The effects of different aerobic exercise intensities on serum serotonin concentrations and their association with Stroop task performance: a randomized controlled trial

The effects of exercise on anxiety and depression in adults with cancer: A meta-review of meta-analyses

BACKGROUND

This meta-review aimed to synthesize the evidence of the effects of exercise on anxiety and depression symptoms amongst adults with cancer, and cancer-survivors, comparing effects sizes between meta-analysis.

METHODS

Major databases were searched up to February 9, 2024 for meta-analyses evaluating the effects of exercise, using anxiety and/or depression scales. Effect size (ES) values were calculated as standardized differences in the means and expressed as the Standardized Mean Difference (SMD) with the 95% confidence interval (95%CI). A total of eight unique meta-analyses were included.

RESULTS

Among meta-analyses examining both anxiety and depression symptoms overall, a small beneficial effect of exercise was shown [SMD = 0.41 (0.25-0.57); p < 0.0001]. Subgroup analyses revealed that exercise has a small effect on decreasing anxiety [SMD = 0.42 (0.04-0.79); p = 0.027], and depressive symptoms [SMD = 0.38 (0.21-0.56); p < 0.0001]. In addition, aerobic exercise has a moderate effect on reducing depressive symptoms [SMD = 0.54 (0.16-0.93); p = 0.005], whereas resistance exercise has no effect. Subgroup analyses by type of cancer observed a moderate effect on decreasing depressive symptoms in patients with breast cancer [SMD = 0.51 (0.27-0.74); p < 0.0001].

CONCLUSIONS

Exercise (specifically aerobic) should be considered by healthcare professionals as a strategy to treat/manage symptoms of anxiety and depression amongst adults with cancer and cancer-survivors.

The BDNF-Interactive Model for Sustainable Hippocampal Neurogenesis in Humans: Synergistic Effects of Environmentally-Mediated Physical Activity, Cognitive Stimulation, and Mindfulness

This paper bridges critical gaps through proposing a novel, environmentally mediated brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-interactive model that promises to sustain adult hippocampal neurogenesis in humans. It explains how three environmental enrichment mechanisms (physical activity, cognitive stimulation, and mindfulness) can integratively regulate BDNF and other growth factors and neurotransmitters to support neurogenesis at various stages, and how those mechanisms can be promoted by the physical environment. The approach enables the isolation of specific environmental factors and their molecular effects to promote sustainable BDNF regulation by testing the environment's ability to increase BDNF immediately or shortly before it is consumed for muscle repair or brain update. This model offers a novel, feasible method to research environment enrichment and neurogenesis dynamics in real-world human contexts at the immediate molecular level, overcoming the confounds of complex environment settings and challenges of long-term exposure and structural plasticity changes. The model promises to advance understanding of environmental influences on the hippocampus to enhance brain health and cognition. This work bridges fundamental gaps in methodology and knowledge to facilitate more research on the enrichment-neuroplasticity interplay for humans without methodological limitations.

Inhibitory control mediates the effect of high intensity interval exercise on food choice

Exercise is associated with changes in food consumption and cognitive function. The aim of this study was to examine the immediate effects of acute exercise on appetite, food choices, and cognitive processes, and the mediating role of cognitive functioning, namely inhibitory control, working memory, cognitive flexibility and decision making. We compared the effects of high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) to a resting condition on appetite and food choices, using visual analogue rating scales and a computerised portion selection task. Mediation analysis was performed with exercise/rest condition as a predictor variable and cognitive measures were entered as mediating variables and food choice measures as outcomes. Young women with low activity levels, aged between 18 and 35 years with a body mass index (BMI) between 18 and 25 kg/m², were recruited. Participants (n = 30) demonstrated improved performance on a Stroop task following HIIE compared to the rest session, indicating enhanced attentional inhibition. Accuracy on an N-back task was significantly higher after HIIE, indicating an improvement in working memory and response times on the N-back task were shorter after HIIE, suggesting increased processing speed. Delay discounting for food (but not money) was reduced after HIEE but there were no significant effects on go/no-go task performance. On the trail-making task (a measure of cognitive flexibility), the time difference between trail B and A was significantly lower after HIIE, compared to rest. HIIE reduced rated enjoyment and ideal portion size selection for high energy dense foods. The relationship between exercise and food choices was mediated by inhibition as assessed by the Stoop task. These results suggest that HIIE leads to cognitive benefits and a reduced preference for high-calorie foods and that an enhancement of attentional inhibition may underlie this relationship.

Physical activity promotes brain development through serotonin during early childhood

Early childhood serves as a critical period for neural development and skill acquisition when children are extremely susceptible to the external environment and experience. As a crucial experiential stimulus, physical activity is believed to produce a series of positive effects on brain development, such as cognitive function, social-emotional abilities, and psychological well-being. The World Health Organization recommends that children engage in sufficient daily physical activity, which has already been strongly advocated in the practice of preschool education. However, the mechanisms by which physical activity promotes brain development are still unclear. The role of neurotransmitters, especially serotonin, in promoting brain development through physical activity has received increasing attention. Physical activity has been shown to stimulate the secretion of serotonin by increasing the bioavailability of free tryptophan and enriching the diversity of gut microbiota. Due to its important role in modulating neuronal proliferation, differentiation, synaptic morphogenesis, and synaptic transmission, serotonin can regulate children's explicit cognitive and social interaction behavior in the early stages of life. Therefore, we hypothesized that serotonin emerges as a pivotal transmitter that mediates the relationship between physical activity and brain development during early childhood. Further systematic reviews and meta-analyses are needed to specifically explore whether the type, intensity, dosage, duration, and degree of voluntariness of PA may affect the role of serotonin in the relationship between physical activity and brain function. This review not only helps us understand the impact of exercise on development but also provides a solid theoretical basis for increasing physical activity during early childhood.

Effects and neural mechanisms of different physical activity on major depressive disorder based on cerebral multimodality monitoring: a narrative review

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is currently the most common psychiatric disorder in the world. It characterized by a high incidence of disease with the symptoms like depressed mood, slowed thinking, and reduced cognitive function. Without timely intervention, there is a 20-30% risk of conversion to treatment-resistant depression (TRD) and a high burden for the patient, family and society. Numerous studies have shown that physical activity (PA) is a non-pharmacological treatment that can significantly improve the mental status of patients with MDD and has positive effects on cognitive function, sleep status, and brain plasticity. However, the physiological and psychological effects of different types of PA on individuals vary, and the dosage profile of PA in improving symptoms in patients with MDD has not been elucidated. In most current studies of MDD, PA can be categorized as continuous endurance training (ECT), explosive interval training (EIT), resistance strength training (RST), and mind-body training (MBT), and the effects on patients' depressive symptoms, cognitive function, and sleep varied. Therefore, the present study was based on a narrative review and included a large number of existing studies to investigate the characteristics and differences in the effects of different PA interventions on MDD. The study also investigated the characteristics and differences of different PA interventions in MDD, and explained the neural mechanisms through the results of multimodal brain function monitoring, including the intracranial environment and brain structure. It aims to provide exercise prescription and theoretical reference for future research in neuroscience and clinical intervention in MDD.

Acute effects of aerobic exercise on corticomotor plasticity in individuals with and without depression

BACKGROUND

Although complex in nature, the pathophysiology of depression involves reduced or impaired neuroplastic capabilities. Restoring or enhancing neuroplasticity may serve as a treatment target for developing therapies for depression. Aerobic exercise (AEx) has antidepressant benefits and may enhance neuroplasticity in depression although the latter has yet to be substantiated. Therefore, we sought to examine the acute effect of AEx on neuroplasticity in depression.

