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Lee YH, Kim YH, Hong JK. Light- and Relative Humidity-Regulated Hypersensitive Cell Death and Plant Immunity in Chinese Cabbage Leaves by a Non-adapted Bacteria Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 40:358-376. [PMID: 39117335 PMCID: PMC11309840 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.oa.03.2024.0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Inoculation of Chinese cabbage leaves with high titer (107 cfu/ml) of the non-adapted bacteria Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (Xcv) strain Bv5-4a.1 triggered rapid leaf tissue collapses and hypersensitive cell death (HCD) at 24 h. Electrolyte leakage and lipid peroxidation markedly increased in the Xcv-inoculated leaves. Defence-related gene expressions (BrPR1, BrPR4, BrChi1, BrGST1 and BrAPX1) were preferentially activated in the Xcv-inoculated leaves. The Xcv-triggered HCD was attenuated by continuous light but accelerated by a dark environment, and the prolonged high relative humidity also alleviated the HCD. Constant dark and increased relative humidity provided favorable conditions for the Xcv bacterial growth in the leaves. Pretreated fluridone (biosynthetic inhibitor of endogenous abscisic acid [ABA]) increased the HCD in the Xcv-inoculated leaves, but exogenous ABA attenuated the HCD. The pretreated ABA also reduced the Xcv bacterial growth in the leaves. These results highlight that the onset of HCD in Chinese cabbage leaves initiated by non-adapted pathogen Xcv Bv5-4a.1 and in planta bacterial growth was differently modulated by internal and external conditional changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Hee Lee
- Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Protection, Division of Horticultural Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52725, Korea
- Agri-Food Bio Convergence Institute, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52725, Korea
| | - Yun-Hee Kim
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Department of Biology Education, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Jeum Kyu Hong
- Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Protection, Division of Horticultural Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52725, Korea
- Agri-Food Bio Convergence Institute, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52725, Korea
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2
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Roussin-Léveillée C, Rossi CAM, Castroverde CDM, Moffett P. The plant disease triangle facing climate change: a molecular perspective. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 29:895-914. [PMID: 38580544 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2024.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Variations in climate conditions can dramatically affect plant health and the generation of climate-resilient crops is imperative to food security. In addition to directly affecting plants, it is predicted that more severe climate conditions will also result in greater biotic stresses. Recent studies have identified climate-sensitive molecular pathways that can result in plants being more susceptible to infection under unfavorable conditions. Here, we review how expected changes in climate will impact plant-pathogen interactions, with a focus on mechanisms regulating plant immunity and microbial virulence strategies. We highlight the complex interactions between abiotic and biotic stresses with the goal of identifying components and/or pathways that are promising targets for genetic engineering to enhance adaptation and strengthen resilience in dynamically changing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christina A M Rossi
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3C5, Canada
| | | | - Peter Moffett
- Centre SÈVE, Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.
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3
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Yao L, Jiang Z, Wang Y, Hu Y, Hao G, Zhong W, Wan S, Xin X. High air humidity dampens salicylic acid pathway and NPR1 function to promote plant disease. EMBO J 2023; 42:e113499. [PMID: 37728254 PMCID: PMC10620762 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2023113499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of plant disease is determined by interactions among host, pathogen, and environment. Air humidity shapes various aspects of plant physiology and high humidity has long been known to promote numerous phyllosphere diseases. However, the molecular basis of how high humidity interferes with plant immunity to favor disease has remained elusive. Here we show that high humidity is associated with an "immuno-compromised" status in Arabidopsis plants. Furthermore, accumulation and signaling of salicylic acid (SA), an important defense hormone, are significantly inhibited under high humidity. NPR1, an SA receptor and central transcriptional co-activator of SA-responsive genes, is less ubiquitinated and displays a lower promoter binding affinity under high humidity. The cellular ubiquitination machinery, particularly the Cullin 3-based E3 ubiquitin ligase mediating NPR1 protein ubiquitination, is downregulated under high humidity. Importantly, under low humidity the Cullin 3a/b mutant plants phenocopy the low SA gene expression and disease susceptibility that is normally observed under high humidity. Our study uncovers a mechanism by which high humidity dampens a major plant defense pathway and provides new insights into the long-observed air humidity influence on diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingya Yao
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and EcologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- University of the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Zeyu Jiang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and EcologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- University of the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yiping Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and EcologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- University of the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yezhou Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and EcologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- University of the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Guodong Hao
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and EcologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- University of the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Weili Zhong
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and EcologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- University of the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Shiwei Wan
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and EcologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- University of the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xiu‐Fang Xin
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and EcologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- University of the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) and CAS John Innes Centre of Excellence for Plant and Microbial SciencesShanghaiChina
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Samira R, Lopez LFS, Holland J, Balint-Kurti PJ. Characterization of a Host-Specific Toxic Activity Produced by Bipolaris cookei, Causal Agent of Target Leaf Spot of Sorghum. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 113:1301-1306. [PMID: 36647182 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-11-22-0427-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Target leaf spot (TLS) of sorghum, caused by the necrotrophic fungus Bipolaris cookei, can cause severe yield loss in many parts of the world. We grew B. cookei in liquid culture and observed that the resulting culture filtrate (CF) was differentially toxic when infiltrated into the leaves of a population of 288 diverse sorghum lines. In this population, we found a significant correlation between high CF sensitivity and susceptibility to TLS. This suggests that the toxin produced in culture may play a role in the pathogenicity of B. cookei in the field. We demonstrated that the toxic activity is light sensitive and, surprisingly, insensitive to pronase, suggesting that it is not proteinaceous. We identified the two sorghum genetic loci most associated with the response to CF in this population. Screening seedlings with B. cookei CF could be a useful approach for prescreening germplasm for TLS resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozalynne Samira
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7613
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409
| | | | - James Holland
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7620
- USDA-ARS Plant Science Research Unit, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Peter J Balint-Kurti
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7613
