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Arsal Yıldırım S, Pekey B, Aydin L, Peker Karatoprak A, Kolaylı F, Argun Barış S, Er DK, Yazıcı Özçelik E, Yapsakli K. Occupational Risks of Podologists: A Combined Assessment of VOCs, Vibration, Noise Levels and Health Complaints. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2024; 34:2529-2543. [PMID: 37805703 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2023.2256684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Podologists are exposed to many occupational hazards, including volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from insole manufacturing and noise/vibration during nail or tissue grinding. In this study, VOCs, noise, and vibration were measured in five podiatry clinics and three offices. Questionnaires were administered to 23 podologists and 19 office workers to inquire about their pain, ocular, skin and respiratory complaints. The results showed that the podologists' exposure to the total VOC concentrations was approximately twice as high as that of the office workers. The podologists' complaints regarding pain were found to be correlated with ambient noise and hand-arm vibration levels. Ocular, skin, and respiratory complaints were also found to be correlated with total VOC concentrations. These results suggest that VOCs, noise and vibration in the working environment may impair podologists' health and that they have an intensifying effect on each other, increasing the severity of health issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serap Arsal Yıldırım
- Vocational School of Kocaeli Health Services, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Beyhan Pekey
- Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Levent Aydin
- Vocational School of Kocaeli Health Services, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | | | - Fetiye Kolaylı
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical Microbiology Dept, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Serap Argun Barış
- Faculty of Medicine, Chest Diseases, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Doğanhan Kadir Er
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Institue, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Eda Yazıcı Özçelik
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical Microbiology Dept, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Kozet Yapsakli
- Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Mohebian Z, Paridokht F, Karimi Zeverdegani S, Mohammadi F. Inhalation exposure to toxic heavy metals in nail salon technicians and health risk assessment using Monte Carlo simulation. Inhal Toxicol 2024; 36:90-99. [PMID: 38407183 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2024.2315124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Nail salons offer a developing and diverse occupation for many women, especially the new generation. Due to the increasing apprehension surrounding heavy metals in dust caused by filing nails containing dried nail polish, the present study was designed aimed to health risk assessment of heavy metals in breathing zone of nail salon technicians (NSTs). METHODS This is a cross-sectional study that was conducted in NSTs. The concentration of Cadmium (Cd), Lead (Pb), Nickel (Ni), Chromium (Cr) and Manganese (Mn)in breathing zone of 20 NSTs was determined using ICP-OES. RESULTS The metal concentrations were in the following order: Mn > Pb > Ni > Cr > Cd with corresponding arithmetic mean values of0.008, 0.0023, 0.0021, 0.001 and 0.0006 mg m-3, respectively, which are exceeded the recommended levels stated in the indoor air guidelines. The average lifetime carcinogenic risk (LCR) for Cr, Cd, Ni and Pb was calculated 0.0084, 0.00054, 0.00026 and 1.44 E - 05, respectively. The LCR values of all metals (except Pb) exceeded the acceptable level set by the USEPA. The mean of Hazard quotients (HQ) for Mn, Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb were calculated to be23.7, 4.74, 2.19, 0.51 and 0.0.24, respectively. The sensitivity analysis showed that, the exposure frequency (EF) for Cr and Ni had the strong effects on generation of both LCR and HQ. Furthermore, the concentrations of Mn, Cd and Pb had strong impacts on the HQ generation and the concentration of Cd and Pb had main effects on LCR generation. CONCLUSION To effectively reduce pollutant concentration, it is recommended to install a ventilation system near nail salon work tables and conduct continuous monitoring and quality control of nail products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Mohebian
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, Student Research Committee, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Paridokht
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, Student Research Committee, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sara Karimi Zeverdegani
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Mohammadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Hao R, Sun J, Liu R, Zhao H, Yao Z, Wang H, Hao Z. Emission characteristics, environmental impact, and health risk assessment of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during manicure processes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167464. [PMID: 37783437 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the nail industry has been widely popular in China, and the use of nail care products has also significantly increased. Due to its high content of volatile solvents, the released VOCs not only have a negative impact on indoor air quality but also pose a health threat to nail salon workers who are highly exposed to such environments. The objectives of this research were to characterize VOCs emissions from detailed manicure processes and to evaluate the impact on the environment and health risks. Results showed that the VOCs concentration in the anti-warping treatment process was much higher than that in other manicure steps, at 360.69 mg/m3, making its contributions of OFP and SOA equally prominent. The trend of concentration contribution was similar to that of OFP, and OVOCs were the most significant contributor to the VOCs components in the whole manicure process. Since organic solvent nail gels were also frequently used in most steps, the main VOCs were methanol, ethanol and ethyl acetate. Aromatics were the component that contributed the most to SOA, and its contributions in all processes were >85 %. Health risk assessments performed in our study indicated that acrolein was the main non-carcinogen, and the carcinogenic risk of this study could be ignored. The results of this study can be used as a basis for controlling VOCs emission and reducing exposure to VOCs in nail salons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run Hao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Prevention and Treatment Technology and Application of Urban Air, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environment Protection, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Jianling Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Prevention and Treatment Technology and Application of Urban Air, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environment Protection, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Rui Liu
- The Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Huan Zhao
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, Research Center for Environmental Material and Pollution Control Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Zhen Yao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Prevention and Treatment Technology and Application of Urban Air, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environment Protection, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Hailin Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Prevention and Treatment Technology and Application of Urban Air, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environment Protection, Beijing 100037, China.
| | - Zhengping Hao
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, Research Center for Environmental Material and Pollution Control Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China.
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Ebrahimi V, Yarahmadi R, Salehi M, Ashtarinezhad A. Assessing occupational exposure of airborne PMs and TVOCs in the nail salons in Tehran city, Iran. Heliyon 2023; 9:e23088. [PMID: 38144351 PMCID: PMC10746482 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
There are concerns about the health of nail salon technicians due to the inherently harmful agents such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and released particles in the salons. For this reason, this study was conducted to investigate the occupational exposure of nail salon technicians to VOCs and particulate matters (PMs) in the nail salons in Tehran, Iran. In this cross-sectional study, indoor air quality and measurement continually Total VOCs and PMs in the various size of PM1-PM10 using PhoCheck Tiger and particle counter device investigated, respectively. site observation, and an interview with the manager in 49 salons in Tehran. Data was analyzed using SPSS software (version 22). Mean concentrations of PM1 with 2.56 μɡ/m3 was the lowest amount and PM10 with 346.86μɡ/m3 had the highest concentration. Also, the mean concentration of TVOCs was equal 2.61 ppm. The results of the regression model showed that there is a statistically significant between the number of services with airborne PMs (PM2.5), (p-Value≤0.050). In salons only with nail activities, the concentration of PM4 was less than the others, although this correlation was statistically significant just for PM1 (p-Value = 0.010). By implementing effective local exhaust ventilation systems equipped with dust collectors and utilizing safe products, the emission of particles and chemical compounds within salons can be significantly reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vida Ebrahimi
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rasoul Yarahmadi
- Air Pollution Research Center, Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Salehi
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azadeh Ashtarinezhad
- Air Pollution Research Center, Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Connell ML, Wu CC, Blount JR, Haimbaugh A, Kintzele EK, Banerjee D, Baker BB, Baker TR. Adult-Onset Transcriptomic Effects of Developmental Exposure to Benzene in Zebrafish ( Danio rerio): Evaluating a Volatile Organic Compound of Concern. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16212. [PMID: 38003401 PMCID: PMC10671089 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Urban environments are afflicted by mixtures of anthropogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs). VOC sources that drive human exposure include vehicle exhaust, industrial emissions, and oil spillage. The highly volatile VOC benzene has been linked to adverse health outcomes. However, few studies have focused on the later-in-life effects of low-level benzene exposure during the susceptible window of early development. Transcriptomic responses during embryogenesis have potential long-term consequences at levels equal to or lower than 1 ppm, therefore justifying the analysis of adult zebrafish that were exposed during early development. Previously, we identified transcriptomic alteration following controlled VOC exposures to 0.1 or 1 ppm benzene during the first five days of embryogenesis using a zebrafish model. In this study, we evaluated the adult-onset transcriptomic responses to this low-level benzene embryogenesis exposure (n = 20/treatment). We identified key genes, including col1a2 and evi5b, that were differentially expressed in adult zebrafish in both concentrations. Some DEGs overlapped at the larval and adult stages, specifically nfkbiaa, mecr, and reep1. The observed transcriptomic results suggest dose- and sex-dependent changes, with the highest impact of benzene exposure to be on cancer outcomes, endocrine system disorders, reproductive success, neurodevelopment, neurological disease, and associated pathways. Due to molecular pathways being highly conserved between zebrafish and mammals, developmentally exposed adult zebrafish transcriptomics is an important endpoint for providing insight into the long term-effects of VOCs on human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie L. Connell
- Department of Global and Environmental Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (M.L.C.); (E.K.K.); (D.B.)
| | - Chia-Chen Wu
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu City 300093, Taiwan;
| | - Jessica R. Blount
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Integrative Biosciences Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (J.R.B.); (A.H.)
| | - Alex Haimbaugh
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Integrative Biosciences Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (J.R.B.); (A.H.)
