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Siriwong S, Tanthanuch W, Srisamut D, Chantarakhon C, Kamkajon K, Thumanu K. Performance Evaluation of Focal Plane Array (FPA)-FTIR and Synchrotron Radiation (SR)-FTIR Microspectroscopy to Classify Rice Components. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2022; 28:1-10. [PMID: 36062386 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927622012454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The development of biochemical analysis techniques to study heterogeneous biological samples is increasing. These techniques include synchrotron radiation Fourier transform infrared (SR-FTIR) microspectroscopy. This method has been applied to analyze biological tissue with multivariate statistical analysis to classify the components revealed by the spectral data. This study aims to compare the efficiencies of SR-FTIR microspectroscopy and focal plane array (FPA)-FTIR microspectroscopy when classifying rice tissue components. Spectral data were acquired for mapping the same sample areas from both techniques. Principal component analysis and cluster imaging were used to investigate the biochemical variations of the tissue types. The classification was based on the functional groups of pectin, protein, and polysaccharide. Four layers from SR-FTIR microspectroscopy including pericarp, aleurone layer, sub-aleurone layer, and endosperm were classified using cluster imaging, while FPA-FTIR microspectroscopy could classify only three layers of pericarp, aleurone layer, and endosperm. Moreover, SR-FTIR microspectroscopy increased the image contrast of the biochemical distribution in rice tissue more efficiently than FPA-FTIR microspectroscopy. We have demonstrated the capability of the high-resolution synchrotron technique and its ability to clarify small structures in rice tissue. The use of this technique might increase in future studies of tissue characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supatcharee Siriwong
- Research Facility Department, Synchrotron Light Research Institute (Public Organization), Mueang District, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Waraporn Tanthanuch
- Research Facility Department, Synchrotron Light Research Institute (Public Organization), Mueang District, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Duangjai Srisamut
- Research Facility Department, Synchrotron Light Research Institute (Public Organization), Mueang District, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Chulalak Chantarakhon
- Research Facility Department, Synchrotron Light Research Institute (Public Organization), Mueang District, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Kanokwan Kamkajon
- Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Kanjana Thumanu
- Research Facility Department, Synchrotron Light Research Institute (Public Organization), Mueang District, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
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Chauhan P, Kumari M, Chaudhary S, Chaudhary GR, Umar A, Baskoutas S. Seed germination studies on Chickpeas, Barley, Mung beans and Wheat with natural biomass and plastic waste derived C-dots. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 837:155593. [PMID: 35490802 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Agronomical providence of nanoparticles in enhancing food productivity has brought new revolution in agricultural sector. However, the comprehensive ingenuity of their synergetic impact on environment and living flora and fauna is still poorly explored. The current study endeavours to tackle this apprehension by systematically exploring the agronomical paradigm of six different types of C-dots derived from natural biomass and plastic waste on the four different types of seeds viz. black chick peas (Cicer arietinum), barley (Hordeum vulgare), mung beans (Vigna radiata) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) at room temperature. C-dots have displayed a dose responsive effect (250 to 5000 mg/L) on the growth of chosen seeds, including the elongation of root length and coleoptile length. The development of seedlings under atmospheric conditions exhibited excellent physiological stability in presence of synthesized C-dots for all types of seeds with concentrations as high as 3000 mg/L for dry seed. The direct exposure of C-dots resulted in enhanced growth as compared to the water exposure and considered as the most important novel aspect of present work. The developed C-dots provide more nutrient content and easy penetration to the seeds due to their enhanced surface area and very small size. The germination and Vigor index have also been augmented in presence of C-dots after 7 days of exposure. C-dots have affected the chlorophyll content in mung beans as a function of time and concentration. The developed C-dots possess excellent biocompatible behaviour and help in the complete growth of the different types of seeds which suggest their enhanced utilization in the agronomical field. This is one of the detailed studies, which explore the impact of C-dots on widely used food crops with the non-toxic and biocompatible C-dots. The information achieved herein will allow the usage of C-dots as a capable nanopriming agent for the natural germination of seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Chauhan
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Manisha Kumari
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Savita Chaudhary
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India.
| | - Ganga Ram Chaudhary
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Ahmad Umar
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Arts, Najran University, Najran 11001, Saudi Arabia; Promising Centre for Sensors and Electronic Devices (PCSED), Najran University, Najran 11001, Saudi Arabia.
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Zhang H, Li XY, Lin ML, Hu PP, Lai NW, Huang ZR, Chen LS. The aluminum distribution and translocation in two citrus species differing in aluminum tolerance. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:93. [PMID: 35232395 PMCID: PMC8889769 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03472-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many citrus orchards of south China suffer from soil acidification, which induces aluminum (Al) toxicity. The Al-immobilization in vivo is crucial for Al detoxification. However, the distribution and translocation of excess Al in citrus species are not well understood. RESULTS The seedlings of 'Xuegan' [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] and 'Shatianyou' [Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck], that differ in Al tolerance, were hydroponically treated with a nutrient solution (Control) or supplemented by 1.0 mM Al3+ (Al toxicity) for 21 days after three months of pre-culture. The Al distribution at the tissue level of citrus species followed the order: lateral roots > primary roots > leaves > stems. The concentration of Al extracted from the cell wall (CW) of lateral roots was found to be about 8 to 10 times higher than in the lateral roots under Al toxicity, suggesting that the CW was the primary Al-binding site at the subcellular level. Furthermore, the Al distribution in CW components of the lateral roots showed that pectin had the highest affinity for binding Al. The relative expression level of genes directly relevant to Al transport indicated a dominant role of Cs6g03670.1 and Cg1g021320.1 in the Al distribution of two citrus species. Compared to C. grandis, C. sinensis had a significantly higher Al concentration on the CW of lateral roots, whereas remarkably lower Al levels in the leaves and stems. Furthermore, Al translocation revealed by the absorption kinetics of the CW demonstrated that C. sinensis had a higher Al retention and stronger Al affinity on the root CW than C. grandis. According to the FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) analysis, the Al distribution and translocation might be affected by a modification in the structure and components of the citrus lateral root CW. CONCLUSIONS A higher Al-retention, mainly attributable to pectin of the root CW, and a lower Al translocation efficiency from roots to shoots contributed to a higher Al tolerance of C. sinensis than C. grandis. The aluminum distribution and translocation of two citrus species differing in aluminum tolerance were associated with the transcriptional regulation of genes related to Al transport and the structural modification of root CW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002 Fuzhou, China
- College of Forestry, Guangxi University, 530004 Nanning, China
| | - Xin-yu Li
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002 Fuzhou, China
| | - Mei-lan Lin
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002 Fuzhou, China
| | - Ping-ping Hu
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002 Fuzhou, China
| | - Ning-wei Lai
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002 Fuzhou, China
| | - Zeng-rong Huang
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002 Fuzhou, China
| | - Li-song Chen
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002 Fuzhou, China
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Sarić R, Nguyen VD, Burge T, Berkowitz O, Trtílek M, Whelan J, Lewsey MG, Čustović E. Applications of hyperspectral imaging in plant phenotyping. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 27:301-315. [PMID: 34998690 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2021.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Our ability to interrogate and manipulate the genome far exceeds our capacity to measure the effects of genetic changes on plant traits. Much effort has been made recently by the plant science research community to address this imbalance. The responses of plants to environmental conditions can now be defined using a variety of imaging approaches. Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) has emerged as a promising approach to measure traits using a wide range of wavebands simultaneously in 3D to capture information in lab, glasshouse, or field settings. HSI has been applied to define abiotic, biotic, and quality traits for optimisation of crop management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rijad Sarić
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Science, AgriBio Building, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia; Department of Engineering, School of Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Viet D Nguyen
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Science, AgriBio Building, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia; Department of Engineering, School of Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Timothy Burge
- Australian Research Council Research Hub for Medicinal Agriculture, AgriBio Building, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Oliver Berkowitz
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Science, AgriBio Building, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia; Australian Research Council Research Hub for Medicinal Agriculture, AgriBio Building, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Martin Trtílek
- Photon Systems Instruments plant phenotyping research centre, Photon System Instruments, 664 24 Drasov, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - James Whelan
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Science, AgriBio Building, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia; Australian Research Council Research Hub for Medicinal Agriculture, AgriBio Building, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia.
