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Liu Q, Wang Z, Sun S, Nemes J, Brenner LA, Hoisington A, Skotak M, LaValle CR, Ge Y, Carr W, Haghighi F. Association of Blast Exposure in Military Breaching with Intestinal Permeability Blood Biomarkers Associated with Leaky Gut. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3549. [PMID: 38542520 PMCID: PMC10971443 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25063549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Injuries and subclinical effects from exposure to blasts are of significant concern in military operational settings, including tactical training, and are associated with self-reported concussion-like symptomology and physiological changes such as increased intestinal permeability (IP), which was investigated in this study. Time-series gene expression and IP biomarker data were generated from "breachers" exposed to controlled, low-level explosive blast during training. Samples from 30 male participants at pre-, post-, and follow-up blast exposure the next day were assayed via RNA-seq and ELISA. A battery of symptom data was also collected at each of these time points that acutely showed elevated symptom reporting related to headache, concentration, dizziness, and taking longer to think, dissipating ~16 h following blast exposure. Evidence for bacterial translocation into circulation following blast exposure was detected by significant stepwise increase in microbial diversity (measured via alpha-diversity p = 0.049). Alterations in levels of IP protein biomarkers (i.e., Zonulin, LBP, Claudin-3, I-FABP) assessed in a subset of these participants (n = 23) further evidenced blast exposure associates with IP. The observed symptom profile was consistent with mild traumatic brain injury and was further associated with changes in bacterial translocation and intestinal permeability, suggesting that IP may be linked to a decrease in cognitive functioning. These preliminary findings show for the first time within real-world military operational settings that exposures to blast can contribute to IP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingkun Liu
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10468, USA; (Q.L.); (Z.W.); (S.S.)
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA;
| | - Zhaoyu Wang
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10468, USA; (Q.L.); (Z.W.); (S.S.)
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA;
| | - Shengnan Sun
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10468, USA; (Q.L.); (Z.W.); (S.S.)
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA;
| | - Jeffrey Nemes
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA (C.R.L.); (W.C.)
| | - Lisa A. Brenner
- Rocky Mountain Mental Illness, Research, Education and Clinical Care, Department of Veterans Affairs, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (L.A.B.); (A.H.)
- Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Andrew Hoisington
- Rocky Mountain Mental Illness, Research, Education and Clinical Care, Department of Veterans Affairs, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (L.A.B.); (A.H.)
- Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Department of Systems Engineering and Management, Air Force Institute of Technology, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH 45433, USA
| | - Maciej Skotak
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA (C.R.L.); (W.C.)
| | - Christina R. LaValle
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA (C.R.L.); (W.C.)
| | - Yongchao Ge
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA;
| | - Walter Carr
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA (C.R.L.); (W.C.)
| | - Fatemeh Haghighi
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10468, USA; (Q.L.); (Z.W.); (S.S.)
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA;
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Padoan A, Musso G, Contran N, Basso D. Inflammation, Autoinflammation and Autoimmunity in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:5534-5557. [PMID: 37504266 PMCID: PMC10378236 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45070350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, the role of innate and adaptive immunity in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) is reported. In IBD, an altered innate immunity is often found, with increased Th17 and decreased Treg cells infiltrating the intestinal mucosa. An associated increase in inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1 and TNF-α, and a decrease in anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-10, concur in favoring the persistent inflammation of the gut mucosa. Autoinflammation is highlighted with insights in the role of inflammasomes, which activation by exogenous or endogenous triggers might be favored by mutations of NOD and NLRP proteins. Autoimmunity mechanisms also take place in IBD pathogenesis and in this context of a persistent immune stimulation by bacterial antigens and antigens derived from intestinal cells degradation, the adaptive immune response takes place and results in antibodies and autoantibodies production, a frequent finding in these diseases. Inflammation, autoinflammation and autoimmunity concur in altering the mucus layer and enhancing intestinal permeability, which sustains the vicious cycle of further mucosal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Padoan
- Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Giulia Musso
- Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Nicole Contran
- Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Daniela Basso
- Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy
