1
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Wang JY, Chang HC, Lin CH. Vitamin D is involved in the regulation of Cl - uptake in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2024; 296:111678. [PMID: 38885808 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.111678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Cl- is a major anion in the bodily fluids of vertebrates, and maintaining its homeostasis is essential for normal physiological functions. Fishes inhabiting freshwater (FW) passively lose body fluid ions, including Cl-, to the external environment because of the electrochemical gradient of ions across the body surface. Therefore, FW fishes have to actively absorb Cl- from the surroundings to maintain ion homeostasis in their bodily fluids. Hormonal control is vital for modulating ion uptake in fish. Vitamin D is involved in the regulation of Ca2+ uptake and acid secretion in fish. In the present study, we found that the levels of bioactive vitamin D, 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1α,25(OH)2D3), significantly increased in zebrafish embryos and adults after exposure to water containing low levels of Cl-. Moreover, the administration of 1α,25(OH)2D3 treatment (20 μg/L) in zebrafish embryos, and intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of 1α,25(OH)2D3 (5 μg/kg body mass) in zebrafish adults, resulting the increased Cl- content in bodily fluid in zebrafish. Na+-Cl- cotransporter 2b (NCC2b) and Cl- channel 2c (CLC2c) are specifically expressed during Cl- uptake by ionocytes in zebrafish. Our results indicated that the mRNA and protein expression of NCC2b and CLC2c considerably increased in the zebrafish with exogenous 1α,25(OH)2D3 treatment. Additionally, exogenous 1α,25(OH)2D3 administration increased the number of NCC2b- and CLC2c-expressing cells in yolk skins of zebrafish embryos and the gill filaments of zebrafish adults. Transcript signals of vitamin D receptors (VDRs) were identified in NCC2b-expressing cells. Knockdown of VDRa and VDRb significantly reduced the expression of NCC2b and CLC2c and the number of NCC2b- and CLC2c-expressing cells. These results indicate that vitamin D can affect Cl- uptake in zebrafish and extend our knowledge of the role of vitamin D in fish physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Yi Wang
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chi Chang
- Department of Golden-Ager Industry Management, College of Management, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung 413, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hao Lin
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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2
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Horng JL, Hsiao BY, Lin WT, Lin TT, Chang CY, Lin LY. Investigation of verapamil-induced cardiorenal dysfunction and compensatory ion regulation in zebrafish embryos. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 284:109980. [PMID: 39038748 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2024.109980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the development of verapamil-induced cardiorenal failure and the response of epidermal ionocytes in zebrafish embryos to this syndrome. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to verapamil for 24 h at different developmental stages (48, 72, and 96 h post-fertilization). The exposure resulted in the generation of edema in the pericardial and yolk sac regions, with more-pronounced effects observed in later-stage embryos. Cardiac parameters showed a suppressed heart rate at all stages, with a more-significant effect appearing in later stages. Verapamil also affected cardiac parameters including the end-diastolic volume (EDV), end-systolic volume (ESV), ejection fraction (EF), and cardiac output (CO), indicating negative overall effects on cardiac performance. mRNA levels of heart failure markers (nppa and nppb genes) were upregulated in verapamil-exposed embryos at all stages. Renal function was impaired as FITC-dextran excretion was suppressed. A whole-embryo ion content analysis revealed significant increases in sodium and calcium contents in verapamil-exposed embryos. The density of epidermal ionocytes increased, and the apical membrane of ionocytes was enlarged, indicating upregulation of ion uptake. In addition, mRNA levels of several ion transporter genes (rhcg1, slc9a3, atp6v1a, atp2b1a, trpv6, and slc12a10.2) were significantly upregulated in verapamil-exposed embryos. In summary, prolonged exposure to verapamil can induce cardiorenal failure which triggers compensatory upregulation of ionocytes in zebrafish embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiun-Lin Horng
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Bu-Yuan Hsiao
- Division of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; Taipei Heart Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ting Lin
- Affiliated Senior High School of National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 10658, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Ting Lin
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yen Chang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Li-Yih Lin
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan.
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3
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Ma X, Wang WX. Unveiling osmoregulation and immunological adaptations in Eleutheronema tetradactylum gills through high-throughput single-cell transcriptome sequencing. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 154:109878. [PMID: 39245186 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2024] [Revised: 09/03/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
The fourfinger threadfin fish (Eleutheronema tetradactylum) is an economically significant species renowned for its ability to adapt to varying salinity environments, with gills serving as their primary organs for osmoregulation and immune defense. Previous studies focused on tissue and morphological levels, whereas ignored the cellular heterogeneity and the crucial gene information related to core cell subsets within E. tetradactylum gills. In this study, we utilized high-throughput single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to analyze the gills of E. tetradactylum, characterizing 16 distinct cell types and identifying unique gene markers and enriched functions associated within each cell type. Additionally, we subdivided ionocyte cells into four distinct subpopulations for the first time in E. tetradactylum gills. By employing weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), we further investigated the cellular heterogeneity and specific response mechanisms to salinity fluctuant. Our findings revealed the intricate osmoregulation and immune functions of gill cells, highlighting their crucial roles in maintaining homeostasis and adapting to fluctuating salinity levels. This comprehensive cell-type atlas provides valuable insights into the species adaptive strategies, contributing to the conservation and management of this commercially significant fish as well as other euryhaline species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Ma
- School of Energy and Environment and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Wen-Xiong Wang
- School of Energy and Environment and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, China.
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4
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Yi X, Qin H, Li G, Kong R, Liu C. Isomer-specific cardiotoxicity induced by tricresyl phosphate in zebrafish embryos/larvae. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 474:134753. [PMID: 38823104 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) has received extensive attentions due to its potential adverse effects, while the toxicological information of TCP isomers is limited. In this study, 2 h post-fertilization zebrafish embryos were exposed to tri-o-cresyl phosphate (ToCP), tri-m-cresyl phosphate (TmCP) or tri-p-cresyl phosphate (TpCP) at concentrations of 0, 100, 300 and 600 μg/L until 120 hpf, and the cardiotoxicity and mechanism of TCP isomers in zebrafish embryos/larvae were evaluated. The results showed that ToCP or TmCP exposure induced cardiac morphological defects and dysfunction in zebrafish, characterized by increased distance between sinus venosus and bulbus arteriosis, increased atrium and pericardial sac area, trabecular defects, and decreased heart rate and blood flow velocity, while no adverse effects of TpCP on zebrafish heart were found. Transcriptomic results revealed that extracellular matrix (ECM) and motor proteins, as well as PPAR signaling pathways, were included in the cardiac morphological defects and dysfunction induced by ToCP and TmCP. Co-exposure test with D-mannitol indicated that the inhibition of energy metabolism by ToCP and TmCP affected cardiac morphology and function by decreasing osmoregulation. This study is the first to report the cardiotoxicity induced by TCP in zebrafish from an isomer perspective, providing a new insight into the toxicity of TCP isomers and highlighting the importance of evaluating the toxicity of different isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun'e Yi
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Haiyu Qin
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Guangyu Li
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ren Kong
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Quality and Health (China University of Geosciences), Ministry of Education, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Chunsheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Quality and Health (China University of Geosciences), Ministry of Education, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
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5
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Zimmer AM. Ammonia excretion by the fish gill: discoveries and ideas that shaped our current understanding. J Comp Physiol B 2024:10.1007/s00360-024-01561-5. [PMID: 38849577 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-024-01561-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
The fish gill serves many physiological functions, among which is the excretion of ammonia, the primary nitrogenous waste in most fishes. Although it is the end-product of nitrogen metabolism, ammonia serves many physiological functions including acting as an acid equivalent and as a counter-ion in mechanisms of ion regulation. Our current understanding of the mechanisms of ammonia excretion have been influenced by classic experimental work, clever mechanistic approaches, and modern molecular and genetic techniques. In this review, I will overview the history of the study of ammonia excretion by the gills of fishes, highlighting the important advancements that have shaped this field with a nearly 100-year history. The developmental and evolutionary implications of an ammonia and gill-dominated nitrogen regulation strategy in most fishes will also be discussed. Throughout the review, I point to areas in which more work is needed to push forward this field of research that continues to produce novel insights and discoveries that will undoubtedly shape our overall understanding of fish physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex M Zimmer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Brunswick, 100 Tucker Park Road, Saint John, Saint John, New Brunswick, E2L 4L5, Canada.
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6
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Fröhlich E. Animals in Respiratory Research. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2903. [PMID: 38474149 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The respiratory barrier, a thin epithelial barrier that separates the interior of the human body from the environment, is easily damaged by toxicants, and chronic respiratory diseases are common. It also allows the permeation of drugs for topical treatment. Animal experimentation is used to train medical technicians, evaluate toxicants, and develop inhaled formulations. Species differences in the architecture of the respiratory tract explain why some species are better at predicting human toxicity than others. Some species are useful as disease models. This review describes the anatomical differences between the human and mammalian lungs and lists the characteristics of currently used mammalian models for the most relevant chronic respiratory diseases (asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cystic fibrosis, pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary fibrosis, and tuberculosis). The generation of animal models is not easy because they do not develop these diseases spontaneously. Mouse models are common, but other species are more appropriate for some diseases. Zebrafish and fruit flies can help study immunological aspects. It is expected that combinations of in silico, in vitro, and in vivo (mammalian and invertebrate) models will be used in the future for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonore Fröhlich
- Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, 8010 Graz, Austria
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7
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Cadiz L, Reed M, Monis S, Akimenko MA, Jonz MG. Identification of signalling pathways involved in gill regeneration in zebrafish. J Exp Biol 2024; 227:jeb246290. [PMID: 38099598 PMCID: PMC10906665 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.246290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
The occurrence of regeneration of the organs involved in respiratory gas exchange amongst vertebrates is heterogeneous. In some species of amphibians and fishes, the gills regenerate completely following resection or amputation, whereas in mammals, only partial, facultative regeneration of lung tissue occurs following injury. Given the homology between gills and lungs, the capacity of gill regeneration in aquatic species is of major interest in determining the underlying molecular or signalling pathways involved in respiratory organ regeneration. In the present study, we used adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) to characterize signalling pathways involved in the early stages of gill regeneration. Regeneration of the gills was induced by resection of gill filaments and observed over a period of up to 10 days. We screened for the effects on regeneration of the drugs SU5402, dorsomorphin and LY411575, which inhibit FGF, BMP or Notch signalling pathways, respectively. Exposure to each drug for 5 days significantly reduced regrowth of filament tips in regenerating tissue, compared with unresected controls. In separate experiments under normal conditions of regeneration, we used reverse transcription quantitative PCR and observed an increased expression of genes encoding for the bone morphogenetic factor, Bmp2b, fibroblast growth factor, Fgf8a, a transcriptional regulator (Her6) involved in Notch signalling, and Sonic Hedgehog (Shha), in regenerating gills at 10 day post-resection, compared with unresected controls. In situ hybridization confirmed that all four genes were expressed in regenerating gill tissue. This study implicates BMP, FGF, Notch and Shh signalling in gill regeneration in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cadiz
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1N 6N5
| | - Maddison Reed
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1N 6N5
| | - Simon Monis
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1N 6N5
| | | | - Michael G. Jonz
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1N 6N5
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8
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Peloggia J, Lush ME, Tsai YY, Wood C, Piotrowski T. Environmental and molecular control of tissue-specific ionocyte differentiation in zebrafish. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.12.575421. [PMID: 38260427 PMCID: PMC10802608 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.12.575421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Organisms adjust their physiology to cope with environmental fluctuations and maintain fitness. These adaptations occur via genetic changes over multiple generations or through acclimation, a set of reversible phenotypic changes that confer resilience to the individual. Aquatic organisms are subject to dramatic seasonal fluctuations in water salinity, which can affect the function of lateral line mechanosensory hair cells. To maintain hair cell function when salinity decreases, ion-regulating cells, Neuromast-associated ionocytes (Nm ionocytes), increase in number and invade lateral line neuromasts. How environmental changes trigger this adaptive differentiation of Nm ionocytes and how these cells are specified is still unknown. Here, we identify Nm ionocyte progenitors as foxi3a/foxi3b-expressing skin cells and show that their differentiation is associated with sequential activation of different Notch pathway components, which control ionocyte survival. We demonstrate that new Nm ionocytes are rapidly specified by absolute salinity levels, independently of stress response pathways. We further show that Nm ionocyte differentiation is selectively triggered by depletion of specific ions, such as Ca2+ and Na+/Cl-, but not by low K+ levels, and is independent of media osmolarity. Finally, we demonstrate that hair cell activity plays a role in Nm ionocyte recruitment and that systemic factors are not necessary for Nm ionocyte induction. In summary, we have identified how environmental changes activate a signaling cascade that triggers basal skin cell progenitors to differentiate into Nm ionocytes and invade lateral line organs. This adaptive behavior is an example of physiological plasticity that may prove essential for survival in changing climates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Peloggia
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Mark E. Lush
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Ya-Yin Tsai
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Christopher Wood
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Tatjana Piotrowski
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
- Lead Contact
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9
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Edwards TM, Puglis HJ, Kent DB, Durán JL, Bradshaw LM, Farag AM. Ammonia and aquatic ecosystems - A review of global sources, biogeochemical cycling, and effects on fish. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 907:167911. [PMID: 37871823 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to better understand the full life cycle and influence of ammonia from an aquatic biology perspective. While ammonia has toxic properties in water and air, it also plays a central role in the biogeochemical nitrogen (N) cycle and regulates mechanisms of normal and abnormal fish physiology. Additionally, as the second most synthesized chemical on Earth, ammonia contributes economic value to many sectors, particularly fertilizers, energy storage, explosives, refrigerants, and plastics. But, with so many uses, industrial N2-fixation effectively doubles natural reactive N concentrations in the environment. The consequence is global, with excess fixed nitrogen driving degradation of soils, water, and air; intensifying eutrophication, biodiversity loss, and climate change; and creating health risks for humans, wildlife, and fisheries. Thus, the need for ammonia research in aquatic systems is growing. In response, we prepared this review to better understand the complexities and connectedness of environmental ammonia. Even the term "ammonia" has multiple meanings. So, we have clarified the nomenclature, identified units of measurement, and summarized methods to measure ammonia in water. We then discuss ammonia in the context of the N-cycle, review its role in fish physiology and mechanisms of toxicity, and integrate the effects of human N-fixation, which continuously expands ammonia's sources and uses. Ammonia is being developed as a carbon-free energy carrier with potential to increase reactive nitrogen in the environment. With this in mind, we review the global impacts of excess reactive nitrogen and consider the current monitoring and regulatory frameworks for ammonia. The presented synthesis illustrates the complex and interactive dynamics of ammonia as a plant nutrient, energy molecule, feedstock, waste product, contaminant, N-cycle participant, regulator of animal physiology, toxicant, and agent of environmental change. Few molecules are as influential as ammonia in the management and resilience of Earth's resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thea M Edwards
- U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, MO 65201, USA.
