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Kurczynska E, Godel-Jędrychowska K. Apoplastic and Symplasmic Markers of Somatic Embryogenesis. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1951. [PMID: 37653868 PMCID: PMC10224393 DOI: 10.3390/plants12101951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Somatic embryogenesis (SE) is a process that scientists have been trying to understand for many years because, on the one hand, it is a manifestation of the totipotency of plant cells, so it enables the study of the mechanisms regulating this process, and, on the other hand, it is an important method of plant propagation. Using SE in basic research and in practice is invaluable. This article describes the latest, but also historical, information on changes in the chemical composition of the cell wall during the transition of cells from the somatic to embryogenic state, and the importance of symplasmic communication during SE. Among wall chemical components, different pectic, AGP, extensin epitopes, and lipid transfer proteins have been discussed as potential apoplastic markers of explant cells during the acquisition of embryogenic competence. The role of symplasmic communication/isolation during SE has also been discussed, paying particular attention to the formation of symplasmic domains within and between cells that carry out different developmental processes. Information about the number and functionality of plasmodesmata (PD) and callose deposition as the main player in symplasmic isolation has also been presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Kurczynska
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia, ul. Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - Kamila Godel-Jędrychowska
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia, ul. Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
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2
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Li M, Wrobel-Marek J, Heidmann I, Horstman A, Chen B, Reis R, Angenent GC, Boutilier K. Auxin biosynthesis maintains embryo identity and growth during BABY BOOM-induced somatic embryogenesis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:1095-1110. [PMID: 34865162 PMCID: PMC8825264 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Somatic embryogenesis is a type of plant cell totipotency where embryos develop from nonreproductive (vegetative) cells without fertilization. Somatic embryogenesis can be induced in vitro by auxins, and by ectopic expression of embryo-expressed transcription factors like the BABY BOOM (BBM) AINTEGUMENTA-LIKE APETALA2/ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR domain protein. These different pathways are thought to converge to promote auxin response and biosynthesis, but the specific roles of the endogenous auxin pathway in somatic embryogenesis induction have not been well-characterized. Here we show that BBM transcriptionally regulates the YUCCA3 (YUC3) and YUC8 auxin biosynthesis genes during BBM-mediated somatic embryogenesis in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seedlings. BBM induced local and ectopic YUC3 and YUC8 expression in seedlings, which coincided with increased DR5 auxin response and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) biosynthesis and with ectopic expression of the WOX2 embryo reporter. YUC-driven auxin biosynthesis was required for BBM-mediated somatic embryogenesis, as the number of embryogenic explants was reduced by ca. 50% in yuc3 yuc8 mutants and abolished after chemical inhibition of YUC enzyme activity. However, a detailed YUC inhibitor time-course study revealed that YUC-dependent IAA biosynthesis is not required for the re-initiation of totipotent cell identity in seedlings. Rather, YUC enzymes are required later in somatic embryo development for the maintenance of embryo identity and growth. This study resolves a long-standing question about the role of endogenous auxin biosynthesis in transcription factor-mediated somatic embryogenesis and also provides an experimental framework for understanding the role of endogenous auxin biosynthesis in other in planta and in vitro embryogenesis systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengfan Li
- Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6700 AA, Netherlands
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6700 AP, Netherlands
| | - Justyna Wrobel-Marek
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, 40-032, Poland
| | - Iris Heidmann
- Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6700 AA, Netherlands
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6700 AP, Netherlands
- Enza Zaden Research and Development B.V, Enkhuizen, 1602 DB, The Netherlands
| | - Anneke Horstman
- Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6700 AA, Netherlands
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6700 AP, Netherlands
| | - Baojian Chen
- Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6700 AA, Netherlands
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6700 AP, Netherlands
| | - Ricardo Reis
- Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6700 AA, Netherlands
| | - Gerco C Angenent
- Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6700 AA, Netherlands
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6700 AP, Netherlands
| | - Kim Boutilier
- Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6700 AA, Netherlands
- Author for communication:
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Godel-J Drychowska K, Kurczy Ska E. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of the plasmodesmata that accompany cell fate changes during the somatic embryogenesis of Arabidopsis thaliana. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2022; 49:186-200. [PMID: 34838155 DOI: 10.1071/fp21243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodesmata (PD) are cytoplasmic and membrane-lined microchannels that enable symplasmic communication in plants, which is involved in the regulation of cell differentiation. The presented results emphasise the qualitative and quantitative analyses of PD, which are the basis of the symplasmic communication. The cells that initiate various development programmes create symplasmic domains that are characterised by different degrees of symplasmic communication. Changes in symplasmic communication are caused by the presence or absence of PD and/or the ability of signals to move through them. In the presented studies, somatic embryogenesis was used to describe the characteristics of the PD within and between the symplasmic domains in explants of the Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh ecotype Columbia-0 and 35S:BBM transgenic line. Transmission electron microscopy was used to describe the cells that regain totipotency/pluripotency during somatic embryogenesis, as well as the number and shape of the PD in the different symplasmic domains of the explants and somatic embryos. Array tomography was used to create a 3D reconstruction of the protodermal cells of the somatic embryos with particular emphasis on the PD distribution in the cell walls. The results showed that there were different frequencies of the PD within and between the symplasmic domain that emerges during somatic embryogenesis and between the Col-0 and 35S:BBM somatic embryos with regard to the differences in the shape of the PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Godel-J Drychowska
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, The University of Silesia, 28 Jagiellonska Street, 40-032 Katowice, Poland
| | - Ewa Kurczy Ska
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, The University of Silesia, 28 Jagiellonska Street, 40-032 Katowice, Poland
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Wróbel-Marek J, Godel-Jędrychowska K, Kurczyńska E. Analysis of the Distribution of Symplasmic Tracers During Zygotic and Somatic Embryogenesis. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2457:351-365. [PMID: 35349153 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2132-5_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodesmata (PD) are membraneous channels that span cell walls of adjacent cells to establish the symplasm. These connections are unique to plants and enable the cell-to-cell exchange of information via the symplasm. However, not every plant cell is connected to its neighbor. Absence of PD and lack of communication (symplasmic isolation) are important regulators of cell differentiation. To determine cell-to-cell symplasmic connectivity, the distribution of fluorescent tracers can be analyzed. Here, we describe in detail the entire procedure for conducting such analysis using fluorescence and confocal microscopy to study molecular fluxes in fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) experiments. Studies using fluorochromes and fluorescent-labeled dextrans successfully inform the degree of symplasmic connectivity between cells in zygotic and somatic embryos. Small molecules, such as water and ions, travel through PD but also transcription factors and different types of RNA. Studies of symplasmic communication are important to determine the spatio-temporal correlation between cell differentiation and the exchange of information between cells. This information is necessary to determine the role of symplasmic communication during embryogenesis, which is a very important stage in plant development and morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Wróbel-Marek
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland.
| | - Kamila Godel-Jędrychowska
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Ewa Kurczyńska
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland.
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Grzyb M, Wróbel-Marek J, Kurczyńska E, Sobczak M, Mikuła A. Symplasmic Isolation Contributes to Somatic Embryo Induction and Development in the Tree Fern Cyathea delgadii Sternb. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 61:1273-1284. [PMID: 32374847 PMCID: PMC7377347 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcaa058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this report, we describe studies on symplasmic communication and cellular rearrangement during direct somatic embryogenesis (SE) in the tree fern Cyathea delgadii. We analyzed changes in the symplasmic transport of low-molecular-weight fluorochromes, such as 8-hydroxypyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid, trisodium salt (HPTS) and fluorescein (delivered to cells as fluorescein diacetate, FDA), within stipe explants and somatic embryos originating from single epidermal cells and developing during 16-d long culture. Induction of SE is preceded by a restriction in fluorochrome distribution between certain explant cells. Microscopic analysis showed a series of cellular changes like a decrease in vacuole size, increase in vacuole numbers, and increased density of cytoplasm and deposition of electron-dense material in cell walls that may be related with embryogenic transition. In somatic embryos, the limited symplasmic communication between cells was observed first in linear tri-cellular embryos. Further development of the fern embryo was associated with the formation of symplasmic domains corresponding to the four segments of the plant body. Using symplasmic tracers, we provided evidence that the changes in plasmodesmata permeability are corelated with somatic-to-embryogenic transition and somatic embryo development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Grzyb
- Department of Conservative Plant Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences Botanical Garden-Center for Biological Diversity Conservation in Powsin, Prawdziwka 2, Warsaw 02-973, Poland
| | - Justyna Wróbel-Marek
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellonska 28, 40-032 Katowice, Poland
| | - Ewa Kurczyńska
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellonska 28, 40-032 Katowice, Poland
| | - Mirosław Sobczak
- Institute of Biology, Department of Botany, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159, Warsaw 02-787, Poland
| | - Anna Mikuła
- Department of Conservative Plant Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences Botanical Garden-Center for Biological Diversity Conservation in Powsin, Prawdziwka 2, Warsaw 02-973, Poland
