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Battaglia Y, Baciga F, Bulighin F, Amicone M, Mosconi G, Storari A, Brugnano R, Pozzato M, Motta D, D'alessandro C, Torino C, Mallamaci F, Cupisti A, Aucella F, Capitanini A. Physical activity and exercise in chronic kidney disease: consensus statements from the Physical Exercise Working Group of the Italian Society of Nephrology. J Nephrol 2024:10.1007/s40620-024-02049-9. [PMID: 39269600 DOI: 10.1007/s40620-024-02049-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024]
Abstract
The Italian Society of Nephrology has tasked its Working Group on Physical Exercise with developing a consensus statement document on physical activity and exercise in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). This paper consists of 16 points that were discussed, and approved using the mini-Delphi method by 15 members of the working group. Each statement is based on a comprehensive review of the literature, clinical experience, and expert opinions. Overall, the statements affirm that regular physical activity and exercise training offer numerous benefits to CKD patients, including improved physical function, enhanced cardiometabolic and neuromuscular function, cognitive benefits, and an overall improvement in quality of life. Furthermore, exercise may provide nephroprotection and reduce mortality. These advantages are observed across all CKD stages, whether on conservative therapy or kidney replacement therapy (hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis), and in kidney transplant recipients. Moreover, when physical activity and exercise training are implemented with appropriate precautions, they are safe in CKD patients. Gradual physical activity and customized exercise programs should be tailored to the patient's exercise tolerance, potentially enhancing compliance. Clinicians are encouraged to use a series of questionnaires and tests to assess the patient's level of physical activity and performance. However, exercise and physical activity are poorly implemented in clinical practice due to many barriers related to patients and healthcare staff. Overcoming these barriers requires the proactive role of the nephrologists, who should actively incorporate exercise training and promote physical activity within routine care plans. Adopting a multidisciplinary team approach, which includes nephrologists, nurses, exercise professionals, and dietitians, is crucial for providing comprehensive rehabilitation for CKD patients. Integrating new technologies and remote check ups could further enhance the effectiveness of these interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Battaglia
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Pederzoli Hospital, Via Monte Baldo, 24, Peschiera del Garda, 37019, Verona, Italy.
| | - Federica Baciga
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Pederzoli Hospital, Via Monte Baldo, 24, Peschiera del Garda, 37019, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Maria Amicone
- Department of Public Health, Chair of Nephrology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Mosconi
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Morgagni-Pierantoni Hospital, Forlì, Italy
| | - Alda Storari
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Rachele Brugnano
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, S. Maria Della Misericordia Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | - Marco Pozzato
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, S. Giovanni Bosco Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Daria Motta
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Martini Hospital, ASL Città Di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Claudia D'alessandro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudia Torino
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Francesca Mallamaci
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli Hospital, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Adamasco Cupisti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Filippo Aucella
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Casa Solievo Della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo Foggia, Italy
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Bird SP, Nienhuis M, Biagioli B, De Pauw K, Meeusen R. Supplementation Strategies for Strength and Power Athletes: Carbohydrate, Protein, and Amino Acid Ingestion. Nutrients 2024; 16:1886. [PMID: 38931241 PMCID: PMC11206787 DOI: 10.3390/nu16121886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
It is a common belief amongst strength and power athletes that nutritional supplementation strategies aid recovery by shifting the anabolic/catabolic profile toward anabolism. Factors such as nutrient quantity, nutrient quality, and nutrient timing significantly impact upon the effectiveness of nutritional strategies in optimizing the acute responses to resistance exercise and the adaptive response to resistance training (i.e., muscle growth and strength expression). Specifically, the aim of this review is to address carbohydrates (CHOs), protein (PRO), and/or amino acids (AAs) supplementation strategies, as there is growing evidence suggesting a link between nutrient signaling and the initiation of protein synthesis, muscle glycogen resynthesis, and the attenuation of myofibrillar protein degradation following resistance exercise. Collectively, the current scientific literature indicates that nutritional supplementation strategies utilizing CHO, PRO, and/or AA represents an important approach aimed at enhancing muscular responses for strength and power athletes, primarily increased muscular hypertrophy and enhanced strength expression. There appears to be a critical interaction between resistance exercise and nutrient-cell signaling associated with the principle of nutrient timing (i.e., pre-exercise, during, and post-exercise). Recommendations for nutritional supplementation strategies to promote muscular responses for strength and athletes are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P. Bird
- School of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, QLD 4305, Australia
- Centre for Health Research, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, QLD 4305, Australia
| | - Mitch Nienhuis
- Movement Science, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI 49401, USA
| | - Brian Biagioli
- Kinesiology and Sport Sciences, School of Education and Human Development, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA
| | - Kevin De Pauw
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group (MFYS), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussel, Belgium
- Brussels Human Robotics Research Center (BruBotics), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussel, Belgium
| | - Romain Meeusen
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group (MFYS), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussel, Belgium
- Department of Sports, Recreation, Exercise and Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town 7535, South Africa
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Sahin K, Orhan C, Ozdemir O, Tuzcu M, Sahin N, Ojalvo SP, Komorowski JR. Effects of Whey Protein Combined with Amylopectin/Chromium on the Muscle Protein Synthesis and mTOR Phosphorylation in Exercised Rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024; 202:1031-1040. [PMID: 37341874 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03732-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the impact of varying doses of whey protein (WP) and amylopectin/chromium complex (ACr) supplementation on muscle protein synthesis (MPS), amino acid and insulin levels, and the rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathways in exercised rats. A total of 72 rats were randomly divided into nine groups: (1) Exercise (Ex), (2) Ex + WPI to (5) Ex + WPIV with various oral doses of whey protein (0.465, 1.55, 2.33, and 3.1 g/kg) and (6) Ex + WPI + ACr to (9) Ex + WPIV + ACr with various doses of whey protein combined with 0.155 g/kg ACr. On the day of single-dose administration, the products were given by oral gavage after exercise. To measure the protein fractional synthesis rate (FSR), a bolus dose of deuterium-labeled phenylalanine was given, and its effects were evaluated 1 h after supplementation. Rats that received 3.1 g/kg of whey protein (WP) combined with ACr exhibited the most significant increase in muscle protein synthesis (MPS) compared to the Ex group (115.7%, p < 0.0001). In comparison to rats that received the same dose of WP alone, those given the combination of WP and ACr at the same dosage showed a 14.3% increase in MPS (p < 0.0001). Furthermore, the WP (3.1 g/kg) + ACr group exhibited the highest elevation in serum insulin levels when compared to the Ex group (111.9%, p < 0.0001). Among the different groups, the WP (2.33 g/kg) + ACr group demonstrated the greatest increase in mTOR levels (224.2%, p < 0.0001). Additionally, the combination of WP (2.33 g/kg) and ACr resulted in a 169.8% increase in 4E-BP1 levels (p < 0.0001), while S6K1 levels rose by 141.2% in the WP (2.33 g/kg) + ACr group (p < 0.0001). Overall, supplementation with various doses of WP combined with ACr increased MPS and enhanced the mTOR signaling pathway compared to WP alone and the Ex group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazim Sahin
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, 23119, Turkey.