| | - Holly J Puglis
- U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
| | - Douglas B Kent
- U.S. Geological Survey, Earth Systems Processes Division, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan López Durán
- U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
| | - Lillian M Bradshaw
- U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
| | - Aïda M Farag
- U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Jackson Field Research Station, Jackson, WY, USA
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10
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Li S, Li H, Wang Z, Duan C. Stanniocalcin 1a regulates organismal calcium balance and survival by suppressing Trpv6 expression and inhibiting IGF signaling in zebrafish. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1276348. [PMID: 37964974 PMCID: PMC10640984 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1276348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Stanniocalcin 1 (Stc1) is well known for its role in regulating calcium uptake in fish by acting on ionocytes or NaR cells. A hallmark of NaR cells is the expression of Trpv6, a constitutively open calcium channel. Recent studies in zebrafish suggest that genetical deletion of Stc1a and Trpv6 individually both increases IGF signaling and NaR cell proliferation. While trpv6-/- fish suffered from calcium deficiency and died prematurely, stc1a-/- fish had elevated body calcium levels but also died prematurely. The relationship between Stc1a, Trpv6, and IGF signaling in regulating calcium homeostasis and organismal survival is unclear. Here we report that loss of Stc1a increases Trpv6 expression in NaR cells in an IGF signaling-dependent manner. Treatment with CdCl2, a Trpv6 inhibitor, reduced NaR cell number in stc1a -/- fish to the sibling levels. Genetic and biochemical analysis results suggest that Stc1a and Trpv6 regulate NaR cell proliferation via the same IGF pathway. Alizarin red staining detected abnormal calcium deposits in the yolk sac region and kidney stone-like structures in stc1a -/- fish. Double knockout or pharmacological inhibition of Trpv6 alleviated these phenotypes, suggesting that Stc1a inhibit epithelial Ca2+ uptake by regulating Trpv6 expression and activity. stc1a-/- mutant fish developed cardiac edema, body swelling, and died prematurely. Treatment of stc1a-/- fish with CdCl2 or double knockout of Trpv6 alleviated these phenotypes. These results provide evidence that Stc1a regulates calcium homeostasis and organismal survival by suppressing Trpv6 expression and inhibiting IGF signaling in ionocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Cunming Duan
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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11
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Wiegand J, Hoang J, Avila-Barnard S, Nemarugommula C, Ha M, Zhang S, Stapleton HM, Volz DC. Triphenyl phosphate-induced pericardial edema in zebrafish embryos is reversible following depuration in clean water. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 263:106699. [PMID: 37734274 PMCID: PMC10878734 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) - a widely used organophosphate-based flame retardant - blocks cardiac looping during zebrafish development in a concentration-dependent manner, a phenotype that is dependent on disruption of embryonic osmoregulation and pericardial edema formation. However, it's currently unclear whether (1) TPHP-induced effects on osmoregulation are driven by direct TPHP-induced injury to the embryonic epidermis and (2) whether TPHP-induced pericardial edema is reversible or irreversible following cessation of exposure. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to determine whether TPHP-induced pericardial edema is reversible and whether TPHP causes injury to the embryonic epidermis by quantifying the number of DAPI-positive epidermal cells and analyzing the morphology of the yolk sac epithelium using scanning electron microscopy. First, we found that exposure to 5 μM TPHP from 24-72 h post-fertilization (hpf) did not increase prolactin - a hormone that regulates ions and water levels - in embryonic zebrafish, whereas high ionic strength exposure media was associated with elevated levels of prolactin. Second, we found that exposure to 5 μM TPHP from 24-72 hpf did not decrease DAPI-positive epidermal cells within the embryonic epithelium, and that co-exposure with 2.14 μM fenretinide - a synthetic retinoid that promotes epithelial wound repair - from 24-72 hpf did not mitigate the prevalence of TPHP-induced epidermal folds within the yolk sac epithelium when embryos were exposed within high ionic strength exposure media. Finally, we found that the pericardial area and body length of embryos exposed to 5 μM TPHP from 24-72 hpf were similar to vehicle-treated embryos at 120 hpf following transfer to clean water and depuration of TPHP from 72-120 hpf. Overall, our findings suggest that (1) the ionic strength of exposure media may influence the baseline physiology of zebrafish embryos; (2) TPHP does not cause direct injury to the embryonic epidermis; and (3) TPHP-induced effects on pericardial area and body length are reversible 48 h after transferring embryos to clean water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna Wiegand
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - John Hoang
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - Sarah Avila-Barnard
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - Charvita Nemarugommula
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - Megan Ha
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - Sharon Zhang
- Division of Environmental Sciences and Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, United States
| | - Heather M Stapleton
- Division of Environmental Sciences and Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, United States
| | - David C Volz
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States.
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12
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Yang LY, Zhu QH, Chen JY, Lin LB, Liang MZ, Zhang QL. Genome-wide transcriptomics and microRNAomics analyses uncover multi-faceted mechanisms to cope with copper stress in ancient macrobenthos amphioxus. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 458:131594. [PMID: 37330373 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying the toxicity of environmental stress are unclear for marine macrobenthos. Copper/Cu has posed the most serious threats to amphioxus, an ancient and model benthic cephalochordate. Herein, a dynamic change in the physiological parameters (GR, SOD, ATP, and MDA) was detected with ROS accumulation in Branchiostoma belcheri exposed to 0.3 mg·L-1 Cu. Transcriptomes and microRNAomes of B. belcheri were generated to investigate the molecular mechanisms by which this amphioxus copes with Cu exposure. Time-specific genes identified at different time points after exposure were involved in the stimulus and immune response, detoxification and ionic homeostasis, aging and the nervous system, sequentially, with prolongation of exposure time, forming a dynamic process of molecular response to Cu stress. In total, 57 differentially expressed miRNAs were identified under Cu stress. Transcriptomics-miRNAomics analyses indicate that these miRNAs targeted genes associated with many key biological processes such as xenobiotics degradation, oxidative stress, and energy metabolism. The constructed miRNA-mRNA-pathway network uncovered a broad post-transcriptional regulatory mechanism in B. belcheri to cope with Cu stress. Overall, this integrated analyses show that enhanced defense response, accelerated ROS elimination, and repressed ATP production constitute a comprehensive strategy to cope with Cu toxicity in the ancient macrobenthos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Yu Yang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster in the Beibu Gulf, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou 535011, China
| | - Qian-Hua Zhu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Jun-Yuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lian-Bing Lin
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Ming-Zhong Liang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster in the Beibu Gulf, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou 535011, China.
| | - Qi-Lin Zhang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
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13
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Sousa B, Domingues I, Nunes B. A fish perspective on SARS-CoV-2: Toxicity of benzalkonium chloride on Danio rerio. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 102:104200. [PMID: 37394081 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2023.104200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 outbreak led to an increased marketing of disinfectants, creating a potential environmental problem. For instance, pre-pandemic environmental levels of the disinfectant benzalkonium chloride (BAC) ranging from 0.5 to 5 mgL-1 in effluents were expected to further increase threatening aquatic life. Our aim was to characterize potential adverse effects after an acute exposure of zebrafish to different concentrations of BAC. An increase in the overall swimming activity, thigmotaxis behavior, and erratic movements were observed. An increase in CYP1A1 and catalase activities, but inhibitions of CY1A2, GSTs and GPx activities were also noticed. BAC is metabolized by CYP1A1, increasing the production of H2O2, thereby activating the antioxidant enzyme CAT. Data also showed an increase of AChE activity. Our study highlights adverse embryonic, behavioral, and metabolic effects of noteworthy environmental significance, especially considering that the use and release of BAC is most likely to increase in a near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Sousa
- Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM), Universidade De Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Departamento De Biologia, Universidade De Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Inês Domingues
- Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM), Universidade De Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Departamento De Biologia, Universidade De Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Bruno Nunes
- Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM), Universidade De Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Departamento De Biologia, Universidade De Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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14
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Cazorla-Vázquez S, Kösters P, Bertz S, Pfister F, Daniel C, Dedden M, Zundler S, Jobst-Schwan T, Amann K, Engel FB. Adhesion GPCR Gpr126 (Adgrg6) Expression Profiling in Zebrafish, Mouse, and Human Kidney. Cells 2023; 12:1988. [PMID: 37566066 PMCID: PMC10417176 DOI: 10.3390/cells12151988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs) comprise the second-largest class of GPCRs, the most common target for approved pharmacological therapies. aGPCRs play an important role in development and disease and have recently been associated with the kidney. Several aGPCRs are expressed in the kidney and some aGPCRs are either required for kidney development or their expression level is altered in diseased kidneys. Yet, general aGPCR function and their physiological role in the kidney are poorly understood. Here, we characterize in detail Gpr126 (Adgrg6) expression based on RNAscope® technology in zebrafish, mice, and humans during kidney development in adults. Gpr126 expression is enriched in the epithelial linage during nephrogenesis and persists in the adult kidney in parietal epithelial cells, collecting ducts, and urothelium. Single-cell RNAseq analysis shows that gpr126 expression is detected in zebrafish in a distinct ionocyte sub-population. It is co-detected selectively with slc9a3.2, slc4a4a, and trpv6, known to be involved in apical acid secretion, buffering blood or intracellular pH, and to maintain high cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration, respectively. Furthermore, gpr126-expressing cells were enriched in the expression of potassium transporter kcnj1a.1 and gcm2, which regulate the expression of a calcium sensor receptor. Notably, the expression patterns of Trpv6, Kcnj1a.1, and Gpr126 in mouse kidneys are highly similar. Collectively, our approach permits a detailed insight into the spatio-temporal expression of Gpr126 and provides a basis to elucidate a possible role of Gpr126 in kidney physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Cazorla-Vázquez
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (S.C.-V.); (P.K.)
| | - Peter Kösters
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (S.C.-V.); (P.K.)
| | - Simone Bertz
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Frederick Pfister
- Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (F.P.); (C.D.); (K.A.)
| | - Christoph Daniel
- Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (F.P.); (C.D.); (K.A.)
| | - Mark Dedden
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (M.D.); (S.Z.)
| | - Sebastian Zundler
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (M.D.); (S.Z.)
| | - Tilman Jobst-Schwan
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
- Research Center On Rare Kidney Diseases (RECORD), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Amann
- Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (F.P.); (C.D.); (K.A.)
| | - Felix B. Engel
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (S.C.-V.); (P.K.)