- USDA-ARS Plant Science Research Unit, Raleigh, NC 27695
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Qiu J, Liu Z, Xie J, Lan B, Shen Z, Shi H, Lin F, Shen X, Kou Y. Dual impact of ambient humidity on the virulence of Magnaporthe oryzae and basal resistance in rice. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:3399-3411. [PMID: 36175003 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Humidity is a critical environmental factor affecting the epidemic of plant diseases. However, it is still unclear how ambient humidity affects the occurrence of diseases in plants. In this study, we show that high ambient humidity enhanced blast development in rice plants under laboratory conditions. Furthermore, we found that high ambient humidity enhanced the virulence of Magnaporthe oryzae by promoting conidial germination and appressorium formation. In addition, the results of RNA-sequencing analysis and the ethylene content assessment revealed that high ambient humidity suppressed the accumulation of ethylene and the activation of ethylene signaling pathway induced by M. oryzae in rice. Knock out of ethylene signaling genes OsEIL1 and OsEIN2 or exogenous application of 1-methylcyclopropene (ethylene inhibitor) and ethephon (ethylene analogues) eliminated the difference of blast resistance between the 70% and 90% relative humidity conditions, suggesting that the activation of ethylene signaling contributes to humidity-modulated basal resistance against M. oryzae in rice. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that high ambient humidity enhances the virulence of M. oryzae and compromises basal resistance by reducing the activation of ethylene biosynthesis and signaling in rice. Results from this study provide cues for novel strategies to control rice blast under global environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiehua Qiu
- State Key Laboratory Of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhiquan Liu
- State Key Laboratory Of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junhui Xie
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Regional Plant Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement (CTGU)/Biotechnology Research Center, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Bo Lan
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhenan Shen
- State Key Laboratory Of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huanbin Shi
- State Key Laboratory Of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fucheng Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiangling Shen
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Regional Plant Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement (CTGU)/Biotechnology Research Center, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Yanjun Kou
- State Key Laboratory Of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
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Transcriptome Analysis of the Cf-13-Mediated Hypersensitive Response of Tomato to Cladosporium fulvum Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094844. [PMID: 35563232 PMCID: PMC9102077 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tomato leaf mold disease caused by Cladosporium fulvum (C. fulvum) is one of the most common diseases affecting greenhouse tomato production. Cf proteins can recognize corresponding AVR proteins produced by C. fulvum, and Cf genes are associated with leaf mold resistance. Given that there are many physiological races of C. fulvum and that these races rapidly mutate, resistance to common Cf genes (such as Cf-2, Cf-4, Cf-5, and Cf-9) has decreased. In the field, Ont7813 plants (carrying the Cf-13 gene) show effective resistance to C. fulvum; thus, these plants could be used as new, disease-resistant materials. To explore the mechanism of the Cf-13-mediated resistance response, transcriptome sequencing was performed on three replicates each of Ont7813 (Cf-13) and Moneymaker (MM; carrying the Cf-0 gene) at 0, 9, and 15 days after inoculation (dai) for a total of 18 samples. In total, 943 genes were differentially expressed, specifically in the Ont7813 response process as compared to the Moneymaker response process. Gene ontology (GO) classification of these 943 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) showed that GO terms, including "hydrogen peroxide metabolic process (GO_Process)", "secondary active transmembrane transporter activity (GO_Function)", and "mismatch repair complex (GO_Component)", which were the same as 11 other GO terms, were significantly enriched. An analysis of the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) revealed that many key regulatory genes of the Cf-13-mediated resistance response processes were involved in the "plant hormone signal transduction" pathway, the "plant-pathogen interaction" pathway, and the "MAPK signaling pathway-plant" pathway. Moreover, during C. fulvum infection, jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) contents significantly increased in Ont7813 at the early stage. These results lay a vital foundation for further understanding the molecular mechanism of the Cf-13 gene in response to C. fulvum infection.
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Shen L, Yang S, Yang F, Guan D, He S. CaCBL1 Acts as a Positive Regulator in Pepper Response to Ralstonia solanacearum. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2020; 33:945-957. [PMID: 32209000 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-08-19-0241-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is an important disease of pepper (Capsicum annuum), an economically important solanaceous vegetable worldwide, in particular, under high temperature (HT) conditions. However, the molecular mechanism underlying pepper immunity against bacterial wilt remains poorly understood. Herein, CaCBL1, a putative calcineurin B-like protein, was functionally characterized in the pepper response to R. solanacearum inoculation (RSI) under HT (RSI/HT). CaCBL1 was significantly upregulated by RSI at room temperature (RSI/RT), HT, or RSI/HT. CaCBL1-GFP fused protein targeted to whole epidermal cells of Nicotiana benthamiana when transiently overexpressed. CaCBL1 silencing by virus-induced gene silencing significantly enhanced pepper susceptibility to RSI under RT or HT, while its transient overexpression triggered hypersensitive response mimic cell death and upregulation of immunity-associated marker genes, including CabZIP63, CaWRKY40, and CaCDPK15, the positive regulators in the pepper response to RSI or HT found in our previous studies. In addition, by chromatin immunoprecipitation PCR and electrophoretic mobility shift assay, CaCBL1 was found to be directly targeted by CaWRKY40, although not by CaWRKY27 or CaWRKY58, via the W-box-2 within its promoter, and its transcription was found to be downregulated by silencing of CaWRKY40 while it was enhanced by its transient overexpression. These results suggest that CaCBL1 acts as a positive regulator in pepper immunity against R. solanacearum infection, constituting a positive feedback loop with CaWRKY40.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Shen
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
- Agricultural College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Sheng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
- Agricultural College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Feng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
- Agricultural College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Deyi Guan
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
- Agricultural College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Shuilin He
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
- Agricultural College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
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8
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Zhang D, Bao Y, Sun Y, Yang H, Zhao T, Li H, Du C, Jiang J, Li J, Xie L, Xu X. Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals the response mechanism of Cf-16-mediated resistance to Cladosporium fulvum infection in tomato. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:33. [PMID: 31959099 PMCID: PMC6971981 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-2245-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leaf mold disease caused by Cladosporium fulvum is a serious threat affecting the global production of tomato. Cf genes are associated with leaf mold resistance, including Cf-16, which confers effective resistance to leaf mold in tomato. However, the molecular mechanism of the Cf-16-mediated resistance response is largely unknown. RESULTS We performed a comparative transcriptome analysis of C. fulvum-resistant (cv. Ontario7816) and C. fulvum-susceptible (cv. Moneymaker) tomato cultivars to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at 4 and 8 days post inoculation (dpi) with C. fulvum. In total, 1588 and 939 more DEGs were found in Cf-16 tomato than in Moneymaker at 4 and 8 dpi, respectively. Additionally, 1350 DEGs were shared between the 4- and 8-dpi Cf-16 groups, suggesting the existence of common core DEGs in response to C. fulvum infection. The up-regulated DEGs in Cf-16 tomato were primarily associated with defense processes and phytohormone signaling, including salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA). Moreover, SA and JA levels were significantly increased in Cf-16 tomato at the early stages of C. fulvum infection. Contrary to the previous study, the number of up-regulated genes in Cf-16 compared to Cf-10 and Cf-12 tomatoes was significantly higher at the early stages of C. fulvum infection. CONCLUSION Our results provide new insight into the Cf-mediated mechanism of resistance to C. fulvum, especially the unique characteristics of Cf-16 tomato in response to this fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongye Zhang