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Godel-Jedrychowska K, Kulinska-Lukaszek K, Horstman A, Soriano M, Li M, Malota K, Boutilier K, Kurczynska EU. Symplasmic isolation marks cell fate changes during somatic embryogenesis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:2612-2628. [PMID: 31974549 PMCID: PMC7210756 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Cell-to-cell signalling is a major mechanism controlling plant morphogenesis. Transport of signalling molecules through plasmodesmata is one way in which plants promote or restrict intercellular signalling over short distances. Plasmodesmata are membrane-lined pores between cells that regulate the intercellular flow of signalling molecules through changes in their size, creating symplasmic fields of connected cells. Here we examine the role of plasmodesmata and symplasmic communication in the establishment of plant cell totipotency, using somatic embryo induction from Arabidopsis explants as a model system. Cell-to-cell communication was evaluated using fluorescent tracers, supplemented with histological and ultrastructural analysis, and correlated with expression of a WOX2 embryo reporter. We showed that embryogenic cells are isolated symplasmically from non-embryogenic cells regardless of the explant type (immature zygotic embryos or seedlings) and inducer system (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid or the BABY BOOM (BBM) transcription factor), but that the symplasmic domains in different explants differ with respect to the maximum size of molecule capable of moving through the plasmodesmata. Callose deposition in plasmodesmata preceded WOX2 expression in future sites of somatic embryo development, but later was greatly reduced in WOX2-expressing domains. Callose deposition was also associated with a decrease DR5 auxin response in embryogenic tissue. Treatment of explants with the callose biosynthesis inhibitor 2-deoxy-D-glucose supressed somatic embryo formation in all three systems studied, and also blocked the observed decrease in DR5 expression. Together these data suggest that callose deposition at plasmodesmata is required for symplasmic isolation and establishment of cell totipotency in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Godel-Jedrychowska
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kulinska-Lukaszek
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Anneke Horstman
- Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research, AA Wageningen, Netherlands
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University and Research, AA Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Mercedes Soriano
- Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research, AA Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Mengfan Li
- Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research, AA Wageningen, Netherlands
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University and Research, AA Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Karol Malota
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in KatowiceKatowice, Poland
| | - Kim Boutilier
- Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research, AA Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Ewa U Kurczynska
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
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Milewska-Hendel A, Witek W, Rypień A, Zubko M, Baranski R, Stróż D, Kurczyńska EU. The development of a hairless phenotype in barley roots treated with gold nanoparticles is accompanied by changes in the symplasmic communication. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4724. [PMID: 30886208 PMCID: PMC6423127 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41164-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Uptake of water and nutrients by roots affects the ontogenesis of the whole plant. Nanoparticles, e.g. gold nanoparticles, have a broad range of applications in many fields which leads to the transfer of these materials into the environment. Thus, the understanding of their impact on the growth and development of the root system is an emerging issue. During our studies on the effect of positively charged gold nanoparticles on the barley roots, a hairless phenotype was found. We investigated whether this phenotype correlates with changes in symplasmic communication, which is an important factor that regulates, among others, differentiation of the rhizodermis into hair and non-hair cells. The results showed no restriction in symplasmic communication in the treated roots, in contrast to the control roots, in which the trichoblasts and atrichoblasts were symplasmically isolated during their differentiation. Moreover, differences concerning the root morphology, histology, ultrastructure and the cell wall composition were detected between the control and the treated roots. These findings suggest that the harmful effect of nanoparticles on plant growth may, among others, consist in disrupting the symplasmic communication/isolation, which leads to the development of a hairless root phenotype, thus limiting the functioning of the roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Milewska-Hendel
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, 28 Jagiellońska Street, 40-032, Katowice, Poland.
| | - Weronika Witek
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, 28 Jagiellońska Street, 40-032, Katowice, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Rypień
- Laboratory of Microscopy Techniques, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, 28 Jagiellońska Street, 40-032, Katowice, Poland
| | - Maciej Zubko
- Institute of Materials Science, Faculty of Computer Science and Materials Science, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty Street 1a, Chorzów, 41-500, Poland
- Department of Physics, University of Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Rafal Baranski
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. 29 Listopada 54, 31-425, Krakow, Poland
| | - Danuta Stróż
- Institute of Materials Science, Faculty of Computer Science and Materials Science, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty Street 1a, Chorzów, 41-500, Poland
| | - Ewa U Kurczyńska
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, 28 Jagiellońska Street, 40-032, Katowice, Poland.