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Emily K. Kintzele
- Department of Global and Environmental Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (M.L.C.); (E.K.K.); (D.B.)
| | - Dayita Banerjee
- Department of Global and Environmental Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (M.L.C.); (E.K.K.); (D.B.)
| | - Bridget B. Baker
- IFAS Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
| | - Tracie R. Baker
- Department of Global and Environmental Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (M.L.C.); (E.K.K.); (D.B.)
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Integrative Biosciences Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (J.R.B.); (A.H.)
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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Huỳnh TB, Nguyễn DT, Vũ N, Robinson L, Trần E, Nguyễn N, Carroll-Scott A, Burstyn I. A participatory approach to designing and implementing an occupational health intervention for the nail salon community in the Greater Philadelphia region. Ann Work Expo Health 2023; 67:938-951. [PMID: 37584489 PMCID: PMC10848307 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxad044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nail salon industry in the US comprises mostly immigrant-owned, small mom-and-pop salons that employ primarily first-generation immigrant workers from Asia. Because of the cultural and language barriers, both owners and workers may not avail themselves of the occupational safety resources. We formed an academic-community partnership to co-design a feasibility study and multi-level occupational health intervention for Vietnamese-speaking salon owners, workers, and community-based organization. METHODS The intervention for each salon included (i) 2-h in-person training covering chemical safety, infection control, musculoskeletal prevention, and workers' rights for both the owners and their employees, (ii) a tailored recommendation report for the owner, and (iii) check-ins with the owner during the 3-month follow-up. Community partner was trained to deliver the in-language training with technical assistance from the research team. Baseline and post-intervention individual data about health symptoms and behaviors, as well as personal chemical exposures were collected and analyzed. RESULTS A total of 44 participants from 12 consented salons enrolled in the study. One salon dropped out at follow-up due to change of ownership. Analysis of the differences between post-and pre-intervention showed a tendency toward reduction in some self-reported symptoms in the respiratory system, skin, and eyes, neurotoxicity score, as well as chemical exposures. We could not rule out seasonality as an explanation for these trends. Increase in self-efficacy in some areas was observed post-intervention. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated a successful academic-community partnership to engage community members in the intervention study. While the intervention effects from this feasibility study should be interpreted with caution, our preliminary results indicated that our community-based intervention is a promising approach to reduce work-related exposures among Asian American nail salon workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trân B Huỳnh
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Dương T Nguyễn
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Nga Vũ
- Vietlead, Philadelphia, PA 19148, United States
| | - Lucy Robinson
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Emily Trần
- Vietlead, Philadelphia, PA 19148, United States
| | | | - Amy Carroll-Scott
- Department of Community Health and Prevention, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Igor Burstyn
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
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Peterson G, Jones T, Rispoli D, Haddadi S, Niri V. Investigation of simultaneous volatile organic compound removal by indoor plants using solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. RSC Adv 2023; 13:26896-26906. [PMID: 37692358 PMCID: PMC10483372 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra04015a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are significant indoor air pollutants, and employing plants offers a simple and cost-effective approach to reduce their concentration. It is important to determine which plant exhibits greater efficiency in removing specific VOCs. This study aimed to compare the efficacy of various common indoor plants in simultaneously removing multiple hazardous VOCs. A sealed chamber was utilized to expose five different species of houseplants to eight commonly found VOCs. The concentrations of each compound were monitored over an extended period using solid phase microextraction (SPME) coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The study determined and reported the efficiency of removal per leaf area for all compounds by each plant under different conditions, including removal by the entire plant (with and without light) and removal by the plant's leaf area. The paper discusses the efficiency and rate of removal of each VOC for the tested plants, namely Chlorophytum comosum, Crassula argentea, Guzmania lingulata, Consolea falcata, and Dracaena fragrans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Peterson
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Oswego Oswego NY 13126 USA
| | - Timothy Jones
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Oswego Oswego NY 13126 USA
| | - Diana Rispoli
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Oswego Oswego NY 13126 USA
| | - Shokouh Haddadi
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Oswego Oswego NY 13126 USA
| | - Vadoud Niri
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Oswego Oswego NY 13126 USA
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Ebrahimi V, Yarahmadi R, Salehi M, Ashtarinezhad A. Exposure assessment to BTEX in the air of nail salons in Tehran city, Iran. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18195. [PMID: 37519745 PMCID: PMC10375791 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The nail salon industry has grown considerably, but there are serious concerns about the health risks associated with working in this field. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the exposure of nail technicians to BTEX. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 49 salons, and NIOSH Method 1501 was used to measure the concentration of BTEX in the breathing zone of technicians. The EPA method was used to assess health risks. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS software. The mean concentrations of toluene were (82.65 ± 198.84µg/m3)µg/m3, followed by benzene (10.58 ± 9.62µg/m3), p-xylenes (20.77 ± 37.79µg/m3), o-xylene (13.79 ± 25.70µg/m3), and ethylbenzene (29.35 ± 58.26µg/m3) , that lower than the permissible exposure limits suggested by NIOSH. Among the BTEX, toluene (82.65 ± 198.84µg/m3) has the most concentration in the nail salons. It was also discovered through multiple linear regression analysis that humidity had a significant effect on increasing the concentration of toluene (Beta = 0.50, P-value = 0.001) and ethylbenzene (Beta = 0.16, P = 0.049), while there was a considerable association between the number of services performed and benzene concentration (Beta = 0.34, P = 0.010). The average inhalation lifetime cancer risk for benzene (4.9 × 10 -5±4.5 × 10-5) was higher than the recommended value set by the US EPA. Although the concentrations of BTEX were lower than the maximum permissible limits, the results of the cancer risk assessment for benzene showed that working in nail salons with poor ventilation is hazardous. Therefore, exposure can be minimized by ensuring appropriate ventilation in the workplace and using safe products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vida Ebrahimi
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rasoul Yarahmadi
- Air Pollution Research Center, Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Salehi
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azadeh Ashtarinezhad
- Air Pollution Research Center, Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Knox KE, Dodson RE, Rudel RA, Polsky C, Schwarzman MR. Identifying Toxic Consumer Products: A Novel Data Set Reveals Air Emissions of Potent Carcinogens, Reproductive Toxicants, and Developmental Toxicants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:7454-7465. [PMID: 37129244 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c07247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Consumer products are important sources of exposure to harmful chemicals. Product composition is often a mystery to users, however, due to gaps in the laws governing ingredient disclosure. A unique data set that the California Air Resources Board (CARB) uses to determine how volatile organic chemicals (VOCs) from consumer products affect smog formation holds a partial solution. By analyzing CARB data on VOCs in consumer products, we identified and quantified emissions of volatile chemicals regulated under the California Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act ("Prop 65"). We here highlight individual chemicals as well as consumer product categories that people are likely to be exposed to as individual consumers, in the workplace, and at the population level. Of the 33 Prop 65-listed chemicals that appear in the CARB emissions inventory, we classified 18 as "top tier priorities for elimination". Among these, methylene chloride and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone were most prevalent in products across all three population groups. Of 172 consumer product categories, 105 contained Prop 65-listed chemicals. Although these chemicals are known carcinogens and reproductive/developmental toxicants, they remain in widespread use. Manufacturers and regulators should prioritize product categories containing Prop 65-listed chemicals for reformulation or redesign to reduce human exposures and associated health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin E Knox
- Silent Spring Institute, Newton, Massachusetts 02460 United States
| | - Robin E Dodson
- Silent Spring Institute, Newton, Massachusetts 02460 United States
| | - Ruthann A Rudel
- Silent Spring Institute, Newton, Massachusetts 02460 United States
| | - Claudia Polsky
- School of Law, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 United States
| | - Megan R Schwarzman
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 United States
