1
|
Wenting E, Siepel H, Jansen PA. Variability of the Ionome of Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) and Red Deer (Cervus elaphus) in a Dutch National Park, with Implications for Biomonitoring. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024; 202:2518-2546. [PMID: 37814170 PMCID: PMC11052835 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03879-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
The ionome-an important expression of the physiological state of organisms-is poorly known for mammals. The focus on particular tissues-such as liver, kidney, and bones-in biomonitoring of environmental pollution and potential deficiencies is based on widely held assumptions rather than solid knowledge of full mammalian ionomes. We examined the full ionome of Red deer (Cervus elaphus) and Wild boar (Sus scrofa), two commonly used mammals for biomonitoring, in a Dutch protected nature reserve (Veluwezoom). We used four individuals per species. We dissected 13 tissues and organs from each individuals (eight in total) of each species and measured 22 elemental concentrations in each. We assessed, for each element, how concentrations varied across tissues within and between individuals. Based on existing literature, we put our findings in the context of their function in the mammalian body. We found that the ionome was highly variable between as well as within the two species. For most elements, tissues containing the highest and lowest concentration differed between individuals. No single tissue accurately represented the accumulation of toxic elements or potential deficiencies in the bodies. Our assessment of the element's biological roles revealed a serious lack of reference values. Our findings imply that analyses of commonly used tissues in biomonitoring do not necessarily capture bioaccumulation of toxins or potential deficiencies. We recommend establishing a centralized database of mammalian ionomes to derive reference values in future. To our knowledge, our study is one of the most complete assessments of mammalian ionomes to date.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elke Wenting
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
- Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Radboud University, Box 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Henk Siepel
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Radboud University, Box 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Patrick A Jansen
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancon, Panama
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Stocker SD, Kinsman BJ, Farquhar WB, Gyarmati G, Peti-Peterdi J, Sved AF. Physiological Mechanisms of Dietary Salt Sensing in the Brain, Kidney, and Gastrointestinal Tract. Hypertension 2024; 81:447-455. [PMID: 37671571 PMCID: PMC10915107 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.123.19488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Excess dietary salt (NaCl) intake is strongly correlated with cardiovascular disease and is a major contributing factor to the pathogenesis of hypertension. NaCl-sensitive hypertension is a multisystem disorder that involves renal dysfunction, vascular abnormalities, and neurogenically-mediated increases in peripheral resistance. Despite a major research focus on organ systems and these effector mechanisms causing NaCl-induced increases in arterial blood pressure, relatively less research has been directed at elucidating how NaCl is sensed by various tissues to elicit these downstream effects. The purpose of this review is to discuss how the brain, kidney, and gastrointestinal tract sense NaCl including key cell types, the role of NaCl versus osmolality, and the underlying molecular and electrochemical mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sean D. Stocker
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Brian J Kinsman
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital
| | | | - Georgina Gyarmati
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience and Medicine, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California
| | - Janos Peti-Peterdi
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience and Medicine, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California
| | - Alan F. Sved
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hiyama TY. Brain sodium sensing for regulation of thirst, salt appetite, and blood pressure. Physiol Rep 2024; 12:e15970. [PMID: 38479999 PMCID: PMC10937250 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The brain possesses intricate mechanisms for monitoring sodium (Na) levels in body fluids. During prolonged dehydration, the brain detects variations in body fluids and produces sensations of thirst and aversions to salty tastes. At the core of these processes Nax , the brain's Na sensor, exists. Specialized neural nuclei, namely the subfornical organ (SFO) and organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT), which lack the blood-brain barrier, play pivotal roles. Within the glia enveloping the neurons in these regions, Nax collaborates with Na+ /K+ -ATPase and glycolytic enzymes to drive glycolysis in response to elevated Na levels. Lactate released from these glia cells activates nearby inhibitory neurons. The SFO hosts distinct types of angiotensin II-sensitive neurons encoding thirst and salt appetite, respectively. During dehydration, Nax -activated inhibitory neurons suppress salt-appetite neuron's activity, whereas salt deficiency reduces thirst neuron's activity through cholecystokinin. Prolonged dehydration increases the Na sensitivity of Nax via increased endothelin expression in the SFO. So far, patients with essential hypernatremia have been reported to lose thirst and antidiuretic hormone release due to Nax -targeting autoantibodies. Inflammation in the SFO underlies the symptoms. Furthermore, Nax activation in the OVLT, driven by Na retention, stimulates the sympathetic nervous system via acid-sensing ion channels, contributing to a blood pressure elevation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Y. Hiyama
- Department of Integrative PhysiologyTottori University Graduate School and Faculty of MedicineYonagoJapan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nakamura-Utsunomiya A, Yamaguchi K, Goshima N. Anti-ZSCAN1 Autoantibodies Are a Feasible Diagnostic Marker for ROHHAD Syndrome Not Associated with a Tumor. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1794. [PMID: 38339072 PMCID: PMC10855538 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have reported the presence of autoantibodies against zinc finger and SCAN domain-containing protein 1 (ZSCAN1) in the sera of patients with rapid-onset obesity with hypoventilation, hypothalamic and autonomic dysregulation (ROHHAD) syndrome associated with neuroendocrine tumors, suggesting immunologic and paraneoplastic processes as the pathologic underpinnings. Moreover, several hypothalamic regions, including the subfornical organ (SFO), were reported to exhibit antibody reactivity in a patient with ROHHAD syndrome not associated with a tumor. Whether ROHHAD syndrome not associated with a tumor is associated with anti-ZSCAN1 autoantibodies remains unclear. We used a comprehensive protein array analysis to identify candidate molecules in the sera of patients with ROHHAD syndrome and identified ZSCAN1 as a target antigen. We also found that ZSCAN1 was co-expressed at the site of antibody reactivity to the IgG in the patient serum observed in mouse SFOs and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed that >85% of the patients with ROHHAD syndrome were positive for anti-ZSCAN1 autoantibodies. These results suggest anti-ZSCAN1 autoantibodies as a feasible diagnostic marker in ROHHAD syndrome regardless of the presence of a tumor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akari Nakamura-Utsunomiya
- Department of Pediatrics/Medical Genetics, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Hiroshima Medical Center, Asa Citizens Hospital, Hiroshima 731-0293, Japan
- Division of Neonatal Screening, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Kei Yamaguchi
- Molecular Profiling Research Center for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
- ProteoBridge Corporation, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
| | - Naoki Goshima
- Molecular Profiling Research Center for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
- ProteoBridge Corporation, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Matsuda T, Kobayashi K, Kobayashi K, Noda M. Two parabrachial Cck neurons involved in the feedback control of thirst or salt appetite. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113619. [PMID: 38157299 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Thirst and salt appetite are temporarily suppressed after water and salt ingestion, respectively, before absorption; however, the underlying neural mechanisms remain unclear. The parabrachial nucleus (PBN) is the relay center of ingestion signals from the digestive organs. We herein identify two distinct neuronal populations expressing cholecystokinin (Cck) mRNA in the lateral PBN that are activated in response to water and salt intake, respectively. The two Cck neurons in the dorsal-lateral compartment of the PBN project to the median preoptic nucleus and ventral part of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, respectively. The optogenetic stimulation of respective Cck neurons suppresses thirst or salt appetite under water- or salt-depleted conditions. The combination of optogenetics and in vivo Ca2+ imaging during ingestion reveals that both Cck neurons control GABAergic neurons in their target nuclei. These findings provide the feedback mechanisms for the suppression of thirst and salt appetite after ingestion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Matsuda
- Homeostatic Mechanism Research Unit, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
| | - Kenta Kobayashi
- Section of Viral Vector Development, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Kazuto Kobayashi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Masaharu Noda
