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
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MFSC: Multi-voting based feature selection for classification of Golgi proteins by adopting the general form of Chou's PseAAC components. J Theor Biol 2019; 463:99-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2018.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Weill U, Arakel EC, Goldmann O, Golan M, Chuartzman S, Munro S, Schwappach B, Schuldiner M. Toolbox: Creating a systematic database of secretory pathway proteins uncovers new cargo for COPI. Traffic 2019. [PMID: 29527758 PMCID: PMC5947560 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A third of yeast genes encode for proteins that function in the endomembrane system. However, the precise localization for many of these proteins is still uncertain. Here, we visualized a collection of ~500 N‐terminally, green fluorescent protein (GFP), tagged proteins of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. By co‐localizing them with 7 known markers of endomembrane compartments we determined the localization for over 200 of them. Using this approach, we create a systematic database of the various secretory compartments and identify several new residents. Focusing in, we now suggest that Lam5 resides in contact sites between the endoplasmic reticulum and the late Golgi. Additionally, analysis of interactions between the COPI coat and co‐localizing proteins from our screen identifies a subset of proteins that are COPI‐cargo. In summary, our approach defines the protein roster within each compartment enabling characterization of the physical and functional organization of the endomembrane system and its components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uri Weill
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Eric C Arakel
- Universitätsmedizin Göttingen Institut für Molekularbiologie Humboldtallee 23, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Omer Goldmann
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Matan Golan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Silvia Chuartzman
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Sean Munro
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Blanche Schwappach
- Universitätsmedizin Göttingen Institut für Molekularbiologie Humboldtallee 23, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany.,Max-Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Maya Schuldiner
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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Lee JH, Kim J, Park J, Heo WD, Lee GM. Analysis of Golgi pH in Chinese hamster ovary cells using ratiometric pH‐sensitive fluorescent proteins. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:1006-1016. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jong Hyun Lee
- Department of Biological SciencesKAISTDaejeon Republic of Korea
| | - Jihoon Kim
- Department of Biological SciencesKAISTDaejeon Republic of Korea
| | - Jong‐Ho Park
- Department of Biological SciencesKAISTDaejeon Republic of Korea
| | - Won Do Heo
- Department of Biological SciencesKAISTDaejeon Republic of Korea
| | - Gyun Min Lee
- Department of Biological SciencesKAISTDaejeon Republic of Korea
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29
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Liu J, He J, Huang Y, Xiao H, Jiang Z, Hu Z. The Golgi apparatus in neurorestoration. JOURNAL OF NEURORESTORATOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.26599/jnr.2019.9040017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The central role of the Golgi apparatus in critical cellular processes such as the transport, processing, and sorting of proteins and lipids has placed it at the forefront of cell science. Golgi apparatus dysfunction caused by primary defects within the Golgi or pharmacological and oxidative stress has been implicated in a wide range of neurodegenerative diseases. In addition to participating in disease progression, the Golgi apparatus plays pivotal roles in angiogenesis, neurogenesis, and synaptogenesis, thereby promoting neurological recovery. In this review, we focus on the functions of the Golgi apparatus and its mediated events during neurorestoration.
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Qiu K, Chen Y, Rees TW, Ji L, Chao H. Organelle-targeting metal complexes: From molecular design to bio-applications. Coord Chem Rev 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2017.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Hernández-González M, Bravo-Plaza I, de Los Ríos V, Pinar M, Pantazopoulou A, Peñalva MA. COPI localizes to the early Golgi in Aspergillus nidulans. Fungal Genet Biol 2018; 123:78-86. [PMID: 30550852 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Coatomer-I (COPI) is a heteromeric protein coat that facilitates the budding of membranous carriers mediating Golgi-to-ER and intra-Golgi transport. While the structural features of COPI have been thoroughly investigated, its physiological role is insufficiently understood. Here we exploit the amenability of A. nidulans for studying intracellular traffic, taking up previous studies by Breakspear et al. (2007) with the α-COP/CopA subunit of COPI. Endogenously tagged α-COP/CopA largely localizes to SedVSed5 syntaxin-containing early Golgi cisterna, and acute inactivation of ER-to-Golgi traffic delocalizes COPI to a haze, consistent with the cisternal maturation model. In contrast, the Golgi localization of COPI is independent of the TGN regulators HypBSec7 and HypATrs120, implying that COPI budding predominates at the SedVSed5 early Golgi, with lesser contribution of the TGN. This finding agrees with the proposed role of COPI-mediated intra-Golgi retrograde traffic in driving cisternal maturation, which predicts that the capacity of the TGN to generate COPI carriers is low. The COPI early Golgi compartments intimately associates with Sec13-containing ER exit sites. Characterization of the heat-sensitive copA1ts (sodVIC1) mutation showed that it results in a single residue substitution in the ε-COP-binding Carboxyl-Terminal-Domain of α-COP that likely destabilizes its folding. However, we show that Golgi disorganization by copA1ts necessitates >150 min-long incubation at 42 °C. This weak subcellular phenotype makes it unsuitable for inactivating COPI traffic acutely for microscopy studies, and explains the aneuploidy-stabilizing role of the mutation at subrestrictive temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Hernández-González
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, Madrid 28040, Spain; Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, Gibbet Hill Road, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK(1)
| | - Ignacio Bravo-Plaza
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Vivian de Los Ríos
- Proteomics and Genomics Facility, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Mario Pinar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Areti Pantazopoulou
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, Madrid 28040, Spain; Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, United States(1).
