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Żołnierkiewicz O, Rogacka D. Hyperglycemia - A culprit of podocyte pathology in the context of glycogen metabolism. Arch Biochem Biophys 2024; 753:109927. [PMID: 38350532 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2024.109927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Prolonged disruption in the balance of glucose can result in metabolic disorders. The kidneys play a significant role in regulating blood glucose levels. However, when exposed to chronic hyperglycemia, the kidneys' ability to handle glucose metabolism may be impaired, leading to an accumulation of glycogen. Earlier studies have shown that there can be a significant increase in glucose storage in the form of glycogen in the kidneys in diabetes. Podocytes play a crucial role in maintaining the integrity of filtration barrier. In diabetes, exposure to elevated glucose levels can lead to significant metabolic and structural changes in podocytes, contributing to kidney damage and the development of diabetic kidney disease. The accumulation of glycogen in podocytes is not a well-established phenomenon. However, a recent study has demonstrated the presence of glycogen granules in podocytes. This review delves into the intricate connections between hyperglycemia and glycogen metabolism within the context of the kidney, with special emphasis on podocytes. The aberrant storage of glycogen has the potential to detrimentally impact podocyte functionality and perturb their structural integrity. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the alterations in cellular signaling pathways that may potentially lead to glycogen overproduction in podocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Żołnierkiewicz
- Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Nephrology, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Dorota Rogacka
- Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Nephrology, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland; University of Gdansk, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland.
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2
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Ullman JC, Mellem KT, Xi Y, Ramanan V, Merritt H, Choy R, Gujral T, Young LE, Blake K, Tep S, Homburger JR, O’Regan A, Ganesh S, Wong P, Satterfield TF, Lin B, Situ E, Yu C, Espanol B, Sarwaikar R, Fastman N, Tzitzilonis C, Lee P, Reiton D, Morton V, Santiago P, Won W, Powers H, Cummings BB, Hoek M, Graham RR, Chandriani SJ, Bainer R, DePaoli-Roach AA, Roach PJ, Hurley TD, Sun RC, Gentry MS, Sinz C, Dick RA, Noonberg SB, Beattie DT, Morgans DJ, Green EM. Small-molecule inhibition of glycogen synthase 1 for the treatment of Pompe disease and other glycogen storage disorders. Sci Transl Med 2024; 16:eadf1691. [PMID: 38232139 PMCID: PMC10962247 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adf1691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase 1 (GYS1), the rate-limiting enzyme in muscle glycogen synthesis, plays a central role in energy homeostasis and has been proposed as a therapeutic target in multiple glycogen storage diseases. Despite decades of investigation, there are no known potent, selective small-molecule inhibitors of this enzyme. Here, we report the preclinical characterization of MZ-101, a small molecule that potently inhibits GYS1 in vitro and in vivo without inhibiting GYS2, a related isoform essential for synthesizing liver glycogen. Chronic treatment with MZ-101 depleted muscle glycogen and was well tolerated in mice. Pompe disease, a glycogen storage disease caused by mutations in acid α glucosidase (GAA), results in pathological accumulation of glycogen and consequent autophagolysosomal abnormalities, metabolic dysregulation, and muscle atrophy. Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) with recombinant GAA is the only approved treatment for Pompe disease, but it requires frequent infusions, and efficacy is limited by suboptimal skeletal muscle distribution. In a mouse model of Pompe disease, chronic oral administration of MZ-101 alone reduced glycogen buildup in skeletal muscle with comparable efficacy to ERT. In addition, treatment with MZ-101 in combination with ERT had an additive effect and could normalize muscle glycogen concentrations. Biochemical, metabolomic, and transcriptomic analyses of muscle tissue demonstrated that lowering of glycogen concentrations with MZ-101, alone or in combination with ERT, corrected the cellular pathology in this mouse model. These data suggest that substrate reduction therapy with GYS1 inhibition may be a promising therapeutic approach for Pompe disease and other glycogen storage diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie C. Ullman
- Maze Therapeutics; South San Francisco, California, 94080 USA
| | - Kevin T. Mellem
- Maze Therapeutics; South San Francisco, California, 94080 USA
| | - Yannan Xi
- Maze Therapeutics; South San Francisco, California, 94080 USA
| | - Vyas Ramanan
- Maze Therapeutics; South San Francisco, California, 94080 USA
| | - Hanne Merritt
- Maze Therapeutics; South San Francisco, California, 94080 USA