| | - Cemal Orhan
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, 23119, Turkey
| | - Oguzhan Ozdemir
- Technical Sciences, Vocational School, Department of Veterinary Science, Batman University, Batman, 72000, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Tuzcu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Firat University, Elazig, 23119, Turkey
| | - Nurhan Sahin
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, 23119, Turkey
| | - Sara Perez Ojalvo
- Research and Development Department, Nutrition 21 LLC, Purchase, NY, 10577, USA
| | - James R Komorowski
- Research and Development Department, Nutrition 21 LLC, Purchase, NY, 10577, USA
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Tezze C, Sandri M, Tessari P. Anabolic Resistance in the Pathogenesis of Sarcopenia in the Elderly: Role of Nutrition and Exercise in Young and Old People. Nutrients 2023; 15:4073. [PMID: 37764858 PMCID: PMC10535169 DOI: 10.3390/nu15184073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of sarcopenia in the elderly is associated with many potential factors and/or processes that impair the renovation and maintenance of skeletal muscle mass and strength as ageing progresses. Among them, a defect by skeletal muscle to respond to anabolic stimuli is to be considered. Common anabolic stimuli/signals in skeletal muscle are hormones (insulin, growth hormones, IGF-1, androgens, and β-agonists such epinephrine), substrates (amino acids such as protein precursors on top, but also glucose and fat, as source of energy), metabolites (such as β-agonists and HMB), various biochemical/intracellular mediators), physical exercise, neurogenic and immune-modulating factors, etc. Each of them may exhibit a reduced effect upon skeletal muscle in ageing. In this article, we overview the role of anabolic signals on muscle metabolism, as well as currently available evidence of resistance, at the skeletal muscle level, to anabolic factors, from both in vitro and in vivo studies. Some indications on how to augment the effects of anabolic signals on skeletal muscle are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Tezze
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, via Ugo Bassi 58/b, 35121 Padova, Italy;
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, via Orus 2, 35129 Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Sandri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, via Ugo Bassi 58/b, 35121 Padova, Italy;
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, via Orus 2, 35129 Padova, Italy
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Paolo Tessari
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy
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Soares ALDS, Machado-Lima A, Brech GC, Greve JMD, Dos Santos JR, Inojossa TR, Rogero MM, Salles JEN, Santarem-Sobrinho JM, Davis CL, Alonso AC. The Influence of Whey Protein on Muscle Strength, Glycemic Control and Functional Tasks in Older Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in a Resistance Exercise Program: Randomized and Triple Blind Clinical Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:ijerph20105891. [PMID: 37239618 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20105891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effect of whey protein (WP) supplementation associated with resistance training (RT) on glycemic control, functional tasks, muscle strength, and body composition in older adults living with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Secondly, to evaluate the safety of the protocol for renal function. METHODS The population comprised twenty-six older men living with T2DM (68.5 ± 11.5 years old). The participants were randomly assigned to the Protein Group (PG) and the Control Group (CG). The handgrip test and evolution of exercise loads, according to the Omni Resistance Exercise Scale, evaluated muscle strength. Functional tasks were assessed by force platform in three different protocols: Sit-to-Stand, Step/Quick Turn, and Step Up/Over. Body composition was evaluated by bioimpedance and glycemic control and renal function were assessed by biochemical analyses. Both groups performed RT for 12 weeks, twice a week, prioritizing large muscle groups. Protein supplementation was 20 g of whey protein isolate and the CG was supplemented with an isocaloric drink, containing 20 g of maltodextrin. RESULTS There was a significant difference in muscle strength, according to the evolution of the exercise loads, but it was not confirmed in the handgrip test. However, there was no significant difference between the groups, regarding performance in functional tasks, glycemic control, or body composition. Renal function showed no alteration. CONCLUSION The intake of 20 g of WP in older male adults living with T2DM did not increase the effect of RT on muscle strength, functional tasks, and glycemic control. The intervention was proven safe regarding renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Luiz de Seixas Soares
- Program in Aging Sciences, Universidade São Judas Tadeu (USJT), São Paulo 03166-000, SP, Brazil
- Georgia Prevention Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Adriana Machado-Lima
- Program in Aging Sciences, Universidade São Judas Tadeu (USJT), São Paulo 03166-000, SP, Brazil
- Laboratory Study of Movement, Instituto de Ortopedia e Traumatologia do Hospital das Clínicas (IOT-HC), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo 05402-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Carlos Brech
- Program in Aging Sciences, Universidade São Judas Tadeu (USJT), São Paulo 03166-000, SP, Brazil
- Laboratory Study of Movement, Instituto de Ortopedia e Traumatologia do Hospital das Clínicas (IOT-HC), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo 05402-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Júlia Maria D'Andréa Greve
- Laboratory Study of Movement, Instituto de Ortopedia e Traumatologia do Hospital das Clínicas (IOT-HC), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo 05402-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Joselma Rodrigues Dos Santos
- Laboratory Study of Movement, Instituto de Ortopedia e Traumatologia do Hospital das Clínicas (IOT-HC), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo 05402-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Thiago Resende Inojossa
- Laboratory Study of Movement, Instituto de Ortopedia e Traumatologia do Hospital das Clínicas (IOT-HC), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo 05402-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Macedo Rogero
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, FMSUP, São Paulo 01151-000, SP, Brazil
| | - João Eduardo Nunes Salles
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Discipline of Endocrinology, Santa Casa of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo 01224-001, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Catherine L Davis
- Georgia Prevention Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Angelica Castilho Alonso
- Program in Aging Sciences, Universidade São Judas Tadeu (USJT), São Paulo 03166-000, SP, Brazil
- Laboratory Study of Movement, Instituto de Ortopedia e Traumatologia do Hospital das Clínicas (IOT-HC), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo 05402-000, SP, Brazil
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Tagawa R, Watanabe D, Ito K, Otsuyama T, Nakayama K, Sanbongi C, Miyachi M. Synergistic Effect of Increased Total Protein Intake and Strength Training on Muscle Strength: A Dose-Response Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:110. [PMID: 36057893 PMCID: PMC9441410 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00508-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Protein supplementation augments muscle strength gain during resistance training. Although some studies focus on the dose-response relationship of total protein intake to muscle mass or strength, the detailed dose-response relationship between total protein intake and muscle strength increase is yet to be clarified, especially in the absence of resistance training.