METHODS

Sixteen individuals with (DEP; 13 female; age = 28.5 ± 7.3; Montgomery-Äsberg Depression Rating Scale [MADRS] = 21.3 ± 5.2) and without depression (HC; 13 female; age 27.2 ± 7.5; MADRS = 0.8 ± 1.2) completed three experimental visits consisting of 15 min of low intensity AEx (LO) at 35% heart rate reserve (HRR), high intensity AEx (HI) at 70% HRR, or sitting (CON). Following AEx, excitatory paired associative stimulation (PAS25ms) was employed to probe neuroplasticity. Motor evoked potentials (MEP) were assessed via transcranial magnetic stimulation before and after PAS25ms to indicate acute changes in neuroplasticity.

RESULTS

PAS25ms primed with HI AEx led to significant increases in MEP amplitude compared to LO and CON. HI AEx elicited enhanced PAS25ms-induced neuroplasticity for up to 1-h post-PAS. There were no significant between-group differences.

CONCLUSION

HI AEx enhances PAS measured neuroplasticity in individuals with and without depression. HI AEx may have a potent influence on the brain and serve as an effective primer, or adjunct, to therapies that seek to harness neuroplasticity.

Exploring the Acute Effects of Immersive Virtual Reality Biking on Self-Efficacy and Attention of Individuals in the Treatment of Substance Use Disorders: A Feasibility Study

BACKGROUND

The role of exercise programs during substance use disorder (SUD) treatment is considered particularly supportive in fostering positive psychological and behavioral changes. The treatment of SUD is a challenging and demanding process. Therefore, it is crucial to discover innovative methods to enhance and facilitate it. Integrating exercise into a virtual environment is an innovative approach for drug rehabilitation, offering multiple benefits to individuals undergoing treatment. The aim of this feasibility study was to explore the acute effects of cycling exercise in an immersive virtual reality (VR) environment on attentional control and self-efficacy expectations of individuals undergoing SUD treatment.

METHODS

A total of 20 individuals (mean age of 37.75 years) enrolled in a SUD treatment program participated in the study. They were instructed to complete a single session of cycling with a self-selected duration within the VR system.

RESULTS

Following the cycling session, pre-post measures indicated a statistically significant improvement in self-efficacy expectations and attentional control measured with the Stroop test. The results revealed that participants expressed high levels of intention for future use, interest/enjoyment, and positive attitudes toward the VR exercise system. Qualitative data indicated that participants found the VR exercise system enjoyable, expressed a strong intention to use it, and did not encounter technical difficulties or negative emotions.

CONCLUSIONS

In conclusion, it seems that engaging in a brief period of self-selected exercise within a virtual environment can result in temporary activation of cognitive changes, heightened self-efficacy expectations, and a motivating approach to increasing physical activity participation among individuals with SUD, thus suggesting the feasibility of this approach.

Move for Your Heart, Break a Sweat for Your Mind: Providing Precision in Adolescent Health and Physical Activity Behaviour Pattern

PURPOSE

Adolescent health benefits of different physical activity (PA) intensities, especially of lower intensities, are debated due to challenges in accelerometer data processing and analyses. Using a new accelerometer data processing method and multivariate pattern analysis, this study investigated the association of PA intensities with indicators of cardiovascular and mental health.

METHODS

Adolescents (n = 1,235, mean age 13.6 years, 41% males) were examined for cardiovascular health: body mass index (BMI) z-score, waist circumference (WC), resting heart rate and blood pressure, white blood cell count (WBC), pulse wave velocity (PWV), and answered questionnaires assessing stress and psychosomatic symptoms. Sex, age, and socioeconomic status were confounders. Hip-worn accelerometer data were processed with 10 Hz frequency extended method and a spectrum of 22 PA intensity categories was analyzed for association with health using partial least squares regression.

RESULTS

Total explained variances for BMI z-score, WC, resting heart rate, stress, and psychosomatic symptoms were higher (3.3%-8.7%) compared to diastolic blood pressure, WBC, and PWV (0.9%-1.4%). We found positive associations of high-end moderate PA and vigorous PA with cardiovascular and mental health indicators. More sedentary time and lower level of light PA were associated with higher BMI z-score, WC, resting heart rate, diastolic blood pressure, WBC, and PWV, but not with mental health indicators. Very vigorous PA was negatively associated with resting heart rate, stress, and psychosomatic symptoms.

DISCUSSION

In adolescents, PA of varying intensities were generally found to be positively associated with better cardiovascular health, but only higher intensity PA was associated with better mental health.

The role of exercise in the treatment of depression: biological underpinnings and clinical outcomes

Globally, depression is a leading cause of disability and has remained so for decades. Antidepressant medications have suboptimal outcomes and are too frequently associated with side effects, highlighting the need for alternative treatment options. Although primarily known for its robust physical health benefits, exercise is increasingly recognized for its mental health and antidepressant benefits. Empirical evidence indicates that exercise is effective in treating individuals with depression; however, the mechanisms by which exercise exerts anti-depressant effects are not fully understood. Acute bouts of exercise have been shown to transiently modulate circulating levels of serotonin and norepinephrine, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and a variety of immuno-inflammatory mechanisms in clinical cohorts with depression. However, exercise training has not been demonstrated to consistently modulate such mechanisms, and evidence linking these putative mechanisms and reductions in depression is lacking. The complexity of the biological underpinnings of depression coupled with the intricate molecular cascade induced by exercise are significant obstacles in the attempt to disentangle exercise's effects on depression. Notwithstanding our limited understanding of these effects, clinical evidence uniformly argues for the use of exercise to treat depression. Regrettably, exercise remains underutilized despite being an accessible, low-cost alternative/adjunctive intervention that can simultaneously reduce depression and improve overall health. To address the gaps in our understanding of the clinical and molecular effects of exercise on depression, we propose a model that leverages systems biology and multidisciplinary team science with a large-scale public health investment. Until the science matches the scale of complexity and burden posed by depression, our ability to advance knowledge and treatment will continue to be plagued by fragmented, irreproducible mechanistic findings and no guidelines for standards of care.

Overview on brain function enhancement of Internet addicts through exercise intervention: Based on reward-execution-decision cycle

Internet addiction (IA) has become an impulse control disorder included in the category of psychiatric disorders. The IA trend significantly increased after the outbreak of the new crown epidemic. IA damages some brain functions in humans. Emerging evidence suggests that exercise exerts beneficial effects on the brain function and cognitive level damaged by IA. This work reviews the neurobiological mechanisms of IA and describes the brain function impairment by IA from three systems: reward, execution, and decision-making. Furthermore, we sort out the research related to exercise intervention on IA and its effect on improving brain function. The internal and external factors that produce IA must be considered when summarizing movement interventions from a behavioral perspective. We can design exercise prescriptions based on exercise interests and achieve the goal of quitting IA. This work explores the possible mechanisms of exercise to improve IA through systematic analysis. Furthermore, this work provides research directions for the future targeted design of exercise prescriptions.

Normal pace walking is beneficial to young participants’ executive abilities

Background

Exercise can improve cognitive function. The impact of acute exercise on cognition is related to exercise intensity. This study aimed to explore whether normal walking had a beneficial effect on cognition.

Methods

Compared with standing still, thirty healthy young men walked on a treadmill at a normal pace, and completed the Stroop test. Near-infrared spectroscopy was used to monitor the hemodynamic changes of the prefrontal cortex during the entire experiment.

