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Gurton WH, King DG, Ranchordas MK, Siegler JC, Gough LA. Enhancing exercise performance and recovery through sodium bicarbonate supplementation: introducing the ingestion recovery framework. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024:10.1007/s00421-024-05578-0. [PMID: 39177769 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-024-05578-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Sodium bicarbonate (SB) supplementation is an ergogenic strategy for athletes competing in high-intensity exercise, but the efficacy of SB for accelerating recovery from exercise and thus improving performance during repeated bouts of exercise is not fully understood. In a similar fashion to using SB as a pre-exercise buffer, it is possible accelerated restoration of blood pH and bicarbonate following an exercise bout mechanistically underpins the use of SB as a recovery aid. Physiological mechanisms contributing to beneficial effects for SB during repeated bout exercise could be more far-reaching however, as alterations in strong ion difference (SID) and attenuated cellular stress response might also contribute to accelerated recovery from exercise. From inspection of existing literature, ingestion of 0.3 g kg-1 body mass SB ~60-90 min pre-exercise seems to be the most common dosage strategy, but there is evidence emerging for the potential application of post-exercise supplementation timing, gradual SB doses throughout a competition day, or even ingestion during exercise. Based on this review of literature, an SB ingestion recovery framework is proposed to guide athletes and practitioners on the use of SB to enhance performance for multiple bouts of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H Gurton
- Sport & Physical Activity Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - David G King
- School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society, Institute for Life and Earth Sciences, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Mayur K Ranchordas
- Sport & Physical Activity Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
- Advanced Wellbeing Research Centre, Sheffield, UK
| | - Jason C Siegler
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Lewis A Gough
- Human Performance and Health Research Group, Centre for Life & Sport Sciences (CLaSS), Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK.
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Ferragut C, Gonzalo-Encabo P, López-Samanes Á, Valadés D, Pérez-López A. Effect of Acute Sodium Bicarbonate and Caffeine Coingestion on Repeated-Sprint Performance in Recreationally Trained Individuals: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024; 19:427-434. [PMID: 38335952 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The acute and isolated ingestion of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) and caffeine (CAF) improves performance and delays fatigue in high-intensity tasks. However, it remains to be elucidated if the coingestion of both dietary supplements stimulates a summative ergogenic effect. This study aimed to examine the effect of the acute coingestion of NaHCO3 and CAF on repeated-sprint performance. METHODS Twenty-five trained participants (age: 23.3 [4.0] y; sex [female/male]: 12/13; body mass: 69.6 [12.5] kg) participated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo (PLA) -controlled, crossover study. Participants were assigned to 4 conditions: (1) NaHCO3 + CAF, (2) NaHCO3, (3) CAF, or (4) PLA. Thus, they ingested 0.3 g/kg of NaHCO3, 3 mg/kg of CAF, or PLA. Then, participants performed 4 Wingate tests (Wt), consisting of a 30-second all-out sprint against an individualized resisted load, interspersed by a 1.5-minute rest period between sprints. RESULTS Peak (Wpeak) and mean (Wmean) power output revealed a supplement and sprint interaction effect (P = .009 and P = .049, respectively). Compared with PLA, NaHCO3 + CAF and NaHCO3 increased Wpeak performance in Wt 3 (3%, P = .021) and Wt 4 (4.5%, P = .047), while NaHCO3 supplementation increased mean power performance in Wt 3 (4.2%, P = .001). In Wt 1, CAF increased Wpeak (3.2%, P = .054) and reduced time to Wpeak (-8.5%; P = .008). Plasma lactate showed a supplement plus sprint interaction (P < .001) when NaHCO3 was compared with CAF (13%, P = .031) and PLA (23%, P = .021). CONCLUSION To summarize, although the isolated ingestion of CAF and NaHCO3 improved repeated-sprint performance, the coingestion of both supplements did not stimulate a synergic ergogenic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Ferragut
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Área de Educación Física y Deportiva, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, España
| | - Paola Gonzalo-Encabo
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Área de Educación Física y Deportiva, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, España
| | - Álvaro López-Samanes
- Education, Research Methods and Evaluation Department, Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, Universidad Pontificia Comillas, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Valadés
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Área de Educación Física y Deportiva, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, España
| | - Alberto Pérez-López
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Área de Educación Física y Deportiva, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, España
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Hagele AM, Boring JL, Moon JM, Sunderland KL, Mumford PW, Kerksick CM. Naturally Bicarbonated Water Supplementation Does Not Improve Anaerobic Cycling Performance or Blood Gas Parameters in Active Men and Women. Nutrients 2023; 15:5052. [PMID: 38140311 PMCID: PMC10745886 DOI: 10.3390/nu15245052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The completion of high-intensity exercise results in robust perturbations to physiologic homeostasis, challenging the body's natural buffering systems to mitigate the accumulation of metabolic by-products. Supplementation with bicarbonate has previously been used to offset metabolic acidosis, leading to improvements in anaerobic exercise performance. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate the presence of ergogenic properties in naturally occurring low-dose bicarbonated water and their effects on anaerobic cycling performance and blood gas kinetics in recreationally active men and women. METHODS Thirty-nine healthy, recreationally active men and women (28.1 ± 8.0 years, 169.8 ± 11.7 cm, 68.9 ± 10.8 kg, 20.1 ± 7.9% fat, V˙O2peak: 42.8 ± 7.6 mL/kg/min) completed two separate testing sessions consisting of 15 cycling sprints (10 s sprint, 20 s active rest) against 7.5% of their body mass. Using a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group study design, study participants consumed a 10 mL/kg dose of either spring water (SW) or bicarbonated mineral water (BMW) (delivering ~3 g/day of bicarbonate) for 7 days. Venous blood was collected before, immediately after, and 5 and 10 min after the sprint protocol and was analyzed for lactate and a series of blood gas components. After the completion of 15 cycling sprints, averages of peak and mean power for bouts 1-5, 6-10, and 11-15, along with total work for the entire cycling protocol, were calculated. All performance and blood gas parameters were analyzed using a mixed-factorial ANOVA. RESULTS pH was found to be significantly higher in the BMW group immediately after (7.17 ± 0.09 vs. 7.20 ± 0.11; p = 0.05) and 10 min post exercise (7.21 ± 0.11 vs. 7.24 ± 0.09; p = 0.04). A similar pattern of change was observed 5 min post exercise wherein pH levels in the SW group were lower than those observed in the BMW group; however, this difference did not achieve statistical significance (p = 0.09). A statistical trend (p = 0.06) was observed wherein lactate in the BMW group tended to be lower than in the SW group 5 min post exercise. No significant main effect for time (p > 0.05) or group × time interactions (p > 0.05) for the total work, average values of peak power, or average values of mean power were observed, indicating performance was unchanged. CONCLUSION One week of consuming water with increased bicarbonate (10 mL/kg; ~3 g/day bicarbonate) showed no effect on anaerobic cycling performance. BMW decreased blood lactate concentrations 5 min after exercise and increased blood pH immediately and 10 min after exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Chad M. Kerksick
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, College of Science, Technology, and Health, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO 63301, USA; (A.M.H.); (J.M.M.); (K.L.S.); (P.W.M.)
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Durkalec-Michalski K, Nowaczyk PM, Kamińska J, Saunders B, Łoniewski I, Czubaszek D, Steffl M, Podgórski T. The interplay between bicarbonate kinetics and gastrointestinal upset on ergogenic potential after sodium bicarbonate intake: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7081. [PMID: 37127791 PMCID: PMC10151363 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34343-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This double-blind placebo-controlled cross-over study utilized comprehensive monitoring of blood bicarbonate (HCO3¯) kinetics and evaluation of gastrointestinal (GI) upset to determine their impact on an ergogenic potential of sodium bicarbonate (SB) co-ingested with carbohydrate (CHO). Nineteen CrossFit athletes performed 6 bouts of 15 s Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT) 90 min post-ingestion of 0.4 g·kg-1 body mass (BM) of SB (SB + CHO treatment) or PLA (PLA + CHO treatment) with 15 g CHO. Blood HCO3¯ concentration was evaluated at baseline, 30-, 60-, 75- and 90 min post-ingestion, in between WAnT bouts, and 3 and 45 min post-exercise, while GI upset at 120 min after protocol started. Control (no supplementation; CTRL) procedures were also performed. An effective elevation of extra-cellular buffering capacity was observed 60-90 min post-ingestion of SB + CHO. At mean peak blood HCO3¯, or at start of exercise an increase > 6 mmol·L-1 in HCO3¯ was noted in 84% and 52.6% participants, respectively. SB + CHO did not prevent performance decrements in WAnT bouts. There were no significant relationships between changes in blood HCO3¯ and WAnTs' performance. Total GI was significantly higher in SB + CHO compared to CTRL, and stomach problems in SB + CHO compared to CTRL and PLA + CHO. There were inverse associations between peak- (p = 0.031; r = - 0.495), average- (p = 0.002; r = - 0.674) and minimum power (p = 0.008; r = - 0.585) and total GI upset, as well as average power and severe GI distress (p = 0.042; r = - 0.471) at SB + CHO. The implemented dose of SB + CHO was effective in improving buffering capacity, but did not prevent decrements in WAnTs' performance. GI side effects were crucial in affecting the ergogenic potential of SB and thus must be insightfully monitored in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Durkalec-Michalski
- Department of Sports Dietetics, Poznan University of Physical Education, 61-871, Poznan, Poland.