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Pemberton MA, Kreuzer K, Kimber I. Challenges in the classification of chemical respiratory allergens based on human data: Case studies of 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate (HEMA) and 2-hydroxypropylmethacrylate (HPMA). Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 141:105404. [PMID: 37105297 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2023.105404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Occupational asthma resulting from workplace exposure to chemical respiratory allergens is an important disease. No widely accepted or formally validated tests for the identification of chemical respiratory sensitizers. Consequently, there is a heavy reliance on human data from clinical examinations. Unfortunately, however, although such investigations are critical for the diagnosis of occupational asthma, and in guiding remedial actions, they do not reliably identify specific chemicals within the workplace that are the causative agents. There are several reasons for this, including the fact that specific inhalation tests conducted as part of clinical investigations are frequently performed with complex mixtures rather than single substances, that sometimes inhalation challenges are conducted at concentrations above the OEL and STEL, where effects may be confounded by irritation, and that involvement of immune mechanisms cannot be assumed from the observation of late asthmatic reactions. Further, caution should be taken when implicating substances on lists of "recognised" asthmagens unless they have undergone a formal weight of evidence assessment. Here the limitations of clinical investigations as currently performed for the purposes of regulatory classification and decision making are explored by reference to previously published case studies that implicate 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate (HEMA) and/or 2-hydroxypropylmethacrylate (HPMA) as respiratory allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ian Kimber
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Keretetse G, Nelson G, Brouwer D. Exposure of formal and informal nail technicians to organic solvents found in nail products. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1147204. [PMID: 37213624 PMCID: PMC10193029 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1147204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Nail technicians are exposed to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from nail products used in their daily work, which may cause adverse health effects. This study aimed to assess VOC exposure of nail technicians in the South African formal and informal sectors and to provide a task-based exposure assessment of different nail applications. Personal passive sampling was conducted on 10 formal and 10 informal nail technicians located in the northern suburbs of Johannesburg and the Braamfontein area, over 3 days. Real-time measurements were taken to determine task-based peak exposures. The number of clients serviced, working hours, type of nail application, type of ventilation, room volume, and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations, were also recorded. There were differences in the nail products used, the types of nail applications performed, the number of clients serviced, and breathing zones VOC concentrations of the formal and informal nail technicians. Some formal nail salons were equipped with mechanical ventilation while the informal nail salons relied on natural ventilation. CO2 concentrations were higher in the informal than the formal nail salons and increased during the course of the working day. Formal nail technicians were exposed to higher total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) concentrations than informal nail technicians, which may be due to the different nail application procedures as well as 'background' emissions from their co-workers-the bystander effect. Acetone was the predominantly detected VOC: the formal nail technicians were exposed to significantly higher TWA (8 h) concentrations [geometric mean (GM) 43.8 ppm, geometric standard deviation (GSD) 2.49] than were the informal nail technicians (GM 9.87 ppm, GSD 5.13). Methyl methacrylate among the informal nail technicians was measured at 89.7% detection frequency, far higher than that among the formal nail technicians (3.4%). This may be attributed to the observed popularity of acrylic nail applications in this sector. Nail applications involving soak-off gave rise to high TVOC peaks at the start of the nail application process. This is the first study to compare organic solvent exposures among formal and informal nail technicians and determine task-based peak exposures. It also brings attention to the often-overlooked informal sector of this industry.
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Han I, Seo JY, Barr DB, Panuwet P, Yakimavets V, D’Souza PE, An-Han H, Afshar M, Chao YY. Evaluating Indoor Air Phthalates and Volatile Organic Compounds in Nail Salons in the Greater New York City Area: A Pilot Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:12411. [PMID: 36231706 PMCID: PMC9566193 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The Greater New York City area ranks highest in the United States in the number of nail salon technicians, primarily Asian immigrant women. Nail salon technicians are exposed to toxic phthalates and volatile organic compounds daily in nail salons. The purpose of this pilot study was to measure a mixture of phthalates and volatile organic compounds in nail salons in the Greater New York City area, and to characterize work-related determinants of indoor air quality in these nail salons. Working with four Asian nail salon organizations in the Greater New York City area, we measured indoor air phthalates and volatile organic compounds at 20 nail salons from February to May 2021 using silicone wristbands and passive samplers, respectively. Nail salon characteristics were also examined. We measured six phthalates and 31 volatile organic compounds. Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and Diethyl phthalate had the highest concentrations among the six phthalates measured. Concentrations of toluene, d-limonene, methyl methacrylate, and ethyl methacrylate were higher than that of the rest. Manicure/pedicure tables, the number of customers per day, and application of artificial nail (acrylic) services were positively associated with the levels of phthalates and volatile organic compounds. Given the large number of people employed in the nail industry and the even larger number of customers visiting such establishments, exposures to these toxic chemicals are likely to be widespread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inkyu Han
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Temple University College of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Jin Young Seo
- Hunter College School of Nursing, The City University of New York, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Dana Boyd Barr
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Parinya Panuwet
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Volha Yakimavets
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Priya Esilda D’Souza
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Heyreoun An-Han
- Gulf Coast Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Masoud Afshar
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Science, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ying-Yu Chao
- School of Nursing, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
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Le AB, Rosemberg MS, Sturgis AC, Siracuse BM. Licensure and citations among nail salons in Michigan from 2017 to 2021: A cross‐sectional study of an overlooked and vulnerable industry. Health Sci Rep 2022; 5:e730. [PMID: 35873405 PMCID: PMC9297379 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nail salon workers (NSW) in the United States (U.S.) are predominantly immigrant women who face a number of occupational hazards, such as biological, ergonomic, and chronic chemical exposures. Additionally, there are challenges to keeping up with the latest practices in this evolving small business industry. Licensure requirements are intended to keep not only consumers but also workers safe, however licensure requirements vary between states creating little skill, education, and occupational health and safety knowledge and practice consistency among the nail salon workforce. The current state of nail salons and licensure of workers in the State of Michigan—an overlooked state and region (Midwest) in NSW research—was determined to better characterize this workforce. Methods A Freedom of Information Act request was submitted to the Michigan Department of Licensing and Regulatory Affairs regarding nail salon establishments and their workers, formally termed manicurists, and citation data for breaches. Data were provided on the number of licensed cosmetologists and cosmetology businesses from January 2017 to March 2021. From there, the total number of licensed manicurists was determined, and the cosmetology establishment list was analyzed to see if the businesses exclusively or predominantly provided nail services. Results As of Mach 2021, there were 1372 nail salons that exclusively provided nail services and over 12,000 licensed manicurists. Over half of the disciplinary actions cited were for salons not officially licensed. Michigan has reduced licensure requirements compared to other states and no continuing education (CE) requirements for license renewals. Conclusion There is a need for industry educational and training standardization, across the nation, as well as heightened licensure requirements for these vulnerable workers. CE not only keeps workers abreast of the latest practices in the industry, but also provides them the skills and knowledge to enhance their worker health, safety, and wellbeing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora B. Le
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan USA
| | - Marie‐Anne S. Rosemberg
- Department of Systems, Population and Leadership, School of Nursing University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan USA
| | - Anna C. Sturgis
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan USA
| | - Brianna M. Siracuse
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan USA
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Lin N, Zhong L, Godwin C, Batterman S. Be alert for vapor intrusion of 1,4-dioxane from contaminated groundwater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 825:153713. [PMID: 35149073 PMCID: PMC9845134 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Vapor intrusion (VI) poses significant environmental problems that can degrade indoor air and pose human health risks. This study focuses on 1,4-dioxane, a widely-used volatile organic compound (VOC) that is found in groundwater, however, this compound has not received much attention in indoor air and measurement methods are not well developed. 1,4-dioxane is sufficiently volatile and highly mobile in groundwater, and thus can present a VI risk. In this study, we develop a sensitive analytical method for quantifying airborne 1,4-dioxane, provide a performance evaluation of the method, and initiate preliminary field measurements above a 1,4-dioxane groundwater plume. The method uses passive sampling, automated thermal desorption, and gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy. Numerous other VOCs can be simultaneously measured. A low detection limit (0.067 μg/m3) is attained, which allows quantification at concentrations below health-based guidelines. The performance evaluation suggests limits to sampling times in high humidity environments and other means to ensure good performance. The scenario analyses demonstrate potential impacts from shallow plumes, especially in flooded basements, and thus monitoring of 1,4-dioxane vapor intrusion in the flood season is an urgent need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Lin
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, PR China.