| | - Rebeca Choy
- Maze Therapeutics; South San Francisco, California, 94080 USA
| | | | - Lyndsay E.A. Young
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Kerrigan Blake
- Maze Therapeutics; South San Francisco, California, 94080 USA
- Present address, Cellarity, Somerville, Massachusetts, 02143, USA
| | - Samnang Tep
- Maze Therapeutics; South San Francisco, California, 94080 USA
| | | | - Adam O’Regan
- Maze Therapeutics; South San Francisco, California, 94080 USA
| | - Sandya Ganesh
- Maze Therapeutics; South San Francisco, California, 94080 USA
| | - Perryn Wong
- Maze Therapeutics; South San Francisco, California, 94080 USA
| | | | - Baiwei Lin
- Maze Therapeutics; South San Francisco, California, 94080 USA
| | - Eva Situ
- Maze Therapeutics; South San Francisco, California, 94080 USA
| | - Cecile Yu
- Maze Therapeutics; South San Francisco, California, 94080 USA
| | - Bryan Espanol
- Maze Therapeutics; South San Francisco, California, 94080 USA
| | - Richa Sarwaikar
- Maze Therapeutics; South San Francisco, California, 94080 USA
| | - Nathan Fastman
- Maze Therapeutics; South San Francisco, California, 94080 USA
| | | | - Patrick Lee
- Maze Therapeutics; South San Francisco, California, 94080 USA
- Present address, Curie Bio, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
| | - Daniel Reiton
- Maze Therapeutics; South San Francisco, California, 94080 USA
| | - Vivian Morton
- Maze Therapeutics; South San Francisco, California, 94080 USA
- Present address, Revolution Medicines, Redwood City, California, 94063, USA
| | - Pam Santiago
- Maze Therapeutics; South San Francisco, California, 94080 USA
| | - Walter Won
- Maze Therapeutics; South San Francisco, California, 94080 USA
| | - Hannah Powers
- Maze Therapeutics; South San Francisco, California, 94080 USA
| | | | - Maarten Hoek
- Maze Therapeutics; South San Francisco, California, 94080 USA
| | | | | | - Russell Bainer
- Maze Therapeutics; South San Francisco, California, 94080 USA
| | - Anna A. DePaoli-Roach
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Peter J. Roach
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Thomas D. Hurley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Ramon C. Sun
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- USA Center for Advanced Spatial Biomolecule Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Matthew S. Gentry
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | | | - Ryan A. Dick
- Maze Therapeutics; South San Francisco, California, 94080 USA
| | | | | | | | - Eric M. Green
- Maze Therapeutics; South San Francisco, California, 94080 USA
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3
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Akhigbe RE, Ajayi LO, Ajayi AF. Codeine exerts cardiorenal injury via upregulation of adenine deaminase/xanthine oxidase and caspase 3 signaling. Life Sci 2020; 273:118717. [PMID: 33159958 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Codeine treatment has been shown to be associated with glucolipid deregulation, though data reporting this are inconsistent and the mechanisms are not well understood. Perturbation of glutathione-dependent antioxidant defense and adenosine deaminase (ADA)/xanthine oxidase (XO) signaling has been implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiometabolic disorders. We thus, hypothesized that depletion of glutathione contents and upregulation of ADA/XO are involved in codeine-induced glucolipid deregulation. The present study also investigated whether or not codeine administration would induce genotoxicity and apoptosis in cardiac and renal tissues. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male New Zealand rabbits received per os distilled water or codeine, either in low dose (4 mg/kg) or high dose (10 mg/kg) for 6 weeks. KEY FINDINGS Codeine treatment led to reduced absolute and relative cardiac and renal mass independent of body weight change, increased blood glucose, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C), as well as increased atherogenic indices and triglyceride-glucose index (TyG). Codeine administration significantly increased markers of cardiac and renal injury, as well as impaired cardiorenal functions. Codeine treatment also resulted in increased cardiac and renal malondialdehyde, Advanced Glycation Endproducts (AGE) and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG), and myeloperoxidase (MPO), ADA, XO, and caspase 3 activities. These observations were accompanied by impaired activities of cardiac and renal proton pumps. SIGNIFICANCE Findings of this study demonstrate that upregulation of ADA/XO and caspase 3 signaling are, at least partly, contributory to the glucolipid deregulation and cardiorenal injury induced by codeine.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Akhigbe
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo, Nigeria; Reproductive Biology and Toxicology Research Laboratories, Oasis of Grace Hospital, Osogbo, Nigeria
| | - L O Ajayi
- Department of Biochemistry, Adeleke University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - A F Ajayi
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo, Nigeria.