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Cai X, Gao C, Ma L, Li C. Genome-wide identification, evolution and expression analysis of tight junction gene family and the immune roles of claudin5 gene in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.). Gene 2023:147541. [PMID: 37301449 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Tight junction proteins (TJs) are important component proteins that maintaining the structure and function of TJs, connecting to each other to form a TJ complex between cells, maintaining the biological homeostasis of the internal environment. In this study, a total of 103 TJ genes were identified in turbot according to our whole-transcriptome database. Transmembrane TJs were divided into seven subfamilies, including claudin (CLDN), occludin (OCLD), tricellulin (MARVELD2), MARVEL domain containing 3 (MARVELD3), junctional adhesion molecules (JAM), immunoglobulin superfamily member 5 (IGSF5/JAM4), blood vessel epicardial substance (BVEs). Moreover, the majority of homologous pairs of TJ genes showed highly conserved alongside length, exon/intron number and motifs. As for phylogenetic analysis for 103 TJ genes, eight of them have undergone a positive selection and JAMB-like has undergone the most neutral evolution. The expression patterns of several TJ genes showed the lowest expression levels in blood, while the highest expression levels were detected in intestine, gill and skin, which all belong to mucosal tissues. Meanwhile, most examined TJ genes showed down-regulated expression patterns during bacterial infection, while several TJ genes exhibited up-regulated expression patterns at a later stage (24 h). At the same time, several potential candidate genes (such as CLDN-15, CLDN-3, CLDN-12, CLDN-5 and OCLD) were significantly down-regulated, which may indicate their important functions that involved in the regulation of bacterial infection. Currently, there is little research on CLDN5 in the intestine, but it is highly expressed in the intestine and has significant changes in intestinal expression after bacterial infection. Thus, we knocked down CLDN5 by the method of lentiviral infection. The result showed CLDN5 was related to cell migration (wound healing) and apoptosis, and the method of dualluciferasereporterassay showed that the functions of CLDN5 could be regulated by miR-24. The study of TJs may lead to a better understanding of the function of TJs in teleost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Cai
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China; Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Ecosystems, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch WA 6150, Australia
| | - Chengbin Gao
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China; Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Ecosystems, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch WA 6150, Australia
| | - Le Ma
- Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Ecosystems, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch WA 6150, Australia
| | - Chao Li
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
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4
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Micronutrient Improvement of Epithelial Barrier Function in Various Disease States: A Case for Adjuvant Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23062995. [PMID: 35328419 PMCID: PMC8951934 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23062995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The published literature makes a very strong case that a wide range of disease morbidity associates with and may in part be due to epithelial barrier leak. An equally large body of published literature substantiates that a diverse group of micronutrients can reduce barrier leak across a wide array of epithelial tissue types, stemming from both cell culture as well as animal and human tissue models. Conversely, micronutrient deficiencies can exacerbate both barrier leak and morbidity. Focusing on zinc, Vitamin A and Vitamin D, this review shows that at concentrations above RDA levels but well below toxicity limits, these micronutrients can induce cell- and tissue-specific molecular-level changes in tight junctional complexes (and by other mechanisms) that reduce barrier leak. An opportunity now exists in critical care—but also medical prophylactic and therapeutic care in general—to consider implementation of select micronutrients at elevated dosages as adjuvant therapeutics in a variety of disease management. This consideration is particularly pointed amidst the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Kaushal K, Gupta V, Goswami P, Agarwal S, Sharma S, Das P, Yadav R, Anand A, Sonika U, Gunjan D, Saraya A. Acute Variceal Bleed in Cirrhosis is Associated With Reversible Changes in Tight Junction Protein Expression in the Intestine: A Proof-of-Concept Study. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2022; 12:89-100. [PMID: 35068789 PMCID: PMC8766542 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2021.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tight junction proteins (TJPs) play an important role in gut-barrier dysfunction in cirrhosis and its complications such as acute variceal bleed (AVB). However, the dynamics of TJPs expression after AVB, its relation to bacterial translocation, and impact on clinical outcome is largely unknown. AIMS The aim of this study was to study the expression of TJPs in cirrhosis and assess its dynamic changes in AVB. In addition, the relation of TJP expression to endotoxemia and clinical outcomes was assessed. METHODS In this prospective pilot study, 17 patients of cirrhosis with AVB, 59 patients of cirrhosis without AVB (non-AVB cirrhosis), and 20 controls were assessed for claudin-2 and claudin-4 expression in the duodenal biopsy. In the AVB-cirrhosis group, additional biopsies were obtained after 3 weeks. Endotoxemia was assessed by measuring IgG anti-endotoxin antibody levels. Claudin expression was correlated with a 6-month survival. RESULTS Claudin-2 expression was downregulated in patients with AVB and non-AVB cirrhosis in villi (P < 0.001 and 0.013) and crypts (P < 0.001 and 0.012), respectively, compared with the controls. Claudin-4 expression was similar in villi (P = 0.079), but lower in crypts (P = 0.007) in patients with cirrhosis. Claudin-2 expression was upregulated on serial biopsies in both villi and crypts (P = 0.003 and 0.001, respectively) in AVB-cirrhosis with postbleed expression comparable with those with non-AVB cirrhosis. IgG anti-endotoxin antibody levels were elevated in cirrhosis with no correlation with claudin-2/4 expression. Claudin-2 expression independently predicted survival at 6 months. CONCLUSION Both claudin-2 and claudin-4 expression are downregulated in cirrhosis. AVB is associated with dynamic changes in TJPs expression. Gut-barrier dysfunction might predict outcomes independent of bacterial endotoxemia in cirrhosis.