| | - Lexuan Zhong
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Christopher Godwin
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Stuart Batterman
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Kaikiti C, Stylianou M, Agapiou A. TD-GC/MS analysis of indoor air pollutants (VOCs, PM) in hair salons. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 294:133691. [PMID: 35065178 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Hairdressing personnel is daily exposed to various chemical air pollutants, and specifically to Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and Particulate Matter (PM) in hair salons. This is of concern, due to the hazardous effects of these chemicals on the individual's health. Nevertheless, a limited exposure assessment of indoor air quality (IAQ) has been performed. The aim of this study was to analyze the indoor air in 5 hair salons, to assess the IAQ of the occupational exposure, and to identify the main VOCs produced or activities responsible for the respective indoor pollution. The chemical analysis took place inside the salon environment by monitoring the emitted VOCs, as well as the PM of 1, 2.5, 4, and 10 μm aerodynamic diameter. The sampling of VOCs was performed by adsorption of pollutants on Tenax TA sorbent tubes, that were subsequently analyzed using a thermal desorption unit coupled to gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (TD-GC/MS). The obtained results showed that hair products are a major source of air pollutants, as elevated concentrations of VOCs and PM are released in the working environment. Furthermore, the type and concentration of VOCs are affected by the various hair treatment activities taking place in the salons. Among the main compounds detected there was benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes, known as BTEX, as well as, diethyl phthalate, 1,4-dioxane, etc. More than 50 VOCs were identified (occurrence ≥60%) and 14 of them were quantified. Their average concentration levels varied from 12 μg m-3 for naphthalene to 941 μg m-3 for toluene. The measuring levels for PM revealed violations of the EPA and WHO international standards for permissible limit concentrations; this was the case in all hair treatment activities but mostly during keratin treatment. Hence, much more effort is needed to reduce the respective concentration levels of PM and VOCs, that contribute to self-reported health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrystalla Kaikiti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, P.O.Box 20537, 1678, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Marinos Stylianou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, P.O.Box 20537, 1678, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Agapios Agapiou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, P.O.Box 20537, 1678, Nicosia, Cyprus.
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Siegel MR, Rocheleau CM, Broadwater K, Santiago-Colón A, Johnson CY, Herdt ML, Chen IC, Lawson CC. Maternal occupation as a nail technician or hairdresser during pregnancy and birth defects, National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1997-2011. Occup Environ Med 2022; 79:17-23. [PMID: 34193593 PMCID: PMC8991319 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2021-107561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Nail technicians and hairdressers may be exposed to chemicals with potential reproductive effects. While studies have examined birth defects in children of hairdressers, those in children of nail technicians have not been evaluated. We investigated associations between selected birth defects and maternal occupation as a nail technician or hairdresser versus a non-cosmetology occupation during pregnancy. METHODS We analysed population-based case-control data from the multisite National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1997-2011. Cases were fetuses or infants with major structural birth defects; controls were live-born infants without major birth defects. Expert raters classified self-reported maternal jobs as nail technician, combination nail technician-hairdresser, hairdresser, other cosmetology work or non-cosmetology work. We used logistic regression to calculate adjusted ORs and 95% CIs for associations between occupation during pregnancy and birth defects, controlling for age, smoking, education and race/ethnicity. RESULTS Sixty-one mothers worked as nail technicians, 196 as hairdressers, 39 as combination nail technician-hairdressers and 42 810 as non-cosmetologists. The strongest associations among nail technicians included seven congenital heart defect (CHD) groups (ORs ranging from 2.7 to 3.5) and neural tube defects (OR=2.6, CI=0.8 to 8.4). Birth defects most strongly associated with hairdressing included anotia/microtia (OR=2.1, CI=0.6 to 6.9) and cleft lip with cleft palate (OR=2.0, CI=1.1 to 3.7). All oral cleft groups were associated with combination nail technician-hairdresser work (ORs ranging from 4.2 to 5.3). CONCLUSIONS Small samples resulted in wide CIs. Still, results suggest associations between maternal nail technician work during pregnancy and CHDs and between hairdressing work and oral clefts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam R. Siegel
- Division of Field Studies and Engineering, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Carissa M. Rocheleau
- Division of Field Studies and Engineering, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Kendra Broadwater
- Division of Field Studies and Engineering, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Albeliz Santiago-Colón
- World Trade Center Health Program, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Candice Y. Johnson
- Division of Field Studies and Engineering, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Michele L. Herdt
- Center for Environmental Health, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, State University of New York at Albany School of Public Health, Rensselaer, NY, USA
| | - I-Chen Chen
- Division of Field Studies and Engineering, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Christina C. Lawson
- Division of Field Studies and Engineering, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Cammalleri V, Pocino RN, Marotta D, Protano C, Sinibaldi F, Simonazzi S, Petyx M, Iavicoli S, Vitali M. Occupational scenarios and exposure assessment to formaldehyde: A systematic review. INDOOR AIR 2022; 32:e12949. [PMID: 34708443 PMCID: PMC9298394 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of the systematic review were to: identify the work sectors at risk for exposure to formaldehyde; investigate the procedures applied to assess occupational exposure; evaluate the reported exposure levels among the different settings. An electronic search of Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science and ToxNet was carried out for collecting all the articles on the investigated issue published from January 1, 2004 to September 30, 2019. Forty-three papers were included in the review, and evidenced a great number of occupational scenarios at risk for formaldehyde exposure. All the included studies collected data on formaldehyde exposure levels by a similar approach: environmental and personal sampling followed by chromatographic analyses. Results ranged from not detectable values until to some mg m-3 of airborne formaldehyde. The riskiest occupational settings for formaldehyde exposure were the gross anatomy and pathology laboratories, the hairdressing salons and some specific productive settings, such as wooden furniture factories, dairy facilities and fish hatcheries. Notice that formaldehyde, a well-known carcinogen, was recovered in air at levels higher than outdoor in almost all the studied scenarios/activities; thus, when formaldehyde cannot be removed or substituted, targeted strategies for exposure elimination or mitigation must be adopted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittoria Cammalleri
- Department of Public Health and Infectious DiseasesUniversity of Rome “La Sapienza”RomeItaly
| | - Roberta Noemi Pocino
- Department of Public Health and Infectious DiseasesUniversity of Rome “La Sapienza”RomeItaly
| | - Daniela Marotta
- Department of Public Health and Infectious DiseasesUniversity of Rome “La Sapienza”RomeItaly
| | - Carmela Protano
- Department of Public Health and Infectious DiseasesUniversity of Rome “La Sapienza”RomeItaly
| | - Federica Sinibaldi
- Department of Anatomical Histological Medical Legal Sciences and Locomotor ApparatusUniversity of Rome “La Sapienza”RomeItaly
| | - Stefano Simonazzi
- Department of Anatomical Histological Medical Legal Sciences and Locomotor ApparatusUniversity of Rome “La Sapienza”RomeItaly
| | - Marta Petyx
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and HygieneINAIL ResearchRomeItaly
| | - Sergio Iavicoli
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and HygieneINAIL ResearchRomeItaly
| | - Matteo Vitali
- Department of Public Health and Infectious DiseasesUniversity of Rome “La Sapienza”RomeItaly
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18
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Perceived work exposures and expressed intervention needs among Michigan nail salon workers. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2021; 94:2001-2013. [PMID: 34052870 PMCID: PMC8164489 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-021-01719-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Background Nail salon workers are an underserved population exposed to various occupational hazards. Comprised primarily of women and immigrants, these workers face challenges that further increase their workplace exposures and adverse health outcomes. Though previous studies have noted nail salon workers’ exposures, these studies have yet to explore the workers’ insights on intervention needs. This study among Michigan nail salon workers addresses this gap. Methods This qualitative study was informed by the phenomenology methodological framework anchored within critical social theory. Participants were recruited from nail salons in Southeast Michigan to partake in focus groups. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using content analysis. Results Three focus groups were conducted with 13 participants. Three major categories emerged. The first category, workers’ perceived work-related stressors, included six themes: lack of standardized policies, regulations, education/training; disconnect between education/training and real-world practice; inadequate knowledge on exposures and safety protocols; unsafe nail products; customer pressure; and immigrant-related pressures. The second category, health issues perceived to be directly related to workplace exposures, included two themes: symptoms experienced due to contact with nail products and symptoms due to poor ergonomics. The third category, participants’ perceived intervention needs, included four themes: continuing education; updates with new products; communication with key stakeholders; and partnership building and resource access. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first qualitative study among U.S. nail salon workers focused in Midwest. In addition to the noted individual and organizational-level interventions, policy level implications are discussed given discrepancies in training and practices across states.