- Sport Sciences-Biomedical Department, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Paulina M Nowaczyk
- Department of Sports Dietetics, Poznan University of Physical Education, 61-871, Poznan, Poland
| | - Joanna Kamińska
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznan, Poland
| | - Bryan Saunders
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Igor Łoniewski
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Dominika Czubaszek
- Department of Sports Dietetics, Poznan University of Physical Education, 61-871, Poznan, Poland
| | - Michal Steffl
- Sport Sciences-Biomedical Department, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomasz Podgórski
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznan, Poland
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Malleron T, Har-Nir I, Vigotsky AD, Halperin I. Rating of perceived effort but relative to what? A comparison between imposed and self-selected anchors. PSYCHOLOGY OF SPORT AND EXERCISE 2023; 66:102396. [PMID: 37665858 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2023.102396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Collecting reliable and valid rating of perceived effort (RPE) data requires properly anchoring the scales' upper limits (i.e., the meaning of 10 on a 0-10 scale). Yet, despite their importance, anchoring procedures remain understudied and theoretically underdeveloped. Here we propose a new task-based anchoring procedure that distinguishes between imposed and self-selected anchors. In the former, researchers impose on participants a specific task as the anchor; in the latter, participants choose the most effortful task experienced or imaginable as the anchor. We compared the impact of these conceptually different anchoring procedures on RPE. METHODS Twenty-five resistance-trained participants (13 females) attended a familiarization and two randomized experimental sessions. In both experimental sessions, participants performed non-fatiguing and fatiguing isometric maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) protocols with the squat followed by the gripper or vice versa. After each MVC, participants reported their RPE on a 0-10 scale relative to an imposed anchor of the performed task (e.g., gripper MVCs anchored to a gripper MVC) or to a self-selected anchor. RESULTS In the non-fatiguing condition, imposed anchors yielded greater RPEs than self-selected anchors for both the squat [on average, 9.4 vs. 5.5; Δ(CI95%) = 3.9 (3.2, 4.5)] and gripper [9.4 vs. 3.9; Δ = 5.5 (4.7, 6.3)]. Similar results were observed in the fatiguing condition for both the squat [9.7 vs. 6.9; Δ = 2.8 (2.1, 3.5)] and gripper [9.7 vs. 4.5; Δ = 5.2 (4.3, 5.9)]. CONCLUSIONS We found large differences in RPE between the two anchors, independent of exercises and fatigue state. These findings provide a basis for further development and refinement of anchoring procedures and highlight the importance of selecting, justifying, and consistently applying the chosen anchors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomer Malleron
- Department of Health Promotion, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Sylvan Adams Sports Institute, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Itai Har-Nir
- Department of Health Promotion, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Sylvan Adams Sports Institute, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Andrew D Vigotsky
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Statistics, Northwestern University, Evanston, USA
| | - Israel Halperin
- Department of Health Promotion, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Sylvan Adams Sports Institute, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
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Thomas C, Delfour‐Peyrethon R, Lambert K, Granata C, Hobbs T, Hanon C, Bishop DJ. The effect of pre-exercise alkalosis on lactate/pH regulation and mitochondrial respiration following sprint-interval exercise in humans. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1073407. [PMID: 36776968 PMCID: PMC9911540 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1073407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of pre-exercise alkalosis, induced via ingestion of sodium bicarbonate, on changes to lactate/pH regulatory proteins and mitochondrial function induced by a sprint-interval exercise session in humans. Methods: On two occasions separated by 1 week, eight active men performed a 3 × 30-s all-out cycling test, interspersed with 20 min of recovery, following either placebo (PLA) or sodium bicarbonate (BIC) ingestion. Results: Blood bicarbonate and pH were elevated at all time points after ingestion in BIC vs PLA (p < 0.05). The protein content of monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) and basigin (CD147), at 6 h and 24 h post-exercise, and sodium/hydrogen exchanger 1 (NHE1) 24 h post-exercise, were significantly greater in BIC compared to PLA (p < 0.05), whereas monocarboxylate transporter 4 (MCT4), sodium/bicarbonate cotransporter (NBC), and carbonic anhydrase isoform II (CAII) content was unchanged. These increases in protein content in BIC vs. PLA after acute sprint-interval exercise may be associated with altered physiological responses to exercise, such as the higher blood pH and bicarbonate concentration values, and lower exercise-induced oxidative stress observed during recovery (p < 0.05). Additionally, mitochondrial respiration decreased after 24 h of recovery in the BIC condition only, with no changes in oxidative protein content in either condition. Conclusion: These data demonstrate that metabolic alkalosis induces post-exercise increases in several lactate/pH regulatory proteins, and reveal an unexpected role for acidosis in mitigating the loss of mitochondrial respiration caused by exercise in the short term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Thomas
- LBEPS, Univ Evry, IRBA, University Paris Saclay, Evry, France,French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Research Department, Laboratory Sport, Expertise, and Performance, Paris, France,*Correspondence: Claire Thomas,
| | - Rémi Delfour‐Peyrethon
- French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Research Department, Laboratory Sport, Expertise, and Performance, Paris, France,Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Karen Lambert
- PhyMedExp, University of Montpellier, INSERM U1046, CNRS UMR 9214, Montpellier, France
| | - Cesare Granata
- French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Research Department, Laboratory Sport, Expertise, and Performance, Paris, France,Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany,German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Hobbs
- LBEPS, Univ Evry, IRBA, University Paris Saclay, Evry, France
| | - Christine Hanon
- French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Research Department, Laboratory Sport, Expertise, and Performance, Paris, France,French Athletics Federation, Paris, France
| | - David J. Bishop
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Moya-Ramón M, Haakonssen E, Peña-González I, Mateo-March M, Javaloyes A. Predicting BMX Performance with Laboratory Measurements in Elite Riders. J Sports Sci 2022; 40:2461-2467. [PMID: 36573934 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2022.2162755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In Bicycle Motocross (BMX) performance is determined by the riders' sprint ability and power output. Therefore, descriptive and predictive performance assessments through laboratory and field tests are of interest. Twelve members of the Spanish BMX National Team performed 4 laboratory tests, including 1RM in squat, a Wingate test, a 5x6-s repeated sprint test (RST) and a force-velocity profile test. These tests were compared with the riders' field performance using the best lap of a simulated BMX competition consisting of 6 all-out laps on a standard BMX track. Pearson's correlation and linear regression analysis showed a significant association (p < 0.05) between the riders' field performance and the 1RM (r = 0.84; R2 = 0.65), the peak power output in the RST (r = 0.87; R2 = 0.78) and the peak power, the mean power and the lactate production in the Wingate test (r = 0.68-0.77; R2 = 0.14-0.65), as well as maximal power from the force-velocity profile (r = 0.71; R2 = 0.53). The laboratory tests included in this study can show information about BMX riders' performance, with the highest values for the peak power obtained in the repeated sprint test (78% of the variance in common).