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Kidney-targeted astaxanthin natural antioxidant nanosystem for diabetic nephropathy therapy. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 156:143-154. [PMID: 32937179 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a frequent and severe microvascular complication associated with oxidative stress of diabetes mellitus. A novel astaxanthin-based natural antioxidant nanosystem, namely AST-GLU-LIP, with preferential renal uptake and bioavailability were prepared and applied for treatment of diabetic nephropathy in rats. Our results of kidney-targeted evaluation showed that glucose-PEG600-DSPE ligand modified AST liposomes could be specifically transported by overexpressed GLUT1 on the membrane of glomerular mesangial cells and achieved excellent kidney-targeted drug delivery. In addition, the results of pharmacodynamics and therapeutics in DN rats demonstrated that AST-GLU-LIP could improve the bioavailability and antioxidant capacity of AST to scavenge redundant ROS induced by oxidative stress. AST-GLU-LIP could also significantly improve the renal pathological morphology to protect the kidney as a therapeutic drug for diabetic nephropathy.
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5
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Olaniyi KS, Woru Sabinari I, Olatunji LA. l-glutamine supplementation exerts cardio-renal protection in estrogen-progestin oral contraceptive-treated female rats. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 74:103305. [PMID: 31790957 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2019.103305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen and lipid disruptions represent a spectrum of metabolic disorders that are crucial risk factors for cardiovascular disease in estrogen-progestin oral contraceptive (COC) users. l-glutamine (GLN) has been shown to exert a modulatory effect in metabolic disorders-related syndromes. We therefore hypothesized that GLN supplementation would protect against myocardial and renal glycogen-lipid mishandling in COC-treated animals by modulation of Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and xanthine oxidase (XO) activities. Adult female Wistar rats were randomly allotted into control, GLN, COC and COC + GLN groups (six rats per group). The groups received vehicle (distilled water, p.o.), GLN (1 g/kg), COC containing 1.0 μg ethinylestradiol plus 5.0 μg levonorgestrel and COC plus GLN respectively, daily for 8 weeks. Data showed that treatment with COC led to metabolically-induced obesity with correspondent increased visceral and epicardial fat mass. It also led to increased plasma, myocardial and renal triglyceride, free fatty acid, malondialdehyde (MDA), XO activity, uric acid content and decreased glutathione content and G6PD activity. In addition, COC increased myocardial but not renal glycogen content, and increased myocardial and renal glycogen synthase activity, increased plasma and renal lactate production and plasma aspartate transaminase/alanine aminotransferase (AST/ALT) ratio. However, these alterations were attenuated when supplemented with GLN except plasma AST/ALT ratio. Collectively, the present results indicate that estrogen-progestin oral contraceptive causes metabolically-induced obesity that is accompanied by differential myocardial and renal metabolic disturbances. The findings also suggest that irrespective of varying metabolic phenotypes, GLN exerts protection against cardio-renal dysmetabolism by modulation of XO and G6PD activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehinde Samuel Olaniyi
- HOPE Cardiometabolic Research Team & Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, P.M.B. 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria; Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Isaiah Woru Sabinari
- HOPE Cardiometabolic Research Team & Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, P.M.B. 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Lawrence Aderemi Olatunji
- HOPE Cardiometabolic Research Team & Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, P.M.B. 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria.