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15
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Tresguerres M, Kwan GT, Weinrauch A. Evolving views of ionic, osmotic and acid-base regulation in aquatic animals. J Exp Biol 2023; 226:jeb245747. [PMID: 37522267 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.245747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of ionic, osmotic and acid-base (IOAB) conditions in biological fluids is among the most fundamental functions in all organisms; being surrounded by water uniquely shapes the IOAB regulatory strategies of water-breathing animals. Throughout its centennial history, Journal of Experimental Biology has established itself as a premier venue for publication of comparative, environmental and evolutionary studies on IOAB regulation. This Review provides a synopsis of IOAB regulation in aquatic animals, some of the most significant research milestones in the field, and evolving views about the underlying cellular mechanisms and their evolutionary implications. It also identifies promising areas for future research and proposes ideas for enhancing the impact of aquatic IOAB research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Tresguerres
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Garfield T Kwan
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Alyssa Weinrauch
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2M5, Canada
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16
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Gerhards J, Maerz LD, Matthees ESF, Donow C, Moepps B, Premont RT, Burkhalter MD, Hoffmann C, Philipp M. Kinase Activity Is Not Required for G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 4 Restraining mTOR Signaling during Cilia and Kidney Development. J Am Soc Nephrol 2023; 34:590-606. [PMID: 36810260 PMCID: PMC10103308 DOI: 10.1681/asn.0000000000000082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT G protein-coupled receptor kinase 4 (GRK4) regulates renal sodium and water reabsorption. Although GRK4 variants with elevated kinase activity have been associated with salt-sensitive or essential hypertension, this association has been inconsistent among different study populations. In addition, studies elucidating how GRK4 may modulate cellular signaling are sparse. In an analysis of how GRK4 affects the developing kidney, the authors found that GRK4 modulates mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling. Loss of GRK4 in embryonic zebrafish causes kidney dysfunction and glomerular cysts. Moreover, GRK4 depletion in zebrafish and cellular mammalian models results in elongated cilia. Rescue experiments suggest that hypertension in carriers of GRK4 variants may not be explained solely by kinase hyperactivity; instead, elevated mTOR signaling may be the underlying cause. BACKGROUND G protein-coupled receptor kinase 4 (GRK4) is considered a central regulator of blood pressure through phosphorylation of renal dopaminergic receptors and subsequent modulation of sodium excretion. Several nonsynonymous genetic variants of GRK4 have been only partially linked to hypertension, although these variants demonstrate elevated kinase activity. However, some evidence suggests that function of GRK4 variants may involve more than regulation of dopaminergic receptors alone. Little is known about the effects of GRK4 on cellular signaling, and it is also unclear whether or how altered GRK4 function might affect kidney development. METHODS To better understand the effect of GRK4 variants on the functionality of GRK4 and GRK4's actions in cellular signaling during kidney development, we studied zebrafish, human cells, and a murine kidney spheroid model. RESULTS Zebrafish depleted of Grk4 develop impaired glomerular filtration, generalized edema, glomerular cysts, pronephric dilatation, and expansion of kidney cilia. In human fibroblasts and in a kidney spheroid model, GRK4 knockdown produced elongated primary cilia. Reconstitution with human wild-type GRK4 partially rescues these phenotypes. We found that kinase activity is dispensable because kinase-dead GRK4 (altered GRK4 that cannot result in phosphorylation of the targeted protein) prevented cyst formation and restored normal ciliogenesis in all tested models. Hypertension-associated genetic variants of GRK4 fail to rescue any of the observed phenotypes, suggesting a receptor-independent mechanism. Instead, we discovered unrestrained mammalian target of rapamycin signaling as an underlying cause. CONCLUSIONS These findings identify GRK4 as novel regulator of cilia and of kidney development independent of GRK4's kinase function and provide evidence that the GRK4 variants believed to act as hyperactive kinases are dysfunctional for normal ciliogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Gerhards
- Section of Pharmacogenomics, Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lars D. Maerz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Edda S. F. Matthees
- Institute for Molecular Cell Biology, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich-Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Cornelia Donow
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Barbara Moepps
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Richard T. Premont
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Martin D. Burkhalter
- Section of Pharmacogenomics, Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Carsten Hoffmann
- Institute for Molecular Cell Biology, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich-Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Melanie Philipp
- Section of Pharmacogenomics, Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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17
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Shih SW, Yan JJ, Lu SW, Chuang YT, Lin HW, Chou MY, Hwang PP. Molecular Physiological Evidence for the Role of Na+-Cl− Co-Transporter in Branchial Na+ Uptake in Freshwater Teleosts. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076597. [PMID: 37047570 PMCID: PMC10094795 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The gills are the major organ for Na+ uptake in teleosts. It was proposed that freshwater (FW) teleosts adopt Na+/H+ exchanger 3 (Nhe3) as the primary transporter for Na+ uptake and Na+-Cl− co-transporter (Ncc) as the backup transporter. However, convincing molecular physiological evidence to support the role of Ncc in branchial Na+ uptake is still lacking due to the limitations of functional assays in the gills. Thus, this study aimed to reveal the role of branchial Ncc in Na+ uptake with an in vivo detection platform (scanning ion-selective electrode technique, SIET) that has been recently established in fish gills. First, we identified that Ncc2-expressing cells in zebrafish gills are a specific subtype of ionocyte (NCC ionocytes) by using single-cell transcriptome analysis and immunofluorescence. After a long-term low-Na+ FW exposure, zebrafish increased branchial Ncc2 expression and the number of NCC ionocytes and enhanced gill Na+ uptake capacity. Pharmacological treatments further suggested that Na+ is indeed taken up by Ncc, in addition to Nhe, in the gills. These findings reveal the uptake roles of both branchial Ncc and Nhe under FW and shed light on osmoregulatory physiology in adult fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Wu Shih
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115201, Taiwan
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106319, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Jiun Yan
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115201, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Wei Lu
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115201, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ting Chuang
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115201, Taiwan
| | - How-Wei Lin
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115201, Taiwan
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202301, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yi Chou
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106319, Taiwan
| | - Pung-Pung Hwang
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115201, Taiwan
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106319, Taiwan
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18
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Wiegand J, Avila-Barnard S, Nemarugommula C, Lyons D, Zhang S, Stapleton HM, Volz DC. Triphenyl phosphate-induced pericardial edema in zebrafish embryos is dependent on the ionic strength of exposure media. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 172:107757. [PMID: 36680802 PMCID: PMC9974852 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Pericardial edema is commonly observed in zebrafish embryo-based chemical toxicity screens, and a mechanism underlying edema may be disruption of embryonic osmoregulation. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify whether triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) - a widely used aryl phosphate ester-based flame retardant - induces pericardial edema via impacts on osmoregulation within embryonic zebrafish. In addition to an increase in TPHP-induced microridges in the embryonic yolk sac epithelium, an increase in ionic strength of exposure media exacerbated TPHP-induced pericardial edema when embryos were exposed from 24 to 72 h post-fertilization (hpf). However, there was no difference in embryonic sodium concentrations in situ within TPHP-exposed embryos relative to embryos exposed to vehicle (0.1% DMSO) from 24 to 72 hpf. Interestingly, increasing the osmolarity of exposure media with mannitol (an osmotic diuretic which mitigates TPHP-induced pericardial edema) and increasing the ionic strength of the exposure media (which exacerbates TPHP-induced pericardial edema) did not affect embryonic doses of TPHP, suggesting that TPHP uptake was not altered under these varying experimental conditions. Overall, our findings suggest that TPHP-induced pericardial edema within zebrafish embryos is dependent on the ionic strength of exposure media, underscoring the importance of further standardization of exposure media and embryo rearing protocols in zebrafish-based chemical toxicity screening assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna Wiegand
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - Sarah Avila-Barnard
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - Charvita Nemarugommula
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - David Lyons
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - Sharon Zhang
- Division of Environmental Sciences and Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, United States
| | - Heather M Stapleton
- Division of Environmental Sciences and Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, United States
| | - David C Volz
- Division of Environmental Sciences and Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, United States.
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19
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Retention of ion channel genes expression increases Japanese medaka survival during seawater reacclimation. J Comp Physiol B 2023; 193:81-93. [PMID: 36264377 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-022-01465-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Euryhaline teleosts exhibit varying acclimability to survive in environments that alternate between being hypotonic and hypertonic. Such ability is conferred by ion channels expressed by ionocytes, the ion-regulating cells in the gills or skin. However, switching between environments is physiologically challenging, because most channels can only perform unidirectional ion transportation. Coordination between acute responses, such as gene expression, and long-term responses, such as cell differentiation, is believed to strongly facilitate adaptability. Moreover, the pre-acclimation to half seawater salinity can improve the survivability of Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) during direct transfer to seawater; here, the ionocytes preserve hypertonic acclimability while performing hypotonic functions. Whether acclimability can be similarly induced in a closed species and their corresponding responses in terms of ion channel expression remain unclear. In the present study, Japanese medaka pre-acclimated in brackish water were noted to have higher survival rates while retaining higher expression of the three ion channel genes ATP1a1a.1, ATP1b1b, and SLC12a2a. This retention was maintained up to 2 weeks after the fish were transferred back into freshwater. Notably, this induced acclimability was not found in its close kin, Indian medaka (Oryzias dancena), the natural habitat of which is brackish water. In conclusion, Japanese medaka surpassed Indian medaka in seawater acclimability after experiencing exposure to brackish water, and this ability coincided with seawater-retention gene expression.
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20
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Lee CE, Charmantier G, Lorin-Nebel C. Mechanisms of Na + uptake from freshwater habitats in animals. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1006113. [PMID: 36388090 PMCID: PMC9644288 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1006113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Life in fresh water is osmotically and energetically challenging for living organisms, requiring increases in ion uptake from dilute environments. However, mechanisms of ion uptake from freshwater environments are still poorly understood and controversial, especially in arthropods, for which several hypothetical models have been proposed based on incomplete data. One compelling model involves the proton pump V-type H+ ATPase (VHA), which energizes the apical membrane, enabling the uptake of Na+ (and other cations) via an unknown Na+ transporter (referred to as the "Wieczorek Exchanger" in insects). What evidence exists for this model of ion uptake and what is this mystery exchanger or channel that cooperates with VHA? We present results from studies that explore this question in crustaceans, insects, and teleost fish. We argue that the Na+/H+ antiporter (NHA) is a likely candidate for the Wieczorek Exchanger in many crustaceans and insects; although, there is no evidence that this is the case for fish. NHA was discovered relatively recently in animals and its functions have not been well characterized. Teleost fish exhibit redundancy of Na+ uptake pathways at the gill level, performed by different ion transporter paralogs in diverse cell types, apparently enabling tolerance of low environmental salinity and various pH levels. We argue that much more research is needed on overall mechanisms of ion uptake from freshwater habitats, especially on NHA and other potential Wieczorek Exchangers. Such insights gained would contribute greatly to our general understanding of ionic regulation in diverse species across habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Eunmi Lee
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Guy Charmantier
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Montpellier, France
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21
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Park K, Kwak IS. Environmental co-exposure of high temperature and Cu induce hormonal disturbance of cortisol signaling and altered responses of cellular defense genes in zebrafish. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 842:156555. [PMID: 35750185 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Global warming is causing a continuous increase in environmental temperatures, which simultaneously activates toxic environmental stresses, such as heavy metal exposure, in aquatic ecosystems. The present study aimed at evaluating the effects of Cu toxicity along with increased temperature during zebrafish embryogenesis. Decreased survival rates were observed following combined exposure to high temperature and Cu. Heart rates of zebrafish embryos were significantly increased only during heat stress. An abnormal morphology with curved body shape was induced by exposure to a combination of Cu and heat stress. Furthermore, heat stress also triggered Cu-induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, with upregulation of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione s-transferase (GST) expression, and cell death with modified expression of p53 and B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) in zebrafish embryos. Finally, increased cortisol levels and altered expression of cortisol-signaling genes were observed following exposure to Cu and high temperatures. These results highlight that realistic exposure to combined stressors induces developmental disturbances via stress-induced responses involving oxidative stress and cell death as well as transcriptional alterations leading to cortisol signaling in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyun Park
- Fisheries Science Institute, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 59626, South Korea
| | - Ihn-Sil Kwak
- Fisheries Science Institute, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 59626, South Korea; Department of Ocean Integrated Science, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 59626, South Korea.