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Moya-Ramón
- Department of Sport Sciences, Sport Research Centre of Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain
- Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain
| | | | - Iván Peña-González
- Department of Sport Sciences, Sport Research Centre of Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain
| | - Manuel Mateo-March
- Department of Sport Sciences, Sport Research Centre of Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain
- Spanish Cycling Federation, Spain
| | - Alejandro Javaloyes
- Department of Sport Sciences, Sport Research Centre of Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain
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Zhou N, Fan Y, Wang X, Wang J, Wu H. Acute enteric-coated sodium bicarbonate has negligible effect on anaerobic performance but affects metabolomics and attenuates the gastrointestinal response. Front Physiol 2022; 13:996381. [PMID: 36311224 PMCID: PMC9606751 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.996381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sodium bicarbonate ingestion before exercise has a performance-enhancing effect on high-intensity exercise. However, gastrointestinal symptoms can be a problematic side-effect. Enteric-coated sodium bicarbonate can attenuate gastrointestinal symptoms following acute bicarbonate loading. In addition, the subsequent effects on exercise performance and metabolomics have not been investigated. The purpose of this study was to investigate the acute effect of enteric-coated sodium bicarbonate supplementation on the anaerobic performance, physiological profile, and symptoms of gastrointestinal discomfort after severe-intensity intermittent exercise. At the same time, targeted metabolomics was used to study the changes in urine metabolism after ingestion of enteric-coated sodium bicarbonate and to explore the characteristics of biological metabolism. In a randomized crossover design, twelve male college students completed four Wingate anaerobic 30-s cycling tests (WACT) after consuming a placebo (PL) and two experimental conditions: 0.2 g/kg body mass in enteric-coated sodium bicarbonate pills (ES) or general sodium bicarbonate pills (GS). Blood lactate (BLA), heart rate (HR), ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), and gastrointestinal–symptoms assessment questionnaire (GSAQ) were measured pre-exercise and post-exercise. In contrast, mean power (MP) and peak power (PP) were recorded immediately post-exercise. Urine samples were collected before formal tests and 50 min after the third WACT. Our findings indicate the following: 1) mean power and peak power showed no significant difference among conditions (MP: F2.0, 33 = 0.541, p = 0.587, η2 = 0.032; PP: F2.0, 33 = 0.526, p = 0.596, η2 = 0.031). The PP decline of the ES and GS after the third WACT was lower than that of the PL; 2) There were no significant differences in physiological responses, such as BLA (F2.0, 33.0 = 0.191, p = 0.827, η2 = 0.011) and heart rate (F2, 33 = 0.418, p = 0.662, η2 = 0.025), between the three conditions. Although blood lactate concentration after 10 min of the third WACT was lower with ES and GS than with placebo; 3) Fewer participants experienced gastrointestinal symptoms with enteric-coated than with general sodium bicarbonate; 4) The metabolites with differences among the three conditions 50 min after exercise were 3-phospho-d-glycerate, d-Glucose 6-phosphate, pyruvate, cis-aconitate, oxaloacetate, and citrate. ES had higher levels of 3-phospho-d-glycerate, d-Glucose 6-phosphate, pyruvate, and cis-aconitate than GS. The 3-phospho-d-glycerate, d-Glucose 6-phosphate, pyruvate, and cis-aconitate levels in GS were significantly lower than in PL. In contrast, the citrate level in GS was significantly higher than that in other experimental conditions. Compared to PL, the level of oxaloacetate was higher after exercise in ES. This data suggests that supplementation of enteric-coated and general sodium bicarbonate before exercise can alter energy metabolism following anaerobic exercise, involving the metabolism of 3-phospho-d-glycerate, D-Glucose 6-phosphate, pyruvate, cis-aconitate, oxaloacetate, citrate, and lactate. However, they do not affect anaerobic performance and blood lactate. The supplementation of acute enteric-coated sodium bicarbonate and general sodium bicarbonate can enhance some of the weak effects of blood lactate clearance during anaerobic exercise, which may be beneficial for glycolytic energy supply. In addition, enteric-coated sodium bicarbonate intake mitigates gastrointestinal symptoms compared to general sodium bicarbonate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihong Zhou
- Graduate School, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, China
| | - Yongzhao Fan
- Graduate School, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangyu Wang
- Graduate School, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, China
| | - Junde Wang
- Qingdao Shengbang Health Food Co., Qingdao, China
| | - Hao Wu
- School of Kinesiology and Health, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Comprehensive Key Laboratory of Sports Ability Evaluation and Research of the General Administration of Sport of China, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Function Assessment and Technical Analysis, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Hao Wu,
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Thomas C, Delfour-Peyrethon R, Dorel S, Hanon C. Positive Effects of Pre-exercise Metabolic Alkalosis on Perceived Exertion and Post-exercise Squat Jump Performance in World-Class Cyclists. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:2602-2609. [PMID: 33651728 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Thomas, C, Delfour-Peyrethon, R, Dorel, S, and Hanon, C. Positive effects of pre-exercise metabolic alkalosis on perceived exertion and post-exercise squat jump performance in world-class cyclists. J Strength Cond Res 36(9): 2602-2609, 2022-This study aimed to determine the effects of pre-exercise alkalosis in world-class cyclists on their general (rate of perceived exertion [RPE]) and local (category-ratio scale [CR10]) perceived rates of exertion and acid-base status during 2 types of training sessions. Eight world-class cyclists ingested either sodium bicarbonate (BIC) or a placebo (PLA) in a double-blind and randomized order before performing 4 × 1,000 m constant-power sprints (CP) or 3 × 500 m all-out sprints (AO), with 20 minutes of recovery time between each session. For AO, the performance was assessed through the cycling sprint velocity and a squat jump test during recovery. During both tests, RPE, CR10, and acid-base status were measured. Sodium bicarbonate ingestion was effective in inducing pre-exercise alkalosis, compared with a PLA ( p < 0.05). During CP, performance and RPE were the same for BIC and PLA ( p > 0.05) with no time effect. The CR10 increased for the last sprint in PLA ( p < 0.05) but was attenuated in BIC (BIC: 6 vs. PLA: 8.2; p < 0.05), whereas there was no difference in acid-base status. During AO, RPE and CR10 increased with time, with no BIC effect, whereas blood lactate concentration was different ( p < 0.05). Sodium bicarbonate supplementation had no effect on overall repeated sprints ( p > 0.05). However, world-class athletes responded to BIC with higher squat jump performance than the PLA condition after AO ( p < 0.05). Our results suggest a positive influence of pre-exercise alkalosis in world-class cyclists on local perception of efforts after constant load sprints and an attenuation of muscle power output decline postsprint, as evidenced by improved squat jump performance after all-out cycling effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Thomas
- LBEPS, Univ Evry, IRBA, University of Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
- French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance, Paris, France
| | - Rémi Delfour-Peyrethon
- French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance, Paris, France
- Laboratory Movement, Interactions, Performance, University of Nantes, France ; and
| | - Sylvain Dorel
- Laboratory Movement, Interactions, Performance, University of Nantes, France ; and
| | - Christine Hanon
- French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance, Paris, France
- French Athletics Federation, Paris, France
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Zhou N, Fan Y, Kong X, Wang X, Wang J, Wu H. Effects of serial and acute enteric-coated sodium bicarbonate supplementation on anaerobic performance, physiological profile, and metabolomics in healthy young men. Front Nutr 2022; 9:931671. [PMID: 36051902 PMCID: PMC9424542 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.931671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundPrevious studies have reported that sodium bicarbonate ingestion may enhance high-intensity exercise performance and cause severe gastrointestinal distress. However, enteric-coated sodium bicarbonate may reduce gastrointestinal symptoms of sodium bicarbonate after oral administration. This remains to be confirmed. This study aimed to verify the effects of serial and acute enteric-coated sodium bicarbonate supplementation on anaerobic performance, physiological profile, and metabolomics in healthy young men.MethodsHealthy young males (n = 12) ingested 0.2 g/kg body mass of enteric-coated sodium bicarbonate (ES) in serial enteric-coated sodium bicarbonate (SES, continuous ES supplementation for 5 days) and acute enteric-coated sodium bicarbonate (AES, acute ES supplementation before exercise) or a placebo (PL) in a randomized crossover design. After each supplement protocol, the participants completed four Wingate anaerobic tests (WAT). The first three Wingate tests (testing anaerobic capacity) were performed with a 5-min passive recovery between each. After the third Wingate test, participants were required to complete a 50-min recovery followed by a fourth WAT test (testing the recovery of anaerobic capacity after 50-min intervals). Blood lactate (BLA), heart rate (HR), and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured in all conditions during the test, as was the subjective gastrointestinal–symptoms assessment questionnaire (GSAQ). Mean power (MP) and peak power (PP) were recorded after four WATs. Urine samples were collected before the test and 50 min after the 3rd WAT.ResultsSerial enteric-coated sodium bicarbonate supplementation improved anaerobic capacity in the third bout of WATs, as observed based on an increase in mean power (SES vs. PL (613 ± 57 vs. 542 ± 64 W), P = 0.024) and peak power (SES vs. PL (1,071 ± 149 vs. 905 ± 150 W), P = 0.016). Acute ES supplementation did not affect anaerobic capacity. The occurrence of gastrointestinal symptoms after enteric-coated sodium bicarbonate supplementation was minimal and no difference compared to placebo in the current study. In particular, serial enteric-coated sodium bicarbonate supplementation had no gastrointestinal side effects before the test. The AES and SES groups had a trivial effect on blood lactate compared to the PLA group. There was no significant difference in HR and RPE among the three groups. Based on targeted metabolomics analysis, the 50 min after the third WAT, the levels of lactate (P < 0.001), L-Malic acid (P < 0.05), and oxaloacetate (P < 0.05) were significantly higher in the SES group than in the PL group. Compared with the AES group, the levels of lactate and fumarate in the SES group were significantly increased (P < 0.05).ConclusionsOur study indicates that serial enteric-coated sodium bicarbonate supplementation positively improves anaerobic performance among healthy young men. However, acute ingestion of enteric-coated sodium bicarbonate did not improve anaerobic exercise performance. Either with serial or acute supplementation doses, enteric-coated sodium bicarbonate produced fewer gastrointestinal symptoms and no difference compared to placebo, especially with no gastrointestinal side effects after serial supplementation. Serial and acute supplementation of enteric-coated sodium bicarbonate might tend to promote lactate clearance. Furthermore, serial enteric-coated sodium bicarbonate ingestion may cause changes in the metabolism of lactate, L-Malic acid, oxaloacetate, and fumarate 50 min after exercise, which presumably may promote the tricarboxylic acid cycle and lactate clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihong Zhou