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Key Words
- AVB, Acute Variceal Bleed
- DAB, 3,3′-Diaminobenzidine
- EBL, Endoscopic Band Ligation
- EGD, Esophagogastroduodenoscopy
- HRV, high-risk varices
- IHC, Immunohistochemistry
- NSBB, Non-selective Beta Blockers
- PAMP, Pathogen associated molecular patterns
- TJP, Tight Junction Protein
- TMB, 3, 3′, 5, 5′-tetramethylbenzidine
- acute variceal bleed
- claudin-2
- endotoxemia
- tight junction proteins
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanav Kaushal
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition Unit, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Vipin Gupta
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition Unit, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Pooja Goswami
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition Unit, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Samagra Agarwal
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition Unit, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Sanchit Sharma
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition Unit, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Prasenjit Das
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Rajni Yadav
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Abhinav Anand
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition Unit, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Ujjwal Sonika
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition Unit, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Deepak Gunjan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition Unit, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Anoop Saraya
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition Unit, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India,Address for correspondence: Anoop Saraya, Professor and Head, Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India. Tel.: +91 9868397203.
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6
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Singh SB, Lin HC. Role of Intestinal Alkaline Phosphatase in Innate Immunity. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11121784. [PMID: 34944428 PMCID: PMC8698947 DOI: 10.3390/biom11121784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) is a multi-functional protein that has been demonstrated to primarily protect the gut. The role of IAP in maintaining intestinal homeostasis is underscored by the observation that IAP expression is defective in many gastrointestinal-related disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease IBD, necrotizing enterocolitis, and metabolic syndrome and that exogenous IAP supplementation improves the outcomes associated with these disorders. Additionally, studies using transgenic IAP-knock out (IAP-KO) mouse models further support the importance of the defensive role of IAP in the intestine. Supplementation of exogenous IAP and cellular overexpression of IAP have also been used in vitro to dissect out the downstream mechanisms of this protein in mammalian cell lines. Some of the innate immune functions of IAP include lipopolysaccharide (LPS) detoxification, protection of gut barrier integrity, regulation of gut microbial communities and its anti-inflammatory roles. A novel function of IAP recently identified is the induction of autophagy. Due to its critical role in the gut physiology and its excellent safety profile, IAP has been used in phase 2a clinical trials for treating conditions such as sepsis-associated acute kidney injury. Many excellent reviews discuss the role of IAP in physiology and pathophysiology and here we extend these to include recent updates on this important host defense protein and discuss its role in innate immunity via its effects on bacteria as well as on host cells. We will also discuss the relationship between IAP and autophagy and how these two pathways may act in concert to protect the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudha B. Singh
- Biomedical Research Institute of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA;
| | - Henry C. Lin
- Medicine Service, New Mexico VA Health Care System, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
- Correspondence:
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Barbara G, Barbaro MR, Fuschi D, Palombo M, Falangone F, Cremon C, Marasco G, Stanghellini V. Corrigendum: Inflammatory and Microbiota-Related Regulation of the Intestinal Epithelial Barrier. Front Nutr 2021; 8:790387. [PMID: 34790692 PMCID: PMC8591313 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.790387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Barbara
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Raffaella Barbaro
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Daniele Fuschi
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marta Palombo
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Falangone
- Medical-Surgical Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Cesare Cremon
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanni Marasco
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Stanghellini
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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8
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Barbara G, Barbaro MR, Fuschi D, Palombo M, Falangone F, Cremon C, Marasco G, Stanghellini V. Inflammatory and Microbiota-Related Regulation of the Intestinal Epithelial Barrier. Front Nutr 2021; 8:718356. [PMID: 34589512 PMCID: PMC8475765 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.718356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelial barrier (IEB) is one of the largest interfaces between the environment and the internal milieu of the body. It is essential to limit the passage of harmful antigens and microorganisms and, on the other side, to assure the absorption of nutrients and water. The maintenance of this delicate equilibrium is tightly regulated as it is essential for human homeostasis. Luminal solutes and ions can pass across the IEB via two main routes: the transcellular pathway or the paracellular pathway. Tight junctions (TJs) are a multi-protein complex responsible for the regulation of paracellular permeability. TJs control the passage of antigens through the IEB and have a key role in maintaining barrier integrity. Several factors, including cytokines, gut microbiota, and dietary components are known to regulate intestinal TJs. Gut microbiota participates in several human functions including the modulation of epithelial cells and immune system through the release of several metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Mediators released by immune cells can induce epithelial cell damage and TJs dysfunction. The subsequent disruption of the IEB allows the passage of antigens into the mucosa leading to further inflammation. Growing evidence indicates that dysbiosis, immune activation, and IEB dysfunction have a role in several diseases, including irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and gluten-related conditions. Here we summarize the interplay between the IEB and gut microbiota and mucosal immune system and their involvement in IBS, IBD, and gluten-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Barbara