Objective We aimed to assess the detailed dose-response relationship between protein supplementation and muscle strength, with and without resistance training. Design Systematic review with meta-analysis. Data Sources PubMed and Ichushi-Web (last accessed on March 23, 2022). Eligibility Criteria Randomized controlled trials investigating the effects of protein intake on muscle strength. Synthesis Methods A random-effects model and a spline model. Results A total of 82 articles were obtained for meta-analyses, and data from 69 articles were used to create spline curves. Muscle strength increase was significantly augmented only with resistance training (MD 2.01%, 95% CI 1.09–2.93) and was not augmented if resistance training was absent (MD 0.13%, 95% CI − 1.53 to 1.79). In the dose-response analysis using a spline model, muscle strength increase with resistance training showed a dose-dependent positive association with total protein intake, which is 0.72% (95% CI 0.40–1.04%) increase in muscle strength per 0.1 g/kg body weight [BW]/d increase in total protein intake up to 1.5 g/kg BW/d, but no further gains were observed thereafter. Conclusion Concurrent use of resistance training is essential for protein supplementation to improve muscle strength. This study indicates that 1.5 g/kg BW/d may be the most appropriate amount of total protein intake for maintaining and augmenting muscle strength along with resistance training. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40798-022-00508-w.
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Centner C, Jerger S, Mallard A, Herrmann A, Varfolomeeva E, Gollhofer S, Oesser S, Sticht C, Gretz N, Aagaard P, Nielsen JL, Frandsen U, Suetta C, Gollhofer A, König D. Supplementation of Specific Collagen Peptides Following High-Load Resistance Exercise Upregulates Gene Expression in Pathways Involved in Skeletal Muscle Signal Transduction. Front Physiol 2022; 13:838004. [PMID: 35480041 PMCID: PMC9037237 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.838004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous evidence suggests that resistance training in combination with specific collagen peptides (CP) improves adaptive responses of the muscular apparatus. Although beneficial effects have been repeatedly demonstrated, the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Therefore, the primary objective of the present randomized trial was to elucidate differences in gene expression pathways related to skeletal muscle signal transduction following acute high-load resistance exercise with and without CP intake. Recreationally active male participants were equally randomized to high-load leg extension exercise in combination with 15 g CP or placebo (PLA) supplementation. Muscle biopsies from the vastus lateralis muscle were obtained at baseline as well as 1, 4 and 24 h post exercise to investigate gene expression using next generation sequencing analysis. Several important anabolic pathways including PI3K-Akt and MAPK pathways were significantly upregulated at 1 and 4 h post-exercise. Significant between-group differences for both pathways were identified at the 4 h time point demonstrating a more pronounced effect after CP intake. Gene expression related to the mTOR pathway demonstrated a higher visual increase in the CP group compared to PLA by trend, but failed to achieve statistically significant group differences. The current findings revealed a significantly higher upregulation of key anabolic pathways (PI3K-Akt, MAPK) in human skeletal muscle 4 h following an acute resistance training combined with intake of 15 g of specific collagen peptides compared to placebo. Further investigations should examine potential relationships between upregulated gene expression and changes in myofibrillar protein synthesis as well as potential long-term effects on anabolic pathways on the protein level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Centner
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Praxisklinik Rennbahn, Muttenz, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Christoph Centner,
| | - Simon Jerger
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alistair Mallard
- Australasian Kidney Trials Network, Centre for Health Services Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Anna Herrmann
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Eugenia Varfolomeeva
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sandra Gollhofer
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Carsten Sticht
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Norbert Gretz
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Per Aagaard
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Research Unit for Muscle Physiology and Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jakob L. Nielsen
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Research Unit for Muscle Physiology and Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Ulrik Frandsen
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Research Unit for Muscle Physiology and Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Suetta
- Geriatric Research Unit, Department of Geriatric and Palliative Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Geriatric Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev and Gentofte, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Albert Gollhofer
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel König
- Department of Nutritional Science, Institute for Nutrition, Exercise and Health, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Centre for Sports Science and University Sports, Institute for Nutrition, Exercise and Health, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Natural Compounds Attenuate Denervation-Induced Skeletal Muscle Atrophy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158310. [PMID: 34361076 PMCID: PMC8348757 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The weight of skeletal muscle accounts for approximately 40% of the whole weight in a healthy individual, and the normal metabolism and motor function of the muscle are indispensable for healthy life. In addition, the skeletal muscle of the maxillofacial region plays an important role not only in eating and swallowing, but also in communication, such as facial expressions and conversations. In recent years, skeletal muscle atrophy has received worldwide attention as a serious health problem. However, the mechanism of skeletal muscle atrophy that has been clarified at present is insufficient, and a therapeutic method against skeletal muscle atrophy has not been established. This review provides views on the importance of skeletal muscle in the maxillofacial region and explains the differences between skeletal muscles in the maxillofacial region and other regions. We summarize the findings to change in gene expression in muscle remodeling and emphasize the advantages and disadvantages of denervation-induced skeletal muscle atrophy model. Finally, we discuss the newly discovered beneficial effects of natural compounds on skeletal muscle atrophy.