- Graduate School, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, China
| | - Yongzhao Fan
- Graduate School, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyang Kong
- Graduate School, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangyu Wang
- Graduate School, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, China
| | - Junde Wang
- Qingdao Shengbang Health Food Co., Qingdao, China
| | - Hao Wu
- School of Kinesiology and Health, Comprehensive Key Laboratory of Sports Ability Evaluation and Research of the General Administration of Sport of China, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Function Assessment and Technical Analysis, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, China
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Repeated Simulated Match-Induced Changes in Finger Flexor Force and Blood Acid-Base Balance in World-Class Female Judokas. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2022; 17:1499-1506. [PMID: 35894825 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2022-0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate the time course of maximal isometric finger flexor force and blood acid-base balance during repeated simulated matches in world-class judokas. METHODS Seven 21- to 28-year-old world-class female judokas (including Olympic and World Championship medalists) repeated four 4-minute judo combats interspersed by 15 minutes of passive recovery. Maximal voluntary isometric finger flexor contraction (MVIC) force was measured in both hands after warm-up and immediately after each combat using a handgrip dynamometer. MVIC force was classified as MVIC hikite force (pulling hand) and MVIC tsurite force (lifting hand). RESULTS Blood lactate concentration, pH, bicarbonate concentration, partial pressure of oxygen, and oxygen saturation were measured between 3 and 5 minutes after each match. At completion of the fourth combat, mean MVIC hikite and tsurite force decreased by 18% and 12%, respectively (g = 0.23 and 0.29, respectively; P < .05), demonstrating that force production was substantial throughout repeated matches. Blood lactate concentration increased ∼5-fold from 2.69 (1.37) mmol·L-1 after warm-up to 13.10 (2.61) mmol·L-1 after the last match (g = 4.13, P = .018). Concurrently, blood pH decreased slightly from 7.44 (0.03) to 7.26 (0.05) (g = 2.34, P = .018), that is, by only 0.18 units. The decreased blood pH was significantly correlated with a decrease in bicarbonate concentration (R2 = .94, P < .001). Finally, partial pressure of oxygen and oxygen saturation remained unchanged during the judo contest. CONCLUSIONS Female world-class judokas were able to maintain a high level of grip strength in both hands and efficiently regulate blood acid-base balance during repeated simulated high-intensity matches.
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Battazza RA, Kalytczak MM, Leite CDFC, Rica RL, Lamolha MA, Junior AHL, Maia AF, Bergamin M, Baker JS, Politti F, Bocalini DS. Effect of Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation on Muscle Performance and Muscle Damage: A Double Blind, Randomized Crossover Study. J Diet Suppl 2022; 20:689-705. [PMID: 35758017 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2022.2090478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) has been used as an ergogenic substance during high-intensity exercises. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of NaHCO3 supplementation on external and internal load parameters during isokinetic exercise in trained subjects. Ten subjects were tested on two occasions: after ingesting 0.3 g.kg-1 of body mass of NaHCO3 or placebo. Maximum voluntary isometric contraction was performed before and after a dynamic protocol consisting of 10 series of 10 movements of flexion/extension of the knee extensors at 120° s-1 at an interval of 60 s between series. Outcomes considered were: peak torque (isokinetic dynamometry), blood lactate and creatine concentration (CK), analysis of perceptions of effort (OMNI scale), pain (visual analog scale) and recovery (scale raging 6 to 20). Performance was assessed using peak torque values. Muscle damage was assessed prior and 24 h post exercise. The subjective perceptions of effort, pain and recovery were assessed at different times and the internal load of the session was assessed 30 min post-effort. Although significant reductions in peak torque were noted both in isometric (NaHCO3:-29.11 ± 22.95%, Placebo: -23.51 ± 15.23%; p = 0.38) and isokinetic strength (NaHCO3:-23.0 ± 13.9%, Placebo:-19.6 ± 9.1%; p = 0.09), there was no effect of supplementation on performance (p > 0.05). The blood CK concentrations (NaHCO3: pre:225.3 ± 135.9 U/L, post: 418.4 ± 318.4 U/L; Placebo: pre:238 ± 94.03 U/L, post:486 ± 336.6 U/L) increased after protocol (p = 0.005), however, without differences between conditions. In conclusion, the NaHCO3 did not attribute benefits in performance or in parameters related to the internal load of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael A Battazza
- Experimental Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory. Physical Education Sport Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil
- Human Motion Analysis Laboratory. Department of Rehabilitation Science, Nove de Julho University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo M Kalytczak
- Human Motion Analysis Laboratory. Department of Rehabilitation Science, Nove de Julho University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Carine D F C Leite
- Experimental Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory. Physical Education Sport Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil
| | - Roberta L Rica
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty Estacio de Sá, Vitoria, ES, Brazil
| | - Marco A Lamolha
- Pharmaceutic Studies Center, São Judas Tadeu University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Department of Pharmacy, University Center of Faculty of America, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Antonio H Lancha Junior
- Laboratory of Applied Nutrition and Metabolism. School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Adriano F Maia
- Experimental Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory. Physical Education Sport Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil
| | - Marco Bergamin
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Palazzina ex Semeiotica Medica-Via Ospedale Civile, Padova, Italy
| | - Julien S Baker
- Centre for Health and Exercise Science Research. Department of Sport, Physical Education and Health, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Fabiano Politti
- Human Motion Analysis Laboratory. Department of Rehabilitation Science, Nove de Julho University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Danilo S Bocalini
- Experimental Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory. Physical Education Sport Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil
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Miranda WAS, Barreto LBM, Miarka B, Salinas AE, Soto DAS, Muñoz EAA, Brito CJ. Can Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation Improve Combat Sports Performance? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Curr Nutr Rep 2022; 11:273-282. [PMID: 35394616 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-022-00396-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To verify the effects of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) supplementation on biochemical and physical measurements of combat sports athletes. RECENT FINDINGS A systematic review of articles indexed in three databases (PubMed, CAPES journal, and Google Scholar) was carried out until October 2020, using descriptors related to NaHCO3 supplementation in combat sports. First, 38 articles were identified. Next, eight articles were selected through the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The methodological quality of the articles was assessed using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale (8 and 9 points). Blood lactate, rating of perceived exertion, Special Judo Fitness Test, Dummy throw, and mean and peak powers for Wingate were evaluated. Random effects meta-analysis was used, the effect size was adjusted by corrected Hedges' g, and the heterogeneity is explored by I2. The results were obtained through weighted average and 95% CI, and the significance limit was set as p < 0.05. NaHCO3 supplementation had a significant effect on increasing blood lactate (p = 0.006) of the athletes studied. However, the performance measures (rating of perceived exertion, power, and specific performance) did not show a significant difference (p ˂ 0.05). In conclusion, NaHCO3 supplementation causes a significant increase in blood lactate, indicating an ergogenic effect on buffer, which can delay the onset of fatigue and contribute to the performance of combat sports athletes. New experimental studies need to be published that assess the effect of acute and chronic NaHCO3 supplementation in specific combat sports tests and in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walesca Agda Silva Miranda
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Street São Paulo, 745, Governador Valadares, MG, 35010-180, Brazil
| | - Lindsei Brabec Mota Barreto
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Street São Paulo, 745, Governador Valadares, MG, 35010-180, Brazil
| | - Bianca Miarka
- Laboratory of Psychophysiology and Performance in Sports & Combats, Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, School of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Dany Alexis Sorbazo Soto
- Escuela de Kinesiología, Facultad de Salud, Magister en Ciencias la Actividad Física y Deportes Aplicadas al Entrenamiento Rehabilitación y Reintegro Deportivo, Universidad Santo Tomás, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Esteban Ariel Aedo Muñoz
- Departamento de Educación Física Deportes y Recreación, Facultad de Artes y Educación Física, Universidad Metropolitana de Ciencia de La Educación, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ciro Jose Brito
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Street São Paulo, 745, Governador Valadares, MG, 35010-180, Brazil.