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Raffaella Barbaro
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Daniele Fuschi
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marta Palombo
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Falangone
- Medical-Surgical Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Cesare Cremon
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanni Marasco
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Stanghellini
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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New Insights into Intestinal Permeability in Irritable Bowel Syndrome-Like Disorders: Histological and Ultrastructural Findings of Duodenal Biopsies. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102593. [PMID: 34685576 PMCID: PMC8533783 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Diarrhea, abdominal pain, and bloating are frequent in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)-like disorders, although little is known about their intestinal ultrastructural alterations. The aim of the present study was to study duodenal biopsies from IBS-like patients to find ultrastructural alterations. MATERIALS AND METHODS Study design: descriptive comparative pilot study. Thirty outpatients (9 male and 21 female; median age 37.7 years; range, 20 to 65 years) complaining of IBS-like symptoms were enrolled between January 2015 to May 2019 and were divided into 6 groups, each equally consisting of 5 patients: (A) untreated celiac disease (uCD); (B) treated celiac disease (tCD); (C) wheat allergy (WA); (D) Non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS); (E) Nickel allergic contact mucositis (Ni ACM); (F) controls affected by GERD. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) morphological characteristics were: microvilli length, intermicrovillar distance, junctional complexes (JC) gap width, autophagic bodies, apoptosis, altered mitochondria, lipid/chylomicron droplets, and mast cells. Regarding JC, we focused on tight junctions (TJ), adherens junctions (AJ), and desmosomes. RESULTS Major alterations in microvilli length and intermicrovillar distance have been observed in the subjects affected by uCD. Microvilli of tCD patients showed marked recovery after adequate GFD, although not comparable to controls. Intermediate microvillar alterations were instead observed in NCGS and Ni ACM, while characteristics of WA subjects appeared more similar to tCD. Regarding JC, TJ did not show significant differences between all groups studied, including controls. The AJ were significantly more dilated in all groups compared to controls, while no significant differences were found between the pathological groups. The distance between desmosomes was greater in uCD, NCGS, and Ni ACM than in tCD, WA, and controls. Finally, intracellular alterations have been detected in most of the groups studied although they seemed more unspecific. CONCLUSIONS TEM analysis confirmed damages to the intestinal barrier and defense mechanisms by enterocytes in IBS-like patients, probably linked to low-grade inflammation or adverse reactions triggered by food allergens, heavy metals, or other unknown. On the other hand, our study needs confirmation and further investigations with larger populations to facilitate diagnosis, therapy, and prevention of IBS-like disorders in the future.
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10
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Trovato CM, Montuori M, Pietropaoli N, Oliva S. COVID-19 and celiac disease: A pathogenetic hypothesis for a celiac outbreak. Int J Clin Pract 2021; 75:e14452. [PMID: 34145702 PMCID: PMC8420168 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.14452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A growing body of evidence supports the intestinal trophism of SARS-CoV-2, with ciliated cells and intestinal enterocytes being target cells because of the high expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2. Indeed, COVID-19 promotes a "cytokine storm" in the intestinal mucosa: the resulting epithelial damage leads to increased barrier permeability, allowing the passage of gliadin in the intestinal lamina. METHODS Based on current literature, we hypothesize the role of COVID-19 as a potential trigger factor for celiac disease in predisposed patients. CONCLUSIONS Genetically predisposed patients could be more likely to develop celiac disease following SARS-CoV-2 infection, making COVID-19 a candidate culprit for a potential outbreak of celiac disease in the forthcoming future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Maria Trovato
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Liver UnitMaternal and Child Health DepartmentSapienza University of RomeRomeItaly
- Hepatology Gastroenterology and Nutrition Unit"Bambino Gesù" Children HospitalRomeItaly
| | - Monica Montuori
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Liver UnitMaternal and Child Health DepartmentSapienza University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Nicoletta Pietropaoli
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Liver UnitMaternal and Child Health DepartmentSapienza University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Salvatore Oliva
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Liver UnitMaternal and Child Health DepartmentSapienza University of RomeRomeItaly
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11