- Homeostatic Mechanism Research Unit, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rose CR, Verkhratsky A. Sodium homeostasis and signalling: The core and the hub of astrocyte function. Cell Calcium 2024; 117:102817. [PMID: 37979342 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2023.102817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal activity and neurochemical stimulation trigger spatio-temporal changes in the cytoplasmic concentration of Na+ ions in astrocytes. These changes constitute the substrate for Na+ signalling and are fundamental for astrocytic excitability. Astrocytic Na+ signals are generated by Na+ influx through neurotransmitter transporters, with primary contribution of glutamate transporters, and through cationic channels; whereas recovery from Na+ transients is mediated mainly by the plasmalemmal Na+/K+ ATPase. Astrocytic Na+ signals regulate the activity of plasmalemmal transporters critical for homeostatic function of astrocytes, thus providing real-time coordination between neuronal activity and astrocytic support.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine R Rose
- Institute of Neurobiology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Alexej Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, United Kingdom; Achucarro Centre for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011 Bilbao, Spain; Department of Forensic Analytical Toxicology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China; International Collaborative Center on Big Science Plan for Purinergic Signaling, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China; Department of Stem Cell Biology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, LT-01102, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Salgado-Mozo S, Thirouin ZS, Wyrosdic JC, García-Hernández U, Bourque CW. Na X Channel Is a Physiological [Na +] Detector in Oxytocin- and Vasopressin-Releasing Magnocellular Neurosecretory Cells of the Rat Supraoptic Nucleus. J Neurosci 2023; 43:8306-8316. [PMID: 37783507 PMCID: PMC10711705 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1203-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The Scn7A gene encodes NaX, an atypical noninactivating Na+ channel, whose expression in sensory circumventricular organs is essential to maintain homeostatic responses for body fluid balance. However, NaX has also been detected in homeostatic effector neurons, such as vasopressin (VP)-releasing magnocellular neurosecretory cells (MNCVP) that secrete VP (antidiuretic hormone) into the bloodstream in response to hypertonicity and hypernatremia. Yet, the physiological relevance of NaX expression in these effector cells remains unclear. Here, we show that rat MNCVP in males and females is depolarized and excited in proportion with isosmotic increases in [Na+]. These responses were caused by an inward current resulting from a cell-autonomous increase in Na+ conductance. The Na+-evoked current was unaffected by blockers of other Na+-permeable ion channels but was significantly reduced by shRNA-mediated knockdown of Scn7A expression. Furthermore, reducing the density of NaX channels selectively impaired the activation of MNCVP by systemic hypernatremia without affecting their responsiveness to hypertonicity in vivo These results identify NaX as a physiological Na+ sensor, whose expression in MNCVP contributes to the generation of homeostatic responses to hypernatremia.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT In this study, we provide the first direct evidence showing that the sodium-sensing channel encoded by the Scn7A gene (NaX) mediates cell-autonomous sodium detection by MNCs in the low millimolar range and that selectively reducing the expression of these channels in MNCs impairs their activation in response to a physiologically relevant sodium stimulus in vitro and in vivo These data reveal that NaX operates as a sodium sensor in these cells and that the endogenous sensory properties of osmoregulatory effector neurons contribute to their homeostatic activation in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Salgado-Mozo
- Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience Program, Research Institute of McGill University Health Center, Montréal, Québec H3G1A4, Canada
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neurosciences, Centre for Research and Advanced Studies, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, 07360 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Zahra S Thirouin
- Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience Program, Research Institute of McGill University Health Center, Montréal, Québec H3G1A4, Canada
| | - Joshua C Wyrosdic
- Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience Program, Research Institute of McGill University Health Center, Montréal, Québec H3G1A4, Canada
| | - Ubaldo García-Hernández
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neurosciences, Centre for Research and Advanced Studies, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, 07360 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Charles W Bourque
- Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience Program, Research Institute of McGill University Health Center, Montréal, Québec H3G1A4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang J, Lv F, Yin W, Gao Z, Liu H, Wang Z, Sun J. The organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis and subfornical organ: regulation of thirst. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1223836. [PMID: 37732311 PMCID: PMC10507174 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1223836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Thirst and water intake are regulated by the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT) and subfornical organ (SFO), located around the anteroventral third ventricle, which plays a critical role in sensing dynamic changes in sodium and water balance in body fluids. Meanwhile, neural circuits involved in thirst regulation and intracellular mechanisms underlying the osmosensitive function of OVLT and SFO are reviewed. Having specific Nax channels in the glial cells and other channels (such as TRPV1 and TRPV4), the OVLT and SFO detect the increased Na+ concentration or hyperosmolality to orchestrate osmotic stimuli to the insular and cingulate cortex to evoke thirst. Meanwhile, the osmotic stimuli are relayed to the supraoptic nucleus (SON) and paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) via direct neural projections or the median preoptic nucleus (MnPO) to promote the secretion of vasopressin which plays a vital role in the regulation of body fluid homeostasis. Importantly, the vital role of OVLT in sleep-arousal regulation is discussed, where vasopressin is proposed as the mediator in the regulation when OVLT senses osmotic stimuli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxu Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Fenglin Lv
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Wei Yin
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhanpeng Gao
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Hongyu Liu
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Medicine, North University of China, Taiyuan, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Jinhao Sun
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Miyata S. Glial functions in the blood-brain communication at the circumventricular organs. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:991779. [PMID: 36278020 PMCID: PMC9583022 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.991779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The circumventricular organs (CVOs) are located around the brain ventricles, lack a blood-brain barrier (BBB) and sense blood-derived molecules. This review discusses recent advances in the importance of CVO functions, especially glial cells transferring periphery inflammation signals to the brain. The CVOs show size-limited vascular permeability, allowing the passage of molecules with molecular weight <10,000. This indicates that the lack of an endothelial cell barrier does not mean the free movement of blood-derived molecules into the CVO parenchyma. Astrocytes and tanycytes constitute a dense barrier at the distal CVO subdivision, preventing the free diffusion of blood-derived molecules into neighboring brain regions. Tanycytes in the CVOs mediate communication between cerebrospinal fluid and brain parenchyma via transcytosis. Microglia and macrophages of the CVOs are essential for transmitting peripheral information to other brain regions via toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). Inhibition of TLR2 signaling or depletion of microglia and macrophages in the brain eliminates TLR2-dependent inflammatory responses. In contrast to TLR2, astrocytes and tanycytes in the CVOs of the brain are crucial for initiating lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory responses via TLR4. Depletion of microglia and macrophages augments LPS-induced fever and chronic sickness responses. Microglia and macrophages in the CVOs are continuously activated, even under normal physiological conditions, as they exhibit activated morphology and express the M1/M2 marker proteins. Moreover, the microglial proliferation occurs in various regions, such as the hypothalamus, medulla oblongata, and telencephalon, with a marked increase in the CVOs, due to low-dose LPS administration, and after high-dose LPS administration, proliferation is seen in most brain regions, except for the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. A transient increase in the microglial population is beneficial during LPS-induced inflammation for attenuating sickness response. Transient receptor potential receptor vanilloid 1 expressed in astrocytes and tanycytes of the CVOs is responsible for thermoregulation upon exposure to a warm environment less than 37°C. Alternatively, Nax expressed in astrocytes and tanycytes of the CVOs is crucial for maintaining body fluid homeostasis. Thus, recent findings indicate that glial cells in the brain CVOs are essential for initiating neuroinflammatory responses and maintaining body fluid and thermal homeostasis.