Results

Studies showed that normal walking did not stimulate higher average cerebral oxygen in the PFC, but the peak cerebral oxygen in cognitive tests during walking was higher (Stroop Word: 2.56 ± 0.43 and 3.80 ± 0.50, P < 0.01, Stroop Color: 2.50 ± 0.37 and 3.66 ± 0.59, P < 0.05, Stroop Color-Word: 4.13 ± 0.55 and 5.25 ± 0.66, P < 0.01, respectively), and better results were achieved in the Stroop Color-Word test, which was reflected in faster reaction times (49.18 ± 1.68 s, 56.92 ± 2.29 s, respectively, P < 0.001) and higher accuracies (46.19 ± 0.69, 44.15 ± 0.91, respectively, P = 0.018).

Conclusion

For healthy young people, even a normal walk is therefore good for cognition.

Associations between Fundamental Movement Skills and Moderate-to-Vigorous Intensity Physical Activity among Chinese Children and Adolescents with Intellectual Disability

Higher physical activity (PA) levels will obtain more health-related benefits for children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities (ID). The mastery of fundamental movement skills (FMS) potentially correlates with PA. This study aimed to examine the associations of FMS with moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) levels in children and adolescents with moderate to severe ID. Moreover, this research analyzes whether there are gender and age differences in the association between these two variables. A total of 93 children and adolescents with ID, aged 8-17 years (mean age = 13.27; SD = 3.35), were recruited from a special school located in western China. The time spent in MVPA was measured using waist-worn accelerometers. FMS proficiency was assessed using the Test of Gross Motor Development 2 (TGMD-2). Children and adolescents with ID tend to have delayed maturity of FMS patterns (locomotor skills t (92) = -16.91, p < 0.001, d = 2.48; object control skills t (92) = -25.39, p < 0.001, d = 3.72; total FMS t (92) = -21.83, p < 0.001, d = 3.20) and lower proficiency in objective control skills (t (92) = 3.989, p < 0.001, d = 0.29). A significant positive correlation was found between MVPA and FMS, and this association was moderated by gender and age. For boys, object control skills were a significant predictor of MVPA time (B = 0.842, p < 0.01), whereas locomotor skills were a significant predictor of MVPA time (B = 0.472, p < 0.05) for girls. For children with ID, object control skills were a significant predictor of MVPA time (B = 0.736, p < 0.05). Proficiency in FMS has a positive effect on increasing the level of MVPA in children and adolescents with ID. Gender and age factors should be considered when implementing FMS intervention programs.

Effects of 12 weeks of aerobic exercise combined with resistance training on neurocognitive performance in obese women

Background/Objectives

To the best of our knowledge, there have been no previous studies conducted on the long-term effects of an exercise intervention on deficits in inhibitory control in obese individuals. The aim of this study was thus to examine the effect of 12 weeks of a combination of aerobic and resistance exercise on behavioral and cognitive electrophysiological performance involving cognitive interference inhibition in obese individuals.

Methods

Thirty-two qualified healthy obese women were randomly divided into either an exercise group (EG, age: 34.76 ± 5.52 years old; BMI: 29.35 ± 3.52 kg/m2) or a control group (CG, age: 33.84 ± 7.05 years old; BMI: 29.61 ± 4.31 kg/m2). All participants performed the Stroop task, with electrophysiological signals being collected simultaneously before and after a 12-week intervention. The estimated V̇O2max, muscular strength, and body fat percentage (measured with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) were also assessed within one week before and after the intervention. Participants in the EG group engaged in 30 min of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise combined with resistance exercise, 5 sessions per week for 12 weeks, while the participants in the CG group maintained their regular lifestyle without engaging in any type of exercise.

Results

The results revealed that although a 12-week exercise intervention did not enhance the behavioral indices [e.g., accuracy rates (ARs) and reaction times (RTs)] in the EG group, significantly shorter N2 and P3 latencies and greater P2 and P3 amplitudes were observed. Furthermore, the fat percentage distribution (e.g. total body fat %, trunk fat %, and leg fat %) and level of physical fitness (e.g. estimated V̇O2max and muscular strength) in the EG group were significantly improved. The changes prior to and after the intervention in the P3 amplitude and trunk fat percentage were significantly negatively correlated in the EG group (r = -0.521, p = 0.039).

Conclusions

These findings suggested that 12 weeks of aerobic exercise combined with resistance exercise in obese women affects cognitive function broadly, but not specifically in terms of inhibitory control. The percentage of decreased trunk fat may play a potential facilitating role in inhibition processing in obesity.

The Architecture of Happiness

Happiness is an increasingly prominent topic of interest across academia. However, relatively little attention has been paid to how it is created, especially not in a multidimensional sense. By ‘created’ we do not mean its influencing factors, for which there is extensive research, but how it actually forms in the person. The work that has been done in this arena tends to focus on physiological dynamics, which are certainly part of the puzzle. But they are not the whole picture, with psychological, phenomenological, and socio cultural processes also playing their part. As a result, this paper offers a multidimensional overview of scholarship on the ‘architecture’ of happiness, providing a stimulus for further work into this important topic.

Aerobic Exercise Alleviates the Impairment of Cognitive Control Ability Induced by Sleep Deprivation in College Students: Research Based on Go/NoGo Task

The purpose of this study was to observe whether aerobic exercise is able to alleviate the impairment of cognitive control ability in college students by sleep deprivation through cognitive control (Go-NoGo task) and blood-based markers. Taking 30 healthy college students (15 males and 15 females) as participants, using a random cross-over design within groups, respectively perform one night of sleep deprivation and one night of normal sleep (8 h). The exercise intervention modality was to complete a 30-min session of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise on a power bicycle. Change in cognitive control was assessed using the Go/NoGo task paradigm; 5-ht and blood glucose contentwere determined by enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay and glucose oxidase electrode Measurement, respectively. The results showed that sleep deprivation could significantly reduce the response inhibition ability and response execution ability, and significantly reduce the blood 5-ht content (p< 0.01). Thirty minutes of moderate intensity aerobic exercise intervention significantly increased response inhibition ability and response execution ability, significantly increased blood 5-ht content (p<0.01), and did not change serum glucose levels. Conclusion: An acute aerobic exercise can alleviate the cognitive control impairment caused by sleep deprivation, and 5-ht may be one of the possible mechanisms by which aerobic exercise alleviates the cognitive control impairment caused by sleep deprivation.

Understanding How Physical Exercise Improves Alzheimer’s Disease: Cholinergic and Monoaminergic Systems

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by the accumulation of proteinaceous aggregates and neurofibrillary lesions composed of β-amyloid (Aβ) peptide and hyperphosphorylated microtubule-associated protein tau, respectively. It has long been known that dysregulation of cholinergic and monoaminergic (i.e., dopaminergic, serotoninergic, and noradrenergic) systems is involved in the pathogenesis of AD. Abnormalities in neuronal activity, neurotransmitter signaling input, and receptor function exaggerate Aβ deposition and tau hyperphosphorylation. Maintenance of normal neurotransmission is essential to halt AD progression. Most neurotransmitters and neurotransmitter-related drugs modulate the pathology of AD and improve cognitive function through G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Exercise therapies provide an important alternative or adjunctive intervention for AD. Cumulative evidence indicates that exercise can prevent multiple pathological features found in AD and improve cognitive function through delaying the degeneration of cholinergic and monoaminergic neurons; increasing levels of acetylcholine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine; and modulating the activity of certain neurotransmitter-related GPCRs. Emerging insights into the mechanistic links among exercise, the neurotransmitter system, and AD highlight the potential of this intervention as a therapeutic approach for AD.