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Tao K, Duan Y, Wang H, Zeng D, Fang Z, Yan H, Lu Y. De novo Explorations of Sarcopenia via a Dynamic Model. Front Physiol 2021; 12:670381. [PMID: 34122142 PMCID: PMC8194405 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.670381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The cause of sarcopenia has been observed over decades by clinical trials, which, however, are still insufficient to systematically unravel the enigma of how resistance exercise mediates skeletal muscle mass. Materials and Methods: Here, we proposed a minimal regulatory network and developed a dynamic model to rigorously investigate the mechanism of sarcopenia. Our model is consisted of eight ordinary differential equations and incorporates linear and Hill-function terms to describe positive and negative feedbacks between protein species, respectively. Results: A total of 720 samples with 10 scaled intensities were included in simulations, which revealed the expression level of AKT (maximum around 3.9-fold) and mTOR (maximum around 5.5-fold) at 3, 6, and 24 h at high intensity, and non-monotonic relation (ranging from 1.2-fold to 1.7-fold) between the graded intensities and skeletal muscle mass. Furthermore, continuous dynamics (within 24 h) of AKT, mTOR, and other proteins were obtained accordingly, and we also predicted the delaying effect with the median of maximized muscle mass shifting from 1.8-fold to 4.6-fold during a 4-fold increase of delay coefficient. Conclusion: The de novo modeling framework sheds light on the interdisciplinary methodology integrating computational approaches with experimental results, which facilitates the deeper understandings of exercise training and sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan Tao
- School of Sports Engineering, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Yushuang Duan
- School of Sport Medicine and Physical Therapy, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Huohuo Wang
- School of Sport Medicine and Physical Therapy, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Zeng
- School of Sport Medicine and Physical Therapy, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Zilong Fang
- School of Sport Medicine and Physical Therapy, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Huiping Yan
- School of Sport Medicine and Physical Therapy, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Yifan Lu
- School of Sport Medicine and Physical Therapy, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Sports and Physical Fitness of the Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
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Deligiannis A, D'Alessandro C, Cupisti A. Exercise training in dialysis patients: impact on cardiovascular and skeletal muscle health. Clin Kidney J 2021; 14:ii25-ii33. [PMID: 33981417 PMCID: PMC8101623 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfaa273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dialysis patients show a high rate of reduced functional capacity, morbidity and mortality. Cardiovascular disorders, muscle atrophy and malnutrition play an essential role among the aetiological factors. Sedentary lifestyle characterizes them and contributes to the aggravation of the disorders. On the contrary, exercise training is an important preventive and therapeutic tool both for cardiovascular problems and for the appearance of muscle atrophy in dialysis patients. Regular exercise causes both central (cardiac) and peripheral (muscular) adaptations, improving functional capacity. In particular, circulatory system clinical trials in haemodialysis (HD) patients documented that exercise has favourable effects on heart function, promotes balance on the cardiac autonomic nervous system and contributes to the management of arterial hypertension. In the muscular system, it prevents muscle atrophy or contributes significantly to its treatment. The main preventive mechanisms of the beneficial effect of exercise on the muscles constitute the inhibition of the apoptotic processes and protein degradation. Exercise training in HD patients leads to an increase of muscle fibers, mitochondria and capillaries, and the combination of regular exercise and dietary strategies is even more effective in preventing or treating muscle atrophy. Finally, an improvement in functional capacity and quality of life was found also in peritoneal dialysis patients following exercise training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asterios Deligiannis
- Sports Medicine Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thermi, Greece
| | - Claudia D'Alessandro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Adamasco Cupisti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Loos CMM, McLeod KR, Stratton SC, van Doorn DA, Kalmar ID, Vanzant ES, Urschel KL. Pathways regulating equine skeletal muscle protein synthesis respond in a dose-dependent manner to graded levels of protein intake. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:5896557. [PMID: 32835365 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR)-controlled anabolic signaling pathways in skeletal muscle of rodents and humans is responsive to the level of dietary protein supply, with maximal activation and rates of protein synthesis achieved with 0.2 to 0.4 g protein/kg body weight (BW). In horses, few data are available on the required level of dietary protein to maximize protein synthesis for maintenance and growth of skeletal muscle. To evaluate the effect of dietary protein level on muscle mTOR pathway activation, five mares received different amounts of a protein supplement that provided 0, 0.06, 0.125, 0.25, or 0.5 g of crude protein (CP)/kg BW per meal in a 5 × 5 Latin square design. On each sample day, horses were fasted overnight and were fed only their protein meal the following morning. A preprandial (0 min) and postprandial (90 min) blood sample was collected and a gluteus medius muscle sample was obtained 90 min after feeding the protein meal. Blood samples were analyzed for glucose, insulin, and amino acid concentrations. Activation of mTOR pathway components (mTOR and ribosomal protein S6 [rpS6]) in the muscle samples was measured by Western immunoblot analysis. Postprandial plasma glucose (P = 0.007) and insulin (P = 0.09) showed a quadratic increase, while total essential amino acid (P < 0.0001) concentrations increased linearly with the graded intake of the protein supplement. Activation of mTOR (P = 0.02) and its downstream target, rpS6 (P = 0.0008), increased quadratically and linearly in relation to the level of protein intake, respectively. Comparisons of individual doses showed no differences (P > 0.05) between the 0.25 and 0.5 g of protein intake for either mTOR or rpS6 activation, indicating that protein synthesis may have reached near maximal capacity around 0.25 g CP/kg BW. This is the first study to show that the activation of muscle protein synthetic pathways in horses is dose-dependent on the level of protein intake. Consumption of a moderate dose of high-quality protein resulted in near maximal muscle mTOR pathway activation in mature, sedentary horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M M Loos
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Kyle R McLeod
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Sophie C Stratton
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | | | - Isabelle D Kalmar
- Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Eric S Vanzant
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Kristine L Urschel
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
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12
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Soluble Whey Protein Hydrolysate Ameliorates Muscle Atrophy Induced by Immobilization via Regulating the PI3K/Akt Pathway in C57BL/6 Mice. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113362. [PMID: 33139592 PMCID: PMC7692342 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia, a loss of skeletal muscle mass and function, is prevalent in older people and associated with functional decline and mortality. Protein supplementation is necessary to maintain skeletal muscle mass and whey protein hydrolysates have the best nutrient quality among food proteins. In the first study, C57BL/6 mice were subjected to immobilization for 1 week to induce muscle atrophy. Then, mice were administered with four different whey protein hydrolysates for 2 weeks with continuous immobilization. Among them, soluble whey protein hydrolysate (WP-S) had the greatest increase in grip strength, muscle weight, and cross-sectional area of muscle fiber than other whey protein hydrolysates. To investigate the molecular mechanism, we conducted another experiment with the same experimental design. WP-S significantly promoted the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway and inhibited the PI3K/Akt/forkhead box O (FoxO) pathway. In addition, it increased myosin heavy chain (MyHC) expression in both the soleus and quadriceps and changed MyHC isoform expressions. In conclusion, WP-S attenuated muscle atrophy induced by immobilization by enhancing the net protein content regulating muscle protein synthesis and degradation. Thus, it is a necessary and probable candidate for developing functional food to prevent sarcopenia.