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Oliveira EJ, Koehler AD, Rocha DI, Vieira LM, Pinheiro MVM, de Matos EM, da Cruz ACF, da Silva TCR, Tanaka FAO, Nogueira FTS, Otoni WC. Morpho-histological, histochemical, and molecular evidences related to cellular reprogramming during somatic embryogenesis of the model grass Brachypodium distachyon. PROTOPLASMA 2017; 254:2017-2034. [PMID: 28290060 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-017-1089-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The wild grass species Brachypodium distachyon (L.) has been proposed as a new model for temperate grasses. Among the biotechnological tools already developed for the species, an efficient induction protocol of somatic embryogenesis (SE) using immature zygotic embryos has provided the basis for genetic transformation studies. However, a systematic work to better understanding the basic cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie the SE process of this grass species is still missing. Here, we present new insights at the morpho-histological, histochemical, and molecular aspects of B. distachyon SE pathway. Somatic embryos arose from embryogenic callus formed by cells derived from the protodermal-dividing cells of the scutellum. These protodermal cells showed typical meristematic features and high protein accumulation which were interpreted as the first observable steps towards the acquisition of a competent state. Starch content decreased along embryogenic callus differentiation supporting the idea that carbohydrate reserves are essential to morphogenetic processes. Interestingly, starch accumulation was also observed at late stages of SE process. Searches in databanks revealed three sequences available annotated as BdSERK, being two copies corresponding to SERK1 and one showing greater identity to SERK2. In silico analysis confirmed the presence of characteristic domains in a B. distachyon Somatic Embryogenesis Receptor Kinase genes candidates (BdSERKs), which suggests SERK functions are conserved in B. distachyon. In situ hybridization demonstrated the presence of transcripts of BdSERK1 in all development since globular until scutellar stages. The results reported in this study convey important information about the morphogenetic events in the embryogenic pathway which has been lacking in B. distachyon. This study also demonstrates that B. distachyon provides a useful model system for investigating the genetic regulation of SE in grass species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Jardim Oliveira
- Laboratório de Cultura de Tecidos/BIOAGRO, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Avenida P. H. Rolfs s/n, 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Andréa Dias Koehler
- Laboratório de Cultura de Tecidos/BIOAGRO, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Avenida P. H. Rolfs s/n, 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Diego Ismael Rocha
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Regional Jataí, BR 364, km 195, 75801-615, Jataí, GO, Brazil
| | - Lorena Melo Vieira
- Laboratório de Cultura de Tecidos/BIOAGRO, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Avenida P. H. Rolfs s/n, 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Marcos Vinícius Marques Pinheiro
- Laboratório de Cultura de Tecidos/BIOAGRO, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Avenida P. H. Rolfs s/n, 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Elyabe Monteiro de Matos
- Laboratório de Cultura de Tecidos/BIOAGRO, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Avenida P. H. Rolfs s/n, 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana Claudia Ferreira da Cruz
- Laboratório de Cultura de Tecidos/BIOAGRO, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Avenida P. H. Rolfs s/n, 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Thais Cristina Ribeiro da Silva
- Laboratório de Cultura de Tecidos/BIOAGRO, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Avenida P. H. Rolfs s/n, 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Francisco André Ossamu Tanaka
- Departamento de Fitopatologia e Nematologia, Universidade de São Paulo/ESALQ, Av. Pádua Dias, 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabio Tebaldi Silveira Nogueira
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular do Desenvolvimento Vegetal (LGMDV), Universidade de São Paulo/ESALQ, Av. Pádua Dias, 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
| | - Wagner Campos Otoni
- Laboratório de Cultura de Tecidos/BIOAGRO, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Avenida P. H. Rolfs s/n, 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
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Milewska-Hendel A, Zubko M, Karcz J, Stróż D, Kurczyńska E. Fate of neutral-charged gold nanoparticles in the roots of the Hordeum vulgare L. cultivar Karat. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3014. [PMID: 28592798 PMCID: PMC5462829 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02965-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) have a significant impact on the environment and living organisms. The influence of NPs on plants is intensively studied and most of the data indicate that NPs can penetrate into plants. The studies presented here were performed on the roots of Hordeum vulgare L. seedlings using neutral-charge gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) of different sizes. In contrast to the majority of the published data, the results presented here showed that during the culture period, AuNPs: 1/did not enter the root regardless of their size and concentration, 2/that are applied directly into the cells of a root do not move into neighbouring cells. The results that were obtained indicate that in order to extend our knowledge about the mechanisms of the interactions between NPs and plants, further studies including, among others, on different species and a variety of growth conditions are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Milewska-Hendel
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, 28 Jagiellońska Street, Katowice, 40-032, Poland.