Let’s Get Physical: Physical Activity as a Team Intervention at Work

The purpose of this article is to conceptualize a novel theoretical occurrence—team physical activity (PA)—and its relevance for researchers and organizations. By building a testable model of the consequences and contingencies of team PA, we integrate the science of teamwork with the scholarly domain of employee health and well-being. Hence, we clarify the construct of team PA, present a three-dimensional typology, and outline a model drawing on neuroscience, positive organizational behavior, and teams research. Our propositions and subsequent discussion proffer an outline of potential benefits for organizations when they increase the utility and frequency of team PA. We also suggest ways in which researchers can advance scholarship in this area.

How training loads in the preparation and competitive period affect the biochemical indicators of training stress in youth soccer players?

Background

Physical fitness optimization and injury risk-reducing require extensive monitoring of training loads and athletes' fatigue status. This study aimed to investigate the effect of a 6-month training program on the training-related stress indicators (creatine kinase - CK; cortisol - COR; serotonin - SER; brain-derived neurotrophic factor - BDNF) in youth soccer players.

Methods

Eighteen players (17.8 ± 0.9 years old, body height 181.6 ± 6.9 cm, training experience 9.7 ± 1.7 years) were blood-tested four times: at the start of the preparation period (T0), immediately following the preparation period (T1), mid-competitive period (T2), and at the end of the competitive period (T3). CK activity as well as concentrations of serum COR, SER and BDNF were determined. Training loads were recorded using a session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE).

Results

Statistical analyzes revealed significant effects for all biochemical parameters in relation to their time measurements (T0, T1, T2, T3). The statistical analyzes of sRPE and differences of biochemical parameters in their subsequent measurements (T0-T1, T1-T2, T2-T3) also demonstrated significant effects observed for all variables: sRPE (H^KW = 13.189 (df = 2); p = 0.00), COR (H^KW = 9.261 (df = 2); p = 0.01), CK (H^KW = 12.492 (df = 2); p = 0.00), SER (H^KW = 7.781 (df = 2); p = 0.02) and BDNF (H^KW = 15.160 (df = 2); p < 0.001).

Discussion

In conclusion, it should be stated that the most demanding training loads applied in the preparation period (highest sRPE values) resulted in a significant increase in all analyzed biochemical training stress indicators. The reduction in the training loads during a competitive period and the addition of recovery training sessions resulted in a systematic decrease in the values of the measured biochemical indicators. The results of the study showed that both subjective and objective markers, including training loads, are useful in monitoring training stress in youth soccer players.

Acute effect of breaking up prolonged sitting on cognition: a systematic review

OBJECTIVES

To review the current evidence on the acute effects of interrupting prolonged periods of sitting with intermittent physical activity (PA) on cognition in healthy populations.

DESIGN

This systematic review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines.

METHODS

Studies were included if they investigated the acute effects of taking regular PA breaks from sitting on cognition in healthy populations without any cardiovascular disease, history of brain injury, or psychiatric or neurological disorder. Four electronic databases-PubMed, Scopus, MEDLINE and ProQuest-were searched for eligible studies on 20 September 2020. Study quality was assessed using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale.

RESULTS

Seven studies, involving 168 participants aged between 18 and 80 years, were eligible for inclusion in this review. Three of the seven studies found positive effects of interrupting sitting with either (a) 3 min of relatively high-intensity (6 km/hour) walking every 30 min on attention and inhibitory control in young adults; (b) hourly breaks with progressively longer duration (10-30 min) of very light-intensity cycling/walking on attention, working memory and cognitive flexibility in adults with obesity; or (c) an initial bout of continuous moderate-intensity exercise, followed by interruption of post-exercise sitting with 3 min breaks of light-intensity walking (3.2 km/hour) every 30 min, on working memory in older adults with overweight.

CONCLUSION

Given the limited evidence with mixed findings on this topic in the literature and the heterogeneity of PA protocols across the included studies, the results regarding the effectiveness of interrupting prolonged sitting with PA breaks in improving cognition warrant further verification.

PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER

CRD42020147536.

The positive impact of 12 weeks of dance and balance training on the circulating amyloid precursor protein and serotonin concentration as well as physical and cognitive abilities in elderly women

BACKGROUND

The study aimed to compare the effectiveness of 12-weeks dance training with balance training on fall risk, physical and cognitive functions. The study's second aim was to evaluate the association between physical and cognitive functions with circulating markers of neurodegeneration and cognitive impairments in elders.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

30 older women (aged 73.3 ± 4.5) were randomly assigned into three groups: balance training (BG), dance training (DG) and control group (CG). To assess the study aims Time up and go test (TUG), 6 minute walk test (6MWT), determination test (DT), blood amyloid precursor protein (APP) and serotonin concentration were performed.

RESULTS

The results showed an improvement in 6MWT (p = 0.0001 for DG and BD), walking speed (p = 0.0001 for DG and BG) and TUG, only for DG (p = 0.0013). The number of correct responses in DT increased in both groups (p = 0.014 and p = 0.005, for DG and BG, respectively). In DG the increase in the total number of reactions was observed (p = 0.013). The improvement in cognitive and physical functions was associated with an increase in APP (p = 0.036 and p = 0.014) and a decrease in serotonin concentrations (p = 0.042 and p = 0.049), respectively in DG and BG.

CONCLUSION

Dance training intervention could have more benefits on elders' physical and cognitive functions. However, both trainings may be important factors modifying the concentration of circulating proteins associated with neurodegenerative and cognitive disorders.

Electrophysiological correlates of the reverse Stroop effect: Results from a simulated handgun task

The color-word reverse Stroop (RS) effect still represents an interesting puzzle for cognitive researchers as an interference between incongruent ink colors and the meaning of the words is not always found. Here, we examined whether an unfamiliar and complex visuomotor task would produce a RS effect. Forty inexperienced shooters carried out a simulated shooting task. To test if the RS effect is related to the stimuli processing or to a late processing of the color (early and late time-windows), electroencephalographic global field power (GFP) variations were recorded with a high-impedance system (32 channels configuration in a standard monopolar montage, referenced to FCz and grounded to FPz). The color-word RS effect was reflected in the performance of 32 participants, suggesting that the strength of the association between the target and the specific response requested might be central to the RS interference. This behavioral result was paralleled by GFP modulations in 20 participants. A significant increase of the GFP for the congruent trials (e.g., the word "red" written in red ink) was recorded after stimulus presentation (conflict detection), followed by an increase for the incongruent trials (e.g., the word "red" written in green ink) just before the shooting (conflict resolution). Despite the limitations of the study, such as the inclusion of a low number of channels in the GFP analyses, the results suggest that the RS interference is easily elicited in tasks requiring an unfamiliar response, which supports the strength of association hypothesis. Moreover, as implied by the GFP modulations, the interference might occur early in time, but also in a later stage, closer to the response.