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de Oliveira LF, Dolan E, Swinton PA, Durkalec-Michalski K, Artioli GG, McNaughton LR, Saunders B. Extracellular Buffering Supplements to Improve Exercise Capacity and Performance: A Comprehensive Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports Med 2022; 52:505-526. [PMID: 34687438 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01575-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracellular buffering supplements [sodium bicarbonate (SB), sodium citrate (SC), sodium/calcium lactate (SL/CL)] are ergogenic supplements, although questions remain about factors which may modify their effect. OBJECTIVE To quantify the main effect of extracellular buffering agents on exercise outcomes, and to investigate the influence of potential moderators on this effect using a systematic review and meta-analytic approach. METHODS This study was designed in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Three databases were searched for articles that were screened according to inclusion/exclusion criteria. Bayesian hierarchical meta-analysis and meta-regression models were used to investigate pooled effects of supplementation and moderating effects of a range of factors on exercise and biomarker responses. RESULTS 189 articles with 2019 participants were included, 158 involving SB supplementation, 30 with SC, and seven with CL/SL; four studies provided a combination of buffering supplements together. Supplementation led to a mean estimated increase in blood bicarbonate of + 5.2 mmol L-1 (95% credible interval (CrI) 4.7-5.7). The meta-analysis models identified a positive overall effect of supplementation on exercise capacity and performance compared to placebo [ES0.5 = 0.17 (95% CrI 0.12-0.21)] with potential moderating effects of exercise type and duration, training status and when the exercise test was performed following prior exercise. The greatest ergogenic effects were shown for exercise durations of 0.5-10 min [ES0.5 = 0.18 (0.13-0.24)] and > 10 min [ES0.5 = 0.22 (0.10-0.33)]. Evidence of greater effects on exercise were obtained when blood bicarbonate increases were medium (4-6 mmol L-1) and large (> 6 mmol L-1) compared with small (≤ 4 mmol L-1) [βSmall:Medium = 0.16 (95% CrI 0.02-0.32), βSmall:Large = 0.13 (95% CrI - 0.03 to 0.29)]. SB (192 outcomes) was more effective for performance compared to SC (39 outcomes) [βSC:SB = 0.10 (95% CrI - 0.02 to 0.22)]. CONCLUSIONS Extracellular buffering supplements generate large increases in blood bicarbonate concentration leading to positive overall effects on exercise, with sodium bicarbonate being most effective. Evidence for several group-level moderating factors were identified. These data can guide an athlete's decision as to whether supplementation with buffering agents might be beneficial for their specific aims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Farias de Oliveira
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eimear Dolan
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paul A Swinton
- School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Krzysztof Durkalec-Michalski
- Department of Sports Dietetics, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Guilherme G Artioli
- Department of Life Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, John Dalton Building, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK
| | - Lars R McNaughton
- Sports Nutrition and Performance Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK
| | - Bryan Saunders
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
- Department of Sports Dietetics, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland.
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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15
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Grgic J, Pedisic Z, Saunders B, Artioli GG, Schoenfeld BJ, McKenna MJ, Bishop DJ, Kreider RB, Stout JR, Kalman DS, Arent SM, VanDusseldorp TA, Lopez HL, Ziegenfuss TN, Burke LM, Antonio J, Campbell BI. International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: sodium bicarbonate and exercise performance. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2021; 18:61. [PMID: 34503527 PMCID: PMC8427947 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-021-00458-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on a comprehensive review and critical analysis of the literature regarding the effects of sodium bicarbonate supplementation on exercise performance, conducted by experts in the field and selected members of the International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN), the following conclusions represent the official Position of the Society: 1. Supplementation with sodium bicarbonate (doses from 0.2 to 0.5 g/kg) improves performance in muscular endurance activities, various combat sports, including boxing, judo, karate, taekwondo, and wrestling, and in high-intensity cycling, running, swimming, and rowing. The ergogenic effects of sodium bicarbonate are mostly established for exercise tasks of high-intensity that last between 30 s and 12 min. 2. Sodium bicarbonate improves performance in single- and multiple-bout exercise. 3. Sodium bicarbonate improves exercise performance in both men and women. 4. For single-dose supplementation protocols, 0.2 g/kg of sodium bicarbonate seems to be the minimum dose required to experience improvements in exercise performance. The optimal dose of sodium bicarbonate dose for ergogenic effects seems to be 0.3 g/kg. Higher doses (e.g., 0.4 or 0.5 g/kg) may not be required in single-dose supplementation protocols, because they do not provide additional benefits (compared with 0.3 g/kg) and are associated with a higher incidence and severity of adverse side-effects. 5. For single-dose supplementation protocols, the recommended timing of sodium bicarbonate ingestion is between 60 and 180 min before exercise or competition. 6. Multiple-day protocols of sodium bicarbonate supplementation can be effective in improving exercise performance. The duration of these protocols is generally between 3 and 7 days before the exercise test, and a total sodium bicarbonate dose of 0.4 or 0.5 g/kg per day produces ergogenic effects. The total daily dose is commonly divided into smaller doses, ingested at multiple points throughout the day (e.g., 0.1 to 0.2 g/kg of sodium bicarbonate consumed at breakfast, lunch, and dinner). The benefit of multiple-day protocols is that they could help reduce the risk of sodium bicarbonate-induced side-effects on the day of competition. 7. Long-term use of sodium bicarbonate (e.g., before every exercise training session) may enhance training adaptations, such as increased time to fatigue and power output. 8. The most common side-effects of sodium bicarbonate supplementation are bloating, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. The incidence and severity of side-effects vary between and within individuals, but it is generally low. Nonetheless, these side-effects following sodium bicarbonate supplementation may negatively impact exercise performance. Ingesting sodium bicarbonate (i) in smaller doses (e.g., 0.2 g/kg or 0.3 g/kg), (ii) around 180 min before exercise or adjusting the timing according to individual responses to side-effects, (iii) alongside a high-carbohydrate meal, and (iv) in enteric-coated capsules are possible strategies to minimize the likelihood and severity of these side-effects. 9. Combining sodium bicarbonate with creatine or beta-alanine may produce additive effects on exercise performance. It is unclear whether combining sodium bicarbonate with caffeine or nitrates produces additive benefits. 10. Sodium bicarbonate improves exercise performance primarily due to a range of its physiological effects. Still, a portion of the ergogenic effect of sodium bicarbonate seems to be placebo-driven.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozo Grgic
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Zeljko Pedisic
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Bryan Saunders
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport; Rheumatology Division; Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine FMUSP, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme G Artioli
- Centre for Bioscience, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK
| | | | - Michael J McKenna
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David J Bishop
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Richard B Kreider
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Stout
- Physiology of Work and Exercise Response (POWER) Laboratory, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Douglas S Kalman
- Nutrion Department, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, 33314, USA
- Scientific Affairs. Nutrasource, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Shawn M Arent
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Trisha A VanDusseldorp
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, USA
| | - Hector L Lopez
- The Center for Applied Health Sciences, Stow, OH, USA
- Supplement Safety Solutions, Bedford, MA, 01730, USA
| | | | - Louise M Burke
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Program, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jose Antonio
- Exercise and Sport Science, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, FL, 33314, USA
| | - Bill I Campbell
- Performance & Physique Enhancement Laboratory, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
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16