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22
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Park JS, Gabel AM, Kassir P, Kang L, Chowdhary PK, Osei-Ntansah A, Tran ND, Viswanathan S, Canales B, Ding P, Lee YS, Brewster R. N-myc downstream regulated gene 1 (ndrg1) functions as a molecular switch for cellular adaptation to hypoxia. eLife 2022; 11:e74031. [PMID: 36214665 PMCID: PMC9550225 DOI: 10.7554/elife.74031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lack of oxygen (hypoxia and anoxia) is detrimental to cell function and survival and underlies many disease conditions. Hence, metazoans have evolved mechanisms to adapt to low oxygen. One such mechanism, metabolic suppression, decreases the cellular demand for oxygen by downregulating ATP-demanding processes. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this adaptation are poorly understood. Here, we report on the role of ndrg1a in hypoxia adaptation of the anoxia-tolerant zebrafish embryo. ndrg1a is expressed in the kidney and ionocytes, cell types that use large amounts of ATP to maintain ion homeostasis. ndrg1a mutants are viable and develop normally when raised under normal oxygen. However, their survival and kidney function is reduced relative to WT embryos following exposure to prolonged anoxia. We further demonstrate that Ndrg1a binds to the energy-demanding sodium-potassium ATPase (NKA) pump under anoxia and is required for its degradation, which may preserve ATP in the kidney and ionocytes and contribute to energy homeostasis. Lastly, we show that sodium azide treatment, which increases lactate levels under normoxia, is sufficient to trigger NKA degradation in an Ndrg1a-dependent manner. These findings support a model whereby Ndrg1a is essential for hypoxia adaptation and functions downstream of lactate signaling to induce NKA degradation, a process known to conserve cellular energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong S Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore CountyBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Austin M Gabel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore CountyBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Polina Kassir
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore CountyBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Lois Kang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore CountyBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Prableen K Chowdhary
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore CountyBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Afia Osei-Ntansah
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore CountyBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Neil D Tran
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore CountyBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Soujanya Viswanathan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore CountyBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Bryanna Canales
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore CountyBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Pengfei Ding
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland Baltimore CountyBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Young-Sam Lee
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Rachel Brewster
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore CountyBaltimoreUnited States
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23
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Barbieri PA, Mari-Ribeiro IP, Lupepsa L, Gigliolli AAS, Paupitz BR, de Melo RF, de Souza Leite Mello EV, de Brito Portela-Castro AL, Borin-Carvalho LA. Metformin-induced alterations in gills of the freshwater fish Astyanax lacustris (Lütken, 1875) detected by histological and scanning electron microscopy. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 31:1205-1216. [PMID: 36042120 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-022-02580-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The antidiabetic drug metformin is widely prescribed and found in different concentrations in the environment around the world, raising concern about potential impacts on aquatic life. Analyses of the effects of exposure of biological models to aquatic contaminants are important for assessing pollution effects on fish health. The gills of fishes represent primary targets of disturbance by pollutants, mainly because of the large surface of the respiratory epithelium and the high perfusion rate, which both help the entry of pollutants into this tissue. In this context, the aim of this work was to use gill histological analyses biomarkers to evaluate the toxicity of metformin on aquatic environmental systems, by means of chronic exposure for 90 days of Astyanax lacustris (lambari), an ecologically important neotropical species that can be used as an environmental bioindicator. Histopathological analyses were performed using Light and Scanning Electron Microscopy. The main changes were lamellar fusion, telangiectasia hyperplasia and disappearance of microridges. The morphological changes observed possibly interfere with the gill physiology, indicating an unfavorable situation to the presence of metformin in the water, pointing to a concern that metformin may pose a risk to Astyanax lacustris and likely to other fish species, compromising the dynamics of the aquatic ecosystem as a whole. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Americo Barbieri
- Pós-graduação em Genética e Melhoramento, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringá, Paraná, 87020-900, Brazil.
| | - Isabelle Pereira Mari-Ribeiro
- Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringá, Paraná, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Luara Lupepsa
- Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringá, Paraná, 87020-900, Brazil
| | | | - Brennda Ribeiro Paupitz
- Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringá, Paraná, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Rafael Fernando de Melo
- Pós-graduação em Genética e Melhoramento, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringá, Paraná, 87020-900, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Luiza de Brito Portela-Castro
- Departamento de Biotecnologia, Genética e Biologia Celular, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringá, Paraná, 87020-900, Brazil
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura (Nupélia), Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringá, Paraná, 87020-900, Brazil
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Hung GY, Wu CL, Motoyama C, Horng JL, Lin LY. Zebrafish embryos as an in vivo model to investigate cisplatin-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in mitochondrion-rich ionocytes. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 259:109395. [PMID: 35697282 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2022.109395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products are emerging environmental pollutants. Cisplatin, one of the most widely used platinum-based chemotherapeutic agents, has been found to contaminate aquatic environments. Using zebrafish embryos as a model, cisplatin was previously found to impair skin ionocytes and ion regulation. The purpose of this study was to further investigate how cisplatin damages ionocytes. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to cisplatin (0, 50, and 100 μM) for 96 h (4-100 h post-fertilization) and then stained with fluorescent dyes to reveal mitochondrial activity (rhodamine123), apoptosis (acridine orange), and oxidative stress (CellROX/MitoSOX) in ionocytes of living embryos. Results showed that cisplatin exposure decreased rhodamine 123-labeled ionocytes, induced oxidative stress in ionocytes, and promoted apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner. Quantitative PCR analysis showed that mRNA levels of antioxidative genes (sod1, sod2, gpx1a, and cat) and an apoptotic gene (caps3a) were induced. In the time-course experiment at 96-98 h post-fertilization, cisplatin increased oxidative stress and apoptosis in ionocytes in a time-dependent manner. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that cisplatin exposure induces oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage, and apoptosis in ionocytes of zebrafish embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giun-Yi Hung
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan; School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Ciao-Ling Wu
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan
| | - Chiharu Motoyama
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11042, Taiwan
| | - Jiun-Lin Horng
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11042, Taiwan
| | - Li-Yih Lin
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan.
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Batista-Silva H, Dambrós BF, de Moura KRS, Elie N, Delalande C, Van Der Kraak G, Silva FRMB. Calcium influx and spermatogenesis in the testis and liver enzyme activities in the zebrafish are rapidly modulated by the calcium content of the water. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2022; 270:111227. [PMID: 35489609 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.111227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of varying environmental Ca2+ concentrations on the influx of Ca2+ to the testis, testicular morphology, and liver enzymes in the zebrafish. Adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) were held in water containing low (0.02 mM), control (0. 7 mM) or high (2 mM) Ca2+ concentrations for 12 h. Testes were then incubated in vitro with 0.1 μCi/mL 45Ca2+ to measure Ca2+ influx at 30 and 60 min and qualitative and quantitative testicular histological analyses were conducted. In addition, activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), enzymes that indicate tissue damage, were evaluated in the liver. The testes from zebrafish exposed in vivo to low (0.02 mM) and high (2 mM) Ca2+ content water had a higher Ca2+ influx than the control group after 30 min of incubation, and at 60 min (high Ca2+ group only). There were morphological changes in the testes from the low and high Ca2+ groups including spermatozoa distributed in dense agglomerates and apoptotic cells. Furthermore, zebrafish exposed to high Ca2+ containing water had an increased density of haploid cells (spermatids and spermatozoa). In addition, both low and high Ca2+ water affected liver function by increasing ALT and GGT activities. Collectively, these studies show that alterations in calcium homeostasis in the testis, stimulation of the spermatogenic wave and hepatic injury were rapid responses to changes in the concentration of Ca2+ in the water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemily Batista-Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, CEP: 88040-900 Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Betina Fernanda Dambrós
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, CEP: 88040-900 Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | | | - Nicolas Elie
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, SF ICORE, CMABio3, 14000 Caen, Normandie, France
| | | | - Glen Van Der Kraak
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fátima Regina Mena Barreto Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, CEP: 88040-900 Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
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Zeng J, Li J, Yang K, Yan J, Xu T, Lu W. Differential Branchial Response of Low Salinity Challenge Induced Prolactin in Active and Passive Coping Style Olive Flounder. Front Physiol 2022; 13:913233. [PMID: 35846010 PMCID: PMC9277578 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.913233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress coping styles are very common in fish, and investigations into this area can greatly improve fish welfare and promote the sustainable development of aquaculture. Although most studies have focused on the behavioral and physiological differences of these fishes, the endocrine response of different coping styles fish when undergoing salinity challenge is still unclear. We examined the physiological response in olive flounder with active coping (AC) style and passive coping (PC) style after transferred from seawater (SW) to freshwater for 0, 2, 5, 8, and 14 days. The results showed that: 1) the plasma prolactin level of FW-acclimated AC flounder was substantially higher than that of FW-acclimated PC flounder at 5, 8, and 14 days, and the branchial gene expression of prolactin receptor (PRLR) in AC flounder was slightly higher than PC flounder after transfer. While there was no remarkable difference observed in cortisol (COR) levels between AC and PC flounder. After transfer, glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression in AC flounder was significantly higher compared with PC flounder at 8 days. 2) Branchial NKA-IR ionocytes numbers were reduced in PC flounder after transfer, while ionocytes number remain stable in AC flounder. 3) The branchial stem cell transcription factor foxi1 gene expression of AC flounder was significantly higher than PC flounder at 2, 5, and 14 days after transfer, while branchial stem cell transcription factor p63 gene expression of FW-acclimated AC flounder was only substantially higher than that of PC flounder at 5 days. 4) As an apoptosis upstream initiator, the branchial gene expression of caspase-9 in PC flounder was considerably higher than in AC flounder after transfer at 8 days. This study revealed that olive flounder with active and passive coping styles have different endocrine coping strategies after facing the low-salinity challenge. AC flounder adopt an active endocrine strategy by increasing ionocyte differentiation and prolactin secretion significantly. In contrast, PC flounder employ a passive strategy of reducing ionocytes differentiation and retaining prolactin content at a low level to reduce branchial ionocytes number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjia Zeng
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- The Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Li
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- The Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Kun Yang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- The Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiayu Yan
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- The Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianchun Xu
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- The Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiqun Lu
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- The Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Weiqun Lu,
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Shih SW, Yan JJ, Tsou YL, Lu SW, Wang MC, Chou MY, Hwang PP. In Vivo Functional Assay in Fish Gills: Exploring Branchial Acid-Excreting Mechanisms in Zebrafish. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084419. [PMID: 35457237 PMCID: PMC9031880 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular and physiological analyses in ionoregulatory organs (e.g., adult gills and embryonic skin) are essential for studying fish ion regulation. Recent progress in the molecular physiology of fish ion regulation was mostly obtained in embryonic skin; however, studies of ion regulation in adult gills are still elusive and limited because there are no direct methods for in vivo functional assays in the gills. The present study applied the scanning ion-selective electrode technique (SIET) in adult gills to investigate branchial H+-excreting functions in vivo. We removed the opercula from zebrafish and then performed long-term acid acclimation experiments. The results of Western blot and immunofluorescence showed that the protein expression of H+-ATPase (HA) and the number of H+-ATPase-rich ionocytes were increased under acidic situations. The SIET results proved that the H+ excretion capacity is indeed enhanced in the gills acclimated to acidic water. In addition, both HA and Na+/H+ exchanger (Nhe) inhibitors suppressed the branchial H+ excretion capacity, suggesting that H+ is excreted in association with HA and Nhe in zebrafish gills. These results demonstrate that SIET is effective for in vivo detection in fish gills, representing a breakthrough approach for studying the molecular physiology of fish ion regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Wu Shih
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (S.-W.S.); (J.-J.Y.); (Y.-L.T.); (S.-W.L.); (M.-C.W.)