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Hodson N, West DWD, Philp A, Burd NA, Moore DR. Molecular regulation of human skeletal muscle protein synthesis in response to exercise and nutrients: a compass for overcoming age-related anabolic resistance. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2019; 317:C1061-C1078. [PMID: 31461340 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00209.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle mass, a strong predictor of longevity and health in humans, is determined by the balance of two cellular processes, muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and muscle protein breakdown. MPS seems to be particularly sensitive to changes in mechanical load and/or nutritional status; therefore, much research has focused on understanding the molecular mechanisms that underpin this cellular process. Furthermore, older individuals display an attenuated MPS response to anabolic stimuli, termed anabolic resistance, which has a negative impact on muscle mass and function, as well as quality of life. Therefore, an understanding of which, if any, molecular mechanisms contribute to anabolic resistance of MPS is of vital importance in formulation of therapeutic interventions for such populations. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the mechanisms that underpin MPS, which are broadly divided into mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1)-dependent, mTORC1-independent, and ribosomal biogenesis-related, and describes the evidence that shows how they are regulated by anabolic stimuli (exercise and/or nutrition) in healthy human skeletal muscle. This review also summarizes evidence regarding which of these mechanisms may be implicated in age-related skeletal muscle anabolic resistance and provides recommendations for future avenues of research that can expand our knowledge of this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Hodson
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel W D West
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew Philp
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicholas A Burd
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Daniel R Moore
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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14
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Kårlund A, Gómez-Gallego C, Turpeinen AM, Palo-Oja OM, El-Nezami H, Kolehmainen M. Protein Supplements and Their Relation with Nutrition, Microbiota Composition and Health: Is More Protein Always Better for Sportspeople? Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11040829. [PMID: 31013719 PMCID: PMC6521232 DOI: 10.3390/nu11040829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Sports nutrition products are developed and targeted mainly for athletes to improve their nutrient intake, performance, and muscle growth. The fastest growing consumer groups for these products are recreational sportspeople and lifestyle users. Although athletes may have elevated physiological protein requirements and they may benefit from dietary supplements, the evidence regarding the role of dietary protein and supplements in the nutrition of recreational sportspeople and sedentary populations is somewhat complex and contradictory. In high-protein diets, more undigested protein-derived constituents end up in the large intestine compared to moderate or low-protein diets, and hence, more bacterial amino acid metabolism takes place in the colon, having both positive and negative systemic and metabolic effects on the host. The aim of the present review is to summarize the impact of the high-protein products and diets on nutrition and health, in sportspeople and in sedentary consumers. We are opening the debate about the current protein intake recommendations, with an emphasis on evidence-based effects on intestinal microbiota and personalized guidelines regarding protein and amino acid supplementation in sportspeople and lifestyle consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kårlund
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Carlos Gómez-Gallego
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | | | - Outi-Maaria Palo-Oja
- Business School, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Hani El-Nezami
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Marjukka Kolehmainen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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15
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Li M, Liu F. Effect of whey protein supplementation during resistance training sessions on body mass and muscular strength: a meta-analysis. Food Funct 2019; 10:2766-2773. [DOI: 10.1039/c9fo00182d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluates the effect of whey protein (WP) supplementation with resistance training (RT) on body mass and muscular strength through randomized controlled trials (RCTs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- The Speed Skating Department
- The Winter Sports Management Center
- The General Administration of Sport of China
- Beijing 100044
- China
| | - Feng Liu
- Scientific Research Department
- Beijing Fresta Medical Research Center
- Beijing 100031
- China
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16
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Jakubowicz D, Wainstein J, Landau Z, Ahren B, Barnea M, Bar-Dayan Y, Froy O. High-energy breakfast based on whey protein reduces body weight, postprandial glycemia and HbA 1C in Type 2 diabetes. J Nutr Biochem 2017; 49:1-7. [PMID: 28863364 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Acute studies show that addition of whey protein at breakfast has a glucose-lowering effect through increased incretin and insulin secretion. However, whether this is a long-term effect in Type 2 diabetes is unknown. Fifty-six Type 2 diabetes participants aged 58.9±4.5 years, BMI 32.1±0.9 kg/m2 and HbA1C 7.8±0.1% (61.6±0.79 mmol/mol) were randomized to one of 3 isocaloric diets with similar lunch and dinner, but different breakfast: 1) 42 g total protein, 28 g whey (WBdiet, n=19); 2) 42 g various protein sources (PBdiet, n=19); or 3) high-carbohydrate breakfast, 17 g protein from various sources (CBdiet, n=18). Body weight and HbA1C were examined after 12 weeks. All participants underwent three all-day meal challenges for postprandial glycemia, insulin, C-peptide, intact glucagon-like peptide 1 (iGLP-1), ghrelin and hunger and satiety scores. Overall postprandial AUCglucose was reduced by 12% in PBdiet and by 19% in WBdiet, compared with CBdiet (P<.0001). Compared with PBdiet and CBdiet, WBdiet led to a greater postprandial overall AUC for insulin, C-peptide, iGLP-1 and satiety scores, while postprandial overall AUC for ghrelin and hunger scores were reduced (P<.0001). After 12 weeks, HbA1C was reduced after WBdiet by 0.89±0.05% (11.5±0.6 mmol/mol), after PBdiet by 0.6±0.04% (7.1±0.31 mmol/mol) and after CBdiet by 0.36±0.04% (2.9±0.31 mmol/mol) (P<.0001). Furthermore, the participants on WBdiet lost 7.6±0.3 kg, PBdiet 6.1±0.3 kg and CBdiet 3.5±0.3 kg (P<.0001). Whey protein-based breakfast is an important adjuvant in the management of Type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Jakubowicz
- Diabetes Unit, Wolfson Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Holon, Israel; Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes Unit, Hospital de Clinicas Caracas, Central University, Caracas, Venezuela.
| | - Julio Wainstein
- Diabetes Unit, Wolfson Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Holon, Israel
| | - Zohar Landau
- Diabetes Unit, Wolfson Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Holon, Israel
| | - Bo Ahren
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Maayan Barnea
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yosefa Bar-Dayan
- Diabetes Unit, Wolfson Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Holon, Israel
| | - Oren Froy
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel.