Collapse
|
10
|
Fernandes-Costa F, de Lima Flôr AF, de Andrade Braga V, Campos Cruz J. Lactate inhibited sodium intake in dehydrated rats. Appetite 2022; 175:106046. [PMID: 35461891 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.106046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that glial cells, especially astrocytes, are involved in balanced hydromineral modulation. In response to increased extracellular Na+ concentration, astrocytic Nax channels are activated, promoting lactate production and release. Furthermore, previous in vitro studies have suggested that lactate and hypertonic Na + solution activate SFO GABAergic neurons involved in the salt-appetite central pathways. Here, we evaluated the role of lactate in dehydration-induced sodium and water intake. To this end, intracerebroventricular microinjection (icv) of l-lactate or α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (α-CHCA, MCT lactate transporter inhibitor) was performed in rats subjected to 48 h of water deprivation (WD) and 1 h of partial rehydration after 48 h of WD (WD-PR). The rehydration protocol was used to distinguish the mechanisms of thirst and sodium appetite induced by WD. Then, water and sodium (0.3 M NaCl) intake were evaluated for 2 h. Our results showed that central α-CHCA induced an increase in sodium preference in WD rats. Furthermore, central lactate increased water intake but reduced sodium intake in WD-PR animals. In contrast, central lactate transporter inhibition did not change water or sodium intake in WD-PR rats. Our results suggest that lactate is involved in inhibitory mechanisms that induce sodium intake avoidance in dehydrated rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Valdir de Andrade Braga
- Departamento de Biotecnologia, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Josiane Campos Cruz
- Departamento de Biotecnologia, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Nakamura-Utsunomiya A. Autoimmunity Related to Adipsic Hypernatremia and ROHHAD Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23136899. [PMID: 35805903 PMCID: PMC9266522 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23136899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Specific antibody responses to subfornical organs, including Nax antibody, have been reported in patients with adipsic hypernatremia of unknown etiology who do not have structural lesions in the hypothalamic–pituitary gland. The subfornical organ, also referred to as the window of the brain, is a sensing site that monitors sodium and osmotic pressure levels. On the other hand, ROHHAD syndrome is a rare disease for which the etiology of the hypothalamic disorder is unknown, and there have been some reports in recent years describing its association with autoimmune mechanisms. In addition, abnormal Na levels, including hypernatremia, are likely to occur in this syndrome. When comparing the clinical features of adipsic hypernatremia due to autoimmune mechanisms and ROHHAD syndrome, there are similar hypothalamic–pituitary dysfunction symptoms in addition to abnormal Na levels. Since clinical diagnoses of autoimmunological adipsic hypernatremia and ROHAD syndrome might overlap, we need to understand the essential etiology and carry out precise assessments to accurately diagnose patients and provide effective treatment. In this review, I review the literature on the autoimmune mechanism reported in recent years and describe the findings obtained so far and future directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akari Nakamura-Utsunomiya
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Hiroshima University Graduate School, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8511, Japan;
- Department of Pediatrics, Hiroshima University Graduate School, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8511, Japan
- Division of Neonatal Screening, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2 Chome-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Guo W, Wang S, Wang Z, Hu P, Wei X, Liao X. Hypernatremia in brain-dead patients. Brain Behav 2022; 12:e2574. [PMID: 35452564 PMCID: PMC9120892 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Hypernatremia often occurs in patients with brain death. This study summarizes its characteristics. METHODS We recorded 57 patient's highest blood sodium value, as well as daily NT-proBNP, blood creatinine, and urine output. Further, we analyzed the time of the first rise in blood sodium, and the relationship between NT-proBNP, serum creatinine, urine output, and serum sodium. RESULTS There was no hyponatremia in these patients, and only seven of the 53 patients registered blood sodium between 137 and 150 mmol/L. We found that blood sodium started to rise at 36.0 (28.5-52.3) h, reaching the highest value in 79.0 (54.0-126.0) h. Urine volume and creatinine have no correlation with serum sodium level, while NT-proBNP has a significant correlation with serum sodium level. CONCLUSION It is necessary to conduct volume assessments and urine electrolyte testing on patients with brain death. BNP has a protective effect on water and electrolytes to prevent hypernatremia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weixin Guo
- Guangdong provincial Geriatric's Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shouhong Wang
- Guangdong provincial Geriatric's Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhonghua Wang
- Guangdong provincial Geriatric's Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peihang Hu
- Guangdong provincial Geriatric's Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuebiao Wei
- Guangdong provincial Geriatric's Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaolong Liao
- Guangdong provincial Geriatric's Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Fernandes-Costa F, de Lima Flôr AF, Falcão MSF, de Moura Balarini C, de Brito Alves JL, de Andrade Braga V, de Campos Cruz J. Central interaction between nitric oxide, lactate and glial cells to modulate water and sodium intake in rats. Brain Res Bull 2022; 186:1-7. [PMID: 35487385 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The "astrocyte-to-neuron lactate shuttle" (ANLS) mechanism is part of the central inhibitory pathway to modulate sodium intake. An interaction between the GABAergic neurons and nitric oxide (NO) in the subfornical organ (SFO) in salt-appetite inhibition has been suggested. In addition, NO is a key molecule involved in astrocytic energy metabolism and lactate production. In the present study, we hypothesized there is an interaction between astrocytic lactate and central NO to negatively modulate water and sodium intake through the ANLS mechanism. The results showed that central Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, NO-synthase inhibition) induced an increase in water and sodium intake. These responses were attenuated by previous central microinjection of fluorocitrate (FCt, a reversible glial inhibitor). Interestingly, L-NAME-induced water and sodium intake were also decreased by previous microinjection of lactate but did not change after inhibition of the ANLS mechanism by α-cyano 4-hydroxycinnamic acid (α-CHCA), an inhibitor of the MCT lactate transporter. Our results suggest a central interaction between NO, glial cells, and lactate to modulate water and sodium intake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Josiane de Campos Cruz
- Biotechnology Center, Department of Biotechnology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil; Department of Physiology and Pathology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil; Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil; Department of Biotechnology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Structure-guided unlocking of Na X reveals a non-selective tetrodotoxin-sensitive cation channel. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1416. [PMID: 35301303 PMCID: PMC8931054 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28984-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike classical voltage-gated sodium (NaV) channels, NaX has been characterized as a voltage-insensitive, tetrodotoxin-resistant, sodium (Na+)-activated channel involved in regulating Na+ homeostasis. However, NaX remains refractory to functional characterization in traditional heterologous systems. Here, to gain insight into its atypical physiology, we determine structures of the human NaX channel in complex with the auxiliary β3-subunit. NaX reveals structural alterations within the selectivity filter, voltage sensor-like domains, and pore module. We do not identify an extracellular Na+-sensor or any evidence for a Na+-based activation mechanism in NaX. Instead, the S6-gate remains closed, membrane lipids fill the central cavity, and the domain III-IV linker restricts S6-dilation. We use protein engineering to identify three pore-wetting mutations targeting the hydrophobic S6-gate that unlock a robust voltage-insensitive leak conductance. This constitutively active NaX-QTT channel construct is non-selective among monovalent cations, inhibited by extracellular calcium, and sensitive to classical NaV channel blockers, including tetrodotoxin. Our findings highlight a functional diversity across the NaV channel scaffold, reshape our understanding of NaX physiology, and provide a template to demystify recalcitrant ion channels.
Collapse
|
15
|
Stock JM, Chelimsky G, Edwards DG, Farquhar WB. Dietary sodium and health: How much is too much for those with orthostatic disorders? Auton Neurosci 2022; 238:102947. [PMID: 35131651 PMCID: PMC9296699 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2022.102947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
High dietary salt (NaCl) increases blood pressure (BP) and can adversely impact multiple target organs including the vasculature, heart, kidneys, brain, autonomic nervous system, skin, eyes, and bone. However, patients with orthostatic disorders are told to increase their NaCl intake to help alleviate symptoms. While there is evidence to support the short-term benefits of increasing NaCl intake in these patients, there are few studies assessing the benefits and side effects of long-term high dietary NaCl. The evidence reviewed suggests that high NaCl can adversely impact multiple target organs, often independent of BP. However, few of these studies have been performed in patients with orthostatic disorders. We conclude that the recommendation to increase dietary NaCl in patients with orthostatic disorders should be done with care, keeping in mind the adverse impact on dietary NaCl in people without orthostatic disorders. Modest, rather than robust, increases in NaCl intake may be sufficient to alleviate symptoms but also minimize any long-term negative effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Stock
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States of America
| | - Gisela Chelimsky
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States of America
| | - David G Edwards
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States of America
| | - William B Farquhar
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
A critique on the theory of homeostasis. Physiol Behav 2022; 247:113712. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
|
17
|
NODA M, MATSUDA T. Central regulation of body fluid homeostasis. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2022; 98:283-324. [PMID: 35908954 PMCID: PMC9363595 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.98.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular fluids, including blood, lymphatic fluid, and cerebrospinal fluid, are collectively called body fluids. The Na+ concentration ([Na+]) in body fluids is maintained at 135-145 mM and is broadly conserved among terrestrial animals. Homeostatic osmoregulation by Na+ is vital for life because severe hyper- or hypotonicity elicits irreversible organ damage and lethal neurological trauma. To achieve "body fluid homeostasis" or "Na homeostasis", the brain continuously monitors [Na+] in body fluids and controls water/salt intake and water/salt excretion by the kidneys. These physiological functions are primarily regulated based on information on [Na+] and relevant circulating hormones, such as angiotensin II, aldosterone, and vasopressin. In this review, we discuss sensing mechanisms for [Na+] and hormones in the brain that control water/salt intake behaviors, together with the responsible sensors (receptors) and relevant neural pathways. We also describe mechanisms in the brain by which [Na+] increases in body fluids activate the sympathetic neural activity leading to hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masaharu NODA
- Homeostatic Mechanism Research Unit, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
- Correspondence should be addressed to: Homeostatic Mechanism Research Unit, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan (e-mail: )
| | - Takashi MATSUDA
- Homeostatic Mechanism Research Unit, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hagiwara A, Bydder M, Oughourlian TC, Yao J, Salamon N, Jahan R, Villablanca JP, Enzmann DR, Ellingson BM. Sodium MR Neuroimaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2021; 42:1920-1926. [PMID: 34446457 PMCID: PMC8583254 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a7261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Sodium MR imaging has the potential to complement routine proton MR imaging examinations with the goal of improving diagnosis, disease characterization, and clinical monitoring in neurologic diseases. In the past, the utility and exploration of sodium MR imaging as a valuable clinical tool have been limited due to the extremely low MR signal, but with recent improvements in imaging techniques and hardware, sodium MR imaging is on the verge of becoming clinically realistic for conditions that include brain tumors, ischemic stroke, and epilepsy. In this review, we briefly describe the fundamental physics of sodium MR imaging tailored to the neuroradiologist, focusing on the basics necessary to understand factors that play into making sodium MR imaging feasible for clinical settings and describing current controversies in the field. We will also discuss the current state of the field and the potential future clinical uses of sodium MR imaging in the diagnosis, phenotyping, and therapeutic monitoring in neurologic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Hagiwara
- From the UCLA Brain Tumor Imaging Laboratory (A.H., M.B., T.C.O., J.Y., B.M.E.), Center for Computer Vision and Imaging Biomarkers
- Department of Radiological Sciences (A.H., M.B., J.Y., N.S., R.J., J.P.V., D.R.E., B.M.E.)