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6
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Torres JA, Kruger SL, Broderick C, Amarlkhagva T, Agrawal S, Dodam JR, Mrug M, Lyons LA, Weimbs T. Ketosis Ameliorates Renal Cyst Growth in Polycystic Kidney Disease. Cell Metab 2019; 30:1007-1023.e5. [PMID: 31631001 PMCID: PMC6904245 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2019.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mild reduction in food intake was recently shown to slow polycystic kidney disease (PKD) progression in mouse models, but whether the effect was due to solely reduced calories or some other aspect of the diet has been unclear. We now show that the benefit is due to the induction of ketosis. Time-restricted feeding, without caloric reduction, strongly inhibits mTOR signaling, proliferation, and fibrosis in the affected kidneys in a PKD rat model. A ketogenic diet had a similar effect and led to regression of renal cystic burden. Acute fasting in rat, mouse, and feline models of PKD results in rapid reduction of cyst volume, while oral administration of the ketone β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) in rats strongly inhibits PKD progression. These results suggest that cystic cells in PKD are metabolically inflexible, which could be exploited by dietary interventions or supplementation with BHB, representing a new therapeutic avenue to treat PKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob A Torres
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, and Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9625, USA
| | - Samantha L Kruger
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, and Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9625, USA
| | - Caroline Broderick
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, and Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9625, USA
| | - Tselmeg Amarlkhagva
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, and Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9625, USA
| | - Shagun Agrawal
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, and Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9625, USA
| | - John R Dodam
- Department of Veterinary Medicine & Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Michal Mrug
- Division of Nephrology, University of Alabama and the Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Leslie A Lyons
- Department of Veterinary Medicine & Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Thomas Weimbs
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, and Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9625, USA.
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7
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Some molecular structural features of glycogen in the kidneys of diabetic rats. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 229:115526. [PMID: 31826402 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen, a highly-branched glucose polymer, functions as a sugar reservoir in many organs and tissues. Liver glycogen comprises small β particles which can bind to form into large agglomerates (α particles) which readily degrade to β particles in diabetic livers. Muscle glycogen has only β particles, optimal for quick energy release. Healthy kidney contains negligible glycogen, but there is an abnormally high accumulation in diabetic kidneys. We here compare the molecular structure of glycogen in diabetic kidneys with that in liver and muscle, using a diabetic rat model. This involved exploring extraction techniques to minimize glycogen degradation. Using size exclusion chromatography and transmission electron microscopy, it was found that there were only β particles in diabetic kidneys. These are postulated to form during periods of abnormally high blood sugar, the driving force being the need to reduce blood sugar under such circumstances.
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8
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Sullivan MA, Forbes JM. Glucose and glycogen in the diabetic kidney: Heroes or villains? EBioMedicine 2019; 47:590-597. [PMID: 31405756 PMCID: PMC6796499 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.07.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose metabolism in the kidney is currently foremost in the minds of nephrologists, diabetologists and researchers globally, as a result of the outstanding success of SGLT2 inhibitors in reducing renal and cardiovascular disease in individuals with diabetes. However, these exciting data have come with the puzzling but fascinating paradigm that many of the beneficial effects on the kidney and cardiovascular system seem to be independent of the systemic glucose lowering actions of these agents. This manuscript places into context an area of research highly relevant to renal glucose metabolism, that of glycogen accumulation and metabolism in the diabetic kidney. Whether the glycogen that abnormally accumulates is pathological (the villain), is somehow protective (the hero) or is inconsequential (the bystander) is a research question that may provide insight into the link between diabetes and diabetic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell A Sullivan
- Glycation and Diabetes Group, Mater Research Institute-The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Josephine M Forbes
- Glycation and Diabetes Group, Mater Research Institute-The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia; Mater Clinical School, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia.