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17
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Naderi A, de Oliveira EP, Ziegenfuss TN, Willems MT. Timing, Optimal Dose and Intake Duration of Dietary Supplements with Evidence-Based Use in Sports Nutrition. J Exerc Nutrition Biochem 2016; 20:1-12. [PMID: 28150472 PMCID: PMC5545206 DOI: 10.20463/jenb.2016.0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The aim of the present narrative review was to consider the evidence on the timing, optimal dose and intake duration of the main dietary supplements in sports nutrition, i.e. β-alanine, nitrate, caffeine, creatine, sodium bicarbonate, carbohydrate and protein. [Methods] This review article focuses on timing, optimal dose and intake duration of main dietary supplements in sports nutrition. [Results] This paper reviewed the evidence to determine the optimal time, efficacy doses and intake duration for sports supplements verified by scientific evidence that report a performance enhancing effect in both situation of laboratory and training settings. [Conclusion] Consumption of the supplements are usually suggested into 5 specific times, such as pre-exercise (nitrate, caffeine, sodium bicarbonate, carbohydrate and protein), during exercise (carbohydrate), post-exercise (creatine, carbohydrate, protein), meal time (β-alanine, creatine, sodium bicarbonate, nitrate, carbohydrate and protein), and before sleep (protein). In addition, the recommended dosing protocol for the supplements nitrate and β-alanine are fixed amounts irrespective of body weight, while dosing protocol for sodium bicarbonate, caffeine and creatine supplements are related to corrected body weight (mg/kg bw). Also, intake duration is suggested for creatine and β-alanine, being effective in chronic daily time < 2 weeks while caffeine, sodium bicarbonate are effective in acute daily time (1-3 hours). Plus, ingestion of nitrate supplement is required in both chronic daily time < 28 days and acute daily time (2- 2.5 h) prior exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Naderi
- Department of Sport Physiology, Boroujerd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Boroujerd, Iran
| | - Erick P de Oliveira
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Minas Gerais State, Brazil
| | | | - MarkE T Willems
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Chichester, College Lane, Chichester, United Kingdom
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18
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Smiles WJ, Hawley JA, Camera DM. Effects of skeletal muscle energy availability on protein turnover responses to exercise. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 219:214-25. [PMID: 26792333 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.125104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle adaptation to exercise training is a consequence of repeated contraction-induced increases in gene expression that lead to the accumulation of functional proteins whose role is to blunt the homeostatic perturbations generated by escalations in energetic demand and substrate turnover. The development of a specific 'exercise phenotype' is the result of new, augmented steady-state mRNA and protein levels that stem from the training stimulus (i.e. endurance or resistance based). Maintaining appropriate skeletal muscle integrity to meet the demands of training (i.e. increases in myofibrillar and/or mitochondrial protein) is regulated by cyclic phases of synthesis and breakdown, the rate and turnover largely determined by the protein's half-life. Cross-talk among several intracellular systems regulating protein synthesis, breakdown and folding is required to ensure protein equilibrium is maintained. These pathways include both proteasomal and lysosomal degradation systems (ubiquitin-mediated and autophagy, respectively) and the protein translational and folding machinery. The activities of these cellular pathways are bioenergetically expensive and are modified by intracellular energy availability (i.e. macronutrient intake) and the 'training impulse' (i.e. summation of the volume, intensity and frequency). As such, exercise-nutrient interactions can modulate signal transduction cascades that converge on these protein regulatory systems, especially in the early post-exercise recovery period. This review focuses on the regulation of muscle protein synthetic response-adaptation processes to divergent exercise stimuli and how intracellular energy availability interacts with contractile activity to impact on muscle remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Smiles
- Centre for Exercise and Nutrition, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - John A Hawley
- Centre for Exercise and Nutrition, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC 3065, Australia Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - Donny M Camera
- Centre for Exercise and Nutrition, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC 3065, Australia
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19
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Mukai R, Horikawa H, Lin PY, Tsukumo N, Nikawa T, Kawamura T, Nemoto H, Terao J. 8-Prenylnaringenin promotes recovery from immobilization-induced disuse muscle atrophy through activation of the Akt phosphorylation pathway in mice. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2016; 311:R1022-R1031. [PMID: 27629889 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00521.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
8-Prenylnaringenin (8-PN) is a prenylflavonoid that originates from hop extracts and is thought to help prevent disuse muscle atrophy. We hypothesized that 8-PN affects muscle plasticity by promoting muscle recovery under disuse muscle atrophy. To test the promoting effect of 8-PN on muscle recovery, we administered an 8-PN mixed diet to mice that had been immobilized with a cast to one leg for 14 days. Intake of the 8-PN mixed diet accelerated recovery from muscle atrophy, and prevented reductions in Akt phosphorylation. Studies on cell cultures of mouse myotubes in vitro demonstrated that 8-PN activated the PI3K/Akt/P70S6K1 pathway at physiological concentrations. A cell-culture study using an inhibitor of estrogen receptors and an in vivo experiment with ovariectomized mice suggested that the estrogenic activity of 8-PN contributed to recovery from disuse muscle atrophy through activation of an Akt phosphorylation pathway. These data strongly suggest that 8-PN is a naturally occurring compound that could be used as a nutritional supplement to aid recovery from disuse muscle atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Mukai
- Department of Food Science, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan;
| | - Hitomi Horikawa
- Department of Food Science, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Pei-Yi Lin
- Department of Food Science, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Nao Tsukumo
- Department of Food Science, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nikawa
- Department of Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan; and
| | - Tomoyuki Kawamura
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hisao Nemoto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Junji Terao
- Department of Food Science, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
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20