| | - Mathew G Lewsey
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Science, AgriBio Building, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia; Australian Research Council Research Hub for Medicinal Agriculture, AgriBio Building, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Edhem Čustović
- Department of Engineering, School of Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
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Nnamezie AA, Famuwagun AA, Gbadamosi SO. Characterization of okra seed flours, protein concentrate, protein isolate and enzymatic hydrolysates. FOOD PRODUCTION, PROCESSING AND NUTRITION 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s43014-021-00059-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The need to feed the increasing world population with high quality protein and the enormous post-harvest losses of okra fruits necessitated the research on okra seeds in this study. Whole flour (WF) of matured okra seed was processed to obtain defatted flour (DF), protein concentrate (PC) and protein isolate (PI), followed by hydrolysis of the protein isolate by three different proteases; pepsin (PHp), pancreatin (PHc) and trypsin (PHT) to produce hydrolysates. The okra seed flours, proteins and the hydrolysates were analyzed for changes in the functional groups using Fourier, Transform Infrared (FTIR), amino acid composition, solubility profile and some functional properties. The FTIR results showed the presence of N-H stretching, C=O stretching, C=N stretching N-H bending and C-N stretching in the samples. Protein hydrolysate had higher essential amino acids (51.32–53.01%) than unhydrolysed samples (36.31–37.99%). PI and WF had the highest water absorption and swelling capacities respectively. The solubility profiles of the samples were minimal at pH 2–4 and then increased after the isoelectric point. The PC was more soluble than PI between pH 2–8. The foaming properties of the samples was least in the absence of salt but high in the presence of 0.5 M sodium chloride. The emulsion capacity of the samples was least in the presence of 1.0 M NaCl. The in-vitro protein digestibility results showed that okra seed protein hydrolysates were more digestible (83.26–86.08%) than unhydrolyzed proteins (36.48–80.90%). The results of the antioxidant properties showed that PHp and PHT exhibited better radical scavenging and metal chelating activities respectively than the other samples. The study concluded that okra seed proteins and hydrolysates demonstrated potentials as ingredients in functional food preparation and this may be considered as a strategy to reducing the post-harvest losses of okra fruit and subsequently feeding the world with quality proteins.
Graphical abstract
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Wu X, Song H, Guan C, Zhang Z. Boron mitigates cadmium toxicity to rapeseed (Brassica napus) shoots by relieving oxidative stress and enhancing cadmium chelation onto cell walls. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 263:114546. [PMID: 32311624 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In southern China, Brassica napus (rapeseed) is a widely planted oilseed crop in rice-rapeseed rotation systems with characteristically high levels of cadmium (Cd) and low levels of available boron (B). Current knowledge of the ameliorative effects of B on Cd toxicity in plants mainly concerns plant growth, Cd uptake, and Cd translocation, while little attention has been paid to the role of B on plant antioxidant enzyme systems and cell wall chelation of Cd. We explored the mechanisms whereby B improves rapeseed Cd resistance. Application of B alleviated Cd-induced oxidative stress caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the shoots of Cd-treated plants, by increasing the activity of the major antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase. Moreover, the shoots of rapeseed plants supplied with B under Cd toxicity had higher ionic soluble pectin (ISP) content, thereby providing more Cd-binding sites in pectin, as well as higher methylesterase activity. However, no changes in covalent soluble pectin were observed. In addition, B also induced higher cellulose in Cd-toxic shoots, thus promoting Cd chelation onto cell walls. Fourier infrared spectrum analysis confirmed that the addition of B increased protein, pectin, cellulose, and carbohydrate content in the cell walls of Cd-toxic leaves. In conclusion, B can mitigate Cd phytotoxicity by alleviating oxidative stress and immobilizing Cd on the ISP and cellulose of shoot cell walls, thereby playing a potential role in improving the growth potential of crops and Cd phytoremediation. The results also provide a theoretical basis for alleviating Cd toxicity in crops and development of Cd-tolerant varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuwen Wu
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Farmland Pollution Control and Agricultural Resources Use, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition in Common University, National Engineering Laboratory on Soil and Fertilizer Resources Efficient Utilization, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Haixing Song
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Farmland Pollution Control and Agricultural Resources Use, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition in Common University, National Engineering Laboratory on Soil and Fertilizer Resources Efficient Utilization, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Chunyun Guan
- National Center of Oilseed Crops Improvement, Hunan Branch, Changsha, China
| | - Zhenhua Zhang
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Farmland Pollution Control and Agricultural Resources Use, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition in Common University, National Engineering Laboratory on Soil and Fertilizer Resources Efficient Utilization, Changsha, 410128, China.
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Hybrid Label-Free Molecular Microscopies for Simultaneous Visualization of Changes in Cell Wall Polysaccharides of Peach at Single- and Multiple-Cell Levels during Postharvest Storage. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030761. [PMID: 32244921 PMCID: PMC7140658 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Softening of fruit during the postharvest storage, which is mainly associated with both compositional and spatial changes of polysaccharides within cell wall, affects the texture and quality of fruit. Current research on the fruit softening mechanism lacks an understanding of the overall softening at the cell level. The objective of this work was to investigate the change in the spatial distribution of cell wall polysaccharides in peach flesh cells at both single- and multiple-cell levels in a label-free way during the postharvest storage. Nonmelting peaches (Prunus persica L. Batsch cv."Zhonghuashoutao") at commercial maturity were stored at 0 °C and 20 °C. Firmness measurement and chemical analysis were performed at each storage time. In addition, three molecular imaging techniques, namely confocal Raman microspectroscopy (CRM), Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy (FTIRM), and stimulated Raman scattering microscopy (SRS) were used to visualize changes in the spatial distribution of cell wall polysaccharides of peach fruit in a label-free way during the postharvest storage. The combination of CRM and FTIRM provided complementary spectral information to visualize the spatial changes of cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin in the cell wall of peach flesh during softening at the single-cell level, and found that the cell wall polysaccharides tended to be concentrated in the cell corner of parenchymal cells at the late stage. Furthermore, SRS, which is an ultrafast Raman imaging technique (approximately three or four orders of magnitude faster than CRM), was used for high-throughput cell wall phenotypes measurement. Different degradation degrees of parenchymal cells during fruit softening were found based on the gray-scale statistical analysis of SRS data. In general, cell wall polysaccharides decreased during softening and tended to be concentrated in the cell corner for most parenchymal cells at the late stage, but there were also some cells not in line with the whole softening trends. The results show that there were differences in the content and spatial changes of cell wall polysaccharides among parenchymal cells of peach fruit during the softening process, and the hybrid use of CRM, FTIRM, and SRS is a promising method for simultaneous visualization of changes in cell wall polysaccharides of peach.
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Shewry PR, Wan Y, Hawkesford MJ, Tosi P. Spatial distribution of functional components in the starchy endosperm of wheat grains. J Cereal Sci 2020; 91:102869. [PMID: 32089586 PMCID: PMC7015275 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2019.102869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The starchy endosperm of the mature wheat grain comprises three major cell types, namely sub-aleurone cells, prismatic cells and central cells, which differ in their contents of functional components: gluten proteins, starch, cell wall polysaccharides (dietary fibre) and lipids. Gradients are established during grain development but may be modified during grain maturation and are affected by plant nutrition, particularly nitrogen application, and environmental factors. Although the molecular controls of their formation are unknown, the high content of protein and low content of starch of sub-aleurone cells, compared to the other starchy endosperm cells types, may result from differences in developmental programming related to the cells having a separate origin (from anticlinal division of the aleurone cells). The gradients within the grain may be reflected in differences in the compositions of mill streams, particularly those streams enriched in the central and outer cells of the starchy endosperm, respectively, allowing the production of specialist flours for specific end uses.