| | - Miguel A Peñalva
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, Madrid 28040, Spain.
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Gergely ZR, Martinez DE, Donohoe BS, Mogelsvang S, Herder R, Staehelin LA. 3D electron tomographic and biochemical analysis of ER, Golgi and trans Golgi network membrane systems in stimulated Venus flytrap ( Dionaea muscipula) glandular cells. JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH (THESSALONIKE, GREECE) 2018; 25:15. [PMID: 30116723 PMCID: PMC6083566 DOI: 10.1186/s40709-018-0086-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The insect-trapping leaves of Dionaea muscipula provide a model for studying the secretory pathway of an inducible plant secretory system. The leaf glands were induced with bovine serum albumin to secrete proteases that were characterized via zymogram activity gels over a 6-day period. The accompanying morphological changes of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi were analyzed using 3D electron tomography of glands preserved by high-pressure freezing/freeze substitution methods. RESULTS Secretion of multiple cysteine and aspartic proteases occurred biphasically. The majority of the Golgi was organized in clusters consisting of 3-6 stacks surrounded by a cage-like system of ER cisternae. In these clusters, all Golgi stacks were oriented with their cis-most C1 cisterna facing an ER export site. The C1 Golgi cisternae varied in size and shape consistent with the hypothesis that they form de novo. Following induction, the number of ER-bound polysomes doubled, but no increase in COPII vesicles was observed. Golgi changes included a reduction in the number of cisternae per stack and a doubling of cisternal volume without increased surface area. Polysaccharide molecules that form the sticky slime cause swelling of the trans and trans Golgi network (TGN) cisternae. Peeling of the trans-most cisternae gives rise to free TGN cisternae. One day after gland stimulation, the free TGNs were frequently associated with loose groups of oriented actin-like filaments which were not seen in any other samples. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the secretory apparatus of resting gland cells is "overbuilt" to enable the cells to rapidly up-regulate lytic enzyme production and secretion in response to prey trapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary R. Gergely
- MCD Biology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Campus Box 347, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
| | - Dana E. Martinez
- Instituto de Fisiología Vegetal (INFIVE), Universidad Nacional de La Plata–CONICET CC 327, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Bryon S. Donohoe
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO 80401 USA
| | - Soren Mogelsvang
- Exxel Pharma, Inc, 12635 E Montview Blvd, Suite 100, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| | - Rachel Herder
- Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati, One Market Plaza, Spear Tower, Ste 3300, San Francisco, CA 94105 USA
| | - L. Andrew Staehelin
- MCD Biology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Campus Box 347, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
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Saraste J, Marie M. Intermediate compartment (IC): from pre-Golgi vacuoles to a semi-autonomous membrane system. Histochem Cell Biol 2018; 150:407-430. [PMID: 30173361 PMCID: PMC6182704 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-018-1717-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite its discovery more than three decades ago and well-established role in protein sorting and trafficking in the early secretory pathway, the intermediate compartment (IC) has remained enigmatic. The prevailing view is that the IC evolved as a specialized organelle to mediate long-distance endoplasmic reticulum (ER)–Golgi communication in metazoan cells, but is lacking in other eukaryotes, such as plants and fungi. However, this distinction is difficult to reconcile with the high conservation of the core machineries that regulate early secretory trafficking from yeast to man. Also, it has remained unclear whether the pleiomorphic IC components—vacuoles, tubules and vesicles—represent transient transport carriers or building blocks of a permanent pre-Golgi organelle. Interestingly, recent studies have revealed that the IC maintains its compositional, structural and spatial properties throughout the cell cycle, supporting a model that combines the dynamic and stable aspects of the organelle. Moreover, the IC has been assigned novel functions, such as cell signaling, Golgi-independent trafficking and autophagy. The emerging permanent nature of the IC and its connections with the centrosome and the endocytic recycling system encourage reconsideration of its relationship with the Golgi ribbon, role in Golgi biogenesis and ubiquitous presence in eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaakko Saraste
- Department of Biomedicine and Molecular Imaging Center (MIC), University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5009, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Michaël Marie
- Department of Biomedicine and Molecular Imaging Center (MIC), University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5009, Bergen, Norway
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Steiner P, Luckner M, Kerschbaum H, Wanner G, Lütz-Meindl U. Ionic stress induces fusion of mitochondria to 3-D networks: An electron tomography study. J Struct Biol 2018; 204:52-63. [PMID: 29981486 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2018.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are central organelles for energy supply of cells and play an important role in maintenance of ionic balance. Consequently mitochondria are highly sensitive to any kind of stress to which they mainly response by disturbance of respiration, ROS production and release of cytochrome c into the cytoplasm. Many of the physiological and molecular stress reactions of mitochondria are well known, yet there is a lack of information on corresponding stress induced structural changes. 3-D visualization of high-pressure frozen cells by FIB-SEM tomography and TEM tomography as used for the present investigation provide an excellent tool for studying structure related mitochondrial stress reactions. In the present study it is shown that mitochondria in the unicellular fresh-water algal model system Micrasterias as well as in the closely related aquatic higher plant Lemna fuse to local networks as a consequence of exposure to ionic stress induced by addition of KCl, NaCl and CoCl2. In dependence on concentration and duration of the treatment, fusion of mitochondria occurs either by formation of protuberances arising from the outer mitochondrial membrane, or by direct contact of the surface of elongated mitochondria. As our results show that respiration is maintained in both model systems during ionic stress and mitochondrial fusion, as well as formation of protuberances are reversible, we assume that mitochondrial fusion is a ubiquitous process that may help the cells to cope with stress. This may occur by interconnecting the respiratory chains of the individual mitochondria and by enhancing the buffer capacity against stress induced ionic imbalance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Steiner