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Sato T, Ito Y, Nagasawa T. Regulatory effects of the L-lysine metabolites, L-2-aminoadipic acid and L-pipecolic acid, on protein turnover in C2C12 myotubes. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2016; 80:2168-2175. [PMID: 27427787 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2016.1210499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We previously showed that L-lysine (Lys) and a metabolite of Lys, L-saccharopine, suppressed autophagic proteolysis in C2C12 myotubes. However, the effects of other metabolites of Lys on protein turnover were unknown. We here investigated the effect of the Lys metabolites, L-2-aminoadipic acid (2-AA) and L-pipecolic acid (Pip), on protein turnover in C2C12 myotubes. 2-AA suppressed myofibrillar protein degradation evaluated by the 3-methylhistidine and autophagy activity evaluated by light chain 3-II at lower concentration (100 μM) than did Lys. On the other hand, Pip stimulated the mammalian target of rapamycin signaling activity. Additionally, 100 μM Pip significantly increased the rates of protein synthesis whereas 100 μM Lys had no effect. These results indicate that in C2C12 myotubes, 2-AA could suppress autophagy and Pip could stimulate the rates of protein synthesis, and these metabolites may contribute to exert effect of Lys on protein turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Sato
- a Department of Bioresources Science , The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University , Morioka , Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Ito
- b Department of Biological Chemistry and Food Science , Graduate School of Agriculture, Iwate University , Morioka , Japan
| | - Takashi Nagasawa
- b Department of Biological Chemistry and Food Science , Graduate School of Agriculture, Iwate University , Morioka , Japan
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21
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Kobayashi Y, Somoto Y, Mitsuyama E, Tanaka A, Yuda N, Nakada H, Yamada A, Yamauchi K, Abe F, Nagasawa T. Supplementation of protein-free diet with whey protein hydrolysates prevents skeletal muscle mass loss in rats. JOURNAL OF NUTRITION & INTERMEDIARY METABOLISM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnim.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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22
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Gonzalez AM, Hoffman JR, Jajtner AR, Townsend JR, Boone CH, Beyer KS, Baker KM, Wells AJ, Church DD, Mangine GT, Oliveira LP, Moon JR, Fukuda DH, Stout JR. Protein supplementation does not alter intramuscular anabolic signaling or endocrine response after resistance exercise in trained men. Nutr Res 2015; 35:990-1000. [PMID: 26428621 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling pathway appears to be the primary regulator of muscle protein synthesis. A variety of stimuli including resistance exercise, amino acids, and hormonal signals activate mTORC1 signaling. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a protein supplement on mTORC1 signaling following a resistance exercise protocol designed to promote elevations in circulating hormone concentrations. We hypothesized that the protein supplement would augment the intramuscular anabolic signaling response. Ten resistance-trained men (age, 24.7 ± 3.4 years; weight, 90.1 ± 11.3 kg; height, 176.0 ± 4.9 cm) received either a placebo or a supplement containing 20 g protein, 6 g carbohydrates, and 1 g fat after high-volume, short-rest lower-body resistance exercise. Blood samples were obtained at baseline, immediately, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, and 5 hours after exercise. Fine-needle muscle biopsies were completed at baseline, 1 hour, and 5 hours after exercise. Myoglobin, lactate dehydrogenase, and lactate concentrations were significantly elevated after resistance exercise (P < .0001); however, no differences were observed between trials. Resistance exercise also elicited a significant insulin, growth hormone, and cortisol response (P < .01); however, no differences were observed between trials for insulin-like growth factor-1, insulin, testosterone, growth hormone, or cortisol. Intramuscular anabolic signaling analysis revealed significant elevations in RPS6 phosphorylation after resistance exercise (P = .001); however, no differences were observed between trials for signaling proteins including Akt, mTOR, p70S6k, and RPS6. The endocrine response and phosphorylation status of signaling proteins within the mTORC1 pathway did not appear to be altered by ingestion of supplement after resistance exercise in resistance-trained men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Gonzalez
- Department of Health Professions, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Jay R Hoffman
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA.
| | - Adam R Jajtner
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Jeremy R Townsend
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Carleigh H Boone
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Kyle S Beyer
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Kayla M Baker
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Adam J Wells
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - David D Church
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Gerald T Mangine
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Leonardo P Oliveira
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Jordan R Moon
- Sports Science Institute, MusclePharm, Corp, Denver, CO, USA
| | - David H Fukuda
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Stout
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
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23
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Mobley CB, Fox CD, Ferguson BS, Pascoe CA, Healy JC, McAdam JS, Lockwood CM, Roberts MD. Effects of protein type and composition on postprandial markers of skeletal muscle anabolism, adipose tissue lipolysis, and hypothalamic gene expression. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2015; 12:14. [PMID: 25792976 PMCID: PMC4365970 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-015-0076-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We examined the acute effects of different dietary protein sources (0.19 g, dissolved in 1 ml of water) on skeletal muscle, adipose tissue and hypothalamic satiety-related markers in fasted, male Wistar rats (~250 g). Methods Oral gavage treatments included: a) whey protein concentrate (WPC, n = 15); b) 70:30 hydrolyzed whey-to-hydrolyzed egg albumin (70 W/30E, n = 15); c) 50 W/50E (n = 15); d) 30 W/70E (n = 15); and e) 1 ml of water with no protein as a fasting control (CTL, n = 14). Results Skeletal muscle analyses revealed that compared to CTL: a) phosphorylated (p) markers of mTOR signaling [p-mTOR (Ser2481) and p-rps6 (Ser235/236)] were elevated 2–4-fold in all protein groups 90 min post-treatment (p < 0.05); b) WPC and 70 W/30E increased muscle protein synthesis (MPS) 104% and 74% 180 min post-treatment, respectively (p < 0.05); and c) 70 W/30E increased p-AMPKα (Thr172) 90 and 180-min post-treatment as well as PGC-1α mRNA 90 min post-treatment. Subcutaneous (SQ) and omental fat (OMAT) analyses revealed: a) 70 W/30 W increased SQ fat phosphorylated hormone-sensitive lipase [p-HSL (Ser563)] 3.1-fold versus CTL and a 1.9–4.4-fold change versus all other test proteins 180 min post-treatment (p < 0.05); and b) WPC, 70 W/30E and 50 W/50E increased OMAT p-HSL 3.8–6.5-fold 180 min post-treatment versus CTL (p < 0.05). 70 W/30E and 30 W/70E increased hypothalamic POMC mRNA 90 min post-treatment versus CTL rats suggesting a satiety-related response may have occurred in the former groups. However, there was a compensatory increase in orexigenic AGRP mRNA in the 70 W/30E group 90 min post-treatment versus CTL rats, and there was a compensatory increase in orexigenic NPY mRNA in the 30 W/70E group 90 min post-treatment versus CTL rats. Conclusions Higher amounts of whey versus egg protein stimulate the greatest post-treatment anabolic skeletal muscle response, though test proteins with higher amounts of WPH more favorably affected post-treatment markers related to adipose tissue lipolysis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12970-015-0076-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Brooks Mobley