- Laboratory of Genetic Breeding in Tomato, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030 China
| | - Yufang Bao
- Laboratory of Genetic Breeding in Tomato, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030 China
| | - Yaoguang Sun
- Laboratory of Genetic Breeding in Tomato, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030 China
| | - Huanhuan Yang
- Laboratory of Genetic Breeding in Tomato, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030 China
| | - Tingting Zhao
- Laboratory of Genetic Breeding in Tomato, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030 China
| | - Huijia Li
- Laboratory of Genetic Breeding in Tomato, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030 China
| | - Chong Du
- Laboratory of Genetic Breeding in Tomato, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030 China
| | - Jingbin Jiang
- Laboratory of Genetic Breeding in Tomato, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030 China
| | - Jingfu Li
- Laboratory of Genetic Breeding in Tomato, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030 China
| | - Libo Xie
- Horticultural Sub-Academy, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069 China
| | - Xiangyang Xu
- Laboratory of Genetic Breeding in Tomato, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030 China
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Saijo Y, Loo EPI. Plant immunity in signal integration between biotic and abiotic stress responses. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:87-104. [PMID: 31209880 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants constantly monitor and cope with the fluctuating environment while hosting a diversity of plant-inhabiting microbes. The mode and outcome of plant-microbe interactions, including plant disease epidemics, are dynamically and profoundly influenced by abiotic factors, such as light, temperature, water and nutrients. Plants also utilize associations with beneficial microbes during adaptation to adverse conditions. Elucidation of the molecular bases for the plant-microbe-environment interactions is therefore of fundamental importance in the plant sciences. Following advances into individual stress signaling pathways, recent studies are beginning to reveal molecular intersections between biotic and abiotic stress responses and regulatory principles in combined stress responses. We outline mechanisms underlying environmental modulation of plant immunity and emerging roles for immune regulators in abiotic stress tolerance. Furthermore, we discuss how plants coordinate conflicting demands when exposed to combinations of different stresses, with attention to a possible determinant that links initial stress response to broad-spectrum stress tolerance or prioritization of specific stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Saijo
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Eliza Po-Iian Loo
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, 630-0192, Japan
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Abstract
In the past four decades, tremendous progress has been made in understanding how plants respond to microbial colonization and how microbial pathogens and symbionts reprogram plant cellular processes. In contrast, our knowledge of how environmental conditions impact plant-microbe interactions is less understood at the mechanistic level, as most molecular studies are performed under simple and static laboratory conditions. In this review, we highlight research that begins to shed light on the mechanisms by which environmental conditions influence diverse plant-pathogen, plant-symbiont, and plant-microbiota interactions. There is a great need to increase efforts in this important area of research in order to reach a systems-level understanding of plant-microbe interactions that are more reflective of what occurs in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ti Cheng
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Li Zhang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Sheng Yang He
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Plant Resilient Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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11
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Velásquez AC, Castroverde CDM, He SY. Plant-Pathogen Warfare under Changing Climate Conditions. Curr Biol 2019; 28:R619-R634. [PMID: 29787730 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Global environmental changes caused by natural and human activities have accelerated in the past 200 years. The increase in greenhouse gases is predicted to continue to raise global temperature and change water availability in the 21st century. In this Review, we explore the profound effect the environment has on plant diseases - a susceptible host will not be infected by a virulent pathogen if the environmental conditions are not conducive for disease. The change in CO2 concentrations, temperature, and water availability can have positive, neutral, or negative effects on disease development, as each disease may respond differently to these variations. However, the concept of disease optima could potentially apply to all pathosystems. Plant resistance pathways, including pattern-triggered immunity to effector-triggered immunity, RNA interference, and defense hormone networks, are all affected by environmental factors. On the pathogen side, virulence mechanisms, such as the production of toxins and virulence proteins, as well as pathogen reproduction and survival are influenced by temperature and humidity. For practical reasons, most laboratory investigations into plant-pathogen interactions at the molecular level focus on well-established pathosystems and use a few static environmental conditions that capture only a fraction of the dynamic plant-pathogen-environment interactions that occur in nature. There is great need for future research to increasingly use dynamic environmental conditions in order to fully understand the multidimensional nature of plant-pathogen interactions and produce disease-resistant crop plants that are resilient to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christian Danve M Castroverde
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Sheng Yang He
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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12
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Hussain A, Noman A, Khan MI, Zaynab M, Aqeel M, Anwar M, Ashraf MF, Liu Z, Raza A, Mahpara S, Bakhsh A, He S. Molecular regulation of pepper innate immunity and stress tolerance: An overview of WRKY TFs. Microb Pathog 2019; 135:103610. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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13
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Balint‐Kurti P. The plant hypersensitive response: concepts, control and consequences. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2019; 20:1163-1178. [PMID: 31305008 PMCID: PMC6640183 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The hypersensitive defence response is found in all higher plants and is characterized by a rapid cell death at the point of pathogen ingress. It is usually associated with pathogen resistance, though, in specific situations, it may have other consequences such as pathogen susceptibility, growth retardation and, over evolutionary timescales, speciation. Due to the potentially severe costs of inappropriate activation, plants employ multiple mechanisms to suppress inappropriate activation of HR and to constrain it after activation. The ubiquity of this response among higher plants despite its costs suggests that it is an extremely effective component of the plant immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Balint‐Kurti
- Plant Science Research UnitUSDA‐ARSRaleighNCUSA
- Department of Entomology and Plant PathologyNC State UniversityRaleighNC27695‐7613USA