Metabolic Syndrome and Psychological Effects of Exercise in Hemodialysis Patients

Metabolic syndrome (MS) and anxiety disorders are common problems among hemodialysis patients (HD). However, there have been no studies defining the role of physical activity in reducing anxiety in HD patients with MS. This study was aimed to determine the effects on the severity of anxiety of a four-week rehabilitation program for HD patients, with or without metabolic syndrome (MS), planned and adapted to their abilities. The study was single-center, interventional, non-randomized, and prospective. Fifty-eight individuals completed the project (28 HD patients and 30 controls (C) with normal kidney function). Each group was divided into two subgroups with respect to MS. The mean age of the subjects in the HD and C groups was 56.9 ± 13.3 years (x¯ ± SD) and 61.5 ± 8.3 years (x¯ ± SD), respectively. Planned and adapted to the patient's abilities, the rehabilitation program based on physiotherapy was provided to each subject for 4 weeks. Baseline and post-intervention determined anxiety levels using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). The X1 scale tests state anxiety, and the X2 scale tests trait anxiety. Post-intervention, there was no significant difference in the intensity of state anxiety observed in HD patients compared to C with normal renal function, as observed before the program. After four weeks of regular physical activity planned and adapted to the patient's abilities in an inpatient ward, the level of state anxiety (X1) and trait anxiety (X2) lowered considerably in all HD patients (respectively: 35.1 ± 8.0 vs. 29.2 ± 5.0, p = 0.001 for X1 and 41.8 ± 9.1 vs. 38.1 ± 5.9, p = 0.008 for X2). The rehabilitation program significantly reduced the intensity of state anxiety (X1) in HD patients with MS (35.8 ± 7.9 vs. 29.2 ± 5.1; p = 0.01). The rehabilitation program helped to significantly reduce the intensity of trait anxiety (X2) in HD patients without MS (41.9 ± 10.7 vs. 36.9 ± 5.9; p = 0.04). Four-week physical activity planned and adapted to the patient's abilities reduces the intensity of anxiety in HD patients and controls with normal renal function. HD patients with MS benefit more in terms of reducing perceived state anxiety, and HD patients without MS in terms of reducing trait anxiety.

Physiological extremes of the human blood metabolome: A metabolomics analysis of highly glycolytic, oxidative, and anabolic athletes

Human metabolism is highly variable. At one end of the spectrum, defects of enzymes, transporters, and metabolic regulation result in metabolic diseases such as diabetes mellitus or inborn errors of metabolism. At the other end of the spectrum, favorable genetics and years of training combine to result in physiologically extreme forms of metabolism in athletes. Here, we investigated how the highly glycolytic metabolism of sprinters, highly oxidative metabolism of endurance athletes, and highly anabolic metabolism of natural bodybuilders affect their serum metabolome at rest and after a bout of exercise to exhaustion. We used targeted mass spectrometry-based metabolomics to measure the serum concentrations of 151 metabolites and 43 metabolite ratios or sums in 15 competitive male athletes (6 endurance athletes, 5 sprinters, and 4 natural bodybuilders) and 4 untrained control subjects at fasted rest and 5 minutes after a maximum graded bicycle test to exhaustion. The analysis of all 194 metabolite concentrations, ratios and sums revealed that natural bodybuilders and endurance athletes had overall different metabolite profiles, whereas sprinters and untrained controls were more similar. Specifically, natural bodybuilders had 1.5 to 1.8-fold higher concentrations of specific phosphatidylcholines and lower levels of branched chain amino acids than all other subjects. Endurance athletes had 1.4-fold higher levels of a metabolite ratio showing the activity of carnitine-palmitoyl-transferase I and 1.4-fold lower levels of various alkyl-acyl-phosphatidylcholines. When we compared the effect of exercise between groups, endurance athletes showed 1.3-fold higher increases of hexose and of tetradecenoylcarnitine (C14:1). In summary, physiologically extreme metabolic capacities of endurance athletes and natural bodybuilders are associated with unique blood metabolite concentrations, ratios, and sums at rest and after exercise. Our results suggest that long-term specific training, along with genetics and other athlete-specific factors systematically change metabolite concentrations at rest and after exercise.

Depressive Symptoms are Associated with low Serotonin Levels in Plasma but are not 5-HTTLPR Genotype Dependent in Older Adults

Depressive symptoms are diagnosed by physicians using scales but their pathophysiology is unclear. Low serotonin (5-HT) levels play an important role in depression, and the 5-HT transporter (5-HTT) is an important regulator of plasma serotonin levels and reuptake. Additionally, the 5-HTT gene-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) is associated with depression. The aim was to clarify the roles of plasma serotonin levels in plasma and the 5HTTPLR polymorphism in depressive symptoms in older adults. A total of 84 older adult participants were evaluated. Depressive symptoms were measured using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale of 20 items (CESD-20). The plasma serotonin levels were determined by ELISA, and the 5-HTTLPR genotype was analyzed by PCR. Depressive symptoms were present in 39.3% (N = 33) of the participants. The median plasma serotonin level was 204.34 ng/mL (SD = 93.88). A significant correlation was found between the CESD-20 scale and plasma serotonin levels (r = -.256; p = .019). Low serotonin levels were associated with the presence of depressive symptoms (p = .001). The 5-HTTLPR analysis showed that of the 84 older adults, 35.7% had the SS genotype, 10.7% had the LL genotype, and 53.6% were heterozygous. The 5-HTTLPR polymorphism was not associated with depressive symptoms (p = .587) and plasma serotonin levels (p = 0.391). Depressive symptoms correlate with low serotonin levels in plasma, but not with the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism in older Mexican adults.

The Relationship between Overweight/Obesity and Executive Control in College Students: The Mediating Effect of BDNF and 5-HT

The main aim of this study was to explore the association between overweight/obesity and executive control (EC) in young adults, and to further analyze the mediating effect of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)) on the relationship between overweight/obesity and EC. A total of 449 college students aged between 18 and 20 years were recruited for the study between March and December 2019. Their height and weight were then measured professionally. Subsequently, body mass index (BMI) was calculated as weight (kg) divided by the square of height (m). The EC of the participants was then estimated using the Flanker task, while their serum BDNF levels and 5-HT levels were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. Finally, the multiple intermediary models in SPSS were used to analyze the mediating effect of 5-HT and BDNF between overweight/obesity and EC. The result show that the overweight/obesity of college students was positively correlated with the response of EC (p ≤ 0.005). However, it was negatively correlated with BDNF (p ≤ 0.05) and 5-HT (p ≤ 0.05). Moreover, BDNF (p ≤ 0.001) and 5-HT (p ≤ 0.001) were negatively correlated with the response of EC. The BDNF level played a partial mediating role between overweight/obesity and EC that accounted for 7.30% of the total effect value. Similarly, the 5-HT of college students played a partial mediating role between overweight/obesity and EC that accounted for 8.76% of the total effect value. Gender and age had no regulatory effect on the relationship between overweight/obesity, BDNF, 5-HT, and EC. This study provides the evidence that 5-HT and BDNF mediated the association between overweight/obesity and executive control. It is indicated that 5-HT and BDNF might be the biological pathways underpinning the link between overweight/obesity and executive control.

Behavioral and Neurophysiological Aspects of Inhibition-The Effects of Acute Cardiovascular Exercise

This review summarizes behavioral and neurophysiological aspects of inhibitory control affected by a single bout of cardiovascular exercise. The review also examines the effect of a single bout of cardiovascular exercise on these processes in young adults with a focus on the functioning of prefrontal pathways (including the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and elements of the prefrontal-basal ganglia pathways). Finally, the review offers an overview on the potential effects of cardiovascular exercise on GABA-ergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission in the adult brain and propose mechanisms or processes that may mediate these effects. The main findings show that a single bout of cardiovascular exercise can enhance inhibitory control. In addition, acute exercise appears to facilitate activation of prefrontal brain regions that regulate excitatory and inhibitory pathways (specifically but not exclusively the prefrontal-basal-ganglia pathways) which appear to be impaired in older age. Based on the reviewed studies, we suggest that future work examine the beneficial effects of exercise on the inhibitory networks in the aging brain.

Circulating Extracellular Vesicles: The Missing Link between Physical Exercise and Depression Management?