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Tran HM, Bui HTM, Thoumsang S, Ngo NTB, Nguyen NPT, Nguyen HTM, Nguyen SM, Hara K, Wangwongwatana S. Occupational symptoms due to exposure to volatile organic compounds among female Vietnamese nail salon workers in Danang city. J Occup Health 2021; 62:e12160. [PMID: 32949076 PMCID: PMC7507489 DOI: 10.1002/1348-9585.12160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Nail workers are exposed to many hazardous chemicals. Despite many warnings about health problems among nail workers in other countries, data concerning exposure to chemical hazards among nail workers is still limited in Vietnam. In this study, we aimed to identify exposure to volatile organic compounds and their relationship with occupational symptoms among Vietnamese female nail salon workers. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted in Danang, Vietnam, from January 2019 to September 2019. Total 42 personal passive samplers were collected to evaluate 12 substances from 21 nail workers (15 salons) twice a week. We chose one representative worker from each of the nine salons with less than six workers and two representative workers from each of the six salons with over five workers for personal sampling based on the principle of similar exposure groups. We interviewed a total of 100 nail workers in 15 salons and 100 office workers in offices adjacent to the salons to compare occupational symptoms among them. RESULTS The commonly detected compounds in nail salons were acetone (97.6%), butyl acetate (83.3%), and ethyl acetate and ethyl methacrylate (78%). The concentration of total target VOCs was related to the number of serviced customers, the concentration of CO2 , and general ventilation used. The subjective symptoms were significantly higher for the nail workers than for the comparison subjects, that is, headache, nausea, nose irritation, skin irritation, shortness of breath, and confusion. Among 100 nail workers, nose irritation was significantly higher for nail workers who were exposed to acetone at levels exceeding the Vietnam occupational exposure limit (VOEL) adjusted with the Brief-Scala model. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to VOCs such as acetone in nail salons results in occupational symptoms among workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan M Tran
- Faculty of Public Health, Thammasat University, Rangsit, Thailand.,Faculty of Public Health, Da Nang University of Medical Technology and Pharmacy, Da Nang, Viet Nam
| | - Hanh T M Bui
- Department of Quarantine Service, Danang Center for Disease Control, Da Nang, Viet Nam
| | | | - Ngoc T B Ngo
- Faculty of Public Health, Da Nang University of Medical Technology and Pharmacy, Da Nang, Viet Nam
| | - Nhan P T Nguyen
- Institute for Community Health Research, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue, Viet Nam
| | - Hai T M Nguyen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Da Nang University of Medical Technology and Pharmacy, Da Nang, Viet Nam
| | - Son M Nguyen
- Faculty of Odonto-Stomatology, Da Nang University of Medical Technology and Pharmacy, Da Nang, Viet Nam
| | - Kunio Hara
- Department of Safety and Health Management, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
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Tevis DS, Flores SR, Kenwood BM, Bhandari D, Jacob P, Liu J, Lorkiewicz PK, Conklin DJ, Hecht SS, Goniewicz ML, Blount BC, De Jesús VR. Harmonization of acronyms for volatile organic compound metabolites using a standardized naming system. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2021; 235:113749. [PMID: 33962120 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2021.113749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Increased interest in volatile organic compound (VOC) exposure has led to an increased need for consistent, systematic, and informative naming of VOC metabolites. As analytical methods have expanded to include many metabolites in a single assay, the number of acronyms in use for a single metabolite has expanded in an unplanned and inconsistent manner due to a lack of guidance or group consensus. Even though the measurement of VOC metabolites is a well-established means to investigate exposure to VOCs, a formal attempt to harmonize acronyms amongst investigators has not been published. The aim of this work is to establish a system of acronym naming that provides consistency in current acronym usage and a foundation for creating acronyms for future VOC metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise S Tevis
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sharon R Flores
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Brandon M Kenwood
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Deepak Bhandari
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Peyton Jacob
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, Division of Cardiology, Clinical Pharmacology Program, San Francisco General Hospital Medical Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, Division of Cardiology, Clinical Pharmacology Program, San Francisco General Hospital Medical Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Pawel K Lorkiewicz
- American Heart Association - Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center, Superfund Research Center, Diabetes and Obesity Center, Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Daniel J Conklin
- American Heart Association - Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center, Superfund Research Center, Diabetes and Obesity Center, Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Stephen S Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Maciej L Goniewicz
- Nicotine and Tobacco Product Assessment Resource, Department of Health Behavior, Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Studies, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Benjamin C Blount
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Víctor R De Jesús
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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21
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Tagesse M, Deti M, Dadi D, Nigussie B, Eshetu TT, Tucho GT. Non-Combustible Source Indoor Air Pollutants Concentration in Beauty Salons and Associated Self-Reported Health Problems Among the Beauty Salon Workers. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2021; 14:1363-1372. [PMID: 33833599 PMCID: PMC8021251 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s293723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cosmetic products emits Total Volatile Organic Compound (TVOC) and Particulate Matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 micrometers (PM10) of different sizes and characteristics with adverse health effects. Despite the increasing need for cosmetic products, related pollutants level of concentration from beauty salon is not well understood in developing countries. Objective This study aims to assess indoor air pollutant concentrations in the beauty salon and self-reported health problems among the salon workers in Jimma town. Methods A cross-sectional study design was used on 87 beauty salons from May 13-24, 2019. The concentrations of PM10, TVOCs, CO2, room temperature, and relative humidity were measured and triangulated with the survey data collected through measurements and questionnaires. A statistical software package, SPSS v.21, was used to analyze the data. A binary logistic regression was used to analyze categorical data and linear regressions to predict pollutants level and associated health outcomes. Results The results show that 93.1% of the respondents are females, and 85% were below 30 years old. More than 60% of the respondents were married individuals. 56.3% and 44.8% of the workers work over 10 hours per day and work the whole week. 34.6% of the workers reported as worked during pregnancy. About 70% of the workers know the harmful effects of cosmetics, benefits of ventilation, and Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) use, but only 19.4% use face masks. The majority (88.5%) reported health problems after starting work in the beauty salon. The mean volume of the beauty salon was 36.3 m3, with a mean PM10 concentration of 0.465 mg/m3 and a mean TVOC concentration of 1034.2 µg/m3. These air pollutants have shown a statistically significant association with self-reported health problems. Hence, urgent intervention with subsequent continuous awareness creation is needed to reduce the health consequences of a beauty salon's indoor air pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihretu Tagesse
- Department of Environmental Health Science and Technology, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Mulunesh Deti
- Department of Environmental Health Science and Technology, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Dessalegn Dadi
- Department of Environmental Health Science and Technology, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Berhanu Nigussie
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, College of Education and Behavioural Science, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Tizita Teshome Eshetu
- Department of Environmental Health Science and Technology, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Gudina Terefe Tucho
- Department of Environmental Health Science and Technology, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
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22
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Gonçalves AD, Martins TG, Cassella RJ. Passive sampling of toluene (and benzene) in indoor air using a semipermeable membrane device. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 208:111707. [PMID: 33396038 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The distribution and concentration of organic compounds in the environment have attracted great interest mainly due to their capability of bioaccumulation, dispersion, and danger to living organisms. Factors such as urbanization, population growth, and the emergence of new technologies contribute to the increase in pollutant emissions, especially volatile organic compounds (VOCs), such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX). These compounds are emitted by several sources, becoming more common in work environments, influencing indoor air quality (IAQ), which can cause health damage, in addition to increasing the likelihood of cancer development. In this context, we developed a semipermeable membrane device (SPMD), consisting of low density polyethylene membrane (8 cm long × 3 cm wide), filled with 3 mL of acetonitrile, for passive sampling of toluene (and benzene) in gas phase. With this configuration, the SPMD needed 24 h exposure to the indoor air in order to achieve equilibrium. The target compounds were quantified in the acceptor phase by HPLC-DAD. The optimized SPMD was tested for the collection of toluene and benzene in six chemistry laboratories at Fluminense Federal University and in five nail salons in the city of Niterói, in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The developed sampling method was able to identify the analytes in the indoor air of the studied environments, and was easy to operate, with no need to clean up the extracts, allowing their direct injection into the chromatographic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline D Gonçalves
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro de São João Batista s/n, Centro, Niterói/RJ 24020-141, Brazil; Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro/RJ 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Tayene G Martins
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro de São João Batista s/n, Centro, Niterói/RJ 24020-141, Brazil
| | - Ricardo J Cassella
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro de São João Batista s/n, Centro, Niterói/RJ 24020-141, Brazil.