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Ocimati W, Bouwmeester H, Groot JCJ, Tittonell P, Brown D, Blomme G. The risk posed by Xanthomonas wilt disease of banana: Mapping of disease hotspots, fronts and vulnerable landscapes. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213691. [PMID: 30939129 PMCID: PMC6445462 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Banana production landscapes in the African Great Lakes Region (AGLR) have been under immense pressure from Xanthomonas wilt (XW) disease over the past two decades. XW, first reported on banana in central Uganda and eastern DR Congo in 2001, has since spread to the entire AGLR. XW is currently spreading westwards from hot spots in eastern DR Congo highlands, putting the plantain (Musa AAB genome) belt of central and west Africa at risk. In-depth understanding of the key variables responsible for disease spread, current hotspots, and vulnerable landscapes is crucial for disease early warning and management. We mapped aggregated disease distribution and hotspots in the AGLR and identified vulnerable landscapes across African banana production zones. Available data on disease prevalence collected over 11 years was regressed against environmental and expert developed covariates to develop the AGLR XW hotspots map. For the Africa-wide risk map, precipitation, distance to hotspots, degree of trade in fresh banana products, production zone interconnectedness and banana genotype composition were used as covariates. In the AGLR, XW was mainly correlated to precipitation and disease/banana management. Altitude and temperature had unexpectedly low effects, possibly due to an overriding impact of tool-mediated spread which is part of the management covariate. In the AGLR, the eastern part of DR Congo was a large hotspot with highest vulnerability. Apart from endemic zones in the AGLR and Ethiopia, northern Mozambique was perceived as a moderate risk zone mainly due to the predominance of 'Bluggoe' (Musa ABB type) which is highly susceptible to insect-vectored transmission. Presence of XW hotspots (e.g. eastern DR Congo) and vulnerable areas with low (e.g. north-western Tanzania) or no disease (e.g. Congo basin, western DR Congo and northern Mozambique) pressure suggest key areas where proactive measures e.g. quarantines and information sharing on XW diagnosis, epidemiology, and control could be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Ocimati
- Bioversity International, Kampala, Uganda
- Farming Systems Ecology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Jeroen C. J. Groot
- Farming Systems Ecology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pablo Tittonell
- Agroecology, Environment and Systems Group, Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias de Bariloche (IFAB), INTA-CONICET, San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
- Groningen Institute of Evolutionary Life Sciences, Groningen University, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - David Brown
- Bioversity International, Turrialba, Cartago, Costa Rica
| | - Guy Blomme
- Bioversity International, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Ashraf MF, Yang S, Wu R, Wang Y, Hussain A, Noman A, Khan MI, Liu Z, Qiu A, Guan D, He S. Capsicum annuum HsfB2a Positively Regulates the Response to Ralstonia solanacearum Infection or High Temperature and High Humidity Forming Transcriptional Cascade with CaWRKY6 and CaWRKY40. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:2608-2623. [PMID: 30169791 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The responses of pepper (Capsicum annuum) plants to inoculation with the pathogenic bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum and to high-temperature-high-humidity (HTHH) conditions were previously found to be coordinated by the transcription factors CaWRKY6 and CaWRKY40; however, the underlying molecular mechanism was unclear. Herein, we identified and functionally characterized CaHsfB2a, a nuclear-localized heat shock factor involved in pepper immunity to R. solanacearum inoculation (RSI) and tolerance to HTHH. CaHsfB2a is transcriptionally induced in pepper plants by RSI or HTHH and by exogenous application of salicylic acid (SA), methyl jasmonate (MeJA), ethylene (ETH), or abscisic acid (ABA). Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of CaHsfB2a significantly impaired pepper immunity to RSI, hampered HTHH tolerance, and curtailed expression of immunity- and thermotolerance-associated marker genes such as CaHIR1, CaNPR1, CaABR1, and CaHSP24. Likewise, transient overexpression of CaHsfB2a in pepper leaves induced hypersensitive response (HR)-like cell death and H2O2 accumulation and upregulated the above-mentioned marker genes as well as CaWRKY6 and CaWRKY40. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and microscale thermophoresis (MST) analysis revealed that CaHsfB2a bound the promoters of both CaWRKY6 and CaWRKY40. In a parallel experiment, we determined by ChIP-PCR and MST that CaHsfB2a was regulated directly by CaWRKY40 but indirectly by CaWRKY6. Cumulatively, our results suggest that CaHsfB2a positively regulates plant immunity against RSI and tolerance to HTHH, via transcriptional cascades and positive feedback loops involving CaWRKY6 and CaWRKY40.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Furqan Ashraf
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Sheng Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Ruijie Wu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yuzhu Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Ansar Hussain
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Ali Noman
- Department of Botany Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ifnan Khan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Zhiqin Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ailian Qiu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Deyi Guan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shuilin He
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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Aung K, Jiang Y, He SY. The role of water in plant-microbe interactions. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 93:771-780. [PMID: 29205604 PMCID: PMC5849256 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Throughout their life plants are associated with various microorganisms, including commensal, symbiotic and pathogenic microorganisms. Pathogens are genetically adapted to aggressively colonize and proliferate in host plants to cause disease. However, disease outbreaks occur only under permissive environmental conditions. The interplay between host, pathogen and environment is famously known as the 'disease triangle'. Among the environmental factors, rainfall events, which often create a period of high atmospheric humidity, have repeatedly been shown to promote disease outbreaks in plants, suggesting that the availability of water is crucial for pathogenesis. During pathogen infection, water-soaking spots are frequently observed on infected leaves as an early symptom of disease. Recent studies have shown that pathogenic bacteria dedicate specialized virulence proteins to create an aqueous habitat inside the leaf apoplast under high humidity. Water availability in the apoplastic environment, and probably other associated changes, can determine the success of potentially pathogenic microbes. These new findings reinforce the notion that the fight over water may be a major battleground between plants and pathogens. In this article, we will discuss the role of water availability in host-microbe interactions, with a focus on plant-bacterial interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyaw Aung
- Department of Energy, Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
- For correspondence (; )
| | - Yanjuan Jiang
- Department of Energy, Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Sheng Yang He
- Department of Energy, Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
- For correspondence (; )
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Zhai N, Jia H, Liu D, Liu S, Ma M, Guo X, Li H. GhMAP3K65, a Cotton Raf-Like MAP3K Gene, Enhances Susceptibility to Pathogen Infection and Heat Stress by Negatively Modulating Growth and Development in Transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E2462. [PMID: 29160794 PMCID: PMC5713428 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases (MAP3Ks), the top components of MAPK cascades, modulate many biological processes, such as growth, development and various environmental stresses. Nevertheless, the roles of MAP3Ks remain poorly understood in cotton. In this study, GhMAP3K65 was identified in cotton, and its transcription was inducible by pathogen infection, heat stress, and multiple signalling molecules. Silencing of GhMAP3K65 enhanced resistance to pathogen infection and heat stress in cotton. In contrast, overexpression of GhMAP3K65 enhanced susceptibility to pathogen infection and heat stress in transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana. The expression of defence-associated genes was activated in transgenic N. benthamiana plants after pathogen infection and heat stress, indicating that GhMAP3K65 positively regulates plant defence responses. Nevertheless, transgenic N. benthamiana plants impaired lignin biosynthesis and stomatal immunity in their leaves and repressed vitality of their root systems. In addition, the expression of lignin biosynthesis genes and lignin content were inhibited after pathogen infection and heat stress. Collectively, these results demonstrate that GhMAP3K65 enhances susceptibility to pathogen infection and heat stress by negatively modulating growth and development in transgenic N. benthamiana plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