| | - M Bydder
- From the UCLA Brain Tumor Imaging Laboratory (A.H., M.B., T.C.O., J.Y., B.M.E.), Center for Computer Vision and Imaging Biomarkers
- Department of Radiological Sciences (A.H., M.B., J.Y., N.S., R.J., J.P.V., D.R.E., B.M.E.)
| | - T C Oughourlian
- From the UCLA Brain Tumor Imaging Laboratory (A.H., M.B., T.C.O., J.Y., B.M.E.), Center for Computer Vision and Imaging Biomarkers
- Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program (T.C.O., B.M.E.)
| | - J Yao
- From the UCLA Brain Tumor Imaging Laboratory (A.H., M.B., T.C.O., J.Y., B.M.E.), Center for Computer Vision and Imaging Biomarkers
- Department of Bioengineering (J.Y., B.M.E.), Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Radiological Sciences (A.H., M.B., J.Y., N.S., R.J., J.P.V., D.R.E., B.M.E.)
| | - N Salamon
- Department of Radiological Sciences (A.H., M.B., J.Y., N.S., R.J., J.P.V., D.R.E., B.M.E.)
| | - R Jahan
- Department of Radiological Sciences (A.H., M.B., J.Y., N.S., R.J., J.P.V., D.R.E., B.M.E.)
| | - J P Villablanca
- Department of Radiological Sciences (A.H., M.B., J.Y., N.S., R.J., J.P.V., D.R.E., B.M.E.)
| | - D R Enzmann
- Department of Radiological Sciences (A.H., M.B., J.Y., N.S., R.J., J.P.V., D.R.E., B.M.E.)
| | - B M Ellingson
- From the UCLA Brain Tumor Imaging Laboratory (A.H., M.B., T.C.O., J.Y., B.M.E.), Center for Computer Vision and Imaging Biomarkers
- Department of Bioengineering (J.Y., B.M.E.), Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Radiological Sciences (A.H., M.B., J.Y., N.S., R.J., J.P.V., D.R.E., B.M.E.)
- Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program (T.C.O., B.M.E.)
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences (B.M.E.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Fenrich M, Habjanovic K, Kajan J, Heffer M. The circle of Willis revisited: Forebrain dehydration sensing facilitated by the anterior communicating artery: How hemodynamic properties facilitate more efficient dehydration sensing in amniotes. Bioessays 2020; 43:e2000115. [PMID: 33191609 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202000115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesize that threat of dehydration provided selection pressure for the evolutionary emergence and persistence of the anterior communicating artery (ACoA - the inter-arterial connection that completes the Circle of Willis) in early amniotes. The ACoA is a hemodynamically insignificant artery, but, as we argue in this paper, its privileged position outside the blood-brain barrier gives it a crucial sensing function for the osmolarity of the blood against the background of the rest of the brain, which efficiently protects itself from dehydration. Till now, the questions of why the ACoA evolved, and what its physiological function is, have remained unsatisfactorily answered. The traditional view-that the ACoA serves as a collateral source of vascularization in case of arterial stenosis-is anthropocentric, and not in accordance with principles of natural selection that apply more generally. Diseases underlying arterial stenosis are associated with aging and the human lifestyle, so this cannot explain why the ACoA formed hundreds of millions of years ago and persisted in amniotes to this day. The peculiar hemodynamic properties of the ACoA could be selected traits that allowed for more efficient forebrain detection of dehydration and complex behavioral responses to water loss, a major advantage in the survival of early amniotes. This hypothesis also explains insufficient hydration often seen in elderly humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matija Fenrich
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Karlo Habjanovic
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Josip Kajan
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Marija Heffer
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Matsuda T, Hiyama TY, Kobayashi K, Kobayashi K, Noda M. Distinct CCK-positive SFO neurons are involved in persistent or transient suppression of water intake. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5692. [PMID: 33173030 PMCID: PMC7655816 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19191-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The control of water-intake behavior is critical for life because an excessive water intake induces pathological conditions, such as hyponatremia or water intoxication. However, the brain mechanisms controlling water intake currently remain unclear. We previously reported that thirst-driving neurons (water neurons) in the subfornical organ (SFO) are cholecystokinin (CCK)-dependently suppressed by GABAergic interneurons under Na-depleted conditions. We herein show that CCK-producing excitatory neurons in the SFO stimulate the activity of GABAergic interneurons via CCK-B receptors. Fluorescence-microscopic Ca2+ imaging demonstrates two distinct subpopulations in CCK-positive neurons in the SFO, which are persistently activated under hyponatremic conditions or transiently activated in response to water drinking, respectively. Optical and chemogenetic silencings of the respective types of CCK-positive neurons both significantly increase water intake under water-repleted conditions. The present study thus reveals CCK-mediated neural mechanisms in the central nervous system for the control of water-intake behaviors. Water intake is critical to our life, and the subfornical organ in the brain involved in the control of this behavior. Here, the authors reveal that two distinct groups of CCK-producing neurons in the SFO suppress water intake according to the physiological condition or water-intake stimulus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Matsuda
- Homeostatic Mechanism Research Unit, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8503, Japan.,Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
| | - Takeshi Y Hiyama
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
| | - Kenta Kobayashi
- Section of Viral Vector Development, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Kazuto Kobayashi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Masaharu Noda
- Homeostatic Mechanism Research Unit, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8503, Japan. .,Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Central endothelin ET B receptor activation reduces blood pressure and catecholaminergic activity in the olfactory bulb of deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt hypertensive rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 885:173543. [PMID: 32896551 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Endothelins regulate catecholaminergic activity in the olfactory bulb (OB) in normotensive and hypertensive animals. Administration of an endothelin ETA receptor antagonist decreases blood pressure in deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt (DOCA-salt) rats along with a reduction in tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity and expression. In the present work, we sought to establish the role of brain endothelin ETB receptor on blood pressure regulation and its relationship with the catecholaminergic system within the OB of DOCA-Salt rats. Sprague-Dawley male rats were divided into control and DOCA-Salt groups. Blood pressure, heart rate and TH activity as well as neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) expression were assessed following IRL-1620 (selective endothelin ETB receptor agonist) applied to be brain. IRL-1620 significantly reduced systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressure in DOCA-Salt hypertensive rats. It also decreased TH activity, TH total and phosphorylated forms expression as well as its mRNA in the OB of hypertensive animals. The expression of phospho-Ser1417-nNOS, which reflects nNOS activation, was significantly decreased in the of OB of DOCA-salt rats, but it was enhanced by IRL-1620. These findings suggest that DOCA-Salt hypertension depends on endogenous central endothelin ETA receptor activity, rather than on ETB, and that low endothelin ETB stimulation is essential for blood pressure elevation in this animal model. The effect of endothelin ETA receptor antagonism may also result from endothelin ETB receptor overstimulation. The present study shows that endothelin receptors are involved in the regulation of TH in the OB and that such changes are likely implicated in the hemodynamic control and sympathetic outflow.