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Lin N, Rosemberg MA, Li W, Meza-Wilson E, Godwin C, Batterman S. Occupational exposure and health risks of volatile organic compounds of hotel housekeepers: Field measurements of exposure and health risks. INDOOR AIR 2021; 31:26-39. [PMID: 32609907 PMCID: PMC8020495 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Hotel housekeepers represent a large, low-income, predominantly minority, and high-risk workforce. Little is known about their exposure to chemicals, including volatile organic compounds (VOCs). This study evaluates VOC exposures of housekeepers, sources and factors affecting VOC levels, and provides preliminary estimates of VOC-related health risks. We utilized indoor and personal sampling at two hotels, assessed ventilation, and characterized the VOC composition of cleaning agents. Personal sampling of hotel staff showed a total target VOC concentration of 57 ± 36 µg/m3 (mean ± SD), about twice that of indoor samples. VOCs of greatest health significance included chloroform and formaldehyde. Several workers had exposure to alkanes that could cause non-cancer effects. VOC levels were negatively correlated with estimated air change rates. The composition and concentrations of the tested products and air samples helped identify possible emission sources, which included building sources (for formaldehyde), disinfection by-products in the laundry room, and cleaning products. VOC levels and the derived health risks in this study were at the lower range found in the US buildings. The excess lifetime cancer risk (average of 4.1 × 10-5 ) still indicates a need to lower exposure by reducing or removing toxic constituents, especially formaldehyde, or by increasing ventilation rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Lin
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA 48109
| | - Marie-Anne Rosemberg
- Department of Systems, Populations and Leadership, School of Nursing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA 48109
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Systems, Populations and Leadership, School of Nursing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA 48109
| | - Emily Meza-Wilson
- College of Literature, Science and the Arts, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA 48109
| | - Christopher Godwin
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA 48109
| | - Stuart Batterman
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA 48109
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Blood plasma levels of biomarkers of liver status and lipid profile among nail technicians occupationally exposed to low-level mixture of volatile organic compounds. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2020; 94:487-494. [PMID: 33156392 PMCID: PMC8032578 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-020-01599-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Nail technicians (NTs) are exposed to a low-level mixture of volatile organic solvents (VOCs), yet the health hazards related to such exposure are unknown. This study thus aimed to compare the blood plasma levels of selected biomarkers related to liver status and lipid profile among occupationally exposed NTs and unexposed controls. Associations between out-of-normal-range levels of such biomarkers and occupational exposure to VOCs mixture have also been investigated. METHODS The study enrolled 145 female NTs and 152 unexposed controls. Biochemical analyses were performed using spectrophotometric assays and obtained data were analyzed using general linear model and Poisson regression modelling adjusted to multiple confounders. RESULTS Compared to controls, NTs presented significantly increased plasma activities of ALT (2.04 ± 0.63 ln-U/l vs. 1.25 ± 0.71 ln-U/l; p < 0.0001) and AST (2.73 ± 0.25 ln-U/l vs. 2.08 ± 0.95 ln-U/l; p < 0.0001), and significantly increased plasma levels of TG (4.38 ± 0.53 ln-mg/dl vs. 4.21 ± 0.42 ln-mg/dl; p < 0.05) and TC/HDL ratio (1.18 ± 0.36 vs. 1.02 ± 0.27; p < 0.0005). Plasma levels of HDL were significantly lower among NTs (4.02 ± 0.29 ln-mg/dl vs. 4.21 ± 0.26 ln-mg/dl; p < 0.0001). Moreover, NTs were found to present significantly increased risk of occurrence of clinically relevant plasma HDL levels below 3.91 ln-mg/dl (i.e., 50 mg/dl; RR = 1.58, 95% CI 1.07-2.32, p < 0.05), as well as increased risk of clinically relevant TC/HDL ratio above the normal range limit of 3.5 (RR = 1.68, 95% CI 1.19-2.35, p < 0.005), as compared to unexposed controls. CONCLUSION Nail technicians are subject to adverse changes in selected plasma biomarkers related to liver functions, some of which may be of clinical relevance.