| | - Haihong Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
| | - Dongdong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
| | - Shuchang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
| | - Manli Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
| | - Xingqi Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
| | - Han Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
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Li W, Xu YP, Cai XZ. Transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of the tomato leaf mould disease resistance gene Cf-9. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 470:163-167. [PMID: 26768363 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Plant disease resistance (R) genes confer effector-triggered immunity (ETI) to pathogens carrying complementary effector/avirulence (Avr) genes. They are traditionally recognized to function at translational and/or posttranslational levels. In this study, however, transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of Cf-9, a tomato R gene conferring resistance to leaf mould fungal pathogen carrying Avr9, was demonstrated. Expression of the Cf-9 gene was 10.8-54.7 folds higher in the Cf-9/Avr9 tomato lines than in the Cf-9 lines depending on the seedling age, indicating that the Cf-9 gene expression was strongly induced by Avr9. Moreover, expression of the Cf-9 gene in the 5-day-old Cf-9/Avr9 seedlings at 33 °C was approximately 80 folds lower than that at 25 °C, and was enhanced by 23.4 folds at only 4 h post temperature shift from 33 °C to 25 °C, demonstrating that the Avr9-mediated induction of the Cf-9 gene expression is reversibly repressed by high temperature. Expression of the Cf-9 gene in the Cf-9 seedlings was similarly affected by temperature as in the Cf-9/Avr9 seedlings, implying that the genetic control of temperature sensitivity of the Cf-9 gene expression is epistasis to its Avr9-mediated induction. Additionally, a miRNA sly-miR6022, TGGAAGGGAGAATATCCAGGA, targeting the leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain spanning LRR13-LRR14 of the Cf-9 gene transcript was predicted. Over-expression of this miRNA resulted in over 88% reduction of the Cf-9 gene transcripts in both Nicotiana benthamiana and tomato, and thus verifying the function of sly-miR6022 in degrading the Cf-9 gene transcripts. Collectively, our results reveal that the tomato R gene Cf-9 is strongly regulated at transcriptional level by pathogen Avr9 in a temperature-sensitive manner and is also regulated at posttranscriptional level by a miRNA sly-miR6022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Li
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - You-Ping Xu
- Center of Analysis and Measurement, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Xin-Zhong Cai
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Tamang BG, Fukao T. Plant Adaptation to Multiple Stresses during Submergence and Following Desubmergence. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:30164-80. [PMID: 26694376 PMCID: PMC4691168 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161226226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants require water for growth and development, but excessive water negatively affects their productivity and viability. Flash floods occasionally result in complete submergence of plants in agricultural and natural ecosystems. When immersed in water, plants encounter multiple stresses including low oxygen, low light, nutrient deficiency, and high risk of infection. As floodwaters subside, submerged plants are abruptly exposed to higher oxygen concentration and greater light intensity, which can induce post-submergence injury caused by oxidative stress, high light, and dehydration. Recent studies have emphasized the significance of multiple stress tolerance in the survival of submergence and prompt recovery following desubmergence. A mechanistic understanding of acclimation responses to submergence at molecular and physiological levels can contribute to the deciphering of the regulatory networks governing tolerance to other environmental stresses that occur simultaneously or sequentially in the natural progress of a flood event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishal Gole Tamang
- Department of Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Takeshi Fukao
- Department of Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
- Translational Plant Sciences Program, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
- Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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Sueldo D, Ahmed A, Misas-Villamil J, Colby T, Tameling W, Joosten MHAJ, van der Hoorn RAL. Dynamic hydrolase activities precede hypersensitive tissue collapse in tomato seedlings. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 203:913-25. [PMID: 24890496 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Hydrolases such as subtilases, vacuolar processing enzymes (VPEs) and the proteasome play important roles during plant programmed cell death (PCD). We investigated hydrolase activities during PCD using activity-based protein profiling (ABPP), which displays the active proteome using probes that react covalently with the active site of proteins. We employed tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) seedlings undergoing synchronized hypersensitive cell death by co-expressing the avirulence protein Avr4 from Cladosporium fulvum and the tomato resistance protein Cf-4. Cell death is blocked in seedlings grown at high temperature and humidity, and is synchronously induced by decreasing temperature and humidity. ABPP revealed that VPEs and the proteasome are not differentially active, but that activities of papain-like cysteine proteases and serine hydrolases, including Hsr203 and P69B, increase before hypersensitive tissue collapse, whereas the activity of a carboxypeptidase-like enzyme is reduced. Similar dynamics were observed for these enzymes in the apoplast of tomato challenged with C. fulvum. Unexpectedly, these challenged plants also displayed novel isoforms of secreted putative VPEs. In the absence of tissue collapse at high humidity, the hydrolase activity profile is already altered completely, demonstrating that changes in hydrolase activities precede hypersensitive tissue collapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Sueldo
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Kissoudis C, van de Wiel C, Visser RGF, van der Linden G. Enhancing crop resilience to combined abiotic and biotic stress through the dissection of physiological and molecular crosstalk. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:207. [PMID: 24904607 PMCID: PMC4032886 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants growing in their natural habitats are often challenged simultaneously by multiple stress factors, both abiotic and biotic. Research has so far been limited to responses to individual stresses, and understanding of adaptation to combinatorial stress is limited, but indicative of non-additive interactions. Omics data analysis and functional characterization of individual genes has revealed a convergence of signaling pathways for abiotic and biotic stress adaptation. Taking into account that most data originate from imposition of individual stress factors, this review summarizes these findings in a physiological context, following the pathogenesis timeline and highlighting potential differential interactions occurring between abiotic and biotic stress signaling across the different cellular compartments and at the whole plant level. Potential effects of abiotic stress on resistance components such as extracellular receptor proteins, R-genes and systemic acquired resistance will be elaborated, as well as crosstalk at the levels of hormone, reactive oxygen species, and redox signaling. Breeding targets and strategies are proposed focusing on either manipulation and deployment of individual common regulators such as transcription factors or pyramiding of non- (negatively) interacting components such as R-genes with abiotic stress resistance genes. We propose that dissection of broad spectrum stress tolerance conferred by priming chemicals may provide an insight on stress cross regulation and additional candidate genes for improving crop performance under combined stress. Validation of the proposed strategies in lab and field experiments is a first step toward the goal of achieving tolerance to combinatorial stress in crops.