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Key Words
- A, arabinose
- AX, arabinoxylan
- AXOS, arabinoxylan oligosaccharide
- DP, degree of polymerisation
- DPA, days past anthesis
- Dietary fibre
- FTIR, Fourier transform infrared
- GL, galactolipid
- Gluten proteins
- HMW, high molecular weight
- LMW, low molecular weight
- Lipids
- NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance
- PL, phospholipid
- Polysaccharides
- SIMS, secondary ion mass spectrometry
- Starch
- Starchy endosperm
- TAG, triacylglycerol
- TDF, total dietary fibre
- WE, water-extractable
- WU, water-unextractable
- Wheat
- White flour
- X, xylose
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter R. Shewry
- Plant Science Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts, AL5 2JQ, UK
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus, Early Gate, RG6 6AR, Reading, UK
| | - Yongfang Wan
- Plant Science Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | | | - Paola Tosi
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus, Early Gate, RG6 6AR, Reading, UK
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Geng Y, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Hu B, Wang J, He J, Liang M. Quality Attributes and Microstructure of Cell Walls in ‘Suli’ Plum Fruit ( Prunus salicina Lindl.) during Softening. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.3136/fstr.26.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Geng
- Guizhou Institute of Walnut
- Guizhou Academy of Forestry
| | | | - Yana Liu
- Guizhou Institute of Walnut
- Guizhou Academy of Forestry
| | - Bokai Hu
- Guizhou Institute of Walnut
- Guizhou Academy of Forestry
| | - Jihui Wang
- Guizhou Institute of Walnut
- Guizhou Academy of Forestry
| | - Jiali He
- Guizhou Institute of Walnut
- Guizhou Academy of Forestry
| | - Mei Liang
- Guizhou Institute of Walnut
- Guizhou Academy of Forestry
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Beć KB, Grabska J, Bonn GK, Popp M, Huck CW. Principles and Applications of Vibrational Spectroscopic Imaging in Plant Science: A Review. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1226. [PMID: 32849759 PMCID: PMC7427587 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Detailed knowledge about plant chemical constituents and their distributions from organ level to sub-cellular level is of critical interest to basic and applied sciences. Spectral imaging techniques offer unparalleled advantages in that regard. The core advantage of these technologies is that they acquire spatially distributed semi-quantitative information of high specificity towards chemical constituents of plants. This forms invaluable asset in the studies on plant biochemical and structural features. In certain applications, non-invasive analysis is possible. The information harvested through spectral imaging can be used for exploration of plant biochemistry, physiology, metabolism, classification, and phenotyping among others, with significant gains for basic and applied research. This article aims to present a general perspective about vibrational spectral imaging/micro-spectroscopy in the context of plant research. Within the scope of this review are infrared (IR), near-infrared (NIR) and Raman imaging techniques. To better expose the potential and limitations of these techniques, fluorescence imaging is briefly overviewed as a method relatively less flexible but particularly powerful for the investigation of photosynthesis. Included is a brief introduction to the physical, instrumental, and data-analytical background essential for the applications of imaging techniques. The applications are discussed on the basis of recent literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof B. Beć
- CCB-Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, Leopold-Franzens University, Innsbruck, Austria
- *Correspondence: Krzysztof B. Beć, ; Christian W. Huck,
| | - Justyna Grabska
- CCB-Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, Leopold-Franzens University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Günther K. Bonn
- CCB-Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, Leopold-Franzens University, Innsbruck, Austria
- ADSI, Austrian Drug Screening Institute, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael Popp
- Michael Popp Research Institute for New Phyto Entities, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christian W. Huck
- CCB-Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, Leopold-Franzens University, Innsbruck, Austria
- *Correspondence: Krzysztof B. Beć, ; Christian W. Huck,
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Wu X, Lu X, Riaz M, Yan L, Jiang C. Boron toxicity induced specific changes of cell ultrastructure and architecture of components in leaf center and tip of trifoliate orange [Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.]. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 246:426-433. [PMID: 31200177 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.05.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of boron (B) in leaves is far from uniform, and tolerance to B toxicity should be varied in different portions of an entire leaf. Here, according to the order and degree of leaf chlorosis, a whole leaf blade of trifoliate orange [Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.] rootstock was divided into two segments-leaf tip and leaf center, and transmission electron microscope (TEM) and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to obtain more detailed information on the cell ultrastructure and component architecture of the two leaf segments under B toxicity. Results revealed that B toxicity led to alterations in pectin network crosslinking structure of leaf tip and destruction of cell wall integrity. Moreover, B toxicity altered protein structure and decreased protein content, while increased carbohydrate content in the two leaf segments, especially in leaf tip. Excess B supply reduced the cellulose content in leaf tip but increased in leaf center. TEM micrographs exhibited chloroplast disintegration and plastoglobulus accumulation in cells of two different leaf sections of B-toxicity plants, with less pronounced changes in leaf center. Furthermore, B toxicity only induced accumulation of starch grains in cells of leaf center. Overall results indicated that the B-toxic-induced biochemical changes of the cell ultrastructure and component architecture greatly differed in leaf tip and center. This study facilitates a better understanding of structural changes in different leaf portions of P. trifoliata under B toxicity stress and provides new ideas for further research on other elements in different plant leaf portions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuwen Wu
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410000, PR China
| | - Xiaopei Lu
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Muhammad Riaz
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Lei Yan
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Cuncang Jiang
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China.
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12
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The characterisation of Mozzarella cheese microstructure using high resolution synchrotron transmission and ATR-FTIR microspectroscopy. Food Chem 2019; 291:214-222. [PMID: 31006461 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Synchrotron Fourier transform infrared (S-FTIR) microspectroscopy allows the label-free examination of material microstructure but has not been widely applied to dairy products. Here, S-FTIR microspectroscopy was applied to observe the microstructure of Mozzarella cheese and assess the protein and lipid distribution within individual cheese blocks. High lipid and high protein areas were identified in transmission and attenuated total reflectance (ATR) analysis modes and the secondary structures of cheese proteins determined. Hierarchical cluster analysis and principal component analysis identified variation in random coil, water content, lipid carbonyl and methylene stretching across the sampled area. Similar spectral features were obtained in both analysis modes; spatial resolution was higher with ATR and small differences were noted, potentially as a result of differences in sample preparation. S-FTIR is a useful microscopy tool that can detect structural alterations that may affect product properties and may assist reverse engineering of a range of dairy products.
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13
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Yan L, Riaz M, Wu X, Du C, Liu Y, Jiang C. Ameliorative effects of boron on aluminum induced variations of cell wall cellulose and pectin components in trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliate (L.) Raf.) rootstock. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 240:764-774. [PMID: 29778812 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum (Al) phytotoxicity is a major limitation in the production of crops in the soils with pH ≤ 5. Boron (B) is indispensable nutrient for the development of higher plants and B role has been reported in the alleviation Al toxicity. Trifoliate orange rootstock was grown in two B and two Al concentrations. The results of the present study showed that Al toxicity adversely inhibited root elongation and exhibited higher oxidative stress in terms of H2O2 and O2- under B-deficiency. Additionally, the X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the increase of the cellulose crystallinity in the cell wall (CW). Al-induced remarkable variations in the CW components were prominent in terms of alkali-soluble pectin, 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonic acid (KDO) and the degree of methyl-esterification (DME) of pectin. Interesting, B supply reduced the pectin (alkali-soluble) under Al toxicity. Moreover, the results of FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) and 13C-NMR (13C nuclear magnetic resonance) spectra revealed the decrease of carboxyl groups and cellulose by B application during Al exposure. Furthermore, B supply tended to decrease the Al uptake, CW thickness and callose formation. The study concluded that B could mitigate Al phytotoxicity by shielding potential Al binding sites and by reducing Al induced alterations in the CW cellulose and pectin components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yan
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Muhammad Riaz
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Xiuwen Wu
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Chenqing Du
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Yalin Liu
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Cuncang Jiang
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China.