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Butyrate Alleviates Cytokine-Induced Barrier Dysfunction by Modifying Claudin-2 Levels. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10030205. [PMID: 33803334 PMCID: PMC8000923 DOI: 10.3390/biology10030205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary The influence of Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) on barrier function under pathological conditions has not been assessed, and the regulation of the tight junction (TJ) proteins by SCFAs under pathological conditions has not been fully elucidated. We therefore aimed to evaluate the effect of SCFAs on intestinal barrier function under cytokine-stimulated conditions. Butyrate, but not acetate, propionate, or succinate, ameliorated the tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)/interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)-induced decrease in transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER). TNF-α/IFN-γ stimulation significantly increased the protein level of claudin-2 and decreased the level of claudin-3. Butyrate significantly attenuated the upregulation of claudin-2 induced by TNF-α/IFN-γ. Similarly, butyrate blocked the decrease in TEER and the upregulation of claudin-2 induced by interleukin-13, without changing the level of other TJ proteins. Our results suggested that butyrate is the main component of SCFAs to alleviate barrier dysfunction and that claudin-2 is the major target of this SCFA. It is hoped that these results will facilitate the development of treatments for diseases related to intestinal barrier impairment. Abstract Gastrointestinal (GI) disorders such as celiac disease and inflammatory bowel disease are attributed to intestinal barrier disruption. Imbalance of cytokines has been reported in the intestinal epithelium of patients with GI disorders. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), derived from the fermentation of dietary fiber in the intestine, have been reported to benefit the intestinal barrier. Accordingly, we evaluated the effect of specific SCFAs on intestinal barrier function under cytokine-stimulated conditions. Caco-2 cells were cultured on insert membranes to generate monolayers, which then were used to investigate the effects of SCFAs. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), or interleukin-13 (IL-13) was added to the basolateral side of the membrane while SCFAs were added to the apical side. After a 24 h stimulation, transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) was measured, and the protein levels of claudin-1, claudin-2, claudin-3, claudin-4, occludin, and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) were evaluated by Western blot. Butyrate, but not acetate, propionate, or succinate, ameliorated the TNF-α/IFN-γ-induced decrease in TEER. TNF-α/IFN-γ stimulation significantly increased the protein level of claudin-2 and decreased the level of claudin-3. Butyrate significantly attenuated the upregulation of claudin-2 induced by TNF-α/IFN-γ. Butyrate blocked the decrease in TEER and the upregulation of claudin-2 induced by IL-13 without changing the level of other tight junction proteins. Our results suggested that butyrate is the main component of SCFAs to alleviate barrier dysfunction and that claudin-2 is the major target of this SCFA.
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Ahlawat S, Kumar P, Mohan H, Goyal S, Sharma KK. Inflammatory bowel disease: tri-directional relationship between microbiota, immune system and intestinal epithelium. Crit Rev Microbiol 2021; 47:254-273. [PMID: 33576711 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2021.1876631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human gut microbiota contributes to host nutrition and metabolism, sustains intestinal cell proliferation and differentiation, and modulates host immune system. The alterations in their composition lead to severe gut disorders, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) or inflammatory bowel syndrome (IBS). IBD including ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) are gamut of chronic inflammatory disorders of gut, mediated by complex interrelations among genetic, environmental, and internal factors. IBD has debateable aetiology, however in recent years, exploring the central role of a tri-directional relationship between gut microbiota, mucosal immune system, and intestinal epithelium in pathogenesis is getting the most attention. Increasing incidences and early onset explains the exponential rise in IBD burden on health-care systems. Industrialization, hypersensitivity to allergens, lifestyle, hygiene hypothesis, loss of intestinal worms, and gut microbial composition, explains this shifted rise. Hitherto, the interventions modulating gut microbiota composition, microfluidics-based in vitro gastrointestinal models, non-allergic functional foods, nutraceuticals, and faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) from healthy donors are some of the futuristic approaches for the disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Ahlawat
- Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Pramod Kumar
- Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Hari Mohan
- Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Sandeep Goyal
- Department of Medicine, Pt. BD Sharma Post-graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Krishna Kant Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
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The Compromised Intestinal Barrier Induced by Mycotoxins. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12100619. [PMID: 32998222 PMCID: PMC7600953 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12100619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are fungal metabolites that occur in human foods and animal feeds, potentially threatening human and animal health. The intestine is considered as the first barrier against these external contaminants, and it consists of interconnected physical, chemical, immunological, and microbial barriers. In this context, based on in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo models, we summarize the literature for compromised intestinal barrier issues caused by various mycotoxins, and we reviewed events related to disrupted intestinal integrity (physical barrier), thinned mucus layer (chemical barrier), imbalanced inflammatory factors (immunological barrier), and dysfunctional bacterial homeostasis (microbial barrier). We also provide important information on deoxynivalenol, a leading mycotoxin implicated in intestinal dysfunction, and other adverse intestinal effects induced by other mycotoxins, including aflatoxins and ochratoxin A. In addition, intestinal perturbations caused by mycotoxins may also contribute to the development of mycotoxicosis, including human chronic intestinal inflammatory diseases. Therefore, we provide a clear understanding of compromised intestinal barrier induced by mycotoxins, with a view to potentially develop innovative strategies to prevent and treat mycotoxicosis. In addition, because of increased combinatorial interactions between mycotoxins, we explore the interactive effects of multiple mycotoxins in this review.