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan;
| | - Jia-Jiun Yan
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (S.-W.S.); (J.-J.Y.); (Y.-L.T.); (S.-W.L.); (M.-C.W.)
| | - Yi-Ling Tsou
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (S.-W.S.); (J.-J.Y.); (Y.-L.T.); (S.-W.L.); (M.-C.W.)
| | - Shao-Wei Lu
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (S.-W.S.); (J.-J.Y.); (Y.-L.T.); (S.-W.L.); (M.-C.W.)
| | - Min-Chen Wang
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (S.-W.S.); (J.-J.Y.); (Y.-L.T.); (S.-W.L.); (M.-C.W.)
| | - Ming-Yi Chou
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan;
| | - Pung-Pung Hwang
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (S.-W.S.); (J.-J.Y.); (Y.-L.T.); (S.-W.L.); (M.-C.W.)
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan;
- Correspondence:
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28
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Yu J, Cheng W, Jia M, Chen L, Gu C, Ren HQ, Wu B. Toxicity of perfluorooctanoic acid on zebrafish early embryonic development determined by single-cell RNA sequencing. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 427:127888. [PMID: 34862108 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) poses a high risk for aquatic organisms. Nevertheless, the current toxicity studies rarely report how PFOA affects different cell populations during the embryonic development of fish. Here, the zebrafish embryos at 2-30 hpf were exposed to 1-100 μg/L PFOA. The heartbeat and locomotor behavior were significantly decreased after ≥ 25 μg/L PFOA exposure. The single-cell RNA sequencing showed that PFOA exposure influenced nine cell populations, including heart cells, hatching gland cells, macrophages, lens cells, ionocytes, melanoblasts, optic cup cells, periderm cells, and differentiating neurons cells. Among them, heart cells were the most affected cell population. Functions of cardiac muscle contraction, actin cytoskeleton and oxygen binding were significantly changed in the heart cells, which were involved in the altered expressions of tnni2a.4, acta1a, atp1a1a.2, mylpfa, and so on. Besides, the changes of apoptotic process, innate immune response, and translation in lens cells, hatching gland cells, macrophages and ionocytes should also be of concern. Our study indicates that 2-30 hpf of embryonic development is the sensitivity window for the PFOA exposure. Identification of the target cell population provides clear information of the toxic endpoint of PFOA, which sheds new light on the risk assessment of PFOA on aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Wanqing Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Min Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Ling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Cheng Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Hong-Qiang Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Bing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
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Liu ST, Horng JL, Lin LY. Role of the Basolateral Na+/H+ Exchanger-2 (NHE2) in Ionocytes of Seawater- Acclimated Medaka (Oryzias latipes). Front Physiol 2022; 13:870967. [PMID: 35399277 PMCID: PMC8987715 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.870967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionocytes in the skin and gills of seawater (SW) fishes are responsible for acid-base regulation and salt secretion. Na+/H+ exchangers (NHEs) are considered the major acid (H+)-secreting transporters in ionocytes of SW fishes. However, the subcellular localization and function of a specific NHE isoform (NHE2) have never clearly been revealed. In this study, we cloned and sequenced NHE2 from an SW-acclimated medaka (Oryzias latipes) and examined its functions in medaka embryos. A phylogenetic analysis showed that the evolutionary relationships of mammalian NHE2 and NHE4 are close to those of fish NHE2. A gene structure analysis showed that tetrapod NHE4 might be a tandem duplication of fish NHE2. Immunohistochemistry with a medaka-specific antibody localized NHE2 to the basolateral membrane of ionocytes. Lost-of-function experiments with photo-activated morpholino oligonucleotides showed that both H+ and Cl– secretion by ionocytes were suppressed in NHE2-knockdown embryos, suggesting that the basolateral NHE2 facilitates acid and salt secretion by ionocytes of medaka in seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sian-Tai Liu
- Department of Life Science, School of Life Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Jiun-Lin Horng
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Li-Yih Lin
- Department of Life Science, School of Life Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei City, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Li-Yih Lin,
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30
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Rawson A, Saxena V, Gao H, Hooks J, Xuei X, McGuire P, Hato T, Hains DS, Anderson RM, Schwaderer AL. A Pilot Single Cell Analysis of the Zebrafish Embryo Cellular Responses to Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Infection. Pathog Immun 2022; 7:1-18. [PMID: 35178490 PMCID: PMC8843076 DOI: 10.20411/pai.v7i1.479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) infections are common and when they disseminate can be of high morbidity.
Methods: We studied the effects of UPEC infection using single cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) in zebrafish. Bulk RNA sequencing has historically been used to evaluate gene expression patterns, but scRNAseq allows gene expression to be evaluated at the single cell level and is optimal for evaluating heterogeneity within cell types and rare cell types. Zebrafish cohorts were injected with either saline or UPEC,and scRNAseq and canonical pathway analyses were performed.
Results: Canonical pathway analysis of scRNAseq data provided key information regarding innate immune pathways in the cells determined to be thymus cells, ionocytes, macrophages/monocytes, and pronephros cells. Pathways activated in thymus cells included interleukin 6 (IL-6) signaling and production of reactive oxygen species. Fc receptor-mediated phagocytosis was a leading canonical pathway in the pronephros and macrophages. Genes that were downregulated in UPEC vs saline exposed embryos involved the cellular response to the Gram-negative endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and included Forkhead Box O1a (Foxo1a), Tribbles Pseudokinase 3 (Trib3), Arginase 2 (Arg2) and Polo Like Kinase 3 (Plk3).
Conclusions: Because 4-day post fertilization zebrafish embryos only have innate immune systems, the scRNAseq provides insights into pathways and genes that cell types utilize in the bacterial response. Based on our analysis, we have identified genes and pathways that might serve as genetic targets for treatment and further investigation in UPEC infections at the single cell level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Rawson
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology
| | - Vijay Saxena
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology
| | - Hongyu Gao
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics
| | - Jenaya Hooks
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology
| | - Xiaoling Xuei
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics
| | - Patrick McGuire
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics
| | - Takashi Hato
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology
| | - David S. Hains
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology
| | - Ryan M. Anderson
- University of Chicago, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism
- CORRESPONDING AUTHOR Andrew Schwaderer, Indiana University School of Medicine, Riley Hospital for Children, 699 Riley Hospital Dr., RR230, Indianapolis, IN 46202; Phone: 317-274-2527;
| | - Andrew L. Schwaderer
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology
- CORRESPONDING AUTHOR Ryan M Anderson, University of Chicago, Medicine-Endocrinology, Chicago, IL 60637;
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31
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Charmantier G, Nguyen-Chi M, Lutfalla G. Ontogenetic Changes in Blood Osmolality During the Postembryonic Development of Zebrafish ( Danio rerio). Zebrafish 2022; 19:1-6. [PMID: 35128940 PMCID: PMC8884165 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2021.0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The zebrafish Danio rerio is a teleost model species widely used in developmental genetics, biomedical studies, toxicology, and drug screening. Despite the interest of this species in research, little is known through indirect observations about its blood osmolality, which is a key parameter for diverse experiments. In this study, we directly measured blood osmolality using nano-osmometry at different stages of zebrafish postembryonic development. We found that blood osmolality is close to 240 mOsm·kg−1 in early larvae. It progressively increased to ∼270 mOsm·kg−1 during the larval development before reaching ∼300 mOsm·kg−1 after metamorphosis in juveniles and later in adults. These ontogenetic changes in blood osmolality illustrate the physiological changes in osmoregulation associated with postembryonic development, including metamorphosis. These values are of practical interest for adjusting the osmolality of fixatives and cell and tissue culture media for research using zebrafish as a model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Charmantier
- CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, UM, Marbec, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Mai Nguyen-Chi
- LPHI, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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32
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Sreelekshmi S, Manish K, Subhash Peter MC, Moses Inbaraj R. Analysis of neuroendocrine factors in response to conditional stress in zebrafish Danio rerio (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 252:109242. [PMID: 34781023 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2021.109242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Challenges in the aquatic environment disrupt the homeostasis mechanisms of many teleost fishes. Induction of stress affects the circulating levels of catecholamine and has an impact on development and reproduction. It is not known how osmotic and hypoxic stress could affect the catecholamine and serotonin levels in zebrafish despite its well-known action in the vertebrate brain. This study thus investigates how serotonin (5-HT), epinephrine (E), norepinephrine (NE), and dopamine (DA) in the brain of female zebrafish respond to hypoxic (air) and osmotic conditions (salinity of 10 ppt). Analysis of zebrafish brain utilizing HPLC with PDA detector using reverse-phase PrimeSep column indicated that osmotic stress, air response and its combination modified 5-HT, NE and E levels. The tested stressors elevated 5-HT (>2.8 μM) while lowering NE (<3.00 μM) and E (<1.02 μM) levels in the brain as opposed to exposure to non-stressed fish. In addition, reproductive markers such as vitellogenin (Vtg1) and estrogen receptor (ERα) mRNA expression in the brain were up-regulated after osmotic stress, whereas air exposure down-regulated ERα mRNA expression but up-regulated Vtg1 compared to non-stressed fish. Overall, the data indicate that acute osmotic stress and air exposure that lowered catecholamine E and NE and elevated 5-HT levels could up-regulate mRNA expression of ERα and Vtg1 genes in the zebrafish brain, thus presenting evidence for a role of neurotransmitters on reproductive signals during acute conditional stress in the brain of wild zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sreelekshmi
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Zoology, Madras Christian College, East Tambaram, Chennai 600059, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K Manish
- iCEIB, Department of Zoology, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram 695581, Kerala, India
| | - M C Subhash Peter
- iCEIB, Department of Zoology, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram 695581, Kerala, India
| | - R Moses Inbaraj
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Zoology, Madras Christian College, East Tambaram, Chennai 600059, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Uchiyama Y, Iwasa Y, Yamaguchi S. Optimal composition of chloride cells for osmoregulation in a randomly fluctuating environment. J Theor Biol 2022; 537:111016. [PMID: 35026211 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2022.111016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fish live in water with a different osmotic pressure from that in the body. Their gills have chloride cells that transport ions to maintain an appropriate level of osmotic pressure in the body. The direction of ion transport is different between seawater and freshwater. There are two types of chloride cells that specialize in unidirectional transport and generalist cells that can switch their function quickly in response to environmental salinity. In species that experience salinity changes throughout life (euryhaline species), individuals may replace some chloride cells with cells of different types upon a sudden change in environmental salinity. In this paper, we develop a dynamic optimization model for the chloride cell composition of an individual living in an environment with randomly fluctuating salinity. The optimal solution is to minimize the sum of the workload of chloride cells in coping with the difference in osmotic pressure, the maintenance cost, and the temporal cost due to environmental change. The optimal fraction of generalist chloride cells increases with the frequency of salinity changes and the time needed for new cells to be fully functional but decreases with excess maintenance cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Uchiyama
- Division of Mathematical Sciences, Tokyo Woman's Christian University, 2-6-1 Zempukuji, Suginami-ku, Tokyo 167-8585, Japan
| | - Yoh Iwasa
- Department of Biology, Kyushu University, Motooka 744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan; Institute of Freshwater Biology, Nagano University, 1088 Komaki, Ueda, Nagano 386-0031, Japan
| | - Sachi Yamaguchi
- Division of Mathematical Sciences, Tokyo Woman's Christian University, 2-6-1 Zempukuji, Suginami-ku, Tokyo 167-8585, Japan.