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9
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Westermeier F, Holyoak T, Asenjo JL, Gatica R, Nualart F, Burbulis I, Bertinat R. Gluconeogenic Enzymes in β-Cells: Pharmacological Targets for Improving Insulin Secretion. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2019; 30:520-531. [PMID: 31213347 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic β-cells express the gluconeogenic enzymes glucose 6-phosphatase (G6Pase), fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase (FBP), and phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxykinase (PCK), which modulate glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) through their ability to reverse otherwise irreversible glycolytic steps. Here, we review current knowledge about the expression and regulation of these enzymes in the context of manipulating them to improve insulin secretion in diabetics. Because the regulation of gluconeogenic enzymes in β-cells is so poorly understood, we propose novel research avenues to study these enzymes as modulators of insulin secretion and β-cell dysfunction, with especial attention to FBP, which constitutes an attractive target with an inhibitor under clinical evaluation at present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Westermeier
- FH JOANNEUM Gesellschaft mbH University of Applied Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Science, Eggenberger Allee 13, 8020 Graz, Austria
| | - Todd Holyoak
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Joel L Asenjo
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Independencia 631, 5110566 Valdivia, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Gatica
- Escuela de Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, La Pirámide 5750, 8580745 Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisco Nualart
- Centro de Microscopía Avanzada, CMA BIO, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160 C, 4030000 Concepción, Chile
| | - Ian Burbulis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Jordan Hall Room 6022, 1340 Jefferson Park Avenue, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Escuela de Medicina, Universidad San Sebastián, Sede Patagonia, Lago Panguipulli 1390, 5501842 Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Romina Bertinat
- Centro de Microscopía Avanzada, CMA BIO, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160 C, 4030000 Concepción, Chile.
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10
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Bertinat R, Westermeier F, Gatica R, Nualart F. Sodium tungstate: Is it a safe option for a chronic disease setting, such as diabetes? J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:51-60. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Romina Bertinat
- Centro de Microscopía Avanzada, CMA Bio‐Bio Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción Concepción Chile
| | - Francisco Westermeier
- Department of Health Studies Institute of Biomedical Science, FH JOANNEUM Gesellschaft mbH University of Applied Sciences Graz Austria
- Facultad de Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián Santiago Chile
| | - Rodrigo Gatica
- Laboratorio de Patología Veterinaria Escuela de Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor Santiago Chile
| | - Francisco Nualart
- Centro de Microscopía Avanzada, CMA Bio‐Bio Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción Concepción Chile
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11
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Bertinat R, Westermeier F, Silva P, Gatica R, Oliveira JM, Nualart F, Gomis R, Yáñez AJ. The Antidiabetic Agent Sodium Tungstate Induces Abnormal Glycogen Accumulation in Renal Proximal Tubules from Diabetic IRS2-Knockout Mice. J Diabetes Res 2018; 2018:5697970. [PMID: 30003110 PMCID: PMC5996472 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5697970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The kidney is an insulin-sensitive organ involved in glucose homeostasis. One major effect of insulin is to induce glycogen storage in the liver and muscle. However, no significant glycogen stores are detected in normal kidneys, but diabetic subjects present a characteristic renal histopathological feature resulting from extensive glycogen deposition mostly in nonproximal tubules. The mechanism of renal glycogen accumulation is yet poorly understood. Here, we studied in situ glycogen accumulation in the kidney from diabetic IRS2-knockout mice and the effect of the insulin-mimetic agent sodium tungstate (NaW). IRS2-knockout mice displayed hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia. NaW only normalized glycemia. There was no evident morphological difference between kidneys from untreated wild-type (WT), NaW-treated WT, and untreated IRS2-knockout mice. However, NaW-treated IRS2-knockout mice showed tubular alterations resembling clear cells in the cortex, but not in the outer medulla, that were correlated with glycogen accumulation. Immunohistochemical detection of the gluconeogenic enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, mostly expressed by renal proximal tubules, showed that altered tubules were of proximal origin. Our preliminary study suggests that IRS2 differentially regulates glycogen accumulation in renal tubules and that NaW treatment in the context of IRS2 ablation induces abnormal glycogen accumulation in cortical proximal tubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Bertinat
- Centro de Microscopía Avanzada (CMA BIO-BIO), Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Francisco Westermeier
- Institute of Biomedical Science, FH Joanneum Gesellschaft mbH University of Applied Sciences, Eggenberger Allee 13, 8020 Graz, Austria
- Facultad de Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pamela Silva
- Facultad de Salud, Universidad Santo Tomás, Osorno, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Gatica
- Escuela de Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Joana Moitinho Oliveira
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Laboratory, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Nualart
- Centro de Microscopía Avanzada (CMA BIO-BIO), Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Ramón Gomis
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Laboratory, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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12
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Ashcroft FM, Rohm M, Clark A, Brereton MF. Is Type 2 Diabetes a Glycogen Storage Disease of Pancreatic β Cells? Cell Metab 2017; 26:17-23. [PMID: 28683284 PMCID: PMC5890904 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Elevated plasma glucose leads to pancreatic β cell dysfunction and death in type 2 diabetes. Glycogen accumulation, due to impaired metabolism, contributes to this "glucotoxicity" via dysregulated biochemical pathways promoting β cell dysfunction. Here, we review emerging data, and re-examine published findings, on the role of glycogen in β cells in normoglycemia and in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances M Ashcroft
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics and OXION, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK.