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Sowińska A, Morsy Y, Czarnowska E, Oralewska B, Konopka E, Woynarowski M, Szymańska S, Ejmont M, Scharl M, Bierła JB, Wawrzyniak M, Cukrowska B. Transcriptional and Ultrastructural Analyses Suggest Novel Insights into Epithelial Barrier Impairment in Celiac Disease. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020516. [PMID: 32102433 PMCID: PMC7072847 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruption of epithelial junctional complex (EJC), especially tight junctions (TJ), resulting in increased intestinal permeability, is supposed to activate the enhanced immune response to gluten and to induce the development of celiac disease (CD). This study is aimed to present the role of EJC in CD pathogenesis. To analyze differentially expressed genes the next-generation mRNA sequencing data from CD326+ epithelial cells isolated from non-celiac and celiac patients were involved. Ultrastructural studies with morphometry of EJC were done in potential CD, newly recognized active CD, and non-celiac controls. The transcriptional analysis suggested disturbances of epithelium and the most significant gene ontology enriched terms in epithelial cells from CD patients related to the plasma membrane, extracellular exome, extracellular region, and extracellular space. Ultrastructural analyses showed significantly tighter TJ, anomalies in desmosomes, dilatations of intercellular space, and shorter microvilli in potential and active CD compared to controls. Enterocytes of fetal-like type and significantly wider adherence junctions were observed only in active CD. In conclusion, the results do not support the hypothesis that an increased passage of gluten peptides by unsealing TJ precedes CD development. However, increased intestinal permeability due to abnormality of epithelium might play a role in CD onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Sowińska
- Department of Pathology, The Children Memorial Health Institute, Al. Dzieci Polskich 20, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland; (A.S.); (E.C.); (E.K.); (S.S.); (M.E.); (B.C.)
| | - Yasser Morsy
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zürich, CH-8001 Zürich, Switzerland; (M.S.); (M.W.); (Y.M.)
| | - Elżbieta Czarnowska
- Department of Pathology, The Children Memorial Health Institute, Al. Dzieci Polskich 20, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland; (A.S.); (E.C.); (E.K.); (S.S.); (M.E.); (B.C.)
| | - Beata Oralewska
- Clinic of Gastroenterology, The Children Memorial Health Institute, Al. Dzieci Polskich 20, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland; (B.O.); (M.W.)
| | - Ewa Konopka
- Department of Pathology, The Children Memorial Health Institute, Al. Dzieci Polskich 20, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland; (A.S.); (E.C.); (E.K.); (S.S.); (M.E.); (B.C.)
| | - Marek Woynarowski
- Clinic of Gastroenterology, The Children Memorial Health Institute, Al. Dzieci Polskich 20, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland; (B.O.); (M.W.)
| | - Sylwia Szymańska
- Department of Pathology, The Children Memorial Health Institute, Al. Dzieci Polskich 20, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland; (A.S.); (E.C.); (E.K.); (S.S.); (M.E.); (B.C.)
| | - Maria Ejmont
- Department of Pathology, The Children Memorial Health Institute, Al. Dzieci Polskich 20, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland; (A.S.); (E.C.); (E.K.); (S.S.); (M.E.); (B.C.)
| | - Michael Scharl
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zürich, CH-8001 Zürich, Switzerland; (M.S.); (M.W.); (Y.M.)
| | - Joanna B. Bierła
- Department of Pathology, The Children Memorial Health Institute, Al. Dzieci Polskich 20, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland; (A.S.); (E.C.); (E.K.); (S.S.); (M.E.); (B.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-22-815-19-69
| | - Marcin Wawrzyniak
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zürich, CH-8001 Zürich, Switzerland; (M.S.); (M.W.); (Y.M.)
| | - Bożena Cukrowska
- Department of Pathology, The Children Memorial Health Institute, Al. Dzieci Polskich 20, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland; (A.S.); (E.C.); (E.K.); (S.S.); (M.E.); (B.C.)