Depression is associated with an increased risk of aging-related diseases. It is also seemingly a common psychological reaction to pandemic outbreaks with forced quarantines and lockdowns. Thus, depression represents, now more than ever, a major global health burden with therapeutic management challenges. Clinical data highlights that physical exercise is gaining momentum as a non-pharmacological intervention in depressive disorders. Although it may contribute to the reduction of systemic inflammation associated with depression, the mechanisms underlying the beneficial physical exercise effects in emotional behavior remain to be elucidated. Current investigations indicate that a rapid release of extracellular vesicles into the circulation might be the signaling mediators of systemic adaptations to physical exercise. These biological entities are now well-established intercellular communicators, playing a major role in relevant physiological and pathophysiological functions, including brain cell-cell communication. We also reviewed emerging evidence correlating depression with modified circulating extracellular vesicle surfaces and cargo signatures (e.g., microRNAs and proteins), envisioned as potential biomarkers for diagnosis, efficient disease stratification and appropriate therapeutic management. Accordingly, the clinical data summarized in the present review prompted us to hypothesize that physical exercise-related circulating extracellular vesicles contribute to its antidepressant effects, particularly through the modulation of inflammation. This review sheds light on the triad "physical exercise-extracellular vesicles-depression" and suggests new avenues in this novel emerging field.

The Role of Exercise in Management of Mental Health Disorders: An Integrative Review

A large and growing body of evidence suggests that physical activity (PA) may hold therapeutic promise in the management of mental health disorders. Most evidence linking PA to mental health outcomes has focused on the effects of aerobic exercise training on depression, although a growing body of work supports the efficacy of both aerobic and resistance exercise paradigms in the treatment of anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder. Despite abundant evidence linking PA and mental health, use of exercise training as a mental health treatment remains limited due to three important sources of uncertainty: (a) large individual differences in response to exercise treatment within multiple mental health domains; (b) the critical importance of sustained PA engagement, not always achieved, for therapeutic benefit; and (c) disagreement regarding the relative importance of putative therapeutic mechanisms. Our review of treatment data on exercise interventions and mental health outcomes focuses primarily on depression and anxiety within a health neuroscience framework. Within this conceptual framework, neurobiological and behavioral mechanisms may have additiveor synergistic influences on key cognitive and behavioral processes that influence mental health outcomes. We therefore highlight sources of treatment heterogeneity by integrating the critical influences of (a) neurobiological mechanisms enhancing neuroplasticity and (b) behavioral learning of self-regulatory skills. Understanding the interrelationships between dynamic neurobiological and behavioral mechanisms may help inform personalized mental health treatments and clarify why, and for whom, exercise improves mental health outcomes. The review concludes with recommendations for future studies leveraging individual differences to refine treatment approaches to optimize mental health benefits.

Effects of physical activity interventions on cognitive outcomes and academic performance in adolescents and young adults: A meta-analysis

The aim was to provide a meta-analysis of studies investigating the effects of physical activity interventions on cognitive outcomes and academic performance in adolescents or young adults. A systematic review with meta-analysis was performed using the following databases: Embase, ERIC, MEDLINE, PsycINFO and Web of Science. Studies had to meet the following criteria: controlled study design, investigating the effects of physical activity interventions on cognitive outcomes and academic performance in healthy adolescents or young adults (12-30 years). Results showed that acute interventions (n=44) significantly improved processing speed (ES=0.39), attention (ES=0.34) and, inhibition (ES=0.32). In a subsequent meta-regression, shorter duration of intervention was significantly associated with greater improvements in attention (β=-0.02) and cognitive flexibility (β=-0.04), whereas age, percentage of boys, intensity and dose were not. Chronic interventions (n=27) significantly improved processing speed (ES=0.30), attention (ES=0.50), cognitive flexibility (ES=0.19), working memory (ES=0.59) and language skills (ES=0.31). In the meta-regression, higher percentage of boys was significantly associated with greater improvements in attention (β=0.02) and working memory (β=0.01) whereas age, duration, frequency, dose and load were not. In conclusion, acute and chronic physical activity interventions might be a promising way to improve several cognitive outcomes and language skills in adolescents and young adults.

The Influence of Training and Simulated Race on Horse Plasma Serotonin Levels

Exercise represents a physical stress that challenges homeostasis affecting central and peripheral serotoninergic systems. The influence of the exercise on circulating serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]) levels depends on training state as well as the exercise protocol. The purpose of the present research was to determine changes of plasma 5-HT in sport horses in response to training (T) and simulated race (SR) and in addition to assess the possible presence of significant differences on circulating 5-HT between two different sessions of exercise. In particular, the research was carried out on 18 trained horses performing daily training and race activity. Plasma 5-HT levels were analyzed in platelet poor plasma fraction by ELISA assay at T0 (before exercise), T1 (30 minutes after exercise) and T2 (2 hours after exercise). The hypothesis was that both exercise sessions could affect plasma 5-HT levels. Results showed a significant increase of plasma 5-HT levels at T1, compared with T0, both after simulated race and training activity. These effects are probably related to an increased 5-HT release from platelets and/or an increased peripheral 5-HT synthesis induced from exercise. At T2, plasma 5-HT concentrations showed a significant decrease to physiological levels in both sessions. Moreover, plasma 5-HT levels at T1 (SR) were significantly higher than those at T1 (T). Targeting peripheral 5-HT could be useful to assess the physiological adaptability of horses to the exercise, together with other selection techniques of sport horses.

Postictal serotonin levels are associated with peri-ictal apnea

OBJECTIVE

To determine the relationship between serum serotonin (5-HT) levels, ictal central apnea (ICA), and postconvulsive central apnea (PCCA) in epileptic seizures.

METHODS

We prospectively evaluated video EEG, plethysmography, capillary oxygen saturation (SpO₂), and ECG for 49 patients (49 seizures) enrolled in a multicenter study of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). Postictal and interictal venous blood samples were collected after a clinical seizure for measurement of serum 5-HT levels. Seizures were classified according to the International League Against Epilepsy 2017 seizure classification. We analyzed seizures with and without ICA (n = 49) and generalized convulsive seizures (GCS) with and without PCCA (n = 27).

RESULTS

Postictal serum 5-HT levels were increased over interictal levels for seizures without ICA (p = 0.01), compared to seizures with ICA (p = 0.21). In patients with GCS without PCCA, serum 5-HT levels were increased postictally compared to interictal levels (p < 0.001), but not in patients with seizures with PCCA (p = 0.22). Postictal minus interictal 5-HT levels also differed between the 2 groups with and without PCCA (p = 0.03). Increased heart rate was accompanied by increased serum 5-HT levels (postictal minus interictal) after seizures without PCCA (p = 0.03) compared to those with PCCA (p = 0.42).

CONCLUSIONS

The data suggest that significant seizure-related increases in serum 5-HT levels are associated with a lower incidence of seizure-related breathing dysfunction, and may reflect physiologic changes that confer a protective effect against deleterious phenomena leading to SUDEP. These results need to be confirmed with a larger sample size study.

The Acute Effect of Exercise on Executive Function and Attention: Resistance Versus Aerobic Exercise

Acute aerobic exercise was shown to enhance such cognitive functions as executive function (EF) and attention. Acute resistance exercise was also shown to enhance cognitive functions, however, only few studies directly compared these two exercise modalities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the acute effect of a typical moderate intensity resistance exercise session as compared to a typical moderate intensity aerobic session, on executive function and attention. A counterbalanced repeated measures experimental design was applied. Forty physical education students (21 women; 19 men, age = 25.7±2.84 years) were tested before and after three sessions: aerobic, resistance, and control. Each session consisted of 30 minutes of exercise or a rest. Executive function and attention were assessed by components of the computerized Stroop Catch game and Go-NoGo cognitive tests. A two-way ANOVA showed a greater increase in attention scores after the resistance sessions (p < .05) compared to the control condition. Attention scores in the aerobic sessions showed a trend toward improvement but did not reach statistical significance. Scores of EF significantly increased, both after the resistance session and the aerobic session (p < .05), but not after rest in the control condition. Our findings show that an acute session of resistance exercise increased both Attention and EF test scores, while an aerobic exercise session improved only the EF scores.