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Dang FF, Wang YN, Yu L, Eulgem T, Lai Y, Liu ZQ, Wang X, Qiu AL, Zhang TX, Lin J, Chen YS, Guan DY, Cai HY, Mou SL, He SL. CaWRKY40, a WRKY protein of pepper, plays an important role in the regulation of tolerance to heat stress and resistance to Ralstonia solanacearum infection. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2013; 36:757-74. [PMID: 22994555 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
WRKY proteins form a large family of plant transcription factors implicated in the modulation of numerous biological processes, such as growth, development and responses to various environmental stresses. However, the roles of the majority WRKY family members, especially in non-model plants, remain poorly understood. We identified CaWRKY40 from pepper. Transient expression in onion epidermal cells showed that CaWRKY40 can be targeted to nuclei and activates expression of a W-box-containing reporter gene. CaWRKY40 transcripts are induced in pepper by Ralstonia solanacearum and heat shock. To assess roles of CaWRKY40 in plant stress responses we performed gain- and loss-of-function experiments. Overexpression of CaWRKY40 enhanced resistance to R. solanacearum and tolerance to heat shock in tobacco. In contrast, silencing of CaWRKY40 enhanced susceptibility to R. solanacearum and impaired thermotolerance in pepper. Consistent with its role in multiple stress responses, we found CaWRKY40 transcripts to be induced by signalling mechanisms mediated by the stress hormones salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA) and ethylene (ET). Overexpression of CaWRKY40 in tobacco modified the expression of hypersensitive response (HR)-associated and pathogenesis-related genes. Collectively, our results suggest that CaWRKY40 orthologs are regulated by SA, JA and ET signalling and coordinate responses to R. solanacearum attacks and heat stress in pepper and tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Feng Dang
- College of Life Science National Education Minster Key laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
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Xu QF, Cheng WS, Li SS, Li W, Zhang ZX, Xu YP, Zhou XP, Cai XZ. Identification of genes required for Cf-dependent hypersensitive cell death by combined proteomic and RNA interfering analyses. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:2421-35. [PMID: 22275387 PMCID: PMC3346213 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Revised: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Identification of hypersensitive cell death (HCD) regulators is essential to dissect the molecular mechanisms underlying plant disease resistance. In this study, combined proteomic and RNA interfering (RNAi) analyses were employed to identify genes required for the HCD conferred by the tomato resistance gene Cf-4 and the Cladosporium fulvum avirulence gene Avr4. Forty-nine proteins differentially expressed in the tomato seedlings mounting and those not mounting Cf-4/Avr4-dependent HCD were identified through proteomic analysis. Among them were a variety of defence-related proteins including a cysteine protease, Pip1, an operative target of another C. fulvum effector, Avr2. Additionally, glutathione-mediated antioxidation is a major response to Cf-4/Avr4-dependent HCD. Functional analysis through tobacco rattle virus-induced gene silencing and transient RNAi assays of the chosen 16 differentially expressed proteins revealed that seven genes, which encode Pip1 homologue NbPip1, a SIPK type MAP kinase Nbf4, an asparagine synthetase NbAsn, a trypsin inhibitor LeMir-like protein NbMir, a small GTP-binding protein, a late embryogenesis-like protein, and an ASR4-like protein, were required for Cf-4/Avr4-dependent HCD. Furthermore, the former four genes were essential for Cf-9/Avr9-dependent HCD; NbPip1, NbAsn, and NbMir, but not Nbf4, affected a nonadaptive bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae-induced HCD in Nicotiana benthamiana. These data demonstrate that Pip1 and LeMir may play a general role in HCD and plant immunity and that the application of combined proteomic and RNA interfering analyses is an efficient strategy to identify genes required for HCD, disease resistance, and probably other biological processes in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Fang Xu
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wei-Shun Cheng
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shuang-Sheng Li
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wen Li
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhi-Xin Zhang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - You-Ping Xu
- Centre of Analysis and measurement, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xue-Ping Zhou
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, 866 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xin-Zhong Cai
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, 866 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Henriquez MA, Daayf F. Identification and cloning of differentially expressed genes involved in the interaction between potato and Phytophthora infestans using a subtractive hybridization and cDNA-AFLP combinational approach. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2010; 52:453-67. [PMID: 20537041 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7909.2010.00943.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Using a subtractive hybridization (SH)/cDNA-AFLP combinational approach, differentially expressed genes involved in the potato-Phytophthora infestans interaction were identified. These included genes potentially controlling pathogenesis or avr genes in P. infestans as well as those potentially involved in potato resistance or susceptibility to this pathogen. Forty-one differentially expressed transcript-derived fragments (TDFs), resulting from the interaction, were cloned and sequenced. Two TDFs, suggested as potential pathogenicity factors, have sequence similarity to N-succinyl diaminopimelate aminotransferase and a transcriptional regulator, TetR family gene, respectively. Two other TDFs, suggested as potential avr genes, have sequence similarity to an EST sequence from Avr4/Cf-4/Avr9/Cf-9 and a P. infestans avirulence-associated gene, respectively. Genes' expression and origin were confirmed using Southern blots, Northern blots and qRT-PCR. I.e., potential resistance gene DL81 was induced at 12 hpi in the moderately resistant cultivar, whereas it was down-regulated as early as 6 hpi in the susceptible cultivar. On the other hand, DL21 was induced at 6 hpi (3.38-fold) in response to the highly aggressive isolate (US8) and strongly up-regulated thereafter (25.13-fold at 120 hpi.), whereas it was only slightly up-regulated in response to the weakly aggressive isolate US11 (3.82-fold at 96 hpi), suggesting its potential involvement as a susceptibility gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Antonia Henriquez
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, 222 Agriculture Building, Winnipeg R3T2N2, Canada
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Stulemeijer IJE, Joosten MHAJ, Jensen ON. Quantitative phosphoproteomics of tomato mounting a hypersensitive response reveals a swift suppression of photosynthetic activity and a differential role for hsp90 isoforms. J Proteome Res 2009; 8:1168-82. [PMID: 19178300 DOI: 10.1021/pr800619h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An important mechanism by which plants defend themselves against pathogens is the rapid execution of a hypersensitive response (HR). Tomato plants containing the Cf-4 resistance gene mount an HR that relies on the activation of phosphorylation cascades, when challenged with the Avr4 elicitor secreted by the pathogenic fungus Cladosporium fulvum. Phosphopeptides were isolated from tomato seedlings expressing both Cf-4 and Avr4 using titanium dioxide columns and LC-MS/MS analysis led to the identification of 50 phosphoproteins, most of which have not been described in tomato before. Phosphopeptides were quantified using a label-free approach based on the MS peak areas. We identified 12 phosphopeptides for which the abundance changed upon HR initiation, as compared to control seedlings. Our results suggest that photosynthetic activity is specifically suppressed in a phosphorylation-dependent way during the very early stages of HR development. In addition, phosphopeptides originating from four Hsp90 isoforms exhibited altered abundances in Cf-4/Avr4 seedlings compared to control seedlings, suggesting that the isoforms of this chaperone protein have a different function in defense signaling. We show that label-free relative quantification of the phosphoproteome of complex samples is feasible, allowing extension of our knowledge on the general physiology and defense signaling of plants mounting the HR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris J E Stulemeijer