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Lteif M, El Hayek MS, Azouri H, Antonios D. Assessment of work-related symptoms, perceived knowledge, and attitude among nail salon technicians. Toxicol Ind Health 2020; 36:852-862. [PMID: 32909894 DOI: 10.1177/0748233720951294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Beauty is a Lebanese stereotype, as Lebanese women often feel urged to decorate themselves. Recent studies have raised concerns about nail salon technicians' (NSTs) health and safety issues. The aim of our study was to evaluate the occupational symptoms reported by NSTs, to assess their knowledge and document their awareness regarding hazardous chemicals found in nail cosmetics. METHODS NSTs completed a researcher-administered questionnaire. Data were gathered on sociodemographic characteristics, perceived knowledge, and safety issues. Work-related symptoms reported by NSTs were evaluated, and their responses were compared to those of the office employees. RESULTS A total of 120 NSTs and 120 office employees were interviewed. Compared to the control group, NSTs reported a higher prevalence of work-related respiratory, dermal, and irritative symptoms, all significantly associated with smoking and a poor ventilation system. In addition, musculoskeletal complaints were common among NSTs and significantly linked to a poor ventilation system, an increased number of customers per day, and a longer service duration. Furthermore, a longer career duration was significantly associated with an increased prevalence of irritative symptoms. When a binary logistic regression was carried out, it demonstrated a 25 times higher prevalence of work-related symptoms among NSTs compared to the office employees. Interestingly, 84% of the respondents had an inaccurate knowledge of nail cosmetics' risks with their educational level acting as key factor. CONCLUSIONS Based on these findings, it is warranted to perform a clinical assessment, implement a stringent regulatory framework, and improve knowledge toward nail cosmetics' risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lteif
- Faculty of Pharmacy, 36925Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Marylene Samia El Hayek
- Endocrinology Division, Middle East Institute of Health University Hospital, Bsalim, Lebanon
| | - Hayat Azouri
- Toxicology Laboratory and Poison Control Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, 36925Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Diane Antonios
- Toxicology Laboratory and Poison Control Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, 36925Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
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Reinecke JK, Hinshaw MA. Nail health in women. Int J Womens Dermatol 2020; 6:73-79. [PMID: 32258335 PMCID: PMC7105659 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijwd.2020.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Healthy nails are functionally and cosmetically important to the daily work of women. The globally increasing market for nail cosmetics reflects the importance of the appearance of nails. This article details the composition of a healthy nail, diagnosis and treatment of nail disorders, use of nail cosmetics and their risks, the impact of the aging process on nails, and the relative risks to nail salon workers. Knowledge of these issues will prepare health care providers and patients to maintain healthy nails throughout their lives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Molly A. Hinshaw
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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Auguste D, Miller SL. Volatile Organic Compound Emissions From Heated Synthetic Hair: A Pilot Study. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH INSIGHTS 2020; 14:1178630219890876. [PMID: 32063708 PMCID: PMC6990612 DOI: 10.1177/1178630219890876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are emitted from a variety of household and personal care products. Many VOCs are known to be potentially toxic or carcinogenic. Synthetic hair is used in hair-styling practices, including practices in African American communities that involve singeing or heating the synthetic hair. The research questions that we sought to answer were as follows: Are VOCs emitted from singed or heated synthetic hair? If so, what are the VOC species and relative masses identified in singed or heated synthetic hair? We tested samples from 2 sources of singed and heated synthetic hair in a microchamber; one source was flame-retardant synthetic hair and the other source was non-flame-retardant synthetic hair. Our findings confirmed that VOCs are emitted from singed or heated synthetic hair for both types of sources. For flame-retardant synthetic hair, we identified and measured mass for species that included acetone, acetonitrile, 2-butanone, benzene, chloromethane, chloroethane, and 1,2-dichloroethane. For non-flame-retardant synthetic hair, we identified and measured mass for species that included acetone, acetonitrile, chloromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, and 2-propanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna Auguste
- ATLAS Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Shelly L Miller
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Environmental Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
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Spinazzè A, Campagnolo D, Cattaneo A, Urso P, Sakellaris IA, Saraga DE, Mandin C, Canha N, Mabilia R, Perreca E, Mihucz VG, Szigeti T, Ventura G, de Oliveira Fernandes E, de Kluizenaar Y, Cornelissen E, Hänninen O, Carrer P, Wolkoff P, Cavallo DM, Bartzis JG. Indoor gaseous air pollutants determinants in office buildings-The OFFICAIR project. INDOOR AIR 2020; 30:76-87. [PMID: 31593610 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify determinants of aldehyde and volatile organic compound (VOC) indoor air concentrations in a sample of more than 140 office rooms, in the framework of the European OFFICAIR research project. A large field campaign was performed, which included (a) the air sampling of aldehydes and VOCs in 37 newly built or recently retrofitted office buildings across 8 European countries in summer and winter and (b) the collection of information on building and offices' characteristics using checklists. Linear mixed models for repeated measurements were applied to identify the main factors affecting the measured concentrations of selected indoor air pollutants (IAPs). Several associations between aldehydes and VOCs concentrations and buildings' structural characteristic or occupants' activity patterns were identified. The aldehyde and VOC determinants in office buildings include building and furnishing materials, indoor climate characteristics (room temperature and relative humidity), the use of consumer products (eg, cleaning and personal care products, office equipment), as well as the presence of outdoor sources in the proximity of the buildings (ie, vehicular traffic). Results also showed that determinants of indoor air concentrations varied considerably among different type of pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Spinazzè
- Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, Como, Italy
| | - Davide Campagnolo
- Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, Como, Italy
| | - Andrea Cattaneo
- Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, Como, Italy
| | - Patrizia Urso
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences-Hospital "L. Sacco", University of Milan, Milano, Italy
- Radiotherapy Department, Clinica Luganese Moncucco, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Ioannis A Sakellaris
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, Kozani, Greece
| | - Dikaia E Saraga
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, Kozani, Greece
| | - Corinne Mandin
- Scientific and Technical Centre for Building, University Paris Est, Marne-la-Vallée, France
| | - Nuno Canha
- Instituto Superior Técnico, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Universidade de Lisboa, Bobadela, Portugal
| | - Rosanna Mabilia
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Science, National Research Council, Roma, Italy
| | - Erica Perreca
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Science, National Research Council, Roma, Italy
| | - Victor G Mihucz
- Cooperative Research Centre for Environmental Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Gabriela Ventura
- Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Management, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Yvonne de Kluizenaar
- The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Cornelissen
- The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Otto Hänninen
- Department of Health Protection, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Paolo Carrer
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences-Hospital "L. Sacco", University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Peder Wolkoff
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Domenico M Cavallo
- Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, Como, Italy
| | - John G Bartzis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, Kozani, Greece
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Indoor Environmental Quality Evaluation of Lecture Classrooms in an Institutional Building in a Cold Climate. SUSTAINABILITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/su11236591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, ventilation, indoor air quality (IAQ), thermal and acoustic conditions, and lighting were studied to evaluate the indoor environmental quality (IEQ) in an institutional building at the University of Alberta in Edmonton, Canada. This study examined IEQ parameters, including pressure, illuminance, acoustics, carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration, temperature, and humidity, with appropriate monitors allocated during a lecture (duration 50 min or 80 min) in four lecture classrooms repeatedly (N = 99) from October 2018 to March 2019 with the objectives of providing a comprehensive analysis of interactions between IEQ parameters. The classroom environments were maintained at 23 ± 1 °C and 33% ± 3% RH during two-season measurements. Indoor mean CO2 concentrations were 550–1055 ppm, and a mean sound level of 58 ± 3 dBA was observed. The air change rates were configured at 1.3–6.5 per hour based on continuous CO2 measurements and occupant loads in the lectures. A variance analysis indicated that the within-lecture classroom variations in most IEQ parameters exceeded between-lecture classrooms. A multilayer artificial neural network (ANN) model was developed on the basis of feedforward networks with a backpropagation algorithm. ANN results demonstrated the importance of the sequence of covariates on indoor conditions (temperature, RH, and CO2 level): Air change rate (ACR) > room operations (occupant number and light system) > outdoor conditions.
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Suojalehto H, Suuronen K, Cullinan P, Lindström I, Sastre J, Walusiak-Skorupa J, Munoz X, Talini D, Klusackova P, Moore V, Merget R, Svanes C, Mason P, dell'Omo M, Moscato G, Quirce S, Hoyle J, Sherson D, Preisser A, Seed M, Rifflart C, Godet J, de Blay F, Vandenplas O. Phenotyping Occupational Asthma Caused by Acrylates in a Multicenter Cohort Study. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE 2019; 8:971-979.e1. [PMID: 31678289 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2019.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While acrylates are well-known skin sensitizers, they are not classified as respiratory sensitizers although several cases of acrylate-induced occupational asthma (OA) have been reported. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the characteristics of acrylate-induced OA in a large series of cases and compare those with OA induced by other low-molecular-weight (LMW) agents. METHODS Jobs and exposures, clinical and functional characteristics, and markers of airway inflammation were analyzed in an international, multicenter, retrospective cohort of subjects with OA ascertained by a positive inhalation challenge to acrylates (n = 55) or other LMW agents (n = 418) including isocyanates (n = 125). RESULTS Acrylate-containing glues were the most prevalent products, and industrial manufacturing, dental work, and beauty care were typical occupations causing OA. Work-related rhinitis was more common in acrylate-than in isocyanate-induced asthma (P < .001). The increase in postchallenge fractional exhaled nitric oxide was significantly greater in acrylate-induced OA (26.0; 8.2 to 38.0 parts per billion [ppb]) than in OA induced by other LMW agents (3.0; -1.0 to 10.0 ppb; P < .001) or isocyanates (5.0; 2.0 to 16.0 ppb; P = .010). Multivariable models confirmed that OA induced by acrylates was significantly and independently associated with a postchallenge increase in fractional exhaled nitric oxide (≥17.5 ppb). CONCLUSIONS Acrylate-induced OA shows specific characteristics, concomitant work-related rhinitis, and exposure-related increases in fractional exhaled nitric oxide, suggesting that acrylates may induce asthma through different immunologic mechanisms compared with mechanisms through which other LMW agents may induce asthma. Our findings reinforce the need for a reevaluation of the hazard classification of acrylates, and further investigation of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying their respiratory sensitizing potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katri Suuronen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paul Cullinan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Royal Brompton Hospital and Imperial College (NHLI), London, United Kingdom.