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Wiegand J, Cheng V, Reddam A, Avila-Barnard S, Volz DC. Triphenyl phosphate-induced pericardial edema is associated with elevated epidermal ionocytes within zebrafish embryos. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 89:103776. [PMID: 34798236 PMCID: PMC8724387 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2021.103776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) is an organophosphate ester-based plasticizer and flame retardant. The objective of this study was to identify the potential role of epidermal ionocytes in mediating TPHP-induced pericardial edema within zebrafish embryos. Exposure to TPHP from 24 to 72 h post fertilization (hpf) resulted in a significant increase in pericardial edema and the number of ionocytes at 72 hpf relative to time-matched embryos treated with vehicle. In addition, co-exposure of embryos to mannitol (an osmotic diuretic) blocked TPHP-induced pericardial edema and effects on ionocyte abundance. However, knockdown of ATPase1a1.4 - an abundant Na+/K+-ATPase localized to epidermal ionocytes - mitigated TPHP-induced effects on ionocyte abundance but not pericardial edema, whereas co-exposure of embryos to ouabain - a Na+/K+-ATPase inhibitor - enhanced TPHP-induced pericardial edema but not ionocyte abundance. Overall, our findings suggest that TPHP may have multiple mechanisms of toxicity leading to an increase in ionocyte abundance and pericardial edema within developing zebrafish embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna Wiegand
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Vanessa Cheng
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Aalekhya Reddam
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Sarah Avila-Barnard
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - David C Volz
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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Delta/Jagged-mediated Notch signaling induces the differentiation of agr2-positive epidermal mucous cells in zebrafish embryos. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009969. [PMID: 34962934 PMCID: PMC8746730 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Teleosts live in aquatic habitats, where they encounter ionic and acid-base fluctuations as well as infectious pathogens. To protect from these external challenges, the teleost epidermis is composed of living cells, including keratinocytes and ionocytes that maintain body fluid ionic homeostasis, and mucous cells that secret mucus. While ionocyte progenitors are known to be specified by Delta-Notch-mediated lateral inhibition during late gastrulation and early segmentation, it remains unclear how epidermal mucous cells (EMCs) are differentiated and maintained. Here, we show that Delta/Jagged-mediated activation of Notch signaling induces the differentiation of agr2-positive (agr2+) EMCs in zebrafish embryos during segmentation. We demonstrated that agr2+ EMCs contain cytoplasmic secretory granules and express muc5.1 and muc5.2. Reductions in agr2+ EMC number were observed in mib mutants and notch3 MOs-injected notch1a mutants, while increases in agr2+ cell number were detected in notch1a- and X-Su(H)/ANK-overexpressing embryos. Treatment with γ-secretase inhibitors further revealed that Notch signaling is required during bud to 15 hpf for the differentiation of agr2+ EMCs. Increased agr2+ EMC numbers were also observed in jag1a-, jag1b-, jag2a- and dlc-overexpressing, but not jag2b-overexpressing embryos. Meanwhile, reductions in agr2+ EMC numbers were detected in jag1a morphants, jag1b mutants, jag2a mutants and dlc morphants, but not jag2b mutants. Reduced numbers of pvalb8-positive epidermal cells were also observed in mib or jag2a mutants and jag1a or jag1b morphants, while increased pvalb8-positive epidermal cell numbers were detected in notch1a-overexpressing, but not dlc-overexpressing embryos. BrdU labeling further revealed that the agr2+ EMC population is maintained by proliferation. Cell lineage experiments showed that agr2+ EMCs are derived from the same ectodermal precursors as keratinocytes or ionocytes. Together, our results indicate that specification of agr2+ EMCs in zebrafish embryos is induced by DeltaC/Jagged-dependent activation of Notch1a/3 signaling, and the cell population is maintained by proliferation. As aquatic organisms, fish must tolerate environmental challenges that include acid-base fluctuations and water-borne pathogens. The skin provides a first line of defense against these challenges, and specific cell types in the tissue are responsible for different protective functions. For example, keratinocytes provide body coverage, ionocytes are responsible for maintaining body fluid ionic homeostasis, and epidermal mucous cells generate a protective layer of mucus that covers the entire fish surface. In this study, we uncovered the developmental process in zebrafish that underlies the generation of epidermal mucous cells. First, we characterized epidermal mucous cells according to their expression of a particular gene, agr2. Then, we found that these cells differentiate soon after ionocytes and keratinocytes, and the molecular pathways that guide differentiation of all three cell types involve similar signals. While ionocytes and keratinocytes are known to be specified by Delta-Notch-mediated lateral inhibition, we found that epidermal mucous cells are specified by activation of Notch by Delta and Jagged ligands. Thus, our results suggest that the specification of these major cell types in the epidermis occurs via a streamlined Notch-dependent process. This utilization of temporally distinct signaling events can therefore generate diverse cell types in the fish epidermis.
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Knockout of mafba Causes Inner-Ear Developmental Defects in Zebrafish via the Impairment of Proliferation and Differentiation of Ionocyte Progenitor Cells. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9111699. [PMID: 34829928 PMCID: PMC8616026 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9111699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish is an excellent model for exploring the development of the inner ear. Its inner ear has similar functions to that of humans, specifically in the maintenance of hearing and balance. Mafba is a component of the Maf transcription factor family. It participates in multiple biological processes, but its role in inner-ear development remains poorly understood. In this study, we constructed a mafba knockout (mafba−/−) zebrafish model using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. The mafba−/− mutant inner ear displayed severe impairments, such as enlarged otocysts, smaller or absent otoliths, and insensitivity to sound stimulation. The proliferation of p63+ epidermal stem cells and dlc+ ionocyte progenitors was inhibited in mafba−/− mutants. Moreover, the results showed that mafba deletion induces the apoptosis of differentiated K+-ATPase-rich (NR) cells and H+-ATPase-rich (HR) cells. The activation of p53 apoptosis and G0/G1 cell cycle arrest resulted from DNA damage in the inner-ear region, providing a mechanism to account for the inner ear deficiencies. The loss of homeostasis resulting from disorders of ionocyte progenitors resulted in structural defects in the inner ear and, consequently, loss of hearing. In conclusion, the present study elucidated the function of ionic channel homeostasis and inner-ear development using a zebrafish Mafba model and clarified the possible physiological roles.
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Williams A, Villamor L, Fussell J, Loveless R, Smeyne D, Philp J, Shaikh A, Sittaramane V. Discovery of Quinoline-Derived Trifluoromethyl Alcohols as Antiepileptic and Analgesic Agents That Block Sodium Channels. ChemMedChem 2021; 17:e202100547. [PMID: 34632703 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of novel analgesic agents with high potency, low toxicity and low addictive properties remain a priority. This study aims to identify the analgesic potential of quinoline derived α-trifluoromethylated alcohols (QTA) and their mechanism of action. We synthesized and characterized several compounds of QTAs and screened them for antiepileptic and analgesic activity using zebrafish larvae in high thorough-put behavior analyses system. Toxicity and behavioral screening of 9 compounds (C1-C9) identified four candidates (C2, C3, C7 and C9) with antiepileptic properties that induces specific and reversible reduction in photomotor activity. Importantly, compounds C2 and C3 relieved the thermal pain response in zebrafish larvae indicating analgesic property. Further, using novel in vivo CoroNa green assay, we show that compounds C2 and C3 block sodium channels and reduce inflammatory sodium signals released by peripheral nerve and tissue damage. Thus, we have identified novel QTA compounds with antiepileptic and analgesic properties which could alleviate neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Williams
- Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, 30460, USA
| | - Laurie Villamor
- Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, 30460, USA
| | - Jake Fussell
- Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, 30460, USA
| | - Reid Loveless
- Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, 30460, USA
| | - Dylan Smeyne
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA30460, USA
| | - Jack Philp
- Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, 30460, USA
| | - Abid Shaikh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA30460, USA
| | - Vinoth Sittaramane
- Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, 30460, USA
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Chang YM, Zhao XF, Liew HJ, Sun B, Wang SY, Luo L, Zhang LM, Liang LQ. Effects of Bicarbonate Stress on Serum Ions and Gill Transporters in Alkali and Freshwater Forms of Amur Ide ( Leuciscus waleckii). Front Physiol 2021; 12:676096. [PMID: 34594232 PMCID: PMC8476968 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.676096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Amur ide (Leuciscus waleckii) is a fish in the Cyprinidae family. Compared with other Amur ide living in freshwater ecosystems, the Amur ide population in Lake Dali Nor of China is famous for its high tolerance to the alkaline conditions of 54 mM (pH 9.6). Yet, surprisingly, the ionoregulatory mechanism responsible for this remarkable alkaline adaptation remains unclear. Therefore, this study sought to investigate how bicarbonate affects the acid-base balancing and ionoregulatory responses of this animal. Here, using a comparative approach, the alkali form of Amur ide and its ancestral freshwater form living in other freshwater basins were each exposed to 50 mM (pH 9.59 ± 0.09), a level close to the alkalinity of Lake Dali Nor, and their physiological (AE1) adjustment of ions and acid-base regulation were investigated. This study highlighted differences in blood pH and serum ions (e.g., Na+, K+, Cl−, and Ca2+), Na+/K+ ATPase (NKA) activity and its mRNA level, and mRNA expression of gill transporters (Na+/H+ exchanger member 2 and/or 3, Na+/HCO3- cotransporter (NBC1), Cl−/HCO3- exchanger, Na+/Cl− cotransporter (NCC), Na+/K+/2Cl− (NKCC1), SLC26A5, and SLC26A6) for alkalinity adaptation between the two forms of Amur ide differing in alkalinity tolerance. Specifically, close relationships among the serum Na+ and mRNA levels of NCC, NKCC1, and NHE, and also NKA and NBC1, in addition to serum Cl− and bicarbonate transporters (e.g., SLC26A5 and SLC26A6), characterized the alkali form of Amur ide. We propose that this ecotype can ensure its transepithelial Cl− and Na+ uptake/base secretions are highly functional, by its basolateral NKA with NBC1 and apical ionic transporters, and especially NCC incorporated with other transporters (e.g., SLC26). This suggests an evolved strong ability to maintain an ion osmotic and acid-base balance for more effectively facilitating its adaptability to the high alkaline environment. This study provides new insights into the physiological responses of the alkaline form of the Amur ide fish for adapting to extreme alkaline conditions. This information could be used as a reference to cultivating alkaline-tolerant fish species in abandoned alkaline waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Mei Chang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Freshwater Fish Breeding, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xue Fei Zhao
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Freshwater Fish Breeding, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China.,College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Hon Jung Liew
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Freshwater Fish Breeding, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China.,Higher Institution of Center Excellence, Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Faculty of Fisheries and Food Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Malaysia
| | - Bo Sun
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Freshwater Fish Breeding, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Shuang Yi Wang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Freshwater Fish Breeding, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China.,College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Luo
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Freshwater Fish Breeding, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Li Min Zhang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Freshwater Fish Breeding, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Li Qun Liang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Freshwater Fish Breeding, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China
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39
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Wang J, Wang D, Hu G, Yang L, Liu Z, Yan D, Serikuly N, Alpyshov E, Demin KA, Strekalova T, Gil Barcellos LJ, Barcellos HHA, Amstislavskaya TG, de Abreu MS, Kalueff AV. The role of auditory and vibration stimuli in zebrafish neurobehavioral models. Behav Processes 2021; 193:104505. [PMID: 34547376 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2021.104505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Strongly affecting human and animal physiology, sounds and vibration are critical environmental factors whose complex role in behavioral and brain functions necessitates further clinical and experimental studies. Zebrafish are a promising model organism for neuroscience research, including probing the contribution of auditory and vibration stimuli to neurobehavioral processes. Here, we summarize mounting evidence on the role of sound and vibration in zebrafish behavior and brain function, and outline future directions of translational research in this field. With the growing environmental exposure to noise and vibration, we call for more active use of zebrafish models for probing neurobehavioral and bioenvironmental consequences of acute and long-term exposure to sounds and vibration in complex biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingtao Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dongmei Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guojun Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - LongEn Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - ZiYuan Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dongni Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Nazar Serikuly
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Erik Alpyshov
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Konstantin A Demin
- St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia; Neurobiology Program, Sirius University, Sochi, Russia
| | - Tatiana Strekalova
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Research Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Leonardo J Gil Barcellos
- Graduate Programs in Bio-experimentation and Environmental Sciences, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Brazil; Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | | | | | - Murilo S de Abreu
- Bioscience Institute, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Brazil; Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology and Neurobiology, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Allan V Kalueff
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russia.