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Probiotics are promising remedial treatments for symptoms of small intestine (SI) diseases and promoters of overall good health. Probiotics play an important role in supporting a healthy SI microbiome (eubiosis), and in preventing establishment of unhealthy microbiota. SI eubiosis promotes optimal nutrient uptake, and optimal nutritional status maintains a healthy SI, reducing the likelihood of SI diseases. It is important to understand the advantages and limitations of probiotic therapies. RECENT FINDINGS Microbial dysbiosis decreases the capacity of the small bowel to utilize and absorb dietary compounds. In some studies, probiotic supplements containing lactic acid bacteria and Bifidobacterium have been demonstrated effective in supporting beneficial microbes in the SI while improving barrier integrity and reducing nutrient malabsorption and SI disease-related pathology. Strain-specific probiotic therapy may be a natural and effective approach to restoring SI barrier integrity and eubiosis, resulting in improved nutrient absorption and better health, including reducing the incidence of and severity of SI diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor C Judkins
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, 572 Newell Dr., Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Douglas L Archer
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, 572 Newell Dr., Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | | | - Rebecca J Solch
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, 572 Newell Dr., Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
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Spondyloarthritis patients with and without intestinal symptoms - searching for discriminating biomarkers. Cent Eur J Immunol 2019; 44:414-422. [PMID: 32140054 PMCID: PMC7050049 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2019.92802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Spondyloarthritis (SpA) is often complicated with subclinical gut inflammation. This study was aimed at searching for biomarkers discriminating SpA patients with and without intestinal symptoms. A group of 29 SpA patients and 33 healthy volunteers (control) were included in the study. Based on clinical evaluation, the patient cohort was subdivided into two groups: 1) SpA accompanied by various intestinal symptoms suggesting gut inflammation (group 2, n = 14) and 2) without such complications (group 1, n = 15). Serum concentrations of interleukins (IL) (IL-10, IL-17A/F, IL-22, IL-23), tumour necrosis factor (TNF), bone-homeostasis-related factors (osteoprotegerin – OPG and Dickkopf-1 – DKK-1), and the concentrations of selected gut inflammation-associated factors (intestinal fatty acid binding protein – iFABP, claudin 3 – CLDN3 and calprotectin) in samples of sera and/or urine or stool, respectively, were measured by specific ELISA. Serum concentrations of tested factors were similar in SpA patients and control. Faecal calprotectin level was higher in patients but did not discriminate between group 1 and 2. Compared to group 1, group 2 was characterized by elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), higher serum CLDN3 and DKK-1 levels. In SpA patients, serum DKK-1 concentrations correlated with systemic inflammation markers (R = 0.6, p < 0.01), while serum CLDN3 was found to be an independent risk factor (OR = 4.5, p = 0.021) for the occurrence of intestinal symptoms. We conclude that in SpA patients, up-regulated circulating levels of CLDN3 seem to be related to intestinal complication, while the quantity of circulating DKK-1 reflects the intensity of systemic inflammation.
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Matusiewicz K, Iwańczak B, Matusiewicz M. Th9 lymphocytes and functions of interleukin 9 with the focus on IBD pathology. Adv Med Sci 2018; 63:278-284. [PMID: 29567622 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The work presents the newest knowledge on a new phenotype of T helper lymphocytes (Th9) and on Interleukin 9 (IL-9). Processes leading to transformation of naïve T lymphocyte into Th9 lymphocytes are presented, including the role of IL-4 and TGFβ signaling. Involvement of transcription factor network in production of IL-9 is described. Other cells capable of expressing IL-9 and secreting IL-9 are portrayed. Diversity of IL-9 effects caused by activation of IL-9 receptors on various types of cells is presented. Principal effects of the activation of IL-9 receptor on T-cells seem to be antiapoptotic and stimulatory which leads to enhanced defense against parasitic infection and cancer development but, from the other side, it perpetuate chronic inflammation in autoimmune diseases and allergic processes. In the last years the role of IL-9 in autoimmune diseases such as rheumatic diseases and inflammatory bowel disease gained importance since the increased expression of this cytokine has been observed in animal models of intestinal inflammation and in groups of patients with ulcerative colitis. It was also noted that neutralization of IL-9 in animal models of ulcerative colitis leads to amelioration of inflammatory process, what could have significance in the treatment of this disease in humans in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Matusiewicz
- Department and Clinic of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Barbara Iwańczak
- Department and Clinic of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