The Acute Effect of High-Intensity Exercise on Executive Function: A Meta-Analysis

High-intensity exercise has recently emerged as a potent alternative to aerobic regimens, with ramifications for health and brain function. As part of this trend, single sessions of intense exercise have been proposed as powerful, noninvasive means for transiently enhancing cognition. However, findings in this field remain mixed, and a thorough synthesis of the evidence is lacking. Here, we synthesized the literature in a meta-analysis of the acute effect of high-intensity exercise on executive function. We included a total of 1,177 participants and 147 effect sizes across 28 studies and found a small facilitating effect ( d = 0.24) of high-intensity exercise on executive function. However, this effect was significant only compared with rest ( d = 0.34); it was not significant when high-intensity exercise was compared with low-to-moderate intensity exercise ( d = 0.07). This suggests that intense and moderate exercise affect executive function in a comparable manner. We tested a number of moderators that together explained a significant proportion of the between-studies variance. Overall, our findings indicate that high-intensity cardiovascular exercise might be a viable alternative for eliciting acute cognitive gains. We discuss the potential of this line of research, identify a number of challenges and limitations it faces, and propose applications to individuals, society, and policies.

Change in physical activity is not associated with change in mental distress among adolescents: the Tromsø study: Fit Futures

Background

Previous research shows that physical activity has a protective effect on mental distress in adults, but the relationship is less researched and seems more ambiguous for adolescents. Studies in this field have typically been cross-sectional by design and based on self-reported physical activity measures, which are known to be vulnerable to response bias. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between change in objectively assessed physical activity as measured by accelerometer and change in mental distress among adolescents using longitudinal data from The Tromsø Study: Fit Futures.

Method

This study was based on data from 676 upper-secondary school students (mean age 16.23 years at baseline, 45.26% boys) from The Tromsø Study: Fit Futures. Physical activity, mental distress and covariates were measured at baseline (T1) and follow-up (T2) 2 years later. Physical activity was objectively measured with an ActiGraph GT3X accelerometer over 7 days. Mental distress was measured with the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-10 (HSCL-10). Change score variables were computed as the difference between T1 and T2 in number of steps, number of minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and mental distress between T1 and T2, and analyzed using linear regression analysis.

Results

Changes in steps per day were not associated with changes in mental distress in neither the crude, partially, nor fully adjusted model. Neither was changes in minutes of MVPA per day. Interaction effects between change in both steps per day and minutes of MVPA and gender were also not statistically significant, nor was the interaction effects between baseline levels of mental distress and physical activity.

Conclusion

The results of our study indicate that for adolescents in the sample, change in physical activity is unrelated to change in mental distress over a two-year period.

The beneficial effects of physical exercise in the brain and related pathophysiological mechanisms in neurodegenerative diseases

Growing evidence has shown the beneficial influence of exercise on humans. Apart from classic cardioprotection, numerous studies have demonstrated that different exercise regimes provide a substantial improvement in various brain functions. Although the underlying mechanism is yet to be determined, emerging evidence for neuroprotection has been established in both humans and experimental animals, with most of the valuable findings in the field of mental health, neurodegenerative diseases, and acquired brain injuries. This review will discuss the recent findings of how exercise could ameliorate brain function in neuropathological states, demonstrated by either clinical or laboratory animal studies. Simultaneously, state-of-the-art molecular mechanisms underlying the exercise-induced neuroprotective effects and comparison between different types of exercise will be discussed in detail. A majority of reports show that physical exercise is associated with enhanced cognition throughout different populations and remains as a fascinating area in scientific research because of its universal protective effects in different brain domain functions. This article is to review what we know about how physical exercise modulates the pathophysiological mechanisms of neurodegeneration.

Effects of increased daily physical activity on mental health and depression biomarkers in postmenopausal women

[Purpose] Little is known about the effectiveness of daily physical activity on depression biomarkers in older adults. This study aimed to investigate the effects of increased daily physical activity for 8 weeks on depression biomarkers in postmenopausal women. [Participants and Methods] Thirty-eight postmenopausal females were randomly assigned into a control or an active group and were asked to wear a uniaxial accelerometer for 8 weeks. Blood samples were obtained at baseline and at the end of the intervention. During the intervention, the active group was asked to increase their physical activity level above their usual lifestyle whereas those in the control group maintained their daily lifestyle. [Results] After the 8-week intervention, the step counts of the participants in the active group increased. The serum concentration of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor and serotonin increased significantly in the active group, but not in the control group, as compared with baseline values. The serum concentration of derivatives of reactive oxygen metabolites and biological antioxidant potential did not change after the intervention in either group. [Conclusion] These findings may suggest that promotion of daily physical activity in postmenopausal women has a positive impact on depression without any change in oxidative stress.

Electrical weapons and excited delirium: shocks, stress, and serum serotonin

It has been suggested that a CEW (conducted electrical weapon) exposure could elicit a stress response that could cause ExDS (excited delirium syndrome). There are some parallels between the signs of ExDS and serotonin syndrome (SS). Electroconvulsive therapy raises serotonin levels and therefore provides a plausible link between CEW applications and elevated serotonin levels. This study was designed to determine whether a CEW exposure elevates serum serotonin. A total of 31 police academy cadets were exposed to a very broad-spread 5-s CEW stimulus from a TASER brand X26 CEW. Blood was drawn before and after the exposure and at 24 h post exposure to measure serum serotonin levels. Lactic acid and cortisol levels were also compared. Median serum serotonin levels were 30 IQR (21,46), 36 IQR (22,50), and 32 IQR (21,45) ng/mL before exposure, after exposure, and 24 h after exposure (NS by pooled comparisons). The increase from baseline to post-test serotonin (∆ median = +6, ∆ mean = +2.7) ng/mL was not significant by a paired T-test (p = .29) but was significant by the Wilcoxon signed-rank test (p = .037). The increase to post-test log serotonin was not significant by a paired T-test (p = .13) but was significant by the Wilcoxon test (p = .049). All serotonin levels remained within the normal reference range of 0-200 ng/mL. Post-hoc analysis demonstrated that the study was powered to detect a ½ SD change, in log serotonin, with a 90% likelihood. With a very-broad electrode spread, CEW exposure did not significantly raise serum serotonin levels.

Serum serotonin levels in patients with epileptic seizures

Profound cardiovascular and/or respiratory dysfunction is part of the terminal cascade in sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). Central control of ventilation is mediated by brainstem rhythm generators, which are influenced by a variety of inputs, many of which use the modulatory neurotransmitter serotonin to mediate important inputs for breathing. The aim of this study was to investigate epileptic seizure-induced changes in serum serotonin levels and whether there are potential implications for SUDEP. Forty-one epileptic patients were pooled into 2 groups based on seizure type as (1) generalized tonic-clonic seizures (GTCS) of genetic generalized epilepsy and focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizures (FBTCS; n = 19) and (2) focal seizures (n = 26) based on clinical signs using surface video-electroencephalography. Postictal serotonin levels were statistically significantly higher after GTCS and FBTCS compared to interictal levels (P = .002) but not focal seizures (P = .941). The change in serotonin (postictal-interictal) was inversely associated with a shorter duration of tonic phase of generalized seizures. The interictal serotonin level was inversely associated with a shorter period of postictal generalized electroencephalographic suppression. These data suggest that peripheral serum serotonin levels may play a role in seizure features and earlier postseizure recovery; these findings merit further study.