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstraße 34, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Manja Luckner
- Ultrastructural Research, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Großhadernerstr. 2-4, D-82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Hubert Kerschbaum
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstraße 34, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Gerhard Wanner
- Ultrastructural Research, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Großhadernerstr. 2-4, D-82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Ursula Lütz-Meindl
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstraße 34, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria.
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Meents MJ, Watanabe Y, Samuels AL. The cell biology of secondary cell wall biosynthesis. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 121:1107-1125. [PMID: 29415210 PMCID: PMC5946954 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Secondary cell walls (SCWs) form the architecture of terrestrial plant biomass. They reinforce tracheary elements and strengthen fibres to permit upright growth and the formation of forest canopies. The cells that synthesize a strong, thick SCW around their protoplast must undergo a dramatic commitment to cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin production. SCOPE This review puts SCW biosynthesis in a cellular context, with the aim of integrating molecular biology and biochemistry with plant cell biology. While SCWs are deposited in diverse tissue and cellular contexts including in sclerenchyma (fibres and sclereids), phloem (fibres) and xylem (tracheids, fibres and vessels), the focus of this review reflects the fact that protoxylem tracheary elements have proven to be the most amenable experimental system in which to study the cell biology of SCWs. CONCLUSIONS SCW biosynthesis requires the co-ordination of plasma membrane cellulose synthases, hemicellulose production in the Golgi and lignin polymer deposition in the apoplast. At the plasma membrane where the SCW is deposited under the guidance of cortical microtubules, there is a high density of SCW cellulose synthase complexes producing cellulose microfibrils consisting of 18-24 glucan chains. These microfibrils are extruded into a cell wall matrix rich in SCW-specific hemicelluloses, typically xylan and mannan. The biosynthesis of eudicot SCW glucuronoxylan is taken as an example to illustrate the emerging importance of protein-protein complexes in the Golgi. From the trans-Golgi, trafficking of vesicles carrying hemicelluloses, cellulose synthases and oxidative enzymes is crucial for exocytosis of SCW components at the microtubule-rich cell membrane domains, producing characteristic SCW patterns. The final step of SCW biosynthesis is lignification, with monolignols secreted by the lignifying cell and, in some cases, by neighbouring cells as well. Oxidative enzymes such as laccases and peroxidases, embedded in the polysaccharide cell wall matrix, determine where lignin is deposited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda J Meents
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Yoichiro Watanabe
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Mendes LFS, Basso LGM, Kumagai PS, Fonseca-Maldonado R, Costa-Filho AJ. Disorder-to-order transitions in the molten globule-like Golgi Reassembly and Stacking Protein. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1862:855-865. [PMID: 29339081 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Golgi Reassembly and Stacking Proteins (GRASPs) are widely spread among eukaryotic cells (except plants) and are considered as key components in both the stacking of the Golgi cisternae and its lateral connection. Furthermore, GRASPs were also proved essential in the unconventional secretion pathway of several proteins, even though the mechanism remains obscure. It was previously observed that the GRASP homologue in Cryptococcus neoformans has a molten globule-like behavior in solution. METHODS We used circular dichroism, synchrotron radiation circular dichroism and steady-state as well as time-resolved fluorescence. RESULTS We report the disorder-to-order transition propensities for a native molten globule-like protein in the presence of different mimetics of cell conditions. Changes in the dielectric constant (such as those experienced close to the membrane surface) seem to be the major factor in inducing multiple disorder-to-order transitions in GRASP, which shows very distinct behavior when in conditions that mimic the vicinity of the membrane surface as compared to those found when free in solution. Other folding factors such as molecular crowding, counter ions, pH and phosphorylation exhibit lower or no effect on GRASP secondary structure and/or stability. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study focusing on understanding the disorder-to-order transitions of a molten globule structure without the need of any mild denaturing condition. A model is also introduced aiming at describing how the cell could manipulate the GRASP sensitivity to changes in the dielectric constant during different cell-cycle periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís F S Mendes
- Laboratório de Biofísica Molecular, Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Luis G M Basso
- Laboratório de Biofísica Molecular, Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Patricia S Kumagai
- Grupo de Biofísica Molecular "Sérgio Mascarenhas", Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Raquel Fonseca-Maldonado
- Laboratório de Biofísica Molecular, Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Instituto Federal de São Paulo, Campus Jacareí, SP, Brazil
| | - Antonio J Costa-Filho
- Laboratório de Biofísica Molecular, Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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A new insight into the three-dimensional architecture of the Golgi complex: Characterization of unusual structures in epididymal principal cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185557. [PMID: 28957389 PMCID: PMC5619803 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Principal epididymal cells have one of the largest and more developed Golgi complex of mammalian cells. In the present study, we have used this cell as model for the study of the three-dimensional architecture of the Golgi complex of highly secretory and endocytic cells. Electron tomography demonstrated the presence in this cell type of some unknown or very unusual Golgi structures such as branched cisternae, pocket-like cisternal invaginations or tubular connections. In addition, we have used this methodology and immunoelectron microscopy to analyze the close relationship between this organelle and both the endoplasmic reticulum and microtubules, and to describe in detail how these elements interact with compact and non-compact regions of the ribbon.