Collapse
|
22
|
Salt-dependent hypertension and inflammation: targeting the gut-brain axis and the immune system with Brazilian green propolis. Inflammopharmacology 2020; 28:1163-1182. [PMID: 32785827 PMCID: PMC8826348 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-020-00742-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) is a major health problem around the world and its development has been associated with exceeding salt consumption by the modern society. The mechanisms by which salt consumption increase blood pressure (BP) involve several homeostatic systems but many details have not yet been fully elucidated. Evidences accumulated over the last 60 decades raised the involvement of the immune system in the hypertension development and opened a range of possibilities for new therapeutic targets. Green propolis is a promising natural product with potent anti-inflammatory properties acting on specific targets, most of them participating in the gut-brain axis of the sodium-dependent hypertension. New anti-hypertensive products reinforce the therapeutic arsenal improving the corollary of choices, especially in those cases where patients are resistant or refractory to conventional therapy. This review sought to bring the newest advances in the field articulating evidences that show a cross-talking between inflammation and the central mechanisms involved with the sodium-dependent hypertension as well as the stablished actions of green propolis and some of its biologically active compounds on the immune cells and cytokines that would be involved with its anti-hypertensive properties.
Collapse
|
23
|
Felix L, Delekate A, Petzold GC, Rose CR. Sodium Fluctuations in Astroglia and Their Potential Impact on Astrocyte Function. Front Physiol 2020; 11:871. [PMID: 32903427 PMCID: PMC7435049 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are the main cell type responsible for the regulation of brain homeostasis, including the maintenance of ion gradients and neurotransmitter clearance. These processes are tightly coupled to changes in the intracellular sodium (Na+) concentration. While activation of the sodium-potassium-ATPase (NKA) in response to an elevation of extracellular K+ may decrease intracellular Na+, the cotransport of transmitters, such as glutamate, together with Na+ results in an increase in astrocytic Na+. This increase in intracellular Na+ can modulate, for instance, metabolic downstream pathways. Thereby, astrocytes are capable to react on a fast time scale to surrounding neuronal activity via intracellular Na+ fluctuations and adjust energy production to the demand of their environment. Beside the well-documented conventional roles of Na+ signaling mainly mediated through changes in its electrochemical gradient, several recent studies have identified more atypical roles for Na+, including protein interactions leading to changes in their biochemical activity or Na+-dependent regulation of gene expression. In this review, we will address both the conventional as well as the atypical functions of astrocytic Na+ signaling, presenting the role of transporters and channels involved and their implications for physiological processes in the central nervous system (CNS). We will also discuss how these important functions are affected under pathological conditions, including stroke and migraine. We postulate that Na+ is an essential player not only in the maintenance of homeostatic processes but also as a messenger for the fast communication between neurons and astrocytes, adjusting the functional properties of various cellular interaction partners to the needs of the surrounding network.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Felix
- Institute of Neurobiology, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Andrea Delekate
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Gabor C Petzold
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.,Division of Vascular Neurology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christine R Rose
- Institute of Neurobiology, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Singh AK, Mishra SK, Mishra G, Maurya A, Awasthi R, Yadav MK, Atri N, Pandey PK, Singh SK. Inorganic clay nanocomposite system for improved cholinesterase inhibition and brain pharmacokinetics of donepezil. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2019; 46:8-19. [DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2019.1698594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Kumar Singh
- Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sunil Kumar Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Gaurav Mishra
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
| | - Anand Maurya
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
| | - Rajendra Awasthi
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mukesh Kumar Yadav
- Department of Kayachikitsa, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Neelam Atri
- Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pawan Kumar Pandey
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Santosh Kumar Singh
- Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Polli FDS, Gomes JN, Ferreira HS, Santana RC, Fregoneze JB. Inhibition of salt appetite in sodium-depleted rats by carvacrol: Involvement of noradrenergic and serotonergic pathways. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 854:119-127. [PMID: 30986399 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Carvacrol, a monoterpene phenol present in the essential oil of oregano, possesses several biological properties, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anxiolytic, anticonvulsive and antinociceptive. In vitro studies have shown that carvacrol inhibits serotonin, noradrenaline and dopamine transporters and the enzymes monoamine oxidase-A and B. Different brain functions are controlled by monoamines, including cardiovascular control, thirst and sodium appetite. In the present study we investigated the effects of intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of carvacrol on sodium appetite, and the participation of brain serotonergic and noradrenergic pathways on carvacrol effects. Neuronal activation in homeostasis-related brain areas induced by i.c.v. injection of carvacrol was also evaluated. Carvacrol dose-dependently inhibited hypertonic saline intake (1.5%) in sodium-depleted rats, and this antinatriorexigenic effect was reduced by brain serotonergic depletion and by alpha-adrenergic blockade. Furthermore, i.c.v. injections of carvacrol significantly increased the neuronal activation in brain areas involved in the control of salt appetite, such as MnPO, OVLT, PVN, SON, CeA and MeA. Taken together, our data show that carvacrol presents antinatriorexigenic activity through serotonin and noradrenaline pathways within brain circuits involved in the modulation of the body fluid homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Filip de Souza Polli
- Department of Physiology, Health Sciences Institute, Federal University of Bahia, 40110-100, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
| | - Jefferson Novaes Gomes
- Department of Physiology, Health Sciences Institute, Federal University of Bahia, 40110-100, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Hilda Silva Ferreira
- Life Sciences Department, Bahia State University, 41195-001, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Rejane Conceição Santana
- Department of Physiology, Health Sciences Institute, Federal University of Bahia, 40110-100, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Josmara Bartolomei Fregoneze
- Department of Physiology, Health Sciences Institute, Federal University of Bahia, 40110-100, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Tariq K, Ali A, Davies TGE, Naz E, Naz L, Sohail S, Hou M, Ullah F. RNA interference-mediated knockdown of voltage-gated sodium channel (MpNa v) gene causes mortality in peach-potato aphid, Myzus persicae. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5291. [PMID: 30923355 PMCID: PMC6439219 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41832-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSC) are transmembrane proteins that generate an action potential in excitable cells and play an essential role in neuronal signaling. Since VGSCs play a crucial role in nerve transmission they have become primary targets for a broad range of commercial insecticides. RNA interference (RNAi) is a valuable reverse genetics tool used in functional genomics, but recently, it has also shown promise as a novel agent that could be used to control agricultural insect pests. In this study, we targeted the VGSC (MpNav) gene in the peach-potato aphid Myzus persicae, by oral feeding of artificial diets mixed with dsRNAs. Knock-down of MpNav gene expression caused up to 65% mortality in 3rd instar nymphs. Moreover, significantly lower fecundity and longevity was observed in adult aphids that had been fed with dsMpNav solution at the nymphal stage. Analysis of gene expression by qRT-PCR indicated that the aphid mortality rates and the lowered fecundity and longevity were attributable to the down-regulation of MpNav by RNAi. Taken together, our results show that MpNav is a viable candidate target gene for the development of an RNAi-based bio-aphicide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaleem Tariq
- Department of Agriculture, Abdul Wail Khan University, Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
| | - Asad Ali
- Department of Agriculture, Abdul Wail Khan University, Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - T G Emyr Davies
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Erum Naz
- Department of Agriculture, Abdul Wail Khan University, Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Laila Naz
- Department of Agriculture, Abdul Wail Khan University, Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Summar Sohail
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology; Hubei Key Laboratory of Insect Resource Application and Sustainable Pest Control, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Maolin Hou
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Farman Ullah