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14
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Gierlinger N. New insights into plant cell walls by vibrational microspectroscopy. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY REVIEWS 2017; 53:517-551. [PMID: 30057488 PMCID: PMC6050719 DOI: 10.1080/05704928.2017.1363052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Vibrational spectroscopy provides non-destructively the molecular fingerprint of plant cells in the native state. In combination with microscopy, the chemical composition can be followed in context with the microstructure, and due to the non-destructive application, in-situ studies of changes during, e.g., degradation or mechanical load are possible. The two complementary vibrational microspectroscopic approaches, Fourier-Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Microspectroscopy and Confocal Raman spectroscopy, are based on different physical principles and the resulting different drawbacks and advantages in plant applications are reviewed. Examples for FT-IR and Raman microscopy applications on plant cell walls, including imaging as well as in-situ studies, are shown to have high potential to get a deeper understanding of structure-function relationships as well as biological processes and technical treatments. Both probe numerous different molecular vibrations of all components at once and thus result in spectra with many overlapping bands, a challenge for assignment and interpretation. With the help of multivariate unmixing methods (e.g., vertex components analysis), the most pure components can be revealed and their distribution mapped, even tiny layers and structures (250 nm). Instrumental as well as data analysis progresses make both microspectroscopic methods more and more promising tools in plant cell wall research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Notburga Gierlinger
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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15
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Effect of boron deficiency on anatomical structure and chemical composition of petioles and photosynthesis of leaves in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Sci Rep 2017; 7:4420. [PMID: 28667263 PMCID: PMC5493661 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04655-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The main symptom of boron (B) deficiency in cotton is the formation of brown rings on leaf petioles. The objective of the present study was to determine the changes in the anatomical structure and chemical composition of petioles and photosynthesis of leaves in cotton under B deficiency. Compared to the control, B deficiency treatment resulted in large increases in the number of petioles with brown rings per plant (160.0%) and the number of rings on the petiole per functional leaf (711.1%) in cotton seedlings. The relative absorbance intensity in the fingerprint region of polysaccharide structure was decreased in petiole rings under B deficiency, while lignin contents were increased. Cotton plants mitigated the impairment of transport function in cotton petioles by increasing the areas of vascular bundles, phloem, xylem, and phloem fiber. Moreover, the stomatal conductance, photosynthetic rate, and transpiration rate in leaves were significantly decreased under B deficiency, thus impeding photosynthesis in cotton plants. Therefore, B deficiency reduces transport function in petioles and photosynthesis in leaves, and leads to the formation of noticeable brown rings on petioles of cotton seedlings.
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16
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Hourston JE, Ignatz M, Reith M, Leubner-Metzger G, Steinbrecher T. Biomechanical properties of wheat grains: the implications on milling. J R Soc Interface 2017; 14:rsif.2016.0828. [PMID: 28100826 PMCID: PMC5310733 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2016.0828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Millennia of continuous innovation have driven ever increasing efficiency in the milling process. Mechanically characterizing wheat grains and discerning the structure and function of the wheat bran layers can contribute to continuing innovation. We present novel shear force and puncture force testing regimes to characterize different wheat grain cultivars. The forces endured by wheat grains during the milling process can be quantified, enabling us to measure the impact of commonly applied grain pretreatments, such as microwave heating, extended tempering, enzyme and hormone treatments on grains of different ‘hardness’. Using these methods, we demonstrate the importance of short tempering phases prior to milling and identify ways in which our methods can detect differences in the maximum force, energy and breaking behaviours of hard and soft grain types. We also demonstrate for the first time, endosperm weakening in wheat, through hormone stratification on single bran layers. The modern milling process is highly refined, meaning that small, cultivar specific, adjustments can result in large increases in downstream profits. We believe that methods such as these, which enable rapid testing of milling pretreatments and material properties can help to drive an innovation process that has been core to our industrial efforts since prehistory.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Hourston
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, UK
| | - Michael Ignatz
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, UK
| | - Martin Reith
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, UK
| | | | - Tina Steinbrecher
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, UK
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17
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Türker-Kaya S, Huck CW. A Review of Mid-Infrared and Near-Infrared Imaging: Principles, Concepts and Applications in Plant Tissue Analysis. Molecules 2017; 22:E168. [PMID: 28117673 PMCID: PMC6155813 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22010168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant cells, tissues and organs are composed of various biomolecules arranged as structurally diverse units, which represent heterogeneity at microscopic levels. Molecular knowledge about those constituents with their localization in such complexity is very crucial for both basic and applied plant sciences. In this context, infrared imaging techniques have advantages over conventional methods to investigate heterogeneous plant structures in providing quantitative and qualitative analyses with spatial distribution of the components. Thus, particularly, with the use of proper analytical approaches and sampling methods, these technologies offer significant information for the studies on plant classification, physiology, ecology, genetics, pathology and other related disciplines. This review aims to present a general perspective about near-infrared and mid-infrared imaging/microspectroscopy in plant research. It is addressed to compare potentialities of these methodologies with their advantages and limitations. With regard to the organization of the document, the first section will introduce the respective underlying principles followed by instrumentation, sampling techniques, sample preparations, measurement, and an overview of spectral pre-processing and multivariate analysis. The last section will review selected applications in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevgi Türker-Kaya
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Kocaeli University, 41380 Kocaeli, Turkey.
| | - Christian W Huck
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, CCB-Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Leopold-Franzens University, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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18
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Warren FJ, Perston BB, Galindez-Najera SP, Edwards CH, Powell PO, Mandalari G, Campbell GM, Butterworth PJ, Ellis PR. Infrared microspectroscopic imaging of plant tissues: spectral visualization of Triticum aestivum kernel and Arabidopsis leaf microstructure. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 84:634-46. [PMID: 26400058 PMCID: PMC4620737 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Infrared microspectroscopy is a tool with potential for studies of the microstructure, chemical composition and functionality of plants at a subcellular level. Here we present the use of high-resolution bench top-based infrared microspectroscopy to investigate the microstructure of Triticum aestivum L. (wheat) kernels and Arabidopsis leaves. Images of isolated wheat kernel tissues and whole wheat kernels following hydrothermal processing and simulated gastric and duodenal digestion were generated, as well as images of Arabidopsis leaves at different points during a diurnal cycle. Individual cells and cell walls were resolved, and large structures within cells, such as starch granules and protein bodies, were clearly identified. Contrast was provided by converting the hyperspectral image cubes into false-colour images using either principal component analysis (PCA) overlays or by correlation analysis. The unsupervised PCA approach provided a clear view of the sample microstructure, whereas the correlation analysis was used to confirm the identity of different anatomical structures using the spectra from isolated components. It was then demonstrated that gelatinized and native starch within cells could be distinguished, and that the loss of starch during wheat digestion could be observed, as well as the accumulation of starch in leaves during a diurnal period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick J Warren
- King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, Biopolymers Group, LondonFranklin-Wilkins Building, 150, Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of QueenslandSt. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Benjamin B Perston
- PerkinElmerChalfont Road, Seer Green, Buckinghamshire, HP9 2FX, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia P Galindez-Najera
- Satake Centre for Grain Process Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of ManchesterM13 9PL, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Cathrina H Edwards
- King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, Biopolymers Group, LondonFranklin-Wilkins Building, 150, Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Prudence O Powell
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of QueenslandSt. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Giusy Mandalari
- The Model Gut, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research ParkColney Lane, NR4 7UA, Norwich, United Kingdom
- Department of Drug Science and Products for Health, University of MessinaVill. SS. Annunziata, 98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Grant M Campbell
- Satake Centre for Grain Process Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of ManchesterM13 9PL, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J Butterworth
- King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, Biopolymers Group, LondonFranklin-Wilkins Building, 150, Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Peter R Ellis
- King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, Biopolymers Group, LondonFranklin-Wilkins Building, 150, Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
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19
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Zimmermann B, Bağcıoğlu M, Sandt C, Kohler A. Vibrational microspectroscopy enables chemical characterization of single pollen grains as well as comparative analysis of plant species based on pollen ultrastructure. PLANTA 2015; 242:1237-50. [PMID: 26289829 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-015-2380-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Chemical imaging of pollen by vibrational microspectroscopy enables characterization of pollen ultrastructure, in particular phenylpropanoid components in grain wall for comparative study of extant and extinct plant species. A detailed characterization of conifer (Pinales) pollen by vibrational microspectroscopy is presented. The main problems that arise during vibrational measurements were scatter and saturation issues in Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and fluorescence and penetration depth issues in Raman. Single pollen grains larger than approx. 15 µm can be measured by FTIR microspectroscopy using conventional light sources, while smaller grains may be measured by employing synchrotron light sources. Pollen grains that were larger than 50 µm were too thick for FTIR imaging since the grain constituents absorbed almost all infrared light. Chemical images of pollen were obtained on sectioned samples, unveiling the distribution and concentration of proteins, carbohydrates, sporopollenins and lipids within pollen substructures. The comparative analysis of pollen species revealed that, compared with other Pinales pollens, Cedrus atlantica has a higher relative amount of lipid nutrients, as well as different chemical composition of grain wall sporopollenin. The pre-processing and data analysis, namely extended multiplicative signal correction and principal component analysis, offer simple estimate of imaging spectral data and indirect estimation of physical properties of pollen. The vibrational microspectroscopy study demonstrates that detailed chemical characterization of pollen can be obtained by measurement of an individual grain and pollen ultrastructure. Measurement of phenylpropanoid components in pollen grain wall could be used, not only for the reconstruction of past environments, but for assessment of diversity of plant species as well. Therefore, analysis of extant and extinct pollen species by vibrational spectroscopies is suggested as a valuable tool in biology, ecology and palaeosciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Zimmermann
- Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Environmental Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Drøbakveien 31, 1430, Ås, Norway.