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Abstract
The plant endomembrane system is an extensively connected functional unit for exchanging material between compartments. Secretory and endocytic pathways allow dynamic trafficking of proteins, lipids, and other molecules, regulating a myriad of biological processes. Chemical genetics-the use of compounds to perturb biological processes in a fast, tunable, and transient manner-provides elegant tools for investigating this system. Here, we review how chemical genetics has helped to elucidate different aspects of membrane trafficking. We discuss different strategies for uncovering the modes of action of such compounds and their use in unraveling membrane trafficking regulators. We also discuss how the bioactive chemicals that are currently used as probes to interrogate endomembrane trafficking were discovered and analyze the results regarding membrane trafficking and pathway crosstalk. The integration of different expertises and the rational implementation of chemical genetic strategies will improve the identification of molecular mechanisms that drive intracellular trafficking and our understanding of how trafficking interfaces with plant physiology and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Norambuena
- Plant Molecular Biology Centre, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, 7800024 Santiago, Chile;
| | - Ricardo Tejos
- Plant Molecular Biology Centre, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, 7800024 Santiago, Chile;
- Facultad de Recursos Naturales Renovables, Universidad Arturo Prat, 111093 Iquique, Chile
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39
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Ferguson S, Steyer AM, Mayhew TM, Schwab Y, Lucocq JM. Quantifying Golgi structure using EM: combining volume-SEM and stereology for higher throughput. Histochem Cell Biol 2017; 147:653-669. [PMID: 28429122 PMCID: PMC5429891 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-017-1564-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Investigating organelles such as the Golgi complex depends increasingly on high-throughput quantitative morphological analyses from multiple experimental or genetic conditions. Light microscopy (LM) has been an effective tool for screening but fails to reveal fine details of Golgi structures such as vesicles, tubules and cisternae. Electron microscopy (EM) has sufficient resolution but traditional transmission EM (TEM) methods are slow and inefficient. Newer volume scanning EM (volume-SEM) methods now have the potential to speed up 3D analysis by automated sectioning and imaging. However, they produce large arrays of sections and/or images, which require labour-intensive 3D reconstruction for quantitation on limited cell numbers. Here, we show that the information storage, digital waste and workload involved in using volume-SEM can be reduced substantially using sampling-based stereology. Using the Golgi as an example, we describe how Golgi populations can be sensed quantitatively using single random slices and how accurate quantitative structural data on Golgi organelles of individual cells can be obtained using only 5–10 sections/images taken from a volume-SEM series (thereby sensing population parameters and cell–cell variability). The approach will be useful in techniques such as correlative LM and EM (CLEM) where small samples of cells are treated and where there may be variable responses. For Golgi study, we outline a series of stereological estimators that are suited to these analyses and suggest workflows, which have the potential to enhance the speed and relevance of data acquisition in volume-SEM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Ferguson
- Structural Cell Biology Group, School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, Fife, KY16 9TF, Scotland, UK
| | - Anna M Steyer
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Terry M Mayhew
- School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Yannick Schwab
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - John Milton Lucocq
- Structural Cell Biology Group, School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, Fife, KY16 9TF, Scotland, UK.
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40
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Pantazopoulou A. The Golgi apparatus: insights from filamentous fungi. Mycologia 2017; 108:603-22. [DOI: 10.3852/15-309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Areti Pantazopoulou