| | - Maciej Zubko
- Institute of Materials Science, Faculty of Computer Science and Materials Science, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty Street 1a, Chorzów, 41-500, Poland
| | - Jagna Karcz
- Laboratory of Scanning Electron Microscopy, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, 28 Jagiellońska Street, Katowice, 40-032, Poland
| | - Danuta Stróż
- Institute of Materials Science, Faculty of Computer Science and Materials Science, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty Street 1a, Chorzów, 41-500, Poland
| | - Ewa Kurczyńska
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, 28 Jagiellońska Street, Katowice, 40-032, Poland
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10
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Wróbel-Marek J, Kurczyńska E, Płachno BJ, Kozieradzka-Kiszkurno M. Identification of symplasmic domains in the embryo and seed of Sedum acre L. (Crassulaceae). PLANTA 2017; 245:491-505. [PMID: 27888360 PMCID: PMC5310571 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2619-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Our study demonstrated that symplasmic communication between Sedum acre seed compartments and the embryo proper is not uniform. The presence of plasmodesmata (PD) constitutes the structural basis for information exchange between cells, and symplasmic communication is involved in the regulation of cell differentiation and plant development. Most recent studies concerning an analysis of symplasmic communication between seed compartments and the embryo have been predominantly performed on Arabidopsis thaliana. The results presented in this paper describe the analysis of symplasmic communication on the example of Sedum acre seeds, because the ultrastructure of the seed compartments and the embryo proper, including the PD, have already been described, and this species represents an embryonic type of development different to Arabidopsis. Moreover, in this species, an unusual electron-dense dome associated with plasmodesmata on the border between the basal cell/chalazal suspensor cells and the basal cell/the endosperm has been described. This prompted the question as to whether these plasmodesmata are functional. Thus, the aim of this study was to describe the movement of symplasmic transport fluorochromes between different Sedum seed compartments, with particular emphasis on the movement between the basal cell and the embryo proper and endosperm, to answer the following questions: (1) are seeds divided into symplasmic domains; (2) if so, are they stable or do they change with the development? The results have shown that symplasmic tracers movement: (a) from the external integument to internal integument is restricted; (b) from the basal cell to the other part of the embryo proper and from the basal cell to the endosperm is also restricted;
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Wróbel-Marek
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 28, 40-032, Katowice, Poland
| | - Ewa Kurczyńska
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 28, 40-032, Katowice, Poland
| | - Bartosz J Płachno
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
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Płachno BJ, Kurczyńska E, Świątek P. Integument cell differentiation in dandelions (Taraxacum, Asteraceae, Lactuceae) with special attention paid to plasmodesmata. PROTOPLASMA 2016; 253:1365-72. [PMID: 26454638 PMCID: PMC5009155 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-015-0894-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the paper is to determine what happens with plasmodesmata when mucilage is secreted into the periplasmic space in plant cells. Ultrastructural analysis of the periendothelial zone mucilage cells was performed on examples of the ovule tissues of several sexual and apomictic Taraxacum species. The cytoplasm of the periendothelial zone cells was dense, filled by numerous organelles and profiles of rough endoplasmic reticulum and active Golgi dictyosomes with vesicles that contained fibrillar material. At the beginning of the differentiation process of the periendothelial zone, the cells were connected by primary plasmodesmata. However, during the differentiation and the thickening of the cell walls (mucilage deposition), the plasmodesmata become elongated and associated with cytoplasmic bridges. The cytoplasmic bridges may connect the protoplast to the plasmodesmata through the mucilage layers in order to maintain cell-to-cell communication during the differentiation of the periendothelial zone cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz J Płachno
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, 9 Gronostajowa St., 30-387, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Ewa Kurczyńska
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Silesia, 28 Jagiellońska St., 40-032, Katowice, Poland
| | - Piotr Świątek
- Department of Animal Histology and Embryology, University of Silesia, 9 Bankowa St., 40-007, Katowice, Poland
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Zhang Y, Tang S, Sansalone L, Baker JD, Raymo FM. A Photoswitchable Fluorophore for the Real-Time Monitoring of Dynamic Events in Living Organisms. Chemistry 2016; 22:15027-15034. [PMID: 27571689 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201603545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This study reports the synthesis of a photoactivatable fluorophore with optimal photochemical and photophysical properties for the real-time tracking of motion in vivo. The photoactivation mechanism designed into this particular compound permits the conversion of an emissive reactant into an emissive product with resolved fluorescence, under mild illumination conditions that are impossible to replicate with conventional switching schemes based on bleaching. Indeed, the supramolecular delivery of these photoswitchable probes into the cellular blastoderm of Drosophila melanogaster embryos allows the real-time visualization of translocating molecules with no detrimental effects on the developing organisms. Thus, this innovative mechanism for fluorescence photoactivation can evolve into a general chemical tool to monitor dynamic processes in living biological specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Laboratory for Molecular Photonics, Departments of Biology and Chemistry, University of Miami, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, FL, 33146-0431, USA