| | - Maria Rohm
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics and OXION, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Anne Clark
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - Melissa F Brereton
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics and OXION, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
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Optimization of total RNA isolation from human urinary sediment. Clin Chim Acta 2016; 462:158-161. [PMID: 27666760 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2016.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Extracting RNA from human urinary sediment is notoriously challenging because of cell paucity and hostile environment and column-based commercial kits using silica technology are commonly used. Nonetheless, in our experience, this methodology yields low amounts of total RNA and has low rates of success. We replaced the column-based commercial kit by a protocol using guanidine isothiocyanate-phenol-chloroform buffer (Trizol reagent) followed by addition of glycogen as a carrier and precipitation with isopropanol plus sodium acetate. This methodology was more affordable and efficient for urinary sediment total RNA isolation than silica technology, resulting in higher concentrations of total RNA of better quality.
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14
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Taatjes DJ, Roth J. The Histochemistry and Cell Biology omnium-gatherum: the year 2015 in review. Histochem Cell Biol 2016; 145:239-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-016-1417-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Bertinat R, Nualart F, Yáñez AJ. SGLT2 Inhibitors: Glucotoxicity and Tumorigenesis Downstream the Renal Proximal Tubule? J Cell Physiol 2015; 231:1635-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Romina Bertinat
- Centro de Microscopía Avanzada, CMA-Bío Bío; Universidad de Concepción; Concepción Chile
| | - Francisco Nualart
- Centro de Microscopía Avanzada, CMA-Bío Bío; Universidad de Concepción; Concepción Chile
| | - Alejandro J. Yáñez
- Centro de Microscopía Avanzada, CMA-Bío Bío; Universidad de Concepción; Concepción Chile
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología; Universidad Austral de Chile; Valdivia Chile
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Bertinat R, Silva P, Mann E, Li X, Nualart F, Yáñez AJ. In vivo sodium tungstate treatment prevents E-cadherin loss induced by diabetic serum in HK-2 cell line. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:2437-46. [PMID: 25728412 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is characterized by interstitial inflammation and fibrosis, which is the result of chronic accumulation of extracellular matrix produced by activated fibroblasts in the renal tubulointerstitium. Renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTECs), through the process of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), are the source of fibroblasts within the interstitial space, and loss of E-cadherin has shown to be one of the earliest steps in this event. Here, we studied the effect of the anti-diabetic agent sodium tungstate (NaW) in the loss of E-cadherin induced by transforming growth factor (TGF) β-1, the best-characterized in vitro EMT promoter, and serum from untreated or NaW-treated diabetic rats in HK-2 cell line, a model of human kidney PTEC. Our results showed that both TGFβ-1 and serum from diabetic rat induced a similar reduction in E-cadherin expression. However, E-cadherin loss induced by TGFβ-1 was not reversed by NaW, whereas sera from NaW-treated rats were able to protect HK-2 cells. Searching for soluble mediators of NaW effect, we compared secretion of TGFβ isoforms and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A, which have opposite actions on EMT. One millimolar NaW alone reduced secretion of both TGFβ-1 and -2, and stimulated secretion of VEGF-A after 48 h. However, these patterns of secretion were not observed after diabetic rat serum treatment, suggesting that protection from E-cadherin loss by serum from NaW-treated diabetic rats originates from an indirect rather than a direct effect of this salt on HK-2 cells, via a mechanism independent of TGFβ and VEGF-A functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Bertinat
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Centro de Microscopía Avanzada (CMA)-Bío Bío, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Pamela Silva
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Elizabeth Mann
- Division of Gastroenterology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Xuhang Li
- Division of Gastroenterology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Francisco Nualart