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant protection, China Agriculture University, Beijing, 100193, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Fux JE, Mehta A, Moffat J, Spafford JD. Eukaryotic Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels: On Their Origins, Asymmetries, Losses, Diversification and Adaptations. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1406. [PMID: 30519187 PMCID: PMC6259924 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The appearance of voltage-gated, sodium-selective channels with rapid gating kinetics was a limiting factor in the evolution of nervous systems. Two rounds of domain duplications generated a common 24 transmembrane segment (4 × 6 TM) template that is shared amongst voltage-gated sodium (Nav1 and Nav2) and calcium channels (Cav1, Cav2, and Cav3) and leak channel (NALCN) plus homologs from yeast, different single-cell protists (heterokont and unikont) and algae (green and brown). A shared architecture in 4 × 6 TM channels include an asymmetrical arrangement of extended extracellular L5/L6 turrets containing a 4-0-2-2 pattern of cysteines, glycosylated residues, a universally short III-IV cytoplasmic linker and often a recognizable, C-terminal PDZ binding motif. Six intron splice junctions are conserved in the first domain, including a rare U12-type of the minor spliceosome provides support for a shared heritage for sodium and calcium channels, and a separate lineage for NALCN. The asymmetrically arranged pores of 4x6 TM channels allows for a changeable ion selectivity by means of a single lysine residue change in the high field strength site of the ion selectivity filter in Domains II or III. Multicellularity and the appearance of systems was an impetus for Nav1 channels to adapt to sodium ion selectivity and fast ion gating. A non-selective, and slowly gating Nav2 channel homolog in single cell eukaryotes, predate the diversification of Nav1 channels from a basal homolog in a common ancestor to extant cnidarians to the nine vertebrate Nav1.x channel genes plus Nax. A close kinship between Nav2 and Nav1 homologs is evident in the sharing of most (twenty) intron splice junctions. Different metazoan groups have lost their Nav1 channel genes altogether, while vertebrates rapidly expanded their gene numbers. The expansion in vertebrate Nav1 channel genes fills unique functional niches and generates overlapping properties contributing to redundancies. Specific nervous system adaptations include cytoplasmic linkers with phosphorylation sites and tethered elements to protein assemblies in First Initial Segments and nodes of Ranvier. Analogous accessory beta subunit appeared alongside Nav1 channels within different animal sub-phyla. Nav1 channels contribute to pace-making as persistent or resurgent currents, the former which is widespread across animals, while the latter is a likely vertebrate adaptation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia E Fux
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Amrit Mehta
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Jack Moffat
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - J David Spafford
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Wilson CS, Mongin AA. Cell Volume Control in Healthy Brain and Neuropathologies. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2018; 81:385-455. [PMID: 30243438 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of cellular volume is a critical homeostatic process that is intimately linked to ionic and osmotic balance in the brain tissue. Because the brain is encased in the rigid skull and has a very complex cellular architecture, even minute changes in the volume of extracellular and intracellular compartments have a very strong impact on tissue excitability and function. The failure of cell volume control is a major feature of several neuropathologies, such as hyponatremia, stroke, epilepsy, hyperammonemia, and others. There is strong evidence that such dysregulation, especially uncontrolled cell swelling, plays a major role in adverse pathological outcomes. To protect themselves, brain cells utilize a variety of mechanisms to maintain their optimal volume, primarily by releasing or taking in ions and small organic molecules through diverse volume-sensitive ion channels and transporters. In principle, the mechanisms of cell volume regulation are not unique to the brain and share many commonalities with other tissues. However, because ions and some organic osmolytes (e.g., major amino acid neurotransmitters) have a strong impact on neuronal excitability, cell volume regulation in the brain is a surprisingly treacherous process, which may cause more harm than good. This topical review covers the established and emerging information in this rapidly developing area of physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corinne S Wilson
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Alexander A Mongin
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States; Department of Biophysics and Functional Diagnostics, Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Lichtstein D, Ilani A, Rosen H, Horesh N, Singh SV, Buzaglo N, Hodes A. Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase Signaling and Bipolar Disorder. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2314. [PMID: 30087257 PMCID: PMC6121236 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a severe and common chronic mental illness characterized by recurrent mood swings between depression and mania. The biological basis of the disease is poorly understood and its treatment is unsatisfactory. Although in past decades the "monoamine hypothesis" has dominated our understanding of both the pathophysiology of depressive disorders and the action of pharmacological treatments, recent studies focus on the involvement of additional neurotransmitters/neuromodulators systems and cellular processes in BD. Here, evidence for the participation of Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase and its endogenous regulators, the endogenous cardiac steroids (ECS), in the etiology of BD is reviewed. Proof for the involvement of brain Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase and ECS in behavior is summarized and it is hypothesized that ECS-Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase-induced activation of intracellular signaling participates in the mechanisms underlying BD. We propose that the activation of ERK, AKT, and NFκB, resulting from ECS-Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase interaction, modifies neuronal activity and neurotransmission which, in turn, participate in the regulation of behavior and BD. These observations suggest Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase-mediated signaling is a potential target for drug development for the treatment of BD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Lichtstein
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.
| | - Asher Ilani
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.
| | - Haim Rosen
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.
| | - Noa Horesh
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.
| | - Shiv Vardan Singh
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.
| | - Nahum Buzaglo
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.
| | - Anastasia Hodes
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Metabolism-Associated Markers and Childhood Autism Rating Scales (CARS) as a Measure of Autism Severity. J Mol Neurosci 2018; 65:265-276. [PMID: 29931502 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1091-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neuro-behavioral syndrome with a broad spectrum of different mechanisms and etiologies that are caused by abnormal brain development. To date, no highly reliable and effective diagnostic biomarker to assess ASD is available so far. The present study investigated the predictivity potential of some suggested markers in ASD diagnosis focusing onto the relative ratios of several plasma biomarkers of electron transport chain function, and mitochondrial metabolism in 41 patients with ASD evaluated for behavior deficits measured using Childhood Autism Rating Scales (CARS). The control matched for further 41 healthy subjects. The relation of these relative ratios to ASD severity was also examined, as well as their ability to distinguish ASD children from neurotypical children. All predictive ratios were found to be markedly altered and correlated in ASD patients. However, no ratio was connected with autism severity. Interestingly, MRCC-I/caspase-7, GSH/GST, and MRCC-I/COQ10 were the most distinctive relative ratios between neurotypical controls and ASD patients and may thereby be useful biomarkers for early diagnosis of ASD. Overall, this investigation proves that relative ratios of numerous mitochondrial biomarkers might be predictive and efficient to differentiate between neurotypical children and ASD.
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
Water intake is one of the most basic physiological responses and is essential to sustain life. The perception of thirst has a critical role in controlling body fluid homeostasis and if neglected or dysregulated can lead to life-threatening pathologies. Clear evidence suggests that the perception of thirst occurs in higher-order centres, such as the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and insular cortex (IC), which receive information from midline thalamic relay nuclei. Multiple brain regions, notably circumventricular organs such as the organum vasculosum lamina terminalis (OVLT) and subfornical organ (SFO), monitor changes in blood osmolality, solute load and hormone circulation and are thought to orchestrate appropriate responses to maintain extracellular fluid near ideal set points by engaging the medial thalamic-ACC/IC network. Thirst has long been thought of as a negative homeostatic feedback response to increases in blood solute concentration or decreases in blood volume. However, emerging evidence suggests a clear role for thirst as a feedforward adaptive anticipatory response that precedes physiological challenges. These anticipatory responses are promoted by rises in core body temperature, food intake (prandial) and signals from the circadian clock. Feedforward signals are also important mediators of satiety, inhibiting thirst well before the physiological state is restored by fluid ingestion. In this Review, we discuss the importance of thirst for body fluid balance and outline our current understanding of the neural mechanisms that underlie the various types of homeostatic and anticipatory thirst.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Gizowski
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre and Montreal General Hospital, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal H3G1A4, Canada
| | - Charles W Bourque
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre and Montreal General Hospital, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal H3G1A4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Chronic high-sodium diet intake after weaning lead to neurogenic hypertension in adult Wistar rats. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5655. [PMID: 28720883 PMCID: PMC5515999 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05984-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated some mechanisms involved in sodium-dependent hypertension of rats exposed to chronic salt (NaCl) intake from weaning until adult age. Weaned male Wistar rats were placed under high (0.90% w/w, HS) or regular (0.27% w/w, Cont) sodium diets for 12 weeks. Water consumption, urine output and sodium excretion were higher in HS rats compared to control. Blood pressure (BP) was directly measured by the arterial catheter and found 13.8% higher in HS vs Cont rats. Ganglionic blockade with hexamethonium caused greater fall in the BP of HS rats (33%), and central antagonism of AT1 receptors (losartan) microinjected into the lateral ventricle reduced BP level of HS, but not of Cont group. Heart rate variability analysis revealed sympathetic prevalence on modulation of the systolic interval. HS diet did not affect creatinine clearance. Kidney histological analysis revealed no significant change in renal corpuscle structure. Sodium and potassium concentrations in CSF were found higher in HS rats despite no change in plasma concentration of these ions. Taken together, data suggest that animals exposed to chronic salt intake to a level close to that reported for human' diet since weaning lead to hypertension, which appears to rely on sodium-driven neurogenic mechanisms.