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Reply to: Comment on: "Using Field Based Data to Model Sprint Track Cycling Performance". SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2021; 7:61. [PMID: 34423390 PMCID: PMC8380603 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-021-00351-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Gurton W, Macrae H, Gough L, King DG. Effects of post-exercise sodium bicarbonate ingestion on acid-base balance recovery and time-to-exhaustion running performance: a randomised crossover trial in recreational athletes. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2021; 46:1111-1118. [PMID: 33730517 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2020-1120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of post-exercise sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) ingestion on acid-base balance recovery and time-to-exhaustion (TTE) running performance. Eleven male runners (stature, 1.80 ± 0.05 m; body mass, 74.4 ± 6.5 kg; maximal oxygen consumption, 51.7 ± 5.4 mL·kg-1·min-1) participated in this randomised, single-blind, counterbalanced and crossover design study. Maximal running velocity (v-V̇O2max) was identified from a graded exercise test. During experimental trials, participants repeated 100% v-V̇O2max TTE protocols (TTE1, TTE2) separated by 40 min following the ingestion of either 0.3 g·kg-1 body mass NaHCO3 (SB) or 0.03 g·kg-1 body mass sodium chloride (PLA) at the start of TTE1 recovery. Acid-base balance (blood pH and bicarbonate, HCO3-) data were studied at baseline, post-TTE1, after 35 min recovery and post-TTE2. Blood pH and HCO3- concentration were unchanged at 35 min recovery (p > 0.05), but HCO3- concentration was elevated post-TTE2 for SB vs. PLA (+2.6 mmol·L-1; p = 0.005; g = 0.99). No significant differences were observed for TTE2 performance (p > 0.05), although a moderate effect size was present for SB vs. PLA (+14.3 s; g = 0.56). Post-exercise NaHCO3 ingestion is not an effective strategy for accelerating the restoration of acid-base balance or improving subsequent TTE performance when limited recovery is available. Novelty: Post-exercise sodium bicarbonate ingestion did not accelerate the restoration of blood pH or bicarbonate after 35 min. Performance enhancing effects of sodium bicarbonate ingestion may display a high degree of inter-individual variation. Small-to-moderate changes in performance were likely due to greater up-regulation of glycolytic activation during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Gurton
- Surrey Human Performance Institute, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Heather Macrae
- Surrey Human Performance Institute, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Lewis Gough
- Research Centre for Life and Sport Sciences (CLaSS), School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham B15 3TN, United Kingdom
| | - David G King
- Surrey Human Performance Institute, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
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Calvo JL, Xu H, Mon-López D, Pareja-Galeano H, Jiménez SL. Effect of sodium bicarbonate contribution on energy metabolism during exercise: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2021; 18:11. [PMID: 33546730 PMCID: PMC7863495 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-021-00410-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The effects of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) on anaerobic and aerobic capacity are commonly acknowledged as unclear due to the contrasting evidence thus, the present study analyzes the contribution of NaHCO3 to energy metabolism during exercise. Methods Following a search through five databases, 17 studies were found to meet the inclusion criteria. Meta-analyses of standardized mean differences (SMDs) were performed using a random-effects model to determine the effects of NaHCO3 supplementation on energy metabolism. Subgroup meta-analyses were conducted for the anaerobic-based exercise (assessed by changes in pH, bicarbonate ion [HCO3−], base excess [BE] and blood lactate [BLa]) vs. aerobic-based exercise (assessed by changes in oxygen uptake [VO2], carbon dioxide production [VCO2], partial pressure of oxygen [PO2] and partial pressure of carbon dioxide [PCO2]). Results The meta-analysis indicated that NaHCO3 ingestion improves pH (SMD = 1.38, 95% CI: 0.97 to 1.79, P < 0.001; I2 = 69%), HCO3− (SMD = 1.63, 95% CI: 1.10 to 2.17, P < 0.001; I2 = 80%), BE (SMD = 1.67, 95% CI: 1.16 to 2.19, P < 0.001, I2 = 77%), BLa (SMD = 0.72, 95% CI: 0.34 to 1.11, P < 0.001, I2 = 68%) and PCO2 (SMD = 0.51, 95% CI: 0.13 to 0.90, P = 0.009, I2 = 0%) but there were no differences between VO2, VCO2 and PO2 compared with the placebo condition. Conclusions This meta-analysis has found that the anaerobic metabolism system (AnMS), especially the glycolytic but not the oxidative system during exercise is affected by ingestion of NaHCO3. The ideal way is to ingest it is in a gelatin capsule in the acute mode and to use a dose of 0.3 g•kg− 1 body mass of NaHCO3 90 min before the exercise in which energy is supplied by the glycolytic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Lorenzo Calvo
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport science, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Huanteng Xu
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Daniel Mon-López
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport science, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Grgic J. Effects of Sodium Bicarbonate Ingestion on Measures of Wingate Test Performance: A Meta-Analysis. J Am Coll Nutr 2020; 41:1-10. [DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2020.1850370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jozo Grgic
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
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20
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Daneshfar A, Petersen C, Gahreman D. Determinant physiological factors of simulated BMX race. Eur J Sport Sci 2020; 21:1699-1707. [PMID: 33263464 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1859622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Evaluating the physiological demands of BMX cycling on a track provides coaches with the information required to prescribe more effective training programmes. To determine the relative importance of physiological factors during simulated BMX race, 12 male riders (age 19.2 ± 3.5 years, height 1.76 ± 0.06 m, mass 68.5 ± 4.3 kg) completed a maximum aerobic capacity (V̇O2max) test in a laboratory, and a week later, completed six laps on a BMX track interspersed by 15 min passive recovery. Peak power, immediate post-lap V̇O2peak, blood lactate, and heart rate were measured in each lap. Peak power to weight ratio was significantly correlated with lap time, however, the strength of this association decreased in each subsequent lap. Mean V̇O2peak was greater than 80% of laboratory-measured V̇O2max in every lap, indicating a strong contribution of the aerobic energy system during BMX racing. This study also identified that mean blood lactate was significantly associated with lap time, which showed the importance of the anaerobic energy system contribution to BMX race. Despite the short period of pedalling during BMX racing, both aerobic and anaerobic energy systems are important contributors to lap performance. Coaches should consider maximising both anaerobic power and aerobic capacity to improve riders' overall performance in multiple laps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Daneshfar
- School of Health Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Carl Petersen
- School of Health Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Daniel Gahreman
- College of Health & Human Sciences, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, Australia
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Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation Does Not Improve Running Anaerobic Sprint Test Performance in Semiprofessional Adolescent Soccer Players. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2020; 30:330-337. [PMID: 32668408 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2020-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ergogenic strategies have been studied to alleviate muscle fatigue and improve sports performance. Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) has improved repeated sprint performance in adult team-sports players, but the effect for adolescents is unknown. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of NaHCO3 supplementation on repeated sprint performance in semiprofessional adolescent soccer players. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial, 15 male semiprofessional adolescent soccer players (15 ± 1 years; body fat 10.7 ± 1.3%) ingested NaHCO3 or a placebo (sodium chloride) 90 min before performing the running anaerobic sprint test (RAST). A countermovement jump was performed before and after the RAST, and ratings of perceived exertion, blood parameters (potential hydrogen and bicarbonate concentration), and fatigue index were also evaluated. Supplementation with NaHCO3 promoted alkalosis, as demonstrated by the increase from the baseline to preexercise, compared with the placebo (potential hydrogen: +0.07 ± 0.01 vs. -0.00 ± 0.01, p < .001 and bicarbonate: +3.44 ± 0.38 vs. -1.45 ± 0.31 mmol/L, p < .001); however, this change did not translate into an improvement in RAST total time (32.12 ± 0.30 vs. 33.31 ± 0.41 s, p = .553); fatigue index (5.44 ± 0.64 vs. 6.28 ± 0.64 W/s, p = .263); ratings of perceived exertion (7.60 ± 0.33 vs. 7.80 ± 0.10 units, p = .525); countermovement jump pre-RAST (32.21 ± 3.35 vs. 32.05 ± 3.51 cm, p = .383); or countermovement jump post-RAST (31.70 ± 0.78 vs. 32.74 ± 1.11 cm, p = .696). Acute NaHCO3 supplementation did not reduce muscle fatigue or improve RAST performance in semiprofessional adolescent soccer players. More work assessing supplementation in this age group is required to increase understanding in the area.