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, Madrid 28040, Spain
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41
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Ranftler C, Meisslitzer-Ruppitsch C, Neumüller J, Ellinger A, Pavelka M. Golgi apparatus dis- and reorganizations studied with the aid of 2-deoxy-D-glucose and visualized by 3D-electron tomography. Histochem Cell Biol 2016; 147:415-438. [PMID: 27975144 PMCID: PMC5359389 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-016-1515-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We studied Golgi apparatus disorganizations and reorganizations in human HepG2 hepatoblastoma cells by using the nonmetabolizable glucose analogue 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2DG) and analyzing the changes in Golgi stack architectures by 3D-electron tomography. Golgi stacks remodel in response to 2DG-treatment and are replaced by tubulo-glomerular Golgi bodies, from which mini-Golgi stacks emerge again after removal of 2DG. The Golgi stack changes correlate with the measured ATP-values. Our findings indicate that the classic Golgi stack architecture is impeded, while cells are under the influence of 2DG at constantly low ATP-levels, but the Golgi apparatus is maintained in forms of the Golgi bodies and Golgi stacks can be rebuilt as soon as 2DG is removed. The 3D-electron microscopic results highlight connecting regions that interlink membrane compartments in all phases of Golgi stack reorganizations and show that the compact Golgi bodies mainly consist of continuous intertwined tubules. Connections and continuities point to possible new transport pathways that could substitute for other modes of traffic. The changing architectures visualized in this work reflect Golgi stack dynamics that may be essential for basic cell physiologic and pathologic processes and help to learn, how cells respond to conditions of stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Ranftler
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstraße 17, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Josef Neumüller
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstraße 17, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Adolf Ellinger
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstraße 17, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Margit Pavelka
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstraße 17, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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42
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Becker B, Schnöder T, Schmitt MJ. Yeast Reporter Assay to Identify Cellular Components of Ricin Toxin A Chain Trafficking. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8120366. [PMID: 27929418 PMCID: PMC5198560 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8120366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
RTA, the catalytic A-subunit of the ribosome inactivating A/B toxin ricin, inhibits eukaryotic protein biosynthesis by depurination of 28S rRNA. Although cell surface binding of ricin holotoxin is mainly mediated through its B-subunit (RTB), sole application of RTA is also toxic, albeit to a significantly lower extent, suggesting alternative pathways for toxin uptake and transport. Since ricin toxin trafficking in mammalian cells is still not fully understood, we developed a GFP-based reporter assay in yeast that allows rapid identification of cellular components required for RTA uptake and subsequent transport through a target cell. We hereby show that Ypt6p, Sft2p and GARP-complex components play an important role in RTA transport, while neither the retromer complex nor COPIB vesicles are part of the transport machinery. Analyses of yeast knock-out mutants with chromosomal deletion in genes whose products regulate ADP-ribosylation factor GTPases (Arf-GTPases) and/or retrograde Golgi-to-ER (endoplasmic reticulum) transport identified Sso1p, Snc1p, Rer1p, Sec22p, Erv46p, Gea1p and Glo3p as novel components in RTA transport, suggesting the developed reporter assay as a powerful tool to dissect the multistep processes of host cell intoxication in yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Becker
- Molecular and Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences and Center of Human and Molecular Biology (ZHMB), Saarland University, Saarbrücken D-66123, Germany.