Collapse
|
33
|
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yang
- Department of Nutrition, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Pedro A Jose
- Division of Renal Disease & Hypertension, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC
| | - Chunyu Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Zostawa J, Adamczyk J, Sowa P, Adamczyk-Sowa M. The influence of sodium on pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis. Neurol Sci 2017; 38:389-398. [PMID: 28078565 PMCID: PMC5331099 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-016-2802-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, inflammatory, autoimmune disease of the central nervous system, and is an important cause of disability in young adults. In genetically susceptible individuals, several environmental factors may play a partial role in the pathogenesis of MS. Some studies suggests that high-salt diet (>5 g/day) may contribute to the MS and other autoimmune disease development through the induction of pathogenic Th17 cells and pro-inflammatory cytokines in both humans and mice. However, the precise mechanisms of pro-inflammatory effect of sodium chloride intake are not yet explained. The purpose of this review was to discuss the present state of knowledge on the potential role of environmental and dietary factors, particularly sodium chloride on the development and course of MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Zostawa
- Department of Neurology in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, ul. 3-go Maja 13-15, 41-800, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Jowita Adamczyk
- Department of Neurology in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, ul. 3-go Maja 13-15, 41-800, Zabrze, Poland.
| | - Paweł Sowa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Oncological Laryngology, Medical University of Silesia, ul. C. Skłodowskiej 10, 41-800, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Monika Adamczyk-Sowa
- Department of Neurology in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, ul. 3-go Maja 13-15, 41-800, Zabrze, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Matsuda T, Hiyama TY, Niimura F, Matsusaka T, Fukamizu A, Kobayashi K, Kobayashi K, Noda M. Distinct neural mechanisms for the control of thirst and salt appetite in the subfornical organ. Nat Neurosci 2016; 20:230-241. [PMID: 27991901 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Body fluid conditions are continuously monitored in the brain to regulate thirst and salt-appetite sensations. Angiotensin II drives both thirst and salt appetite; however, the neural mechanisms underlying selective water- and/or salt-intake behaviors remain unknown. Using optogenetics, we show that thirst and salt appetite are driven by distinct groups of angiotensin II receptor type 1a-positive excitatory neurons in the subfornical organ. Neurons projecting to the organum vasculosum lamina terminalis control water intake, while those projecting to the ventral part of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis control salt intake. Thirst-driving neurons are suppressed under sodium-depleted conditions through cholecystokinin-mediated activation of GABAergic neurons. In contrast, the salt appetite-driving neurons were suppressed under dehydrated conditions through activation of another population of GABAergic neurons by Nax signals. These distinct mechanisms in the subfornical organ may underlie the selective intakes of water and/or salt and may contribute to body fluid homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Matsuda
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan.,School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takeshi Y Hiyama
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan.,School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Fumio Niimura
- Department of Pediatrics, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Taiji Matsusaka
- Department of Molecular Life Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Fukamizu
- Life Science Center, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.,Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kenta Kobayashi
- Section of Viral Vector Development, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kazuto Kobayashi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Masaharu Noda
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan.,School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Hiyama TY, Noda M. Sodium sensing in the subfornical organ and body-fluid homeostasis. Neurosci Res 2016; 113:1-11. [PMID: 27521454 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The brain monitors conditions of body fluids and levels of circulating neuroactive factors to maintain the systemic homeostasis. Unlike most regions in the brain, circumventricular organs (CVOs) lack the blood-brain barrier, and serve as the sensing center. Among the CVOs, the subfornical organ (SFO) is the sensing site of Na+ levels in body fluids to control water and salt intake. The SFO harbors neuronal cell bodies with a variety of hormone receptors and innervates many brain loci. In addition, the SFO harbors specialized glial cells (astrocytes and ependymal cells) expressing Nax, a Na+-level-sensitive sodium channel. These glial cells wrap a specific population of neurons with their processes, and control the firing activities of the neurons by gliotransmitters, such as lactate and epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), relevant to water/salt-intake behaviors. Recent advances in the understanding of physiological functions of the SFO are reviewed herein with a focus on the Na+-sensing mechanism by Nax.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Y Hiyama
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology, and School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan.
| | - Masaharu Noda
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology, and School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Hiyama TY, Utsunomiya AN, Matsumoto M, Fujikawa A, Lin CH, Hara K, Kagawa R, Okada S, Kobayashi M, Ishikawa M, Anzo M, Cho H, Takayasu S, Nigawara T, Daimon M, Sato T, Terui K, Ito E, Noda M. Adipsic hypernatremia without hypothalamic lesions accompanied by autoantibodies to subfornical organ. Brain Pathol 2016; 27:323-331. [PMID: 27338632 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipsic (or essential) hypernatremia is a rare hypernatremia caused by a deficiency in thirst regulation and vasopressin release. In 2010, we reported a case in which autoantibodies targeting the sensory circumventricular organs (sCVOs) caused adipsic hypernatremia without hypothalamic structural lesions demonstrable by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); sCVOs include the subfornical organ (SFO) and organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT), which are centers for the monitoring of body-fluid conditions and the control of water and salt intakes, and harbor neurons innervating hypothalamic nuclei for vasopressin release. We herein report three newly identified patients (3- to 8-year-old girls on the first visit) with similar symptoms. The common features of the patients were extensive hypernatremia without any sensation of thirst and defects in vasopressin response to serum hypertonicity. Despite these features, we could not detect any hypothalamic structural lesions by MRI. Immunohistochemical analyses using the sera of the three patients revealed that antibodies specifically reactive to the mouse SFO were present in the sera of all cases; in one case, the antibodies also reacted with the mouse OVLT. The immunoglobulin (Ig) fraction of serum obtained from one patient was intravenously injected into wild-type mice to determine whether the mice developed similar symptoms. Mice injected with a patient's Ig showed abnormalities in water/salt intake, vasopressin release, and diuresis, which resultantly developed hypernatremia. Prominent cell death and infiltration of reactive microglia was observed in the SFO of these mice. Thus, autoimmune destruction of the SFO may be the cause of the adipsic hypernatremia. This study provides a possible explanation for the pathogenesis of adipsic hypernatremia without demonstrable hypothalamus-pituitary lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Y Hiyama
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB), Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan.,School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
| | - Akari N Utsunomiya
- Department of Pediatrics, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Masahito Matsumoto
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB), Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
| | - Akihiro Fujikawa
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB), Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
| | - Chia-Hao Lin
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB), Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
| | - Keiichi Hara
- Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization Kure Medical Center, Kure, Hiroshima, 737-0023, Japan
| | - Reiko Kagawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Satoshi Okada
- Department of Pediatrics, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Masao Kobayashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Mayumi Ishikawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Kawasaki Municipal Hospital, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-0013, Japan
| | - Makoto Anzo
- Department of Pediatrics, Kawasaki Municipal Hospital, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-0013, Japan
| | - Hideo Cho
- Department of Pediatrics, Kawasaki Municipal Hospital, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-0013, Japan
| | - Shinobu Takayasu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nigawara
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Makoto Daimon
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Sato
- Department of Pediatrics, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Kiminori Terui
- Department of Pediatrics, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Etsuro Ito
- Department of Pediatrics, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Masaharu Noda
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB), Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan.,School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Sakamoto T, Fujii A, Saito N, Kondo H, Ohuchi A. Alteration of amiloride-sensitive salt taste nerve responses in aldosterone/NaCl-induced hypertensive rats. Neurosci Res 2016; 108:60-6. [PMID: 26828852 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Salt taste sensitivity is related to physiological condition, and declined in hypertensive patients. However, little is known about the mechanism underlying changes in salt taste sensitivity during the development of hypertension. This is largely due to lack of an appropriate animal model which shows the decline of salt taste sensitivity caused by hypertension. Previous studies have suggested that one of main causes of salt-sensitive hypertension is dysfunction of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). To examine the involvement of RAAS in modulation of salt taste sensitivity, we utilized aldosterone/NaCl-treated rats as a well-established model of salt-sensitive hypertension caused by RAAS dysfunction. Amount of sodium intake in aldosterone/NaCl-treated rats was higher than that in control rats. In addition to behavioral changes, the amiloride-sensitive salt taste nerve responses in aldosterone/NaCl-treated rats were remarkably lower by approximately 90% than those in the other groups. Moreover, αENaC mRNA expression in the epithelium of circumvallate papillae was significantly low in aldosterone/NaCl-treated rats. Thus, RAAS modulates salt taste system as is case in hypertensive patients. This report is to our knowledge the first to describe an animal model with decline of amiloride-sensitive salt taste nerve responses by RAAS dysfunction-mediated salt-sensitive hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Sakamoto