| | - Sicheng Tang
- Laboratory for Molecular Photonics, Departments of Biology and Chemistry, University of Miami, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, FL, 33146-0431, USA
| | - Lorenzo Sansalone
- Laboratory for Molecular Photonics, Departments of Biology and Chemistry, University of Miami, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, FL, 33146-0431, USA
| | - James D Baker
- Laboratory for Molecular Photonics, Departments of Biology and Chemistry, University of Miami, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, FL, 33146-0431, USA
| | - Françisco M Raymo
- Laboratory for Molecular Photonics, Departments of Biology and Chemistry, University of Miami, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, FL, 33146-0431, USA.
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Seldimirova OA, Titova GE, Kruglova NN. A Complex morpho-histological approach to the in vitro study of morphogenic structures in a wheat anther culture. BIOL BULL+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359016020084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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15
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Marzec M, Muszynska A, Melzer M, Sas-Nowosielska H, Kurczynska EU. Increased symplasmic permeability in barley root epidermal cells correlates with defects in root hair development. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2014; 16:476-84. [PMID: 23927737 PMCID: PMC4237182 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that the process of plant cell differentiation depends on the symplasmic isolation of cells. Before starting the differentiation programme, the individual cell or group of cells should restrict symplasmic communication with neighbouring cells. We tested the symplasmic communication between epidermal cells in the different root zones of parental barley plants Hordeum vulgare L., cv. 'Karat' with normal root hair development, and two root hairless mutants (rhl1.a and rhl1.b). The results clearly show that symplasmic communication was limited during root hair differentiation in the parental variety, whereas in both root hairless mutants epidermal cells were still symplasmically connected in the corresponding root zone. This paper is the first report on the role of symplasmic isolation in barley root cell differentiation, and additionally shows that a disturbance in the restriction of symplasmic communication is present in root hairless mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Marzec
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
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Makowska K, Oleszczuk S. Albinism in barley androgenesis. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2014; 33:385-92. [PMID: 24326697 PMCID: PMC3921450 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-013-1543-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Androgenesis is highly useful for plant breeding, significantly reducing breeding cycle times, as well as in a wide range of biological research. However, for widespread use this process must be efficient. Despite several decades of research on the phenomenon of androgenesis, many processes involved are obscure and there is much to be understood about androgenesis. One of the problems inherent in androgenesis, and reducing its efficiency, is albinism. This article reviews albinism in barley anthers and microspores in vitro cultures. Of special interest is the fate of plastids throughout androgenesis, which is important at several levels, including the genes responsible for driving the green-to-albino ratios. We also summarize the external factors that reduce the incidence of albino plants that are regenerated via androgenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Makowska
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute, National Research Institute, Radzikow, 05-870, Blonie, Poland,
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Marzec M, Kurczynska E. Importance of symplasmic communication in cell differentiation. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2014; 9:e27931. [PMID: 24476959 PMCID: PMC4091221 DOI: 10.4161/psb.27931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Symplasmic communication via plasmodesmata (PD) is part of the system of information exchange between plant cells. Molecules that pass through the PD include ions, some hormones, minerals, amino acids, and sugars but also proteins, transcription factors, and different classes of RNA, and as such PD can participate in the coordination of plant growth and development. This review summarizes the current literature on this subject and the role of PD in signal exchange, the importance of symplasmic communication and symplasmic domains in plant cell differentiation, and highlights the future prospective in the exploration of PD functions in plants. Moreover, this review also describes the potential use of barley root epidermis and non-zygotic embryogenesis in study of symplasmic communication during cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Marzec
- Department of Genetics; Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection; University of Silesia; Katowice, Poland
| | - Ewa Kurczynska
- Laboratory of Cell Biology; Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection; University of Silesia; Katowice, Poland
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