| | - Murat Bağcıoğlu
- Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Environmental Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Drøbakveien 31, 1430, Ås, Norway.
| | - Christophe Sandt
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, BP 48, 91192, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Achim Kohler
- Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Environmental Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Drøbakveien 31, 1430, Ås, Norway.
- Nofima AS, Osloveien 1, 1430, Ås, Norway.
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20
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Wang X, Sheng D, Zhu Z, Xu F, Huang D, Yu C. Identification of Cortex Eucommiae from different producing areas by FTIR microspectroscopy. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 141:94-98. [PMID: 25666329 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2015.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, FTIR microspectroscopy was used to compare Cortex Eucommiae from Anhui Province (A), Henan Province (B) and Sichuan Province (C) of China. High-resolution spectra were obtained with good reproducibility. From IR spectra, some obvious differences in band frequency could be observed among Cortex Eucommiae A-C. Curve fitting result indicated that polysaccharides' structures and contents were different among Cortex Eucommiae A-C. To distinguish Cortex Eucommiae from different producing areas, the A1245/A1328 ratio might be an exceptionally practical factor. Additionally, FTIR microspectroscopy could identify Cortex Eucommiae A-C with 89.5% accuracy in combination with hierarchical cluster analysis. The results suggest FTIR microspectroscopy is very easy and efficient for distinguishing Cortex Eucommiae from different areas, and also indicate FTIR microspectroscopy may be practical for TCM research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Daping Sheng
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
| | - Zhengjie Zhu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
| | - Fangcheng Xu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China.
| | - Dake Huang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Changjun Yu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China.
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21
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Zheng Y, Wang Z. Differentiation mechanism and function of the cereal aleurone cells and hormone effects on them. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2014; 33:1779-1787. [PMID: 25007781 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-014-1654-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The cereal aleurone cells differentiate from the endosperm epidermis with the exception of endosperm transfer cells. Aleurone cells contain proteins, lipids, and minerals, and are important for digesting the endosperm storage products to nurse the embryo under effects of several hormones during the seed germination. The differentiation of aleurone cells is related to location effect and special gene expression. Moreover, the differentiation of aleurone cells is probably affected by the cues from maternal tissues. In the paper, differentiation mechanism and function of aleurone cells and hormone effects on them are reviewed. Some speculations about the differentiation mechanism of aleurone cells are given here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yankun Zheng
- College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
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22
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Wiwart M, Kandler W, Suchowilska E, Krska R. Discrimination Between the Grain of Spelt and Common Wheat Hybrids and their Parental Forms Using Fourier Transform Infrared–Attenuated Total Reflection. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2013.814665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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23
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Liu JN, Schulmerich MV, Bhargava R, Cunningham BT. Sculpting narrowband Fano resonances inherent in the large-area mid-infrared photonic crystal microresonators for spectroscopic imaging. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:18142-58. [PMID: 25089433 PMCID: PMC4162348 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.018142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) imaging spectrometers are almost universally used to record microspectroscopic imaging data in the mid-infrared (mid-IR) spectral region. While the commercial standard, interferometry necessitates collection of large spectral regions, requires a large data handling overhead for microscopic imaging and is slow. Here we demonstrate an approach for mid-IR spectroscopic imaging at selected discrete wavelengths using narrowband resonant filtering of a broadband thermal source, enabled by high-performance guided-mode Fano resonances in one-layer, large-area mid-IR photonic crystals on a glass substrate. The microresonant devices enable discrete frequency IR (DF-IR), in which a limited number of wavelengths that are of interest are recorded using a mechanically robust instrument. This considerably simplifies instrumentation as well as overhead of data acquisition, storage and analysis for large format imaging with array detectors. To demonstrate the approach, we perform DF-IR spectral imaging of a polymer USAF resolution target and human tissue in the C-H stretching region (2600-3300 cm(-1)). DF-IR spectroscopy and imaging can be generalized to other IR spectral regions and can serve as an analytical tool for environmental and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Nung Liu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801,
USA
- Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801,
USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801,
USA
| | - Matthew V. Schulmerich
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801,
USA
| | - Rohit Bhargava
- Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801,
USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801,
USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801,
USA
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801,
USA
| | - Brian T. Cunningham
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801,
USA
- Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801,
USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801,
USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801,
USA
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24
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General Overview on Vibrational Spectroscopy Applied in Biology and Medicine. CHALLENGES AND ADVANCES IN COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-7832-0_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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25
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Largo-Gosens A, Hernández-Altamirano M, García-Calvo L, Alonso-Simón A, Álvarez J, Acebes JL. Fourier transform mid infrared spectroscopy applications for monitoring the structural plasticity of plant cell walls. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:303. [PMID: 25071791 PMCID: PMC4074895 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Fourier transform mid-infrared (FT-MIR) spectroscopy has been extensively used as a potent, fast and non-destructive procedure for analyzing cell wall architectures, with the capacity to provide abundant information about their polymers, functional groups, and in muro entanglement. In conjunction with multivariate analyses, this method has proved to be a valuable tool for tracking alterations in cell walls. The present review examines recent progress in the use of FT-MIR spectroscopy to monitor cell wall changes occurring in muro as a result of various factors, such as growth and development processes, genetic modifications, exposition or habituation to cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors and responses to other abiotic or biotic stresses, as well as its biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - José L. Acebes
- *Correspondence: José L. Acebes, Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ingeniería y Ciencias Agrarias, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, E-24071 León, Spain e-mail:
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26