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, 6709 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Freeman BC, Beattie GA. Bacterial growth restriction during host resistance to Pseudomonas syringae is associated with leaf water loss and localized cessation of vascular activity in Arabidopsis thaliana. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2009; 22:857-67. [PMID: 19522568 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-22-7-0857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The physiological mechanisms by which plants limit the growth of bacterial pathogens during gene-for-gene resistance are poorly understood. We characterized early events in the Arabidopsis thaliana-Pseudomonas syringae pathosystem to identify physiological changes for which the kinetics are consistent with bacterial growth restriction. Using a safranine-O dye solution to detect vascular activity, we demonstrated that A. thaliana Col-0 resistance to P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000 cells expressing avrRpm1 involved virtually complete cessation of vascular water movement into the infection site within only 3 h postinoculation (hpi), under the conditions tested. This vascular restriction preceded or was simultaneous with precipitous decreases in photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and leaf transpiration, with the latter two remaining at detectable levels. Microscopic plant cell death was detected as early as 2 hpi. Interestingly, suppression of bacterial growth during AvrRpm1-mediated resistance was eliminated by physically blocking leaf water loss through the stomata without altering plant cell death and was nearly eliminated by incubating plants at high relative humidity. The majority of the population growth benefit from blocking leaf water loss occurred early after inoculation, i.e., between 4 and 8 hpi. Collectively, these results support a model in which A. thaliana suppresses P. syringae growth during gene-for-gene resistance, at least in part, by coupling restricted vascular flow to the infection site with water loss through partially open stomata; that is, the plants effectively starve the invading bacteria for water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C Freeman
- Department of Plant Pathology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Schreiber K, Ckurshumova W, Peek J, Desveaux D. A high-throughput chemical screen for resistance to Pseudomonas syringae in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2008; 54:522-31. [PMID: 18248597 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2008.03425.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The study of plant pathogenesis and the development of effective treatments to protect plants from diseases could be greatly facilitated by a high-throughput pathosystem to evaluate small-molecule libraries for inhibitors of pathogen virulence. The interaction between the Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas syringae and Arabidopsis thaliana is a model for plant pathogenesis. However, a robust high-throughput assay to score the outcome of this interaction is currently lacking. We demonstrate that Arabidopsis seedlings incubated with P. syringae in liquid culture display a macroscopically visible 'bleaching' symptom within 5 days of infection. Bleaching is associated with a loss of chlorophyll from cotyledonary tissues, and is correlated with bacterial virulence. Gene-for-gene resistance is absent in the liquid environment, possibly because of the suppression of the hypersensitive response under these conditions. Importantly, bleaching can be prevented by treating seedlings with known inducers of plant defence, such as salicylic acid (SA) or a basal defence-inducing peptide of bacterial flagellin (flg22) prior to inoculation. Based on these observations, we have devised a high-throughput liquid assay using standard 96-well plates to investigate the P. syringae-Arabidopsis interaction. An initial screen of small molecules active on Arabidopsis revealed a family of sulfanilamide compounds that afford protection against the bleaching symptom. The most active compound, sulfamethoxazole, also reduced in planta bacterial growth when applied to mature soil-grown plants. The whole-organism liquid assay provides a novel approach to probe chemical libraries in a high-throughput manner for compounds that reduce bacterial virulence in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Schreiber
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks St., Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
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Hong W, Xu YP, Zheng Z, Cao JS, Cai XZ. Comparative transcript profiling by cDNA-AFLP reveals similar patterns of Avr4/Cf-4- and Avr9/Cf-9-dependent defence gene expression. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2007; 8:515-527. [PMID: 20507518 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2007.00412.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Tomato Cf genes confer resistance to the fungal pathogen Cladosporium fulvum. Although the Cf-4 and Cf-9 proteins are very similar, the Cf-4- and Cf-9-dependent hypersensitive responses (HRs) are distinct in cell death pattern, intensity and sensitivity to environmental conditions. To investigate the mechanism leading to these differences, comparative transcript profiling of Avr4/Cf-4- and Avr9/Cf-9-dependent defence gene expression was performed. To do this, cDNA-AFLP analysis was conducted on Avr/Cf tomato seedlings undergoing early HR. Both Avr4/Cf-4 and Avr9/Cf-9 signalling elicited the same spectrum of genes, referred to here as Avr/Cf-elicited (ACE) genes. Of approximately 25 000 transcript-derived fragments (TDFs), 367 (1.5%) showed significant differential expression between HR(+) and HR(-) seedlings (either Avr4/Cf-4- or Avr9/Cf-9-dependent). However, 42.8% of the ACE TDFs (157/367 in total) showed quantitatively different expression in the two types of HR(+) seedlings. The majority of these (135/157, 86.0%) displayed significantly greater differential expression (either induced or repressed) in Avr4/Cf-4 HR(+) seedlings than in Avr9/Cf-9 HR(+) seedlings. Our results are consistent with the previous observation that Avr4/Cf-4-dependent HR is more severe than Avr9/Cf-9-dependent HR, and indicate that the distinction between Avr4/Cf-4- and Avr9/Cf-9-dependent HR is most probably a result of events upstream of the defence responses. Sequencing of 189 ACE fragments identified genes associated with: defence and resistance (33.3%), signal transduction (7.4%), HR and cell death (5.3%), transcriptional regulation and post-transcriptional modification (4.3%). Expression data revealed that defence response, respiration and biological oxidation are strongly induced while photosynthesis is severely repressed in the HR(+) seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hong
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 268 Kai Xuan Road, Hangzhou 310029, PR China
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Cai XZ, Zhou X, Xu YP, Joosten MHAJ, de Wit PJGM. Cladosporium fulvum CfHNNI1 induces hypersensitive necrosis, defence gene expression and disease resistance in both host and nonhost plants. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2007; 64:89-101. [PMID: 17273821 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-007-9136-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2006] [Accepted: 01/08/2007] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Nonhost resistance as a durable and broad-spectrum defence strategy is of great potential for agricultural applications. We have previously isolated a cDNA showing homology with genes encoding bZIP transcription factors from tomato leaf mould pathogen Cladosporium fulvum. Upon expression, the cDNA results in necrosis in C. fulvum host tomato and nonhost tobacco plants and is thus named CfHNNI1 (for C . f ulvum host and nonhost plant necrosis inducer 1). In the present study we report the induction of necrosis in a variety of nonhost plant species belonging to three families by the transient in planta expression of CfHNNI1 using virus-based vectors. Additionally, transient expression of CfHNNI1 also induced expression of the HR marker gene LeHSR203 and greatly reduced the accumulation of recombinant Potato virus X. Stable CfHNNI1 transgenic tobacco plants were generated in which the expression of CfHNNI1 is under the control of the pathogen-inducible hsr203J promoter. When infected with the oomycetes pathogen Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae, these transgenic plants manifested enhanced expression of CfHNNI1 and subsequent accumulation of CfHNNI1 protein, resulting in high expression of the HSR203J and PR genes, and strong resistance to the pathogen. The CfHNNI1 transgenic plants also exhibited induced resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci and Tobacco mosaic virus. Furthermore, CfHNNI1 was highly expressed and the protein was translocated into plant cells during the incompatible interactions between C. fulvum and host and nonhost plants. Our results demonstrate that CfHNNI1 is a potential general elicitor of hypersensitive response and nonhost resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Zhong Cai
- Institute of Biotechnology, and Department of Plant Protection, Zhejiang University, 268 Kai Xuan Road, Hangzhou 310029, P.R. China.