| | - Tina Schnöder
- Molecular and Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences and Center of Human and Molecular Biology (ZHMB), Saarland University, Saarbrücken D-66123, Germany.
| | - Manfred J Schmitt
- Molecular and Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences and Center of Human and Molecular Biology (ZHMB), Saarland University, Saarbrücken D-66123, Germany.
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43
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Lipid transfer proteins and the tuning of compartmental identity in the Golgi apparatus. Chem Phys Lipids 2016; 200:42-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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44
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Three-dimensional and immune electron microscopic analysis of the secretory pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Histochem Cell Biol 2016; 146:515-527. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-016-1483-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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45
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Xu W, Zeng Z, Jiang JH, Chang YT, Yuan L. Wahrnehmung der chemischen Prozesse in einzelnen Organellen mit niedermolekularen Fluoreszenzsonden. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201510721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hunan University; Changsha 410082 Volksrepublik China
- Department of Chemistry and Medicinal Chemistry Programme; National University of Singapore; Singapore 117543 Singapur
- Laboratory of Bioimaging Probe Development, A*STAR; Singapur
- Department of Chemistry; Stanford University; USA
| | - Zebing Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hunan University; Changsha 410082 Volksrepublik China
| | - Jian-Hui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hunan University; Changsha 410082 Volksrepublik China
| | - Young-Tae Chang
- Department of Chemistry and Medicinal Chemistry Programme; National University of Singapore; Singapore 117543 Singapur
- Laboratory of Bioimaging Probe Development, A*STAR; Singapur
| | - Lin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hunan University; Changsha 410082 Volksrepublik China
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46
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Xu W, Zeng Z, Jiang JH, Chang YT, Yuan L. Discerning the Chemistry in Individual Organelles with Small-Molecule Fluorescent Probes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:13658-13699. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201510721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 526] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hunan University; Changsha 410082 P.R. China
- Department of Chemistry and Medicinal Chemistry Programme; National University of Singapore; Singapore 117543 Singapore
- Laboratory of Bioimaging Probe Development, A*STAR; Singapore
- Department of Chemistry; Stanford University; USA
| | - Zebing Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hunan University; Changsha 410082 P.R. China
| | - Jian-Hui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hunan University; Changsha 410082 P.R. China
| | - Young-Tae Chang
- Department of Chemistry and Medicinal Chemistry Programme; National University of Singapore; Singapore 117543 Singapore
- Laboratory of Bioimaging Probe Development, A*STAR; Singapore
| | - Lin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hunan University; Changsha 410082 P.R. China
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47
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Riahi Y, Wikstrom JD, Bachar-Wikstrom E, Polin N, Zucker H, Lee MS, Quan W, Haataja L, Liu M, Arvan P, Cerasi E, Leibowitz G. Autophagy is a major regulator of beta cell insulin homeostasis. Diabetologia 2016; 59:1480-1491. [PMID: 26831301 PMCID: PMC5912938 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-3868-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS We studied the role of protein degradation pathways in the regulation of insulin production and secretion and hypothesised that autophagy regulates proinsulin degradation, thereby modulating beta cell function. METHODS Proinsulin localisation in autophagosomes was demonstrated by confocal and electron microscopy. Autophagy was inhibited by knockdown of autophagy-related (ATG) proteins and using the H(+)-ATPase inhibitor bafilomycin-A1. Proinsulin and insulin content and secretion were assessed in static incubations by ELISA and RIA. RESULTS Confocal and electron microscopy showed proinsulin localised in autophagosomes and lysosomes. Beta-Atg7 (-/-) mice had proinsulin-containing sequestosome 1 (p62 [also known as SQSTM1])(+) aggregates in beta cells, indicating proinsulin is regulated by autophagy in vivo. Short-term bafilomycin-A1 treatment and ATG5/7 knockdown increased steady-state proinsulin and hormone precursor chromogranin A content. ATG5/7 knockdown also increased glucose- and non-fuel-stimulated insulin secretion. Finally, mutated forms of proinsulin that are irreparably misfolded and trapped in the endoplasmic reticulum are more resistant to degradation by autophagy. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION In the beta cell, transport-competent secretory peptide precursors, including proinsulin, are regulated by autophagy, whereas efficient clearance of transport-incompetent mutated forms of proinsulin by alternative degradative pathways may be necessary to avoid beta cell proteotoxicity. Reduction of autophagic degradation of proinsulin increases its residency in the secretory pathway, followed by enhanced secretion in response to stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Riahi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Service, Department of Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, PO Box 12000, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Jakob D Wikstrom