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Chen J, Sun S, Zhou Q. Direct observation of bulk and surface chemical morphologies of Ginkgo biloba leaves by Fourier transform mid- and near-infrared microspectroscopic imaging. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:9385-400. [PMID: 24091737 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7366-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy is a powerful tool to obtain knowledge about the spatial and/or temporal distributions of the chemical compositions of plants for better understanding of their biological properties. However, the chemical morphologies of plant leaves in the plane of the blade are barely studied, because sections in this plane for mid-infrared transmission measurements are difficult to obtain. Besides, native compositions may be changed by chemical reagents used when plant samples are microtomed. To improve methods for direct infrared microspectroscopic imaging of plant leaves in the plane of the blade, the bulk and surface chemical morphologies of nonmicrotomed Ginkgo biloba leaves were characterized by near-infrared transmission and mid-infrared attenuated total reflection microspectroscopic imaging. A new self-modeling curve resolution procedure was proposed to extract the spectral and concentration information of pure compounds. Primary and secondary metabolites of secretory cavities, veins, and mesophylls of Ginkgo biloba leaf blades were analyzed, and the distributions of cuticle, protein, calcium oxalate, cellulose, and ginkgolic acids on the adaxial surface were determined. By the integration of multiple infrared microspectroscopic imaging and chemometrics methods, it is possible to analyze nonmicrotomed leaves and other plant samples directly to understand their native chemical morphologies in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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Amir RM, Anjum FM, Khan MI, Khan MR, Pasha I, Nadeem M. Application of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy for the identification of wheat varieties. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2013; 50:1018-23. [PMID: 24426012 PMCID: PMC3722403 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-011-0424-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Quality characteristics of wheat are determined by different physiochemical and rheological analysis by using different AACC methods. AACC methods are expensive, time consuming and cause destruction of samples. Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is one of the most important and emerging tool used for analyzing wheat for different quality parameters. This technique is rapid and sensitive with a great variety of sampling techniques. In the present study different wheat varieties were analyzed for quality assessment and were also characterized by using AACC methods and FTIR technique. The straight grade flour was analyzed for physical, chemical and rheological properties by standard methods and results were obtained. FTIR works on the basis of functional groups and provide information in the form of peaks. On basis of peaks the value of moisture, protein, fat, ash, carbohydrates and hardness of grain were determined. Peaks for water were observed in the range 1,640 cm(-1) and 3,300 cm(-1) on the basis of functional group H and OH. Protein was observed in the range from 1,600 cm(-1) to 1,700 cm(-1) and 1,550 cm(-1) to 1,570 cm(-1) on the basis of bond amide I and amide II respectively. Fat was also observed within these ranges but on the basis of C-H bond and also starch was observed in the range from 2,800 and 3,000 cm(-1) (C-H stretch region) and in the range 3,000 and 3,600 cm(-1) (O-H stretch region). As FTIR is a fast tool it can be easily emplyed for wheat varieties identification according to a set criterion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rai Muhammad Amir
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Faqir Muhammad Anjum
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Issa Khan
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Moazzam Rafiq Khan
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Imran Pasha
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Nadeem
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Toole G, Le Gall G, Colquhoun I, Drea S, Opanowicz M, Bedő Z, Shewry P, Mills E. Spectroscopic analysis of diversity in the spatial distribution of arabinoxylan structures in endosperm cell walls of cereal species in the HEALTHGRAIN diversity collection. J Cereal Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2012.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Chiremba C, Taylor JR, Rooney LW, Beta T. Phenolic acid content of sorghum and maize cultivars varying in hardness. Food Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.02.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Wang J, Zhu J, Huang R, Yang Y. Investigation of cell wall composition related to stem lodging resistance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) by FTIR spectroscopy. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2012; 7:856-63. [PMID: 22751311 PMCID: PMC3583976 DOI: 10.4161/psb.20468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We explored the rapid qualitative analysis of wheat cultivars with good lodging resistances by Fourier transform infrared resonance (FTIR) spectroscopy and multivariate statistical analysis. FTIR imaging showing that wheat stem cell walls were mainly composed of cellulose, pectin, protein, and lignin. Principal components analysis (PCA) was used to eliminate multicollinearity among multiple peak absorptions. PCA revealed the developmental internodes of wheat stems could be distributed from low to high along the load of the second principal component, which was consistent with the corresponding bands of cellulose in the FTIR spectra of the cell walls. Furthermore, four distinct stem populations could also be identified by spectral features related to their corresponding mechanical properties via PCA and cluster analysis. Histochemical staining of four types of wheat stems with various abilities to resist lodging revealed that cellulose contributed more than lignin to the ability to resist lodging. These results strongly suggested that the main cell wall component responsible for these differences was cellulose. Therefore, the combination of multivariate analysis and FTIR could rapidly screen wheat cultivars with good lodging resistance. Furthermore, the application of these methods to a much wider range of cultivars of unknown mechanical properties promises to be of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- Key Labortary of Humid Subtropical Eco-geographical Process of the Ministry of Education; Fuzhou, China
- College of Geographical Sciences; Fujian Normal University; Fuzhou, China
| | - Jinmao Zhu
- Key Labortary of Humid Subtropical Eco-geographical Process of the Ministry of Education; Fuzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences; Fujian Normal University; Fuzhou, China
- Correspondence to: Jinmao Zhu,
| | - RuZhu Huang
- Key Labortary of Humid Subtropical Eco-geographical Process of the Ministry of Education; Fuzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences; Fujian Normal University; Fuzhou, China
| | - YuSheng Yang
- Key Labortary of Humid Subtropical Eco-geographical Process of the Ministry of Education; Fuzhou, China
- College of Geographical Sciences; Fujian Normal University; Fuzhou, China
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Jaillais B, Bertrand D, Abecassis J. Identification of the histological origin of durum wheat milling products by multispectral imaging and chemometrics. J Cereal Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2011.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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32
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Films of arabinoxylans and β-glucans extracted from cereal grains: Molecular motions by TD-NMR. Carbohydr Polym 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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33
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Toole GA, Le Gall G, Colquhoun IJ, Johnson P, Bedo Z, Saulnier L, Shewry PR, Mills ENC. Spectroscopic analysis of diversity of Arabinoxylan structures in endosperm cell walls of wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum) in the HEALTHGRAIN diversity collection. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:7075-82. [PMID: 21615152 DOI: 10.1021/jf201095m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Fifty bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars were selected from the HEALTHGRAIN germplasm collection based on variation in their contents of total and water-extractable arabinoxylan. FT-IR spectroscopic mapping of thin transverse sections of grain showed variation in cell wall arabinoxylan composition between the cultivars, from consisting almost entirely of low-substituted arabinoxylan (e.g., T.aestivum 'Claire') to almost entirely of highly substituted arabinoxylan (e.g., T.aestivum 'Manital') and a mixture of the two forms (e.g., T.aestivum 'Hereward'). Complementary data were obtained using endoxylanase digestion of flour followed by HP-AEC analysis of the arabinoxylan oligosaccharides. This allowed the selection of six cultivars for more detailed analysis using FT-IR and (1)H NMR spectroscopy to determine the proportions of mono-, di-, and unsubstituted xylose residues. The results of the two analyses were consistent, showing that variation in the composition and structure of the endosperm cell wall arabinoxylan is present between bread wheat cultivars. The heterogeneity and spatial distribution of the arabinoxylan in endosperm cell walls may be exploited in wheat processing as it may allow the production of mill streams enriched in various arabinoxylan fractions which have beneficial effects on health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraldine A Toole
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK.