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Petruolo A, Connolly DR, Bosio A, Induni M, Rampinini E. Physiological profile of elite Bicycle Motocross cyclists and physiological-perceptual demands of a Bicycle Motocross race simulation. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 60:1173-1184. [PMID: 32406391 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.20.10855-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to investigate the physiological profile of elite Bicycle Motocross (BMX) cyclists and assess the physiological and perceptual demands of a simulated BMX race. In addition, the neuromuscular fatigue induced by BMX race simulation was investigated. METHODS Twelve male elite BMX cyclists performed two testing sessions. On the first day, incremental submaximal and maximal cycling tests were performed, as well as baseline measurements of muscle contractile qualities, a vertical jump test, short sprint cycling test and Wingate test. Following a recovery period of 48 h, athletes race performance times, physiological intensity and fatigue were determined before and after each heat (4 in total) via muscular evaluations, blood samples and perceptual ratings. RESULTS During testing, cyclists attained a V̇O<inf>2max</inf> of 55.7±4.8 ml min<sup>-1</sup> kg<sup>-1</sup>; peak power output during a short cycling sprint of 1498±189 W and average during Wingate of 1344±158 W; counter movement jump peaks were 58.6±7.7 cm (height), 4625±768 W (power) and 64.3±7.5 N kg<sup>-1</sup> (force). During the BMX race simulation performance times improved slightly and perceived exertion increased, blood lactate and hydrogen ions concentrations significantly increased across heats while bicarbonate concentrations decreased (P<0.001). Similarly, significant decreases were observed for contractile properties (peak torque, P<0.001; maximal rate of torque development and relaxation, both P<0.001) at single and paired stimulations (10 and 100 Hz) across heats. CONCLUSIONS Elite BMX cyclists show high anaerobic characteristics (Wingate and sprint) and neuromuscular qualities (height and power jump), while the aerobic qualities are not comparable to those typical of road cyclists. BMX races appear to induce metabolic disturbance, peripheral fatigue and increase perceived exertion, however performance times across heats appears not to be affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Petruolo
- Human Performance Laboratory, Mapei Sport Research Center, Olgiate Olona, Varese, Italy.,US Cremonese, Cremona, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Bosio
- Human Performance Laboratory, Mapei Sport Research Center, Olgiate Olona, Varese, Italy -
| | - Massimo Induni
- Human Performance Laboratory, Mapei Sport Research Center, Olgiate Olona, Varese, Italy
| | - Ermanno Rampinini
- Human Performance Laboratory, Mapei Sport Research Center, Olgiate Olona, Varese, Italy
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Wang J, Qiu J, Yi L, Hou Z, Benardot D, Cao W. Effect of sodium bicarbonate ingestion during 6 weeks of HIIT on anaerobic performance of college students. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2019; 16:18. [PMID: 30987663 PMCID: PMC6466775 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-019-0285-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Past studies have found that sodium bicarbonate ingestion prior to exercise has a performance-enhancing effect on high-intensity exercise. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of continuous sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) supplementation on anaerobic performance during six weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT). Methods Twenty healthy college-age male participants were randomly assigned to either the HCO3− group (SB) or the placebo group (PL), with 10 subjects in each group. Both groups completed 6 weeks (3 days/week) of HIIT with the SB ingesting an orange-flavored solution containing 15 g xylitol and 0.2 g HCO3−/kg body mass during each training day, and PL ingesting a similar beverage that was HCO3−-free. This study separated 6 weeks of training into two stages with different training intensities, with the first 3 weeks at a lower intensity than the second 3 weeks. Blood samples to measure serum HCO3− were obtained 5 min before and 30 min after the following HIIT training sessions: Week 1, training session 1; week 3, training session 3; week 6, training session 3. Three 30s Wingate tests (WAnT) were conducted before, in the middle, and after the training and the supplementation interventions, with peak power, mean power, and fatigue index obtained during WAnT, and blood lactate and heart rate obtained after WAnT. Results Our findings indicate the following: 1) Serum HCO3− level of SB was significantly higher than PL (p < 0.05) both before and after each HIIT; 2) Relative peak power in WAnT was significantly higher in the SB group after 6 weeks (p < 0.01); 3) Lactate clearance rate and the lactate clearance velocity after 10 min of WAnT were both significantly higher in SB in the post-test (p < 0.01); 4) Heart rate recovery rate at 10 min after WAnT in both SB and PL after 6 weeks were significantly improved (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively), resulting in no difference between groups on these measures. Conclusions These data suggest that supplementation of HCO3− at the level of 0.2 g/kg body mass before HIIT training enhances the effect of HIIT on anaerobic performance, and improves the blood lactate clearance rate and the blood lactate clearance velocity following anaerobic exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieting Wang
- College of Kinesiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, BJ, China
| | - Junqiang Qiu
- College of Kinesiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, BJ, China.
| | - Longyan Yi
- College of Kinesiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, BJ, China
| | - Zhaoran Hou
- College of Kinesiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, BJ, China
| | - Dan Benardot
- Department of Nutrition, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Center for the Study of Human Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Wei Cao
- College of Kinesiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, BJ, China
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SPRINTING. . . Dietary Approaches to Optimize Training Adaptation and Performance. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2019; 29:85-94. [PMID: 30943814 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Although sprint athletes are assumed to primarily be interested in promoting muscle hypertrophy, it is the ability to generate explosive muscle power, optimization of power-to-weight ratio, and enhancement of anaerobic energy generation that are key outcomes of sprint training. This reflects the physique of track sprinters, being characterized as ecto-mesomorphs. Although there is little contemporary data on sprinters dietary habits, given their moderate energy requirements relative to body mass, a carbohydrate intake within the range of 3-6 g·kg-1·day-1 appears reasonable, while ensuring carbohydrate availability is optimized around training. Similarly, although protein needs may be twice general population recommendations, sprint athletes should consume meals containing ∼0.4 g/kg high biological value protein (i.e., easily digested, rich in essential amino acids) every 3-5 hr. Despite the short duration of competitions and relative long-recovery periods between races, nutrition still plays an important role in sprint performance. As energy expenditure moderates during competition, so too should intake of energy and macronutrients to prevent unwanted weight gain. Further adjustments in macronutrient intake may be warranted among athletes contemplating optimization of power-to-weight ratio through reductions in body fat prior to the competitive season. Other novel acute methods of weight loss have also been proposed to enhance power-to-weight ratio, but their implementation should only be considered under professional guidance. Given the metabolic demands of sprinting, a few supplements may be of benefit to athletes in training and/or competition. Their use in competition should be preceded with trialing in training to confirm tolerance and perceived ergogenic potential.
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25
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Lopes-Silva JP, Reale R, Franchini E. Acute and chronic effect of sodium bicarbonate ingestion on Wingate test performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sports Sci 2018; 37:762-771. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1524739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- João Paulo Lopes-Silva
- High-Intensity Intermittent Exercise Physiology Research Group, School of Physical and Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- School of Physical Education, Cesmac University Center, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
- UNINASSAU, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Reid Reale
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, Bradenton, Florida, USA
| | - Emerson Franchini
- High-Intensity Intermittent Exercise Physiology Research Group, School of Physical and Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia
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Gough LA, Brown D, Deb SK, Sparks SA, McNaughton LR. The influence of alkalosis on repeated high-intensity exercise performance and acid-base balance recovery in acute moderate hypoxic conditions. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 118:2489-2498. [PMID: 30196448 PMCID: PMC6244684 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-3975-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Exacerbated hydrogen cation (H+) production is suggested to be a key determinant of fatigue in acute hypoxic conditions. This study, therefore, investigated the effects of NaHCO3 ingestion on repeated 4 km TT cycling performance and post-exercise acid–base balance recovery in acute moderate hypoxic conditions. Methods Ten male trained cyclists completed four repeats of 2 × 4 km cycling time trials (TT1 and TT2) with 40 min passive recovery, each on different days. Each TT series was preceded by supplementation of one of the 0.2 g kg−1 BM NaHCO3 (SBC2), 0.3 g kg−1 BM NaHCO3 (SBC3), or a taste-matched placebo (0.07 g kg−1 BM sodium chloride; PLA), administered in a randomized order. Supplements were administered at a pre-determined individual time to peak capillary blood bicarbonate concentration ([HCO3−]). Each TT series was also completed in a normobaric hypoxic chamber set at 14.5% FiO2 (~ 3000 m). Results Performance was improved following SBC3 in both TT1 (400.2 ± 24.1 vs. 405.9 ± 26.0 s; p = 0.03) and TT2 (407.2 ± 29.2 vs. 413.2 ± 30.8 s; p = 0.01) compared to PLA, displaying a very likely benefit in each bout. Compared to SBC2, a likely and possible benefit was also observed following SBC3 in TT1 (402.3 ± 26.5 s; p = 0.15) and TT2 (410.3 ± 30.8 s; p = 0.44), respectively. One participant displayed an ergolytic effect following SBC3, likely because of severe gastrointestinal discomfort, as SBC2 still provided ergogenic effects. Conclusion NaHCO3 ingestion improves repeated exercise performance in acute hypoxic conditions, although the optimal dose is likely to be 0.3 g kg−1 BM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis Anthony Gough
- Sport and Physical Activity Department, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, B13 3TN, UK. .,Sports Nutrition and Performance Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, Lancashire, L39 4QP, UK.