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Service, Department of Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, PO Box 12000, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
- Molecular Dermatology Research Group, Unit of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Etty Bachar-Wikstrom
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Service, Department of Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, PO Box 12000, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Nava Polin
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Service, Department of Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, PO Box 12000, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Hava Zucker
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Service, Department of Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, PO Box 12000, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Myung-Shik Lee
- Severance Biomedical Research Institute and Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Wenying Quan
- Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Leena Haataja
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ming Liu
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Peter Arvan
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Erol Cerasi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Service, Department of Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, PO Box 12000, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Gil Leibowitz
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Service, Department of Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, PO Box 12000, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel.
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48
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Gadila SKG, Kim K. Cargo trafficking from the trans-Golgi network towards the endosome. Biol Cell 2016; 108:205-18. [DOI: 10.1111/boc.201600001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kyoungtae Kim
- Department of Biology; Missouri State University; Springfield MO 65807 USA
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49
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Yang R, Zhang C, Gao R, Zhang L. A Novel Feature Extraction Method with Feature Selection to Identify Golgi-Resident Protein Types from Imbalanced Data. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:218. [PMID: 26861308 PMCID: PMC4783950 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17020218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Golgi Apparatus (GA) is a major collection and dispatch station for numerous proteins destined for secretion, plasma membranes and lysosomes. The dysfunction of GA proteins can result in neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, accurate identification of protein subGolgi localizations may assist in drug development and understanding the mechanisms of the GA involved in various cellular processes. In this paper, a new computational method is proposed for identifying cis-Golgi proteins from trans-Golgi proteins. Based on the concept of Common Spatial Patterns (CSP), a novel feature extraction technique is developed to extract evolutionary information from protein sequences. To deal with the imbalanced benchmark dataset, the Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique (SMOTE) is adopted. A feature selection method called Random Forest-Recursive Feature Elimination (RF-RFE) is employed to search the optimal features from the CSP based features and g-gap dipeptide composition. Based on the optimal features, a Random Forest (RF) module is used to distinguish cis-Golgi proteins from trans-Golgi proteins. Through the jackknife cross-validation, the proposed method achieves a promising performance with a sensitivity of 0.889, a specificity of 0.880, an accuracy of 0.885, and a Matthew's Correlation Coefficient (MCC) of 0.765, which remarkably outperforms previous methods. Moreover, when tested on a common independent dataset, our method also achieves a significantly improved performance. These results highlight the promising performance of the proposed method to identify Golgi-resident protein types. Furthermore, the CSP based feature extraction method may provide guidelines for protein function predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runtao Yang
- School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China.
| | - Chengjin Zhang
- School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China.
- School of Mechanical, Electrical and Information Engineering, Shandong University atWeihai, Weihai 264209, China.
| | - Rui Gao
- School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China.
| | - Lina Zhang
- School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China.
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50
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Saraste J, Marie M. Intermediate Compartment: A Sorting Station between the Endoplasmic Reticulum and the Golgi Apparatus. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF CELL BIOLOGY 2016. [PMCID: PMC7150006 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394447-4.20013-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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