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40
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Lin CH, Hu HJ, Chuang HJ, Tsou YL, Hwang PP. Cortisol and glucocorticoid receptor 2 regulate acid secretion in medaka (Oryzias latipes) larvae. J Comp Physiol B 2021; 191:855-864. [PMID: 34274982 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-021-01390-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Freshwater fish live in environments where pH levels fluctuate more than those in seawater. During acidic stress, the acid-base balance in these fish is regulated by ionocytes in the gills, which directly contact water and function as an external kidney. In ionocytes, apical acid secretion is largely mediated by H+-ATPase and the sodium/hydrogen exchanger (NHE). Control of this system was previously proposed to depend on the hormone, cortisol, mostly based on studies of zebrafish, a stenohaline fish, which utilize H+-ATPase as the main route for apical acid secretion. However, the role of cortisol is poorly understood in euryhaline fish species that preferentially use NHE as the main transporter. In the present study, we explored the role of cortisol in NHE-mediated acid secretion in medaka larvae. mRNA expression levels of transporters related to acid secretion and cortisol-synthesis enzyme were enhanced by acidic FW treatment (pH 4.5, 2 days) in medaka larvae. Moreover, exogenous cortisol treatment (25 mg/L, 2 days) resulted in upregulation of nhe3 and rhcg1 expression, as well as acid secretion in 7 dpf medaka larvae. In loss-of-function experiments, microinjection of glucocorticoid receptor (GR)2 morpholino (MO) caused reductions in nhe3 and rhcg1 expression and diminished acid secretion, but microinjection of mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and GR1 MOs did not. Together, these results suggest a conserved action of cortisol and GR2 on fish body fluid acid-base regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hao Lin
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 81143, Taiwan.
- The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan.
| | - Huei-Jyun Hu
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Ju Chuang
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10607, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ling Tsou
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Pung-Pung Hwang
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.
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41
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Adamek M, Teitge F, Baumann I, Jung-Schroers V, El Rahman SA, Paley R, Piackova V, Gela D, Kocour M, Rakers S, Bergmann SM, Ganter M, Steinhagen D. Koi sleepy disease as a pathophysiological and immunological consequence of a branchial infection of common carp with carp edema virus. Virulence 2021; 12:1855-1883. [PMID: 34269137 PMCID: PMC8288041 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1948286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Gills of fish are involved in respiration, excretion and osmoregulation. Due to numerous interactions between these processes, branchial diseases have serious implications on fish health. Here, "koi sleepy disease" (KSD), caused by carp edema virus (CEV) infection was used to study physiological, immunological and metabolic consequences of a gill disease in fish. A metabolome analysis shows that the moderately hypoxic-tolerant carp can compensate the respiratory compromise related to this infection by various adaptations in their metabolism. Instead, the disease is accompanied by a massive disturbance of the osmotic balance with hyponatremia as low as 71.65 mmol L-1, and an accumulation of ammonia in circulatory blood causing a hyperammonemia as high as 1123.24 µmol L-1. At water conditions with increased ambient salt, the hydro-mineral balance and the ammonia excretion were restored. Importantly, both hyponatremia and hyperammonemia in KSD-affected carp can be linked to an immunosuppression leading to a four-fold drop in the number of white blood cells, and significant downregulation of cd4, tcr a2 and igm expression in gills, which can be evaded by increasing the ion concentration in water. This shows that the complex host-pathogen interactions within the gills can have immunosuppressive consequences, which have not previously been addressed in fish. Furthermore, it makes the CEV infection of carp a powerful model for studying interdependent pathological and immunological effects of a branchial disease in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikolaj Adamek
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Felix Teitge
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ilka Baumann
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Verena Jung-Schroers
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sahar Abd El Rahman
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura Egypt
| | - Richard Paley
- Cefas Weymouth Laboratory, International Centre of Excellence for Aquatic Animal Health, Weymouth, Dorset, UK
| | - Veronica Piackova
- South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - David Gela
- South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kocour
- South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - Sebastian Rakers
- Working Group Aquatic Cell Technology and Aquaculture, Fraunhofer Research Institution for Marine Biotechnology and Cell Technology, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sven M Bergmann
- Institute of Infectology, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Martin Ganter
- Clinic for Swine, Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dieter Steinhagen
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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42
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Kowalewski J, Paris T, Gonzalez C, Lelièvre E, Castaño Valencia L, Boutrois M, Augier C, Lutfalla G, Yatime L. Characterization of a member of the CEACAM protein family as a novel marker of proton pump-rich ionocytes on the zebrafish epidermis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254533. [PMID: 34252160 PMCID: PMC8274849 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In humans, several members of the CEACAM receptor family have been shown to interact with intestinal pathogens in an inflammatory context. While CEACAMs have long been thought to be only present in mammals, recent studies have identified ceacam genes in other vertebrates, including teleosts. The function of these related genes remains however largely unknown. To gain insight into the function of CEACAM proteins in fish, we undertook the study of a putative member of the family, CEACAMz1, identified in Danio rerio. Sequence analysis of the ceacamz1 gene product predicted a GPI-anchored extracellular protein containing eleven immunoglobulin domains but revealed no evident orthology with human CEACAMs. Using a combination of RT-PCR analyses and in situ hybridization experiments, as well as a fluorescent reporter line, we showed that CEACAMz1 is first expressed in discrete cells on the ventral skin of zebrafish larvae and later on in the developing gills. This distribution remains constant until juvenile stage is reached, at which point CEACAMz1 is almost exclusively expressed in gills. We further observed that at late larval stages, CEACAMz1-expressing cells mostly localize on the afferent side of the branchial filaments and possibly in the inter-lamellar space. Using immunolabelling and 3D-reconstructions, we showed that CEACAMz1 is expressed in cells from the uppermost layer of skin epidermis. These cells are embedded within the keratinocytes pavement and we unambiguously identified them as proton-pump rich ionocytes (HR cells). As the expression of ceacamz1 is turned on concomitantly to that of other known markers of HR cells, we propose that ceacamz1 may serve as a novel marker of mature HR cells from the zebrafish epidermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Kowalewski
- Laboratory of Pathogen-Host Interactions (LPHI), UMR5235, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Théo Paris
- Laboratory of Pathogen-Host Interactions (LPHI), UMR5235, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Catherine Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Pathogen-Host Interactions (LPHI), UMR5235, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Etienne Lelièvre
- Laboratory of Pathogen-Host Interactions (LPHI), UMR5235, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Lina Castaño Valencia
- Laboratory of Pathogen-Host Interactions (LPHI), UMR5235, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Morgan Boutrois
- Laboratory of Pathogen-Host Interactions (LPHI), UMR5235, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Camille Augier
- Laboratory of Pathogen-Host Interactions (LPHI), UMR5235, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Georges Lutfalla
- Laboratory of Pathogen-Host Interactions (LPHI), UMR5235, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Laure Yatime
- Laboratory of Pathogen-Host Interactions (LPHI), UMR5235, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
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Peloggia J, Münch D, Meneses-Giles P, Romero-Carvajal A, Lush ME, Lawson ND, McClain M, Pan YA, Piotrowski T. Adaptive cell invasion maintains lateral line organ homeostasis in response to environmental changes. Dev Cell 2021; 56:1296-1312.e7. [PMID: 33878346 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian inner ear and fish lateral line sensory hair cells (HCs) detect fluid motion to transduce environmental signals. Actively maintained ionic homeostasis of the mammalian inner ear endolymph is essential for HC function. In contrast, fish lateral line HCs are exposed to the fluctuating ionic composition of the aqueous environment. Using lineage labeling, in vivo time-lapse imaging and scRNA-seq, we discovered highly motile skin-derived cells that invade mature mechanosensory organs of the zebrafish lateral line and differentiate into Neuromast-associated (Nm) ionocytes. This invasion is adaptive as it is triggered by environmental fluctuations. Our discovery of Nm ionocytes challenges the notion of an entirely placodally derived lateral line and identifies Nm ionocytes as likely regulators of HC function possibly by modulating the ionic microenvironment. Nm ionocytes provide an experimentally accessible in vivo system to study cell invasion and migration, as well as the physiological adaptation of vertebrate organs to changing environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Peloggia
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Daniela Münch
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | | | - Andrés Romero-Carvajal
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA; Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Mark E Lush
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Nathan D Lawson
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester 01605, USA
| | - Melainia McClain
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Y Albert Pan
- Center for Neurobiology Research, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
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Bal A, Panda F, Pati SG, Das K, Agrawal PK, Paital B. Modulation of physiological oxidative stress and antioxidant status by abiotic factors especially salinity in aquatic organisms. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 241:108971. [PMID: 33421636 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2020.108971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to a variety of environmental factors such as temperature, pH, oxygen and salinity may influence the oxidative status in aquatic organisms. The present review article focuses on the modulation of oxidative stress with reference to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in aquatic animals from different phyla. The focus of the review article is to explore the plausible mechanisms of physiological changes occurring in aquatic animals due to altered salinity in terms of oxidative stress. Apart from the seasonal variations in salinity, global warming and anthropogenic activities have also been found to influence oxidative health status of aquatic organisms. These effects are discussed with an objective to develop precautionary measures to protect the diversity of aquatic species with sustainable conservation. Comparative analyses among different aquatic species suggest that salinity alone or in combination with other abiotic factors are intricately associated with modulation in oxidative stress in a species-specific manner in aquatic animals. Osmoregulation under salinity stress in relation to energy demand and supply are also discussed. The literature survey of >50 years (1960-2020) indicates that oxidative stress status and comparative analysis of redox modulation have evolved from the analysis of various biotic and/or abiotic factors to the study of cellular signalling pathways in these aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhipsa Bal
- Redox Regulation Laboratory, Department of Zoology, College of Basic Science and Humanities, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar-751003, India
| | - Falguni Panda
- Redox Regulation Laboratory, Department of Zoology, College of Basic Science and Humanities, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar-751003, India
| | - Samar Gourav Pati
- Redox Regulation Laboratory, Department of Zoology, College of Basic Science and Humanities, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar-751003, India
| | - Kajari Das
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Basic Science and Humanities, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar-751003, India
| | - Pawan Kumar Agrawal
- Main Building, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar-751003, India
| | - Biswaranjan Paital
- Redox Regulation Laboratory, Department of Zoology, College of Basic Science and Humanities, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar-751003, India.