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Parisy V, Poinssot B, Owsianowski L, Buchala A, Glazebrook J, Mauch F. Identification of PAD2 as a gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase highlights the importance of glutathione in disease resistance of Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2007; 49:159-72. [PMID: 17144898 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2006.02938.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis pad2-1 mutant belongs to a series of non-allelic camalexin-deficient mutants. It was originally described as showing enhanced susceptibility to virulent strains of Pseudomonas syringae and was later shown to be hyper-susceptible to the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora brassicae (formerly P. porri). Surprisingly, in both pathosystems, the disease susceptibility of pad2-1 was not caused by the camalexin deficiency, suggesting additional roles of PAD2 in disease resistance. The susceptibility of pad2-1 to P. brassicae was used to map the mutation to the gene At4g23100, which encodes gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (gamma-ECS, GSH1). GSH1 catalyzes the first committed step of glutathione (GSH) biosynthesis. The pad2-1 mutation caused an S to N transition at amino acid position 298 close to the active center. The conclusion that PAD2 encodes GSH1 is supported by several lines of evidence: (i) pad2-1 mutants contained only about 22% of wild-type amounts of GSH, (ii) genetic complementation of pad2-1 with wild-type GSH1 cDNA restored GSH production, accumulation of camalexin in response to P. syringae and resistance to P. brassicae and P. syringae, (iii) another GSH1 mutant, cad2-1, showed pad2-like phenotypes, and (iv) feeding of GSH to excised leaves of pad2-1 restored camalexin production and resistance to P. brassicae. Inoculation of Col-0 with P. brassicae caused a coordinated increase in the transcript abundance of GSH1 and GSH2, the gene encoding the second enzyme in GSH biosynthesis, and resulted in enhanced foliar GSH accumulation. The pad2-1 mutant showed enhanced susceptibility to additional pathogens, suggesting an important general role of GSH in disease resistance of Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Parisy
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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Fujita M, Fujita Y, Noutoshi Y, Takahashi F, Narusaka Y, Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K, Shinozaki K. Crosstalk between abiotic and biotic stress responses: a current view from the points of convergence in the stress signaling networks. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2006; 9:436-42. [PMID: 16759898 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2006.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 962] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2006] [Accepted: 05/18/2006] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved a wide range of mechanisms to cope with biotic and abiotic stresses. To date, the molecular mechanisms that are involved in each stress has been revealed comparatively independently, and so our understanding of convergence points between biotic and abiotic stress signaling pathways remain rudimentary. However, recent studies have revealed several molecules, including transcription factors and kinases, as promising candidates for common players that are involved in crosstalk between stress signaling pathways. Emerging evidence suggests that hormone signaling pathways regulated by abscisic acid, salicylic acid, jasmonic acid and ethylene, as well as ROS signaling pathways, play key roles in the crosstalk between biotic and abiotic stress signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Fujita
- Gene Discovery Research Group, RIKEN Plant Science Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Yokohama, Kanagawa 203-0045, Japan
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Gabriëls SHEJ, Takken FLW, Vossen JH, de Jong CF, Liu Q, Turk SCHJ, Wachowski LK, Peters J, Witsenboer HMA, de Wit PJGM, Joosten MHAJ. CDNA-AFLP combined with functional analysis reveals novel genes involved in the hypersensitive response. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2006; 19:567-76. [PMID: 16776290 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-19-0567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
To identify genes required for the hypersensitive response (HR), we performed expression profiling of tomato plants mounting a synchronized HR, followed by functional analysis of differentially expressed genes. By cDNA-AFLP analysis, the expression profile of tomato plants containing both the Cf-4 resistance gene against Cladosporium fulvum and the matching Avr4 avirulence gene of this fungus was compared with that of control plants. About 1% of the transcript-derived fragments (442 out of 50,000) were derived from a differentially expressed gene. Based on their sequence and expression, 192 fragments, referred to as Avr4-responsive tomato (ART) fragments, were selected for VIGS (virus-induced gene silencing) in Cf-4-transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana. Inoculated plants were analyzed for compromised HR by agroinfiltration of either the C. fulvum Avr4 gene or the Inf1 gene of Phytophthora infestans, which invokes a HR in wild-type N. benthamiana. VIGS using 15 of the ART fragments resulted in a compromised HR, whereas VIGS with fragments of ART genes encoding HSP90, a nuclear GTPase, an L19 ribosomal protein, and most interestingly, a nucleotide binding-leucine rich repeat (NB-LRR)-type protein severely suppressed the HR induced both by Avr4 and Inf1. Requirement of an NB-LRR protein (designated NRC1, for NB-LRR protein required for HR-associated cell death 1) for Cf resistance protein function as well as Inf1-mediated HR suggests a convergence of signaling pathways and supports the recent observation that NB-LRR proteins play a role in signal transduction cascades downstream of resistance proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzan H E J Gabriëls
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Binnenhaven 5, 6709 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Barker CL, Talbot SJ, Jones JDG, Jones DA. A tomato mutant that shows stunting, wilting, progressive necrosis and constitutive expression of defence genes contains a recombinant Hcr9 gene encoding an autoactive protein. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 46:369-84. [PMID: 16623899 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2006.02698.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The tomato Cf-9 gene confers resistance to races of the leaf mould fungus Cladosporium fulvum that carry the Avr9 avirulence gene. Cf-9 resides at a locus containing five paralogous genes and was isolated by transposon tagging using a modified maize Dissociation (Ds) element. The tagging experiment generated an allelic series of Ds-induced mutations of Cf-9, most of which were wild type in appearance. However, one mutant, designated M205, showed stunted growth, wilting, progressive leaf chlorosis and necrosis and constitutive expression of defence genes. The phenotype of M205 was caused by a semidominant, Avr9-independent mutation that co-segregated with a Ds element insertion at the Cf-9 locus. Molecular genetic analysis indicated that the Cf-9 locus of M205 had undergone recombination, generating a chimeric gene, designated Hcr9-M205, that comprised an in-frame fusion between the 5' coding region of the Cf-9 paralogue, Hcr9-9A, and the 3' coding region of Cf-9. The presence of a possible excision footprint adjacent to the junction between Hcr9-9A and Cf-9, and a Ds insertion at the homologous position in the downstream paralogue Hcr9-9D, is consistent with recombination between Hcr9-9A and Cf-9 promoted by transposition of Ds from Cf-9 into Hcr9-9D. Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transient expression of Hcr9-M205 in Nicotiana tabacum caused chlorosis and the accumulation of defence gene transcripts, indicating that the protein encoded by this novel Hcr9 gene is autoactive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire L Barker
- Plant Cell Biology Group, Research School of Biological Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
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