- Centro de Microscopía Avanzada (CMA)-Bío Bío, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Alejandro J Yáñez
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Centro de Microscopía Avanzada (CMA)-Bío Bío, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
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Obesity-related insulin resistance: implications for the surgical patient. Int J Obes (Lond) 2015; 39:1575-88. [PMID: 26028059 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2015.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 05/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In healthy surgical patients, preoperative fasting and major surgery induce development of insulin resistance (IR). IR can be present in up to 41% of obese patients without diabetes and this can rise in the postoperative period, leading to an increased risk of postoperative complications. Inflammation is implicated in the aetiology of IR. This review examines obesity-associated IR and its implications for the surgical patient. Searches of the Medline and Science Citation Index databases were performed using various key words in combinations with the Boolean operators AND, OR and NOT. Key journals, nutrition and metabolism textbooks and the reference lists of key articles were also hand searched. Adipose tissue has been identified as an active endocrine organ and the chemokines secreted as a result of macrophage infiltration have a role in the pathogenesis of IR. Visceral adipose tissue appears to be the most metabolically active, although results across studies are not consistent. Results from animal and human studies often provide conflicting results, which has rendered the pursuit of a common mechanistic pathway challenging. Obesity-associated IR appears, in part, to be related to inflammatory changes associated with increased adiposity. Postoperatively, the surgical patient is in a proinflammatory state, so this finding has important implications for the obese surgical patient.
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Bertinat R, Nualart F, Li X, Yáñez AJ, Gomis R. Preclinical and Clinical Studies for Sodium Tungstate: Application in Humans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 6. [PMID: 25995968 PMCID: PMC4435618 DOI: 10.4172/2155-9899.1000285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is a complex metabolic disorder triggered by the deficient secretion of insulin by the pancreatic β-cell or the resistance of peripheral tissues to the action of the hormone. Chronic hyperglycemia is the major consequence of this failure, and also the main cause of diabetic problems. Indeed, several clinical trials have agreed in that tight glycemic control is the best way to stop progression of the disease. Many anti-diabetic drugs for treatment of type 2 diabetes are commercially available, but no ideal normoglycemic agent has been developed yet. Moreover, weight gain is the most common side effect of many oral anti-diabetic agents and insulin, and increased weight has been shown to worsen glycemic control and increase the risk of diabetes progression. In this sense, the inorganic salt sodium tungstate (NaW) has been studied in different animal models of metabolic syndrome and diabetes, proving to have a potent effect on normalizing blood glucose levels and reducing body weight, without any hypoglycemic action. Although the liver has been studied as the main site of NaW action, positive effects have been also addressed in muscle, pancreas, brain, adipose tissue and intestine, explaining the effective anti-diabetic action of this salt. Here, we review NaW research to date in these different target organs. We believe that NaW deserves more attention, since all available anti-diabetic treatments remain suboptimal and new therapeutics are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Bertinat
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile ; Centro de Microscopía Avanzada, CMA-Bío Bío, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Francisco Nualart
- Centro de Microscopía Avanzada, CMA-Bío Bío, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Xuhang Li
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Alejandro J Yáñez
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile ; Centro de Microscopía Avanzada, CMA-Bío Bío, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Ramón Gomis
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain ; Diabetes and Obesity Research Laboratory, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain ; Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain ; Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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