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Zhong J, Ren Y, Yu M, Ma T, Zhang X, Zhao J. Roles of arabinogalactan proteins in cotyledon formation and cell wall deposition during embryo development of Arabidopsis. PROTOPLASMA 2011; 248:551-63. [PMID: 20830495 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-010-0204-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Accepted: 08/21/2010] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are a class of highly glycosylated, widely distributed proteins in higher plants. In the previous study, we found that the green fluorescence from JIM13-labeled AGPs was mainly distributed in embryo proper and the basal part of suspensor but gradually disappeared after the torpedo-stage embryos in Arabidopsis. And (β-D-Glc)(3) Yariv phenylglycoside (βGlcY), a synthetic reagent that specifically binds to AGPs, could inhibit embryo development. In this study, as a continuous work, we investigated the AGP functions in embryo germination, cotyledon formation, and cell wall deposition in Arabidopsis embryos by using immunofluorescent, immunoenzyme, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques. The results showed that 50 μM βGlcY caused inhibition of embryo germination, formation of abnormal cotyledon embryos, and disorder of cotyledon vasculature. Compared with the normal embryos in vitro and in vivo, the AGPs and pectin signals were quite weaker in the whole abnormal embryos, whereas the cellulose signal was stronger in the shoot apical meristem (SAM) of abnormal embryo by calcofluor white staining. The FTIR assay demonstrated that the cell wall of abnormal embryos was relatively poorer in pectins and richer in cellulose than those of normal embryos. By TEM observation, the SAM cells of the abnormal embryos had less cytoplasm, more plastid and starch grains, and larger vacuole than that of normal embryos. These results indicated that AGPs may play roles in embryo germination, cotyledon formation, cell wall cellulose and pectin deposition, and cell division potentiality during embryo development of Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhong
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Plant Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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35
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Judd MJ, Meyer DH, Meekings JS, Richardson AC, Walton EF. An FTIR study of the induction and release of kiwifruit buds from dormancy. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2010; 90:1071-1080. [PMID: 20355149 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.3924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many deciduous, perennial fruit crops require winter chilling for adequate budbreak and flowering. Recent research has shown that changes in sugar and amino acid profiles are associated with the release of buds from dormancy. This paper uses FTIR spectrometry to provide an alternative mechanism for tracking metabolic changes in the meristems of kiwifruit buds during winter dormancy. The results suggest that the application of multivariate analysis to FTIR spectra has the potential to be a reliable and fast method for detecting structural and compositional changes in fruit crops. RESULTS Ten wave numbers of the FTIR spectra are used to calculate a bud development function. This function has been validated using data from two seasons and four orchards, and by monitoring the effects of hydrogen cyanamide application, sugar concentrations and soil temperatures on this function. These wave numbers appear to be associated with carbohydrate, pectin and cellulose levels in the meristems. CONCLUSION It is expected that this FTIR signature can be used to advance our understanding of the influence of the various environmental and physiological factors on the breaking of bud dormancy and shoot outgrowth, including the optimum timing and concentrations of applications of budbreak regulators, such as hydrogen cyanamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murray J Judd
- Plant & Food Research Te Puke, 412 No 1 Road, RD 2, Te Puke 3182, New Zealand
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36
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Wheat endosperm cell walls: Spatial heterogeneity of polysaccharide structure and composition using micro-scale enzymatic fingerprinting and FT-IR microspectroscopy. J Cereal Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2009.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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37
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Toole GA, Barron C, Le Gall G, Colquhoun IJ, Shewry PR, Mills ENC. Remodelling of arabinoxylan in wheat (Triticum aestivum) endosperm cell walls during grain filling. PLANTA 2009; 229:667-80. [PMID: 19066942 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-008-0865-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2008] [Accepted: 11/14/2008] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies using spectroscopic imaging have allowed the spatial distribution of structural components in wheat endosperm cell walls to be determined. FT-IR microspectroscopy showed differing changes in arabinoxylan (AX) structure, during grain development under cool/wet and hot/dry growing conditions, for differing cultivars (Toole et al. in Planta 225:1393-1403, 2007). These studies have been extended using Raman microspectroscopy, providing more details of the impact of environment on the polysaccharide and phenolic components of the cell walls. NMR studies provide complementary information on the types and levels of AX branching both early in development and at maturity. Raman microspectroscopy has allowed the arabinose:xylose (A/X) ratio in the cell wall AX to be determined, and the addition of ferulic acid and related phenolic acids to be followed. The changes in the A/X ratio during grain development were affected by the environmental conditions, with the A/X ratio generally being slightly lower for samples grown under cool/wet conditions than for those from hot/dry conditions. The degree of esterification of the endosperm cell walls with ferulic acid was also affected by the environment, being lower under hot/dry conditions. The results support earlier suggestions that AX is either delivered to the cell wall in a highly substituted form and is remodelled through the action of arabinoxylan arabinofuranohydrolases or arabinofuranosidases, or that low level substituted AX are incorporated into the wall late in cell wall development, reducing the average degree of substitution, and that the rate of this remodelling is influenced by the environment. (1)H NMR provided a unique insight into the chemical structure of intact wheat endosperm cell walls, providing qualitative information on the proportions of mono- and disubstituted AX and the levels of branching of adjacent units. The A/X ratio did not change greatly with either the development stage or the growth conditions, but the ratio of mono- to disubstituted Xylp residues increased markedly (by about fourfold) in the more mature samples, confirming the changes in branching levels determined using FT-IR. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that intact endosperm cell walls have been studied by (1)H NMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Toole
- Institute of Food Research, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UA, UK.
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38
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Comparison of microscopy techniques for the examination of the microstructure of starch-containing imitation cheeses. Food Res Int 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2008.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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39
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Saulnier L, Sado PE, Branlard G, Charmet G, Guillon F. Wheat arabinoxylans: Exploiting variation in amount and composition to develop enhanced varieties. J Cereal Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2007.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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40
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Péron A, Svihus B, Gabriel I, Bérot S, Tanguy D, Bouchet B, Gomez J, Carré B. Effects of two wheat cultivars on physico-chemical properties of wheat flours and digesta from two broiler chicken lines (D+and D−) differing in digestion capacity. Br Poult Sci 2007; 48:370-80. [PMID: 17578701 DOI: 10.1080/00071660701341963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
1. The current experiment is the second part of a study about the effects of wheat quality on digestibility of pelleted diets for broiler chickens. In the first part, it was shown that a hard cultivar resulted in a negative effect on starch digestibility in two divergent lines of chickens (D+ and D-) selected for digestion capacity. The aim of this second part was to investigate the reasons for this negative effect of a hard cultivar (Baltimor) compared to a soft one (Scipion) in D+ and D- lines. 2. Proventriculus pepsin activity and pancreas proteolytic and amylolytic activities were estimated in 4 pools of birds: 'D+ line (Baltimor fed)', 'D+ line (Scipion fed)', 'D- line (Baltimor fed)' and 'D- line (Scipion fed)'. Results suggested the greatest amount of pepsin units per g BW for D+ birds and the lowest amount of pancreas proteolytic units per g BW for D+ birds fed Scipion wheat. Pancreas showed very similar alpha-amylase activities among treatments. 3. In vitro hydrolyses of wheat gluten proteins with proventriculus extracts from pools of D+ and D- birds did not show any differences between hard and soft cultivars, whatever the origin of pools. 4. Pepsin hydrolysis of fine (300 to 425 microm) and coarse (1180 to 1600 microm) fractions from wheat flours (Baltimor or Scipion) showed that the 30 min proteolysis rate was highest for the fine fraction in both cultivars. No difference was observed with extended hydrolysis time. 5. In vitro digestion simulation of whole wheat flours confirmed the results previously obtained in vivo, with a negative effect of hard cultivar on starch digestion rate and no effect on protein digestion. 6. Laser particle size analyses showed that ileum digesta from birds fed with hard wheat cultivar showed the highest proportion of coarse particles. 7. Microscopic analyses of D+ ileum digesta revealed that the concentration of undigested starch granules in the subaleurone area of wheat bran particles was the highest with hard cultivar. 8. The results suggested that physical entrapment of starch granules in coarse particles was a major explanation for decreased starch digestibility values in chickens fed hard wheat diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Péron
- Unité de Recherches Avicoles, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Nouzilly, France
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41
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Toole GA, Wilson RH, Parker ML, Wellner NK, Wheeler TR, Shewry PR, Mills ENC. The effect of environment on endosperm cell-wall development in Triticum aestivum during grain filling: an infrared spectroscopic imaging study. PLANTA 2007; 225:1393-403. [PMID: 17151887 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-006-0448-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2006] [Accepted: 11/06/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
One of the major factors contributing to the failure of new wheat varieties is seasonal variability in end-use quality. Consequently, it is important to produce varieties which are robust and stable over a range of environmental conditions. Recently developed sample preparation methods have allowed the application of FT-IR spectroscopic imaging methods to the analysis of wheat endosperm cell wall composition, allowing the spatial distribution of structural components to be determined without the limitations of conventional chemical analysis. The advantages of the methods, described in this paper, are that they determine the composition of endosperm cell walls in situ and with minimal modification during preparation. Two bread-making wheat cultivars, Spark and Rialto, were selected to determine the impact of environmental conditions on the cell-wall composition of the starchy endosperm of the developing and mature grain, focusing on the period of grain filling (starting at about 14 days after anthesis). Studies carried out over two successive seasons show that the structure of the arabinoxylans in the endosperm cell walls changes from a highly branched form to a less branched form. Furthermore, during development the rate of restructuring was faster when the plants were grown at higher temperature with restricted water availability from 14 days after anthesis with differences in the rate of restructuring occurring between the two cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Toole
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UA, UK.