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Kushwaha B, Pandey M, Das P, Joshi CG, Nagpure NS, Kumar R, Kumar D, Agarwal S, Srivastava S, Singh M, Sahoo L, Jayasankar P, Meher PK, Shah TM, Hinsu AT, Patel N, Koringa PG, Das SP, Patnaik S, Bit A, Iquebal MA, Jaiswal S, Jena J. The genome of walking catfish Clarias magur (Hamilton, 1822) unveils the genetic basis that may have facilitated the development of environmental and terrestrial adaptation systems in air-breathing catfishes. DNA Res 2021; 28:6070145. [PMID: 33416875 PMCID: PMC7934567 DOI: 10.1093/dnares/dsaa031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The walking catfish Clarias magur (Hamilton, 1822) (magur) is an important catfish species inhabiting the Indian subcontinent. It is considered as a highly nutritious food fish and has the capability to walk to some distance, and survive a considerable period without water. Assembly, scaffolding and several rounds of iterations resulted in 3,484 scaffolds covering ∼94% of estimated genome with 9.88 Mb largest scaffold, and N50 1.31 Mb. The genome possessed 23,748 predicted protein encoding genes with annotation of 19,279 orthologous genes. A total of 166 orthologous groups represented by 222 genes were found to be unique for this species. The Computational Analysis of gene Family Evolution (CAFE) analysis revealed expansion of 207 gene families and 100 gene families have rapidly evolved. Genes specific to important environmental and terrestrial adaptation, viz. urea cycle, vision, locomotion, olfactory and vomeronasal receptors, immune system, anti-microbial properties, mucus, thermoregulation, osmoregulation, air-breathing, detoxification, etc. were identified and critically analysed. The analysis clearly indicated that C. magur genome possessed several unique and duplicate genes similar to that of terrestrial or amphibians’ counterparts in comparison to other teleostean species. The genome information will be useful in conservation genetics, not only for this species but will also be very helpful in such studies in other catfishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basdeo Kushwaha
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226002, India
| | - Manmohan Pandey
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226002, India
| | - Paramananda Das
- Fish Genetics and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751002, India
| | - Chaitanya G Joshi
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat 388110, India
| | - Naresh S Nagpure
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226002, India
| | - Ravindra Kumar
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226002, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- Centre for Agricultural Bioinformatics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Suyash Agarwal
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226002, India
| | - Shreya Srivastava
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226002, India
| | - Mahender Singh
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226002, India
| | - Lakshman Sahoo
- Fish Genetics and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751002, India
| | - Pallipuram Jayasankar
- Fish Genetics and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751002, India
| | - Prem K Meher
- Fish Genetics and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751002, India
| | - Tejas M Shah
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat 388110, India
| | - Ankit T Hinsu
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat 388110, India
| | - Namrata Patel
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat 388110, India
| | - Prakash G Koringa
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat 388110, India
| | - Sofia P Das
- Fish Genetics and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751002, India
| | - Siddhi Patnaik
- Fish Genetics and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751002, India
| | - Amrita Bit
- Fish Genetics and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751002, India
| | - Mir A Iquebal
- Centre for Agricultural Bioinformatics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Sarika Jaiswal
- Centre for Agricultural Bioinformatics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Joykrushna Jena
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226002, India
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Liu S, Deng X, Zhou X, Bai L. Assessing the toxicity of three "inert" herbicide safeners toward Danio rerio: Effects on embryos development. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 207:111576. [PMID: 33254422 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies indicated that 'inert ingredients' exert negative effects on the environment. Herbicide safeners are classed as 'inert ingredients', which increase the selectivity and detoxification of herbicides. However, little attention has been focused on the environmental behavior of herbicide safeners. AD-67 (AD), fenclorim (FM), and flurazole (FZ) are three commercially available herbicide safeners. In this study, zebrafish embryos were used as a model to investigate the potential developmental toxicity of these three safeners. The results showed that AD, FM, and FZ 96 h-LC50 values were 2.52, 1.26, and 2.01 mg/L, respectively. Significant decreased body lengths were observed in embryos after 96 h of exposure to 0.2 mg/L FM and FZ. Hatching rates significantly increased at 24 h and decreased at 96 h in all treatment groups (0.02 mg/L AD, 0.2 mg/L AD, 0.02 mg/L AD, 0.2 mg/L FZ, as well as 0.01 and 0.1 mg/L FM). No significant (p > 0.05) changes in heartbeat numbers (60 s), but clearly increased malformation rates were observed in response to safeners exposure. Furthermore, embryos showed signs of oxidative stress, such as decreased activities of superoxide dismutase, altered activities of glutathione reductase and catalase and cell apoptosis. The gene transcription related to body malformation (egf, krt 17, and tbx 16) and cell apoptosis (bcl 2 and bax) changed in treated groups. These genes have been connected to potential toxicological mechanisms. These results indicate that the herbicide safeners AD, FM, and FZ induced developmental toxicities in zebrafish embryos. This study is the first report of the toxicity of safeners in the development of zebrafish embryos. The results may be useful for assessing the risk of herbicides safeners in the aquatic ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihong Liu
- Long Ping Branch, Graduate School of Hunan University, Changsha 410125, China; Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Weeds, Hunan Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Xile Deng
- Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Weeds, Hunan Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China.
| | - Xiaomao Zhou
- Long Ping Branch, Graduate School of Hunan University, Changsha 410125, China; Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Weeds, Hunan Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Lianyang Bai
- Long Ping Branch, Graduate School of Hunan University, Changsha 410125, China; Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Weeds, Hunan Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China.
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47
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Hung GY, Chen PY, Horng JL, Lin LY. Vincristine exposure impairs skin keratinocytes, ionocytes, and lateral-line hair cells in developing zebrafish embryos. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 230:105703. [PMID: 33249295 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Environmental contamination by anticancer pharmaceuticals has been widely reported. These drugs are not readily biodegradable, and their parent compounds and/or metabolites have been detected in surface waters and groundwater throughout the world. Adverse effects of anticancer drugs occur frequently in cancer patients, and a large body of clinical knowledge has accumulated. However, the effects of these drugs on aquatic organisms have not been thoroughly studied. This study aimed to investigate the effects of acute exposure to a common anticancer drug, vincristine (VCR), on zebrafish embryonic development and skin function. After 96 h of VCR exposure (0, 1, 10, 15, and 25 mg/L), significant teratogenic effects were observed, including growth retardation, pericardial edema, spine, tail, and yolk sac malformations (VCR ≥ 15 mg/L), a decreased heart rate, and ocular malformations (VCR ≥ 10 mg/L). The value of the half lethal concentration for zebrafish embryos was 20.6 mg/L. At ≥10 mg/L VCR, systemic ion contents and acid secretion in the skin over the yolk-sac decreased, and these findings were associated with decreases in skin ionocytes (H+-ATPase-rich cells and Na+-K+-ATPase-rich cells). Also, the microridge-structure of skin keratinocytes was significantly damaged. The number of lateral line hair cells was reduced when VCR was ≥10 mg/L, and functional impairment was detected when VCR was as low as 1 mg/L. Results of this in vivo study in zebrafish embryos indicate that acute exposure to VCR can lead to developmental defects, impairment of skin functions, and even fish death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giun-Yi Hung
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, 201 Shih-Pai Road, Sec. 2, Taipei 11217, Taiwan; Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, 155 Linong St., Sec. 2, Taipei 11221, Taiwan; Department of Life Science, School of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, 88 Ting-Chow Rd., Sec. 4, Taipei 11677, Taiwan.
| | - Po-Yen Chen
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing St., Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Jiun-Lin Horng
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing St., Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Li-Yih Lin
- Department of Life Science, School of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, 88 Ting-Chow Rd., Sec. 4, Taipei 11677, Taiwan.
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48
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Yen HJ, Lin JR, Yeh YH, Horng JL, Lin LY. Exposure to colistin impairs skin keratinocytes and lateral-line hair cells in zebrafish embryos. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 263:128364. [PMID: 33297279 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Environmental contamination by antibiotics has become a global issue. Colistin, a cationic antimicrobial polypeptide, has been widely used in human/veterinary medicine, and growth promotion in aquaculture. However, no study has been conducted to test the toxic effects of colistin on aquatic animals. In this study, we examined the effects of colistin on zebrafish embryos. Zebrafish embryos were incubated in different concentrations (0, 0.01, 0.1, 1, 2, 3, and 10 μM) of colistin for 96 h. Colistin increased the mortality rate in a dose-dependent manner (LC50 was 3.0 μM or 3.5 mg L-1), but it did not change the hatching rate, heart rate, body length, eye size, or yolk size of embryos. However, colistin impaired keratinocytes and lateral-line hair cells in the skin of embryos. Colistin (at concentrations ≥0.1 μM) decreased the number of FM1-43-labeled hair cells and reduced the mechanotransduction-mediated Ca2+ influx at hair bundles, suggesting that sublethal concentrations of colistin can impair lateral line function. To investigate the lethal injury, morphological changes were sequentially observed in post-hatched embryos subjected to lethal concentrations of colistin. We found that skin keratinocytes were severely damaged and detached after exposure, leading to hypotonic swelling of the yolk sac, loss of ion contents, cell lysis, and eventual death. This study revealed that acute colistin exposure can impair skin cells and pose a threat to fish survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiu-Ju Yen
- Department of Life Science, School of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, National Yang-Ming University, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Rou Lin
- Department of Life Science, School of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Hsin Yeh
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jiun-Lin Horng
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Yih Lin
- Department of Life Science, School of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Jamieson L, Waters A, Ho KE, Chan HYS, Hung JT, Webb SE, Chan CM, Shipley AM, Williamson JG, Beer J, Angus C, Miller AL. Short-term homeostatic regulation of blood/interstitial fluid Ca 2+ concentration by the scales of anadromous sea trout Salmo trutta L. during smoltification and migration. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2021; 98:17-32. [PMID: 32964432 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The elasmoid scales of anadromous sea trout Salmo trutta L. represent a significant internal reservoir of Ca2+ . Although more is known about long-term remodelling of scales in response to calciotropic challenges encountered during smoltification and migration, very little is known about the contribution made by scales to the short-term, minute-to-minute regulation of Ca2+ homeostasis in the extracellular fluid (ECF) during these phases of the life cycle. This gap in the knowledge is partly due to the technical challenges involved in measuring small Ca2+ fluxes around the scales of live fish in real time. Here, this study describes exfoliating, mounting and culturing scales and their resident cells from parr, smolt and adult sea trout from a freshwater environment, as well as from adult sea trout caught in sea or brackish water. All the scales were then examined using an extracellular, non-invasive, surface-scanning Ca2+ -sensitive microelectrode. The authors quantified the Ca2+ fluxes, in the absence of any systemic or local regulators, into and out of scales on both the episquamal and hyposquamal sides under different extracellular calcemic challenges set to mimic a variety of ECF-Ca2+ concentrations. Scales from the life-cycle stages as well as from adult fish taken from sea, brackish or fresh water all showed a consistent efflux or influx of Ca2+ under hypo- or hypercalcemic conditions, respectively. What were considered to be isocalcemic conditions resulted in minimal flux of Ca2+ in either direction, or in the case of adult scales, a consistent but small influx. Indeed, adult scales appeared to display the largest flux densities in either direction. These new data extend the current understanding of the role played by fish scales in the short-term, minute-to-minute homeostatic regulation of ECF-Ca2+ concentration, and are similar to those recently reported from zebrafish Danio rerio scales. This suggests that this short-term regulatory response might be a common feature of teleost scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanna Jamieson
- North Atlantic Fisheries College Marine Centre, University of the Highlands and Islands, Scalloway, UK
| | - Angel Waters
- College of Arts and Sciences, University of New England, Biddeford, Maine, USA
| | - Kaitlyn E Ho
- Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory for Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Harvey Y S Chan
- Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory for Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jacky T Hung
- Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory for Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sarah E Webb
- Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory for Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ching Man Chan
- Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory for Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Alan M Shipley
- Applicable Electronics, LLC, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Jon Beer
- The Wild Trout Trust, Hampshire, UK
| | - Chevonne Angus
- North Atlantic Fisheries College Marine Centre, University of the Highlands and Islands, Scalloway, UK
| | - Andrew L Miller
- Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory for Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
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50
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Larval Zebrafish Use Olfactory Detection of Sodium and Chloride to Avoid Salt Water. Curr Biol 2020; 31:782-793.e3. [PMID: 33338431 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Salinity levels constrain the habitable environment of all aquatic organisms. Zebrafish are freshwater fish that cannot tolerate high-salt environments and would therefore benefit from neural mechanisms that enable the navigation of salt gradients to avoid high salinity. Yet zebrafish lack epithelial sodium channels, the primary conduit land animals use to taste sodium. This suggests fish may possess novel, undescribed mechanisms for salt detection. In the present study, we show that zebrafish indeed respond to small temporal increases in salt by reorienting more frequently. Further, we use calcium imaging techniques to identify the olfactory system as the primary sense used for salt detection, and we find that a specific subset of olfactory receptor neurons encodes absolute salinity concentrations by detecting monovalent anions and cations. In summary, our study establishes that zebrafish larvae have the ability to navigate and thus detect salinity gradients and that this is achieved through previously undescribed sensory mechanisms for salt detection.
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