Changes in plasma 5-HT levels and equine leukocyte SERT expression in response to treadmill exercise

Serotonin (5-HT) is a neurohormone transported from plasma into platelets and leukocytes by a specific transporter (SERT). While it is known that the brain 5-HT system is modulated by physical exercise, the peripheral serotoninergic response to exercise is not yet fully elucidated. In particular, this study aimed to evaluate changes in plasma 5-HT levels and equine leukocyte SERT expression in response to treadmill exercise in untrained horses. Analyses were carried out pre- and post-treadmill exercise. 5-HT plasma levels were analysed by HPLC. Leukocytes and platelets were isolated to perform Real Time PCR for the evaluation of SERT mRNA levels. Western blot was conducted for the detection of SERT protein levels. The presence of SERT in leukocytes was analysed by flow cytometry. The functionality of SERT on leukocytes was investigated by using paroxetine as inhibitor of 5-HT reuptake. Results showed a significant decrease in SERT levels after exercise in both leukocytes and platelets and a significant increase in plasma 5-HT levels. Flow cytometry revealed that SERT is functional in one specific horse leukocyte subpopulation, still not identified, and paroxetine was able to block 5-HT reuptake into leukocytes. The exercise may have induced an increased mobilization of free-tryptophan and a release of 5-HT from the stores in the blood. High concentrations of plasma 5-HT could have caused a reduction in SERT expression affecting cellular 5-HT storage/uptake. The increase of cortisol levels after treadmill exercise was not significant. Exercise modulates the peripheral serotonin metabolism. More research is needed to assess its physiological implications.

Effects of physical activity on the symptoms of Tourette syndrome: A systematic review

There is irrefutable evidence that routine physical activity or exercise can offer considerable health benefits to individuals living with various mental disorders. However, it is not clear what effect physical activity has on the symptoms of Tourette syndrome. Despite a paucity of evidence, physical activity or exercise has already been recommended by various health organizations for the management of tics. We provide a systematic review of the effects of physical activity or exercise on tic symptomology in individuals with Tourette syndrome. Major electronic databases were searched for all available publications before August 2017. Keywords and MeSH terms included "physical activity" or "exercise" or "exercise therapy" or "physical exertion" or "sports" and "tics" or "tic disorders" or "Tourette." Eight studies were included, the majority of which were case reports. Despite a number of methodological limitations of the included studies, the review points to a trend that the effects of acute physical activity are intensity-dependent, where light intensity may alleviate and vigorous intensity may exacerbate tics. Chronic physical activity, however, appears to reduce the severity of tics even at higher intensity. Several physiological mechanisms may explain the differential effects of acute and chronic physical activity in Tourette syndrome. Future randomized controlled studies should better characterize the effects of different intensities and types of physical activity in Tourette syndrome.

High-intensity interval exercise improves cognitive performance and reduces matrix metalloproteinases-2 serum levels in persons with multiple sclerosis: A randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND

Aerobic exercise can improve cognitive performance in healthy elderly people.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of a 3-week high-intensity aerobic exercise programme (high-intensity training group (HIT)) on cognitive performance in persons with multiple sclerosis (MS) compared with a standard exercise programme (control training (CT)).

METHODS

A total of 60 persons with MS (Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS): 1.0-6.5) were randomized to a HIT group (3×/week for 20 minutes, including five 3-minute exercise intervals at 80% of peak oxygen uptake (VO_2-peak)) or a CT group (continuously 5×/week for 30 minutes/session at 65% of VO_2-peak). Cognitive performance was assessed using the Brief International Cognitive Assessment for MS at entry ( t₀) and discharge ( t₁). Furthermore, VO_2-peak, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, serotonin and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-2 and -9 were measured.

RESULTS

Compared to CT, HIT significantly improved verbal memory. Significant improvements over time in executive functions were found in both groups. Secondary outcomes indicated significant improvements in VO_2-peak and a significant reduction in MMP-2 in the HIT group only.

CONCLUSION

HIT represents a promising strategy to improve verbal memory and physical fitness in persons with MS. Further research is needed to determine the impact of exercise on biomarkers in MS.

Serum metabolomic response to exercise training in spontaneously hypertensive rats

Chronic aerobic exercise training exhibits blood pressure protective effects, but the mechanism in metabolic level remains largely unclear. This study aims to investigate the effect of exercise training from serum metabolic profiles on the development of hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). Exercise training was performed, and the serum metabolites were measured by integrating gas chromatography-mass spectrometer and correlation-based network analysis. After a period of 6 weeks of chronic aerobic exercise training, systolic blood pressure was significant lower in the exercise training group (SHR + EX) rats than the control group (SHR). Principal component analysis indicated a clearly separation of metabolomic profiles between SHR + EX and SHR. Nineteen of 63 metabolites in serum were identified (P < .05, variable importance in projections > 1, false discovery rate < 0.1), including fatty acids, amino acids, and others. Lower levels of six fatty acids were observed in SHR + EX. Besides, pathway analysis indicated a significant alteration of fatty acid metabolism. The correlation-based (Pearson correlation coefficient > 0.83) network of serum metabolites revealed a decreased correlation linkage of SHR + EX than SHR rats. Higher activities of hexokinase, citrate synthase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase were detected in liver, left ventricle, and skeletal muscle of SHR + EX groups. In summary, these findings provided essential biochemistry information about the metabolic alteration to exercise training in SHR, which may in part explain the protective effect of exercise in hypertensive individuals.

A systematic review of cognitive effects of exercise in depression

OBJECTIVE

The aim of the present systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the impact of physical exercise on cognitive symptoms in depressed adult patients.

METHODS

Systematic literature search was performed in Web of Science™ and CINAHL from inception to August 2016. Two reviewers independently selected randomized trials evaluating the effect of exercise on cognitive functions in patients with a validated diagnosis of depression. Outcome measures included global cognition and different cognitive domains (speed of processing, attention/vigilance, working memory, verbal and visual memory, and reasoning).

RESULTS

Eight trials met inclusion criteria (637 patients). A fixed-effects model showed absence of beneficial effect on global cognition (Hedges' g = 0.07, 95% CI -0.08 to 0.24, I²  = 0%) as well as on specific cognitive domains. Sensitivity analyses did not show an impact of exercise in studies with shorter intervention duration compared to longer trials (between group heterogeneity Q = 3.564, df = 1, P = 0.059), single session per week compared to multiple sessions (Q = 2.691, df = 1, P = 0.101) and low exercise intensity compared with moderate/high intensity (Q = 2.952, df = 1, P = 0.086).

CONCLUSION

Our meta-analysis did not observe a substantial benefit of physical exercise on cognitive symptoms in depression.

The Effects of Acute Exercise on Mood, Cognition, Neurophysiology, and Neurochemical Pathways: A Review

A significant body of work has investigated the effects of acute exercise, defined as a single bout of physical activity, on mood and cognitive functions in humans. Several excellent recent reviews have summarized these findings; however, the neurobiological basis of these results has received less attention. In this review, we will first briefly summarize the cognitive and behavioral changes that occur with acute exercise in humans. We will then review the results from both human and animal model studies documenting the wide range of neurophysiological and neurochemical alterations that occur after a single bout of exercise. Finally, we will discuss the strengths, weaknesses, and missing elements in the current literature, as well as offer an acute exercise standardization protocol and provide possible goals for future research.