| | - Danny Brown
- Sports Nutrition and Performance Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, Lancashire, L39 4QP, UK
| | - Sanjoy K Deb
- Sports Nutrition and Performance Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, Lancashire, L39 4QP, UK
| | - S Andy Sparks
- Sports Nutrition and Performance Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, Lancashire, L39 4QP, UK
| | - Lars R McNaughton
- Sports Nutrition and Performance Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, Lancashire, L39 4QP, UK.,Department of Sport and Movement Studies, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Peinado AB, Holgado D, Luque-Casado A, Rojo-Tirado MA, Sanabria D, González C, Mateo-March M, Sánchez-Muñoz C, Calderón FJ, Zabala M. Effect of induced alkalosis on performance during a field-simulated BMX cycling competition. J Sci Med Sport 2018; 22:335-341. [PMID: 30170952 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study was to test the effect of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3-) ingestion on performance during a simulated competition on a Bicycle Motocross (BMX) track. DESIGN Double-blind cross-over study. METHODS Twelve elite male BMX cyclists (age: 19.2±3.4 years; height: 174.2±5.3cm; body mass: 72.4±8.4kg) ingested either NaHCO3- (0.3g.kg-1 body weight) or placebo 90min prior to exercise. The cyclists completed three races in a BMX Olympic track interspersed with 15min of recovery. Blood samples were collected to assess the blood acid-base status. Performance, cardiorespiratory, heart rate variability (HRV) as well as subjective variables were assessed. RESULTS The main effect of condition (NaHCO3- vs. placebo) was observed in pH, bicarbonate concentration and base excess (p<0.05), with a significant blood alkalosis. No changes were found in time, peak velocity and time to peak velocity for condition (p>0.05). The HRV analysis showed a significant effect of NaHCO3- ingestion, expressed by the rMSSD30 (root mean square of the successive differences) (p<0.001). There was no effect of condition on oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide production, or pulmonary ventilation (p>0.05). Finally, there was no effect of condition for any subjective scale (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS We present here the first field condition study to investigate the effect of bicarbonate ingestion over performance in BMX discipline. The results showed that NaHCO3--induced alkalosis did not improve performance in a simulated BMX competition in elite BMX cyclists, although future studies should consider the effects of NaHCO3- on autonomic function as a component of recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana B Peinado
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - Antonio Luque-Casado
- Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center, University of Granada, Spain; Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel A Rojo-Tirado
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Sanabria
- Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center, University of Granada, Spain; Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Granada, Spain
| | - Coral González
- Department of Methods of Research and Diagnosis in Education, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Francisco J Calderón
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain
| | - Mikel Zabala
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Spain
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Bicarbonate : de la physiologie aux applications thérapeutiques pour tout clinicien. Nephrol Ther 2018; 14:13-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nephro.2017.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Comparison of Between-Training-Sessions Recovery Strategies for World-Class BMX Pilots. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2015; 10:219-23. [DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2014-0152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose:To assess the impact of between-training-sessions recovery strategies (passive [PAS], active [ACT], cold-water immersion [CWI], and ingestion of a recovery drink [NUTR]) on maximal cycling performance, perceptions of delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS), and fatigue in world-class BMX riders.Methods:Eleven elite BMX athletes, members of the French national team (top country in the 2011 international ranking, 4 medals at the 2012 World Championships, top European country), participated in the study, which involved standardized training periods. Athletes performed 3 maximal-sprint power tests: the first day of the week before the training session and before and after training on the third day of the week (D3). The recovery strategy was randomly assigned to each participant on day 2 immediately after the last training period of the day. Perceptions of DOMS and general fatigue were recorded on D3.Results:After training on D3, the decrease in maximal-sprint power (Pmax) was significantly greater for PAS than with CWI (P = .02) and NUTR (P = .018). Similar results were found with ACT (vs CWI P = .044, and vs NUTR P = .042). Self-reported DOMS and fatigue were significantly greater after PAS than after other strategies.Conclusions:For elite BMX riders, between training days, nutritional and/or CWI recovery strategies appear to be best for reducing muscle fatigue and increasing the capacity to withstand the training schedule.
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Dietary sodium citrate supplementation does not improve upper-body anaerobic performance in trained wrestlers in simulated competition-day conditions. Eur J Appl Physiol 2014; 115:387-96. [PMID: 25327884 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-014-3025-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Similarly to a wrestling match, upper-body intermittent sprint performance (UBISP) test elicits severe acidosis. This study aimed to determine whether sodium citrate (CIT) ingestion would help to better maintain peak power (PP) and mean power (MP) output across four consecutive UBISP tests simulating wrestling matches of a competition-day. METHODS In a double-blind, counterbalanced, crossover manner, 11 trained wrestlers ingested either placebo (PLC) or CIT (900 mg kg(-1)) within a 17-h supplementation period. Thereafter they completed four (T1-T4) 6-min UBISP tests interspersed with 30-min recovery periods. RESULTS Compared with PLC, CIT supplementation resulted in a persistent increase (P < 0.05) in blood HCO3 (-) concentration and pH: pre-T1 25.6 % and 0.08 units, post-T4 39.1 % and 0.14 units, respectively. Post-T1 blood lactate concentration in CIT (16.1 ± 3.8 mmol L(-1)) was higher (P = 0.037) than that in PLC (13.7 ± 2.3 mmol L(-1)). Decrease in plasma volume across the supplementation period and UBISP tests was greater (P = 0.03) in PLC (-6.91 ± 4.37 %) than in CIT (-1.51 ± 4.34 %). There was an overall decrease (P = 0.028) in ratings of perceived exertion in CIT compared with PLC, but no between-trial difference (P > 0.05) in PP or MP in any UBISP test occurred. CONCLUSION In trained wrestlers, CIT ingestion induces alkalosis, counteracts reduction in plasma volume, increases post-test blood lactate concentration and reduces perceived exertion, but does not improve PP or MP attained in consecutive UBISP tests simulating four wrestling matches of a competition-day.
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Validity and reliability of the look Keo power pedal system for measuring power output during incremental and repeated sprint cycling. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2014; 10:39-45. [PMID: 24896154 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2013-0317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Power meters have traditionally been integrated into the crank set, but several manufacturers have designed new systems located elsewhere on the bike, such as inside the pedals. PURPOSE This study aimed to determine the validity and reliability of the Keo power pedals during several laboratory cycling tasks. METHODS Ten active male participants (mean ± SD age 34.0 ± 10.6 y, height 1.77 ± 0.04 m, body mass 76.5 ± 10.7 kg) familiar with laboratory cycling protocols completed this study. Each participant was required to complete 2 laboratory cycling trials on an SRM ergometer (SRM, Germany) that was also fitted with the Keo power pedals (Look, France). The trials consisted of an incremental test to exhaustion followed by 10 min rest and then three 10-s sprint tests separated by 3 min of cycling at 100 W. RESULTS Over power ranges of 75 to 1147 W, the Keo power-pedal system produced typical error values of 0.40, 0.21, and 0.21 for the incremental, sprint, and combined trials, respectively, compared with the SRM. Mean differences of 21.0 and 18.6 W were observed between trials 1 and 2 with the Keo system in the incremental and combined protocols, respectively. In contrast, the SRM produced differences of 1.3 and 0.6 W for the same protocols. CONCLUSIONS The power data from the Keo power pedals should be treated with some caution given the presence of mean differences between them and the SRM. Furthermore, this is exacerbated by poorer reliability than that of the SRM power meter.
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Petrushova O, Mikulyak N. Blood acid-base balance of sportsmen during physical activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 60:591-5. [DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20146005591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the acid-base balance parameters in blood of sportsmen by physical activity. Before exercise lactate concentration in blood was normal. Carbon dioxide pressure (рСО2), bicarbonate concentration (НСО3 -), base excess (BE), were increased immediately after physical activity lactate concentration increased, while pH, BE, НСО3 -, рСО2 decreased in capillary blood of sportsmen. These changes show the development of lactate-acidosis which is partly compensated with bicarbonate buffering system and respiratory alkalosis. During postexercise recovery lactate concentration decreased, while рСО2, НСО3 -, BE increased. The results of this study can be used for diagnostics of acid-base disorders and their medical treatment for preservation of sportsmen physical capacity.
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Peart DJ, Siegler JC, Vince RV. Practical Recommendations for Coaches and Athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2012; 26:1975-83. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3182576f3d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Price MJ, Cripps D. The effects of combined glucose-electrolyte and sodium bicarbonate ingestion on prolonged intermittent exercise performance. J Sports Sci 2012; 30:975-83. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2012.685086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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35
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Peart DJ, Kirk RJ, Hillman AR, Madden LA, Siegler JC, Vince RV. The physiological stress response to high-intensity sprint exercise following the ingestion of sodium bicarbonate. Eur J Appl Physiol 2012; 113:127-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-012-2419-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Nordsborg NB, Siebenmann C, Jacobs RA, Rasmussen P, Diaz V, Robach P, Lundby C. Four weeks of normobaric "live high-train low" do not alter muscular or systemic capacity for maintaining pH and K⁺ homeostasis during intense exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2012; 112:2027-36. [PMID: 22461443 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01353.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It was investigated if athletes subjected to 4 wk of living in normobaric hypoxia (3,000 m; 16 h/day) while training at 800-1,300 m ["live high-train low" (LHTL)] increase muscular and systemic capacity for maintaining pH and K(+) homeostasis as well as intense exercise performance. The design was double-blind and placebo controlled. Mean power during 30-s all-out cycling was similar before and immediately after LHTL (650 ± 31 vs. 628 ± 32 W; n = 10) and placebo exposure (658 ± 22 vs. 660 ± 23 W; n = 6). Supporting the performance data, arterial plasma pH, lactate, and K(+) during submaximal and maximal exercise were also unaffected by the intervention in both groups. In addition, muscle buffer capacity (in mmol H(+)·kg dry wt(-1)·pH(-1)) was similar before and after in both the LHTL (140 ± 12 vs. 140 ± 16) and placebo group (145 ± 2 vs. 140 ± 3). The expression of sarcolemmal H(+) transporters (Na(+)/H(+) exchanger 1, monocarboxylate transporters 1 and 4), as well as expression of Na(+)-K(+) pump subunits-α(1), -α(2), and -β(1) was also similar before and after the intervention. In conclusion, muscular and systemic capacity for maintaining pH and K(+) balance during exercise is similar before and after 4 wk of placebo-controlled normobaric LHTL. In accordance, 30-s all-out sprint ability was similar before and after LHTL.
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Affiliation(s)
- N B Nordsborg
- Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP) University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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