- Kansei Science Laboratories, Kao Corporation, 2606 Akabane, Ichikaimachi, Haga, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan
| | - Akihiko Fujii
- Biological Science Laboratories, Kao Corporation, 2606 Akabane, Ichikaimachi, Haga, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan
| | - Naoko Saito
- Kansei Science Laboratories, Kao Corporation, 2606 Akabane, Ichikaimachi, Haga, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan
| | - Hidehiko Kondo
- Kansei Science Laboratories, Kao Corporation, 2606 Akabane, Ichikaimachi, Haga, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ohuchi
- Kansei Science Laboratories, Kao Corporation, 2606 Akabane, Ichikaimachi, Haga, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Miyata S. New aspects in fenestrated capillary and tissue dynamics in the sensory circumventricular organs of adult brains. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:390. [PMID: 26578857 PMCID: PMC4621430 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) generally consists of endothelial tight junction barriers that prevent the free entry of blood-derived substances, thereby maintaining the extracellular environment of the brain. However, the circumventricular organs (CVOs), which are located along the midlines of the brain ventricles, lack these endothelial barriers and have fenestrated capillaries; therefore, they have a number of essential functions, including the transduction of information between the blood circulation and brain. Previous studies have demonstrated the extensive contribution of the CVOs to body fluid and thermal homeostasis, energy balance, the chemoreception of blood-derived substances, and neuroinflammation. In this review, recent advances have been discussed in fenestrated capillary characterization and dynamic tissue reconstruction accompanied by angiogenesis and neurogliogenesis in the sensory CVOs of adult brains. The sensory CVOs, including the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT), subfornical organ (SFO), and area postrema (AP), have size-selective and heterogeneous vascular permeabilities. Astrocyte-/tanycyte-like neural stem cells (NSCs) sense blood- and cerebrospinal fluid-derived information through the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1, a mechanical/osmotic receptor, Toll-like receptor 4, a lipopolysaccharide receptor, and Nax, a Na-sensing Na channel. They also express tight junction proteins and densely and tightly surround mature neurons to protect them from blood-derived neurotoxic substances, indicating that the NSCs of the CVOs perform BBB functions while maintaining the capacity to differentiate into new neurons and glial cells. In addition to neurogliogenesis, the density of fenestrated capillaries is regulated by angiogenesis, which is accompanied by the active proliferation and sprouting of endothelial cells. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling may be involved in angiogenesis and neurogliogenesis, both of which affect vascular permeability. Thus, recent findings advocate novel concepts for the CVOs, which have the dynamic features of vascular and parenchymal tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Miyata
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of TechnologyKyoto, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Matsumoto M, Hiyama TY, Kuboyama K, Suzuki R, Fujikawa A, Noda M. Channel properties of Nax expressed in neurons. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126109. [PMID: 25961826 PMCID: PMC4427406 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nax is a sodium-concentration ([Na+])-sensitive Na channel with a gating threshold of ~150 mM for extracellular [Na+] ([Na+]o) in vitro. We previously reported that Nax was preferentially expressed in the glial cells of sensory circumventricular organs including the subfornical organ, and was involved in [Na+] sensing for the control of salt-intake behavior. Although Nax was also suggested to be expressed in the neurons of some brain regions including the amygdala and cerebral cortex, the channel properties of Nax have not yet been adequately characterized in neurons. We herein verified that Nax was expressed in neurons in the lateral amygdala of mice using an antibody that was newly generated against mouse Nax. To investigate the channel properties of Nax expressed in neurons, we established an inducible cell line of Nax using the mouse neuroblastoma cell line, Neuro-2a, which is endogenously devoid of the expression of Nax. Functional analyses of this cell line revealed that the [Na+]-sensitivity of Nax in neuronal cells was similar to that expressed in glial cells. The cation selectivity sequence of the Nax channel in cations was revealed to be Na+ ≈ Li+ > Rb+ > Cs+ for the first time. Furthermore, we demonstrated that Nax bound to postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95) through its PSD95/Disc-large/ZO-1 (PDZ)-binding motif at the C-terminus in neurons. The interaction between Nax and PSD95 may be involved in promoting the surface expression of Nax channels because the depletion of endogenous PSD95 resulted in a decrease in Nax at the plasma membrane. These results indicated, for the first time, that Nax functions as a [Na+]-sensitive Na channel in neurons as well as in glial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Matsumoto
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Takeshi Y. Hiyama
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
- School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Japan
| | - Kazuya Kuboyama
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Ryoko Suzuki
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Akihiro Fujikawa
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Masaharu Noda
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
- School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Japan
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Krementsov DN, Case LK, Hickey WF, Teuscher C. Exacerbation of autoimmune neuroinflammation by dietary sodium is genetically controlled and sex specific. FASEB J 2015. [PMID: 25917331 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15‐272542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a debilitating autoimmune neuroinflammatory disease influenced by genetics and the environment. MS incidence in female subjects has approximately tripled in the last century, suggesting a sex-specific environmental influence. Recent animal and human studies have implicated dietary sodium as a risk factor in MS, whereby high sodium augmented the generation of T helper (Th) 17 cells and exacerbated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the principal model of MS. However, whether dietary sodium interacts with sex or genetics remains unknown. Here, we show that high dietary sodium exacerbates EAE in a strain- and sex-specific fashion. In C57BL6/J mice, exposure to a high-salt diet exacerbated disease in both sexes, while in SJL/JCrHsd mice, it did so only in females. In further support of a genetic component, we found that sodium failed to modify EAE course in C57BL6/J mice carrying a 129/Sv-derived interval on chromosome 17. Furthermore, we found that the high-sodium diet did not augment Th17 or Th1 responses, but it did result in increased blood-brain barrier permeability and brain pathology. Our results demonstrate that the effects of dietary sodium on autoimmune neuroinflammation are sex specific, genetically controlled, and CNS mediated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitry N Krementsov
- *Department of Medicine, Immunobiology Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA; and Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Laure K Case
- *Department of Medicine, Immunobiology Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA; and Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - William F Hickey
- *Department of Medicine, Immunobiology Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA; and Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Cory Teuscher
- *Department of Medicine, Immunobiology Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA; and Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Krementsov DN, Case LK, Hickey WF, Teuscher C. Exacerbation of autoimmune neuroinflammation by dietary sodium is genetically controlled and sex specific. FASEB J 2015; 29:3446-57. [PMID: 25917331 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-272542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a debilitating autoimmune neuroinflammatory disease influenced by genetics and the environment. MS incidence in female subjects has approximately tripled in the last century, suggesting a sex-specific environmental influence. Recent animal and human studies have implicated dietary sodium as a risk factor in MS, whereby high sodium augmented the generation of T helper (Th) 17 cells and exacerbated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the principal model of MS. However, whether dietary sodium interacts with sex or genetics remains unknown. Here, we show that high dietary sodium exacerbates EAE in a strain- and sex-specific fashion. In C57BL6/J mice, exposure to a high-salt diet exacerbated disease in both sexes, while in SJL/JCrHsd mice, it did so only in females. In further support of a genetic component, we found that sodium failed to modify EAE course in C57BL6/J mice carrying a 129/Sv-derived interval on chromosome 17. Furthermore, we found that the high-sodium diet did not augment Th17 or Th1 responses, but it did result in increased blood-brain barrier permeability and brain pathology. Our results demonstrate that the effects of dietary sodium on autoimmune neuroinflammation are sex specific, genetically controlled, and CNS mediated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitry N Krementsov
- *Department of Medicine, Immunobiology Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA; and Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Laure K Case
- *Department of Medicine, Immunobiology Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA; and Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - William F Hickey
- *Department of Medicine, Immunobiology Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA; and Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Cory Teuscher
- *Department of Medicine, Immunobiology Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA; and Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| |
Collapse
|