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Heraud P, Caine S, Sanson G, Gleadow R, Wood BR, McNaughton D. Focal plane array infrared imaging: a new way to analyse leaf tissue. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2007; 173:216-25. [PMID: 17176407 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01881.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
* Here, a new approach to macromolecular imaging of leaf tissue using a multichannel focal plane array (FPA) infrared detector was compared with the proven method of infrared mapping with a synchrotron source, using transverse sections of leaves from a species of Eucalyptus. * A new histological method was developed, ideally suited to infrared spectroscopic analysis of leaf tissue. Spatial resolution and the signal-to-noise ratio of the FPA imaging and synchrotron mapping methods were compared. * An area of tissue 350 microm(2) required approx. 8 h to map using the synchrotron technique and approx. 2 min to image using the FPA. The two methods produced similar infrared images, which differentiated all tissue types in the leaves according to their macromolecular chemistry. * The synchrotron and FPA methods produced similar results, with the synchrotron method having superior signal-to-noise ratio and potentially better spatial resolution, whereas the FPA method had the advantage in terms of data acquisition time, expense and ease of use. FPA imaging offers a convenient, laboratory-based approach to microscopic chemical imaging of leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Heraud
- Centre for Biospectroscopy, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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Philippe S, Barron C, Robert P, Devaux MF, Saulnier L, Guillon F. Characterization using Raman microspectroscopy of arabinoxylans in the walls of different cell types during the development of wheat endosperm. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2006; 54:5113-9. [PMID: 16819924 DOI: 10.1021/jf060466m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The time course and pattern of arabinoxylan deposition in the wheat (Triticum aestivum) endosperm during grain development were studied using Raman spectroscopy. The presence of arabinoxylans (AX) is detected at the beginning of grain filling. At this stage, AX appear more substituted than at the later stages. Feruloylation of AX increases during the grain-filling stage, especially in the case of the aleurone layer. Whatever the stage of grain development, four populations of cells could be defined according to Raman arabinoxylan signatures. In the walls of the aleurone cells, AX appeared to be little substituted and highly esterified with phenolic acids. In the walls of prismatic cells, AX were found to be highly substituted and poorly esterified. Apart from aleurone and prismatic cells, the substitution degree of AX in endosperm was in the same range. Cells in the crease region were distinguished from cells in the starchy endosperm by their lower amount of esterified phenolic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sully Philippe
- INRA-Unité de Recherches Biopolymères, Interactions et Assemblages, B.P. 71627, 44316 Nantes, France
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44
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Philippe S, Saulnier L, Guillon F. Arabinoxylan and (1-->3),(1-->4)-beta-glucan deposition in cell walls during wheat endosperm development. PLANTA 2006; 224:449-61. [PMID: 16404577 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-005-0209-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2005] [Accepted: 11/30/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Arabinoxylans (AX) and (1-->3),(1-->4)-beta-glucans are major components of wheat endosperm cell walls. Their chemical heterogeneity has been described but little is known about the sequence of their deposition in cell walls during endosperm development. The time course and pattern of deposition of the (1-->3) and (1-->3),(1-->4)-beta-glucans and AX in the endosperm cell walls of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Recital) during grain development was studied using specific antibodies. At approximately 45 degrees D (degree-days) after anthesis the developing walls contained (1-->3)-beta-glucans but not (1-->3),(1-->4)-beta-glucans. In contrast, (1-->3),(1-->4)-beta-glucans occurred widely in the walls of maternal tissues. At the end of the cellularization stage (72 degrees D), (1-->3)-beta-glucan epitopes disappeared and (1-->3),(1-->4)-beta-glucans were found equally distributed in all thin walls of wheat endosperm. The AX were detected at the beginning of differentiation (245 degrees D) in wheat endosperm, but were missing in previous stages. However, epitopes related to AX were present in nucellar epidermis and cross cells surrounding endosperm at all stages but not detected in the maternal outer tissues. As soon as the differentiation was apparent, the cell walls exhibited a strong heterogeneity in the distribution of polysaccharides within the endosperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sully Philippe
- INRA Unité de Recherches Biopolymères, Interactions et Assemblages, BP 71627, 44316 Nantes Cedex 03, France
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45
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Philippe S, Robert P, Barron C, Saulnier L, Guillon F. Deposition of cell wall polysaccharides in wheat endosperm during grain development: Fourier transform-infrared microspectroscopy study. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2006; 54:2303-8. [PMID: 16536611 DOI: 10.1021/jf052922x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The time course and pattern deposition of the cell wall polysaccharides in the starchy endosperm of wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Recital) during grain development was studied using Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy (micro-FTIR). Three stages of grain development identified as key stages for cell wall construction were retained as follows: the end cellularization, the beginning of cell differentiation, and the beginning of maturation. Micro-FTIR revealed that beta-(1-->3),(1-->4) glucans and arabinoglactan proteins are the main cell wall components of endosperm at the end of the cellularization stage, whereas arabinoxylans (AX) appeared only at the cell differentiation stage. Past the differentiation stage, FTIR spectra were dominated by AX features. Cell walls at the beginning of cell differentiation and at endosperm maturation could be distinguished by spectral features that were ascribed to AX substitution. AX appeared more substituted at the beginning of cell differentiation. Moreover, a difference in the degree of AX substitution was found between peripheral and central parts of the grain at the cell differentiation stage; AX in central cells was less substituted. Thus, dramatic changes in endosperm cell wall composition were detected during wheat grain development with respect to both the relative occurrence of individual constituents and the fine structure of the AX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sully Philippe
- Unité de Recherches Biopolymères, Interactions et Assemblages, INRA, BP 71627, 44316 Nantes, France
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46
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Robert P, Marquis M, Barron C, Guillon F, Saulnier L. FT-IR investigation of cell wall polysaccharides from cereal grains. Arabinoxylan infrared assignment. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2005; 53:7014-8. [PMID: 16131104 DOI: 10.1021/jf051145y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The FT-IR fingerprint of wheat endosperm arabinoxylan (AX) was investigated using a set of polysaccharides exhibiting variation of their degree of substitution and xylo-oligosaccharides comprising xylose units mono- or disubstituted by arabinose residues. Substitution of the xylose backbone by arabinose side units was more particularly studied in the 1000-800 cm(-1) spectral region, by taking advantage of second-derivative enhancement. The 920-1020 cm(-1) spectral region revealed two absorption bands at 984 and 958 cm(-1), the intensities of which varied according to the degree of substitution. Whereas the intensity of the band at 958 cm(-1) increased with the degree of substitution, that at 984 cm(-1) decreased. The second-derivative spectral data of xylo-oligosaccharides indicated that these changes could be attributed to substitution of the xylan backbone by arabinose residues, and the band at 958 cm(-1) was ascribed to the presence of disubstituted xylose residues. Principal component analysis of FT-IR spectra of model mixtures of AX, beta-glucans, and arabinogalactans suggested that it is possible to evaluate the relative proportions of the polymers and degree of substitution of AX in complex mixtures such as the cell wall of cereal grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Robert
- INRA-Unité de Recherches Biopolymères, Interactions et Assemblages, 44316 Nantes Cedex, France
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Drea S, Leader DJ, Arnold BC, Shaw P, Dolan L, Doonan JH. Systematic spatial analysis of gene expression during wheat caryopsis development. THE PLANT CELL 2005; 17:2172-85. [PMID: 16006577 PMCID: PMC1182481 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.105.034058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The cereal caryopsis is a complex tissue in which maternal and endosperm tissues follow distinct but coordinated developmental programs. Because of the hexaploid genome in wheat (Triticum aestivum), the identification of genes involved in key developmental processes by genetic approaches has been difficult. To bypass this limitation, we surveyed 888 genes that are expressed during caryopsis development using a novel high-throughput mRNA in situ hybridization method. This survey revealed novel distinct spatial expression patterns that either reflected the ontogeny of the developing caryopsis or indicated specialized cellular functions. We have identified both known and novel genes whose expression is cell cycle-dependent. We have identified the crease region as important in setting up the developmental patterning, because the transition from proliferation to differentiation spreads from this region to the rest of the endosperm. A comparison of this set of genes with the rice (Oryza sativa) genome shows that approximately two-thirds have rice counterparts but also suggests considerable divergence with regard to proteins involved in grain filling. We found that the wheat genes had significant homology with 350 Arabidopsis thaliana genes. At least 25 of these are already known to be essential for seed development in Arabidopsis, but many others remain to be characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinéad Drea
- John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Leader
- Wheat Improvement Centre, Syngenta, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | | | - Peter Shaw
- John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Liam Dolan
- John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - John H. Doonan
- John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail ; fax 44-1603-450022
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