- School of Kinesiology, Molecular and Applied Sciences Laboratory, Auburn University, 301 Wire Road, Office 286, Auburn, AL 36849 USA
| | - Carlton D Fox
- School of Kinesiology, Molecular and Applied Sciences Laboratory, Auburn University, 301 Wire Road, Office 286, Auburn, AL 36849 USA
| | - Brian S Ferguson
- School of Kinesiology, Molecular and Applied Sciences Laboratory, Auburn University, 301 Wire Road, Office 286, Auburn, AL 36849 USA
| | - Corrie A Pascoe
- School of Kinesiology, Molecular and Applied Sciences Laboratory, Auburn University, 301 Wire Road, Office 286, Auburn, AL 36849 USA
| | - James C Healy
- School of Kinesiology, Molecular and Applied Sciences Laboratory, Auburn University, 301 Wire Road, Office 286, Auburn, AL 36849 USA
| | - Jeremy S McAdam
- School of Kinesiology, Molecular and Applied Sciences Laboratory, Auburn University, 301 Wire Road, Office 286, Auburn, AL 36849 USA
| | | | - Michael D Roberts
- School of Kinesiology, Molecular and Applied Sciences Laboratory, Auburn University, 301 Wire Road, Office 286, Auburn, AL 36849 USA
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Perez-Schindler J, Hamilton DL, Moore DR, Baar K, Philp A. Nutritional strategies to support concurrent training. Eur J Sport Sci 2014; 15:41-52. [PMID: 25159707 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2014.950345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Concurrent training (the combination of endurance exercise to resistance training) is a common practice for athletes looking to maximise strength and endurance. Over 20 years ago, it was first observed that performing endurance exercise after resistance exercise could have detrimental effects on strength gains. At the cellular level, specific protein candidates have been suggested to mediate this training interference; however, at present, the physiological reason(s) behind the concurrent training effect remain largely unknown. Even less is known regarding the optimal nutritional strategies to support concurrent training and whether unique nutritional approaches are needed to support endurance and resistance exercise during concurrent training approaches. In this review, we will discuss the importance of protein supplementation for both endurance and resistance training adaptation and highlight additional nutritional strategies that may support concurrent training. Finally, we will attempt to synergise current understanding of the interaction between physiological responses and nutritional approaches into practical recommendations for concurrent training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquin Perez-Schindler
- a School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences , University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
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25
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Babault N, Deley G, Le Ruyet P, Morgan F, Allaert FA. Effects of soluble milk protein or casein supplementation on muscle fatigue following resistance training program: a randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled study. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2014; 11:36. [PMID: 25057266 PMCID: PMC4107592 DOI: 10.1186/1550-2783-11-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The effects of protein supplementation on muscle thickness, strength and fatigue seem largely dependent on its composition. The current study compared the effects of soluble milk protein, micellar casein, and a placebo on strength and fatigue during and after a resistance training program. Methods Sixty-eight physically active men participated in this randomized controlled trial and underwent 10 weeks of lower-body resistance training. Participants were randomly assigned to the Placebo (PLA), Soluble Milk Protein (SMP, with fast digestion rate) or Micellar Casein (MC, with slow digestion rate) group. During the 10-week training period, participants were instructed to take 30 g of the placebo or protein twice a day, or three times on training days. Tests were performed on quadriceps muscles at inclusion (PRE), after 4 weeks (MID) and after 10 weeks (POST) of training. They included muscle endurance (maximum number of repetitions during leg extensions using 70% of the individual maximal load), fatigue (decrease in muscle power after the endurance test), strength, power and muscle thickness. Results Muscle fatigue was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in the SMP group at MID and POST (-326.8 ± 114.1 W and -296.6 ± 130.1 W, respectively) as compared with PLA (-439.2 ± 153.9 W and -479.2 ± 138.1 W, respectively) and MC (-415.1 ± 165.1 W and -413.7 ± 139.4 W, respectively). Increases in maximal muscle power, strength, endurance and thickness were not statistically different between groups. Conclusions The present study demonstrated that protein composition has a large influence on muscular performance after prolonged resistance training. More specifically, as compared with placebo or micellar casein, soluble milk protein (fast digestible) appeared to significantly reduce muscle fatigue induced by intense resistance exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Babault
- National Institute for health and medical research (INSERM), unit 1093, Cognition, Action and sensorimotor plasticity, Dijon, France ; Centre for Performance Expertise, UFR STAPS, Dijon, France ; Faculté des Sciences du Sport, Université de Bourgogne, BP 27877, 21078 Dijon, Cedex, France
| | - Gaëlle Deley
- National Institute for health and medical research (INSERM), unit 1093, Cognition, Action and sensorimotor plasticity, Dijon, France ; Centre for Performance Expertise, UFR STAPS, Dijon, France
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Yeh TS, Hsu CC, Yang SC, Hsu MC, Liu JF. Angelica Sinensis promotes myotube hypertrophy through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 14:144. [PMID: 24884709 PMCID: PMC4229743 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Background Angelica Sinensis (AS), a folk medicine, has long been used in ergogenic aids for athletes, but there is little scientific evidence supporting its effects. We investigated whether AS induces hypertrophy in myotubes through the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt (also termed PKB)/mammalian target of the rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. Methods An in vitro experiment investigating the induction of hypertrophy in myotubes was conducted. To investigate whether AS promoted the hypertrophy of myotubes, an established in vitro model of myotube hypertrophy with and without AS was used and examined using microscopic images. The role of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in AS-induced myotube hypertrophy was evaluated. Two inhibitors, wortmannin (an inhibitor of PI3K) and rapamycin (an inhibitor of mTOR), were used. Result The results revealed that the myotube diameters in the AS-treated group were significantly larger than those in the untreated control group (P < 0.05). Wortmannin and rapamycin inhibited AS-induced hypertrophy. Furthermore, AS increased Akt and mTOR phosphorylation through the PI3K pathway and induced myotube hypertrophy. Conclusion The results confirmed that AS induces hypertrophy in myotubes through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway.
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