| | | | - Joaquin Sastre
- Department of Allergy, Fundacion Jimenez Dıaz and CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jolanta Walusiak-Skorupa
- Department of Occupational Diseases and Environmental Health, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland
| | - Xavier Munoz
- Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona and CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Donatella Talini
- Cardio-Thoracic and Vascular Department, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Pavlina Klusackova
- Department of Occupational Medicine, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vicky Moore
- Occupational Lung Disease Unit, Birmingham Heartlands Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Rolf Merget
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance (IPA), Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Cecilie Svanes
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Paola Mason
- Department of Cardiac-Thoracic-Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Marco dell'Omo
- Department of Medicine, Section of Occupational Medicine, Respiratory Diseases and Occupational and Environmental Toxicology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Gianna Moscato
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Specialization School in Occupational Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Santiago Quirce
- Department of Allergy, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ) and CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jennifer Hoyle
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, North Manchester General Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - David Sherson
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Occupational Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Alexandra Preisser
- Institute for Occupational and Maritime Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin Seed
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Rifflart
- Department of Chest Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire UCL Namur, Université Catholique de Louvain, Yvoir, Belgium
| | - Julien Godet
- Groupe Méthode Recherche Clinique, Pôle de Santé Publique, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France
| | - Frédéric de Blay
- Division of Asthma and Allergy, Department of Chest Diseases, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Fédération de Médecine translationnelle, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France
| | - Olivier Vandenplas
- Department of Chest Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire UCL Namur, Université Catholique de Louvain, Yvoir, Belgium
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Quiros-Alcala L, Pollack AZ, Tchangalova N, DeSantiago M, Kavi LKA. Occupational Exposures Among Hair and Nail Salon Workers: a Scoping Review. Curr Environ Health Rep 2019; 6:269-285. [DOI: 10.1007/s40572-019-00247-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ceballos DM, Craig J, Fu X, Jia C, Chambers D, Chu MT, Fernandez AT, Fruh V, Petropoulos ZE, Allen JG, Vallarino J, Thornburg L, Webster TF. Biological and environmental exposure monitoring of volatile organic compounds among nail technicians in the Greater Boston area. INDOOR AIR 2019; 29:539-550. [PMID: 31112343 PMCID: PMC6565444 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Nail technicians are exposed to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from nail products, but no studies have previously measured VOC biomarkers for these workers. This study of 10 nail technicians aimed to identify VOCs in nail salons and explore relationships between air concentrations and biomarkers. Personal and area air samples were collected using thermal desorption tubes during a work shift and analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) for 71 VOCs. Whole blood samples were collected pre-shift and post-shift, and analyzed using GC/MS for 43 VOCs. Ventilation rates were determined using continuous CO2 measurements. Predominant air VOC levels were ethyl methacrylate (median 240 µg/m3 ), methyl methacrylate (median 205 µg/m3 ), toluene (median 100 µg/m3 ), and ethyl acetate (median 639 µg/m3 ). Blood levels were significantly higher post-shift than pre-shift for toluene (median pre-shift 0.158 µg/L and post-shift 0.360 µg/L) and ethyl acetate (median pre-shift <0.158 µg/L and post-shift 0.510 µg/L); methacrylates were not measured in blood because of their instability. Based on VOCs measured in these seven nail salons, we estimated that emissions from Greater Boston area nail salons may contribute to ambient VOCs. Ventilation rates did not always meet the ASHRAE guideline for nail salons. There is a need for changes in nail product formulation and better ventilation to reduce VOC occupational exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M. Ceballos
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, Talbot 4 Floor West, Boston, MA 02118
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 401 Park Drive, 4th Floor West, Boston, MA 02215
- Correspondence to: Tel: +1 (617) 358 1911,
| | - Jessica Craig
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, Talbot 4 Floor West, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Xianqiang Fu
- School of Public Health, University of Memphis, 3825 DeSoto Avenue, Robison Hall 337, Memphis, TN 38152
| | - Chunrong Jia
- School of Public Health, University of Memphis, 3825 DeSoto Avenue, Robison Hall 337, Memphis, TN 38152
| | - David Chambers
- Volatile Organic Compounds Laboratory, Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway NE, Building 103, Room 3105, Atlanta, GA 30341
| | - MyDzung T. Chu
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 401 Park Drive, 4th Floor West, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Alai T. Fernandez
- Volatile Organic Compounds Laboratory, Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway NE, Building 103, Room 3105, Atlanta, GA 30341
| | - Victoria Fruh
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, Talbot 4 Floor West, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Zoe E. Petropoulos
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, Talbot 4 Floor West, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Joseph G. Allen
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 401 Park Drive, 4th Floor West, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Jose Vallarino
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 401 Park Drive, 4th Floor West, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Lydia Thornburg
- Volatile Organic Compounds Laboratory, Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway NE, Building 103, Room 3105, Atlanta, GA 30341
| | - Thomas F. Webster
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, Talbot 4 Floor West, Boston, MA 02118
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Lamplugh A, Harries M, Xiang F, Trinh J, Hecobian A, Montoya LD. Occupational exposure to volatile organic compounds and health risks in Colorado nail salons. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 249:518-526. [PMID: 30933751 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.03.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Nail salon technicians face chronic exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which can lead to adverse health outcomes including cancer. In this study, indoor levels of formaldehyde, as well as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene, were measured in 6 Colorado nail salons. Personal exposure VOC measurements and health questionnaires (n = 20) were also performed; questionnaires included employee demographics, health symptoms experienced, and protective equipment used. Cancer slope factors from the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) and anthropometric data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention were then used to estimate cancer risk for workers, assuming 20-yr exposures to concentrations of benzene and formaldehyde reported here. Results show that 70% of surveyed workers experienced at least one health issue related to their employment, with many reporting multiple related symptoms. Indoor concentrations of formaldehyde ranged from 5.32 to 20.6 μg m-3, across all 6 salons. Indoor concentrations of toluene ranged from 26.7 to 816 μg m-3, followed by benzene (3.13-51.8 μg m-3), xylenes (5.16-34.6 μg m-3), and ethylbenzene (1.65-9.52 μg m-3). Formaldehyde levels measured in one salon exceeded the Recommended Exposure Limit from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Cancer risk estimates from formaldehyde exposure exceeded the US EPA de minimis risk level (1 × 10-6) for squamous cell carcinoma, nasopharyngeal cancer, Hodgkin's lymphoma, and leukemia; leukemia risk exceeded 1 × 10-4 in one salon. The average leukemia risk from benzene exposure also exceeded the US EPA de minimis risk level for all demographic categories modeled. In general, concentrations of aromatic compounds measured here were comparable to those measured in studies of oil refinery and auto garage workers. Cancer risk models determined that 20-yr exposure to formaldehyde and benzene concentrations measured in this study will significantly increase worker's risk of developing cancer in their lifetime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Lamplugh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, 1111 Engineering Drive, UCB 427, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309-0427, USA.
| | - Megan Harries
- Department of Chemistry, 1125 18th Street, UCB 215, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309-0215, USA.
| | - Feng Xiang
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, 1111 Engineering Drive, UCB 428, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309-0428, USA.
| | - Janice Trinh
- Department of Biochemistry, 3415 Colorado Avenue, UCB 596, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80305-0596, USA.
| | - Arsineh Hecobian
- Department of Atmospheric Science, 200 West Lake Street, 1371 Campus Delivery, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1371, USA.
| | - Lupita D Montoya
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, 1111 Engineering Drive, UCB 428, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309-0428, USA.
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