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Guo P, Li N, Fan L, Lu J, Liu B, Zhang B, Wu Y, Liu Z, Li J, Pi J, Qi D. Study of penetration mechanism of labrasol on rabbit cornea by Ussing chamber, RT-PCR assay, Western blot and immunohistochemistry. Asian J Pharm Sci 2018; 14:329-339. [PMID: 32104463 PMCID: PMC7032126 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Labrasol, as a non-ionic surfactant, can enhance the permeation and absorption of drugs, and is extensively used in topical, transdermal, and oral pharmaceutical preparations as an emulsifier and absorption enhancer. Recent studies in our laboratory have indicated that labrasol has a strong absorption enhancing effect on different types of drugs in vitro and in vivo. This study was performed to further elucidate the action mechanism of labrasol on the corneal penetration. In this research, the fluorescein sodium, a marker of passive paracellular transport of tight junction, was selected as the model drug to assess the effect of labrasol on in vitro corneal permeability. To investigate the continuous and real-time influence of labrasol on the membrane permeability and integrity, the Ussing chamber system was applied to monitor the electrophysiological parameters. And, furthermore, we elucidated the effect of labrasol on excised cornea at the molecular level by application of RT-PCR, Western blot, and immunohistochemical staining. The results indicated that labrasol obviously enhance the transcorneal permeability of fluorescein sodium, and the enhancement was realized by interacting with and down-regulating the associated proteins, such as F-actin, claudin-1 and β-catenin, which were contributed to cell-cell connections, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Guo
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, The Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 88 Yuquan Road, Tianjin 300193, China.,Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 88 Yuquan Road, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Nan Li
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, The Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 88 Yuquan Road, Tianjin 300193, China.,Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 88 Yuquan Road, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Lili Fan
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, The Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 88 Yuquan Road, Tianjin 300193, China.,Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 88 Yuquan Road, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Jun Lu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Boying Liu
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, The Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 88 Yuquan Road, Tianjin 300193, China.,Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 88 Yuquan Road, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, The Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 88 Yuquan Road, Tianjin 300193, China.,Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 88 Yuquan Road, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Yumei Wu
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, The Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 88 Yuquan Road, Tianjin 300193, China.,Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 88 Yuquan Road, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Zhidong Liu
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, The Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 88 Yuquan Road, Tianjin 300193, China.,Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 88 Yuquan Road, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Jiawei Li
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 88 Yuquan Road, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Jiaxin Pi
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, The Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 88 Yuquan Road, Tianjin 300193, China.,Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 88 Yuquan Road, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Dongli Qi
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, The Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 88 Yuquan Road, Tianjin 300193, China.,Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 88 Yuquan Road, Tianjin 300193, China
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Molecular Pathophysiology of Epithelial Barrier Dysfunction in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Proteomes 2018; 6:proteomes6020017. [PMID: 29614738 PMCID: PMC6027334 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes6020017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the years, the scientific community has explored myriads of theories in search of the etiology and a cure for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The cumulative evidence has pointed to the key role of the intestinal barrier and the breakdown of these mechanisms in IBD. More and more scientists and clinicians are embracing the concept of the impaired intestinal epithelial barrier and its role in the pathogenesis and natural history of IBD. However, we are missing a key tool that bridges these scientific insights to clinical practice. Our goal is to overcome the limitations in understanding the molecular physiology of intestinal barrier function and develop a clinical tool to assess and quantify it. This review article explores the proteins in the intestinal tissue that are pivotal in regulating intestinal permeability. Understanding the molecular pathophysiology of impaired intestinal barrier function in IBD may lead to the development of a biochemical method of assessing intestinal tissue integrity which will have a significant impact on the development of novel therapies targeting the intestinal mucosa.
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20
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Chimenti MS, Perricone C, Novelli L, Caso F, Costa L, Bogdanos D, Conigliaro P, Triggianese P, Ciccacci C, Borgiani P, Perricone R. Interaction between microbiome and host genetics in psoriatic arthritis. Autoimmun Rev 2018; 17:276-283. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Cukrowska B, Sowińska A, Bierła JB, Czarnowska E, Rybak A, Grzybowska-Chlebowczyk U. Intestinal epithelium, intraepithelial lymphocytes and the gut microbiota - Key players in the pathogenesis of celiac disease. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:7505-7518. [PMID: 29204051 PMCID: PMC5698244 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i42.7505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic immune-mediated disorder triggered by the ingestion of gluten in genetically predisposed individuals. Before activating the immune system, gluten peptides are transferred by the epithelial barrier to the mucosal lamina propria, where they are deamidated by intestinal tissue transglutaminase 2. As a result, they strongly bind to human leucocyte antigens (HLAs), especially HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DQ8, expressed on antigen-presenting cells. This induces an inflammatory response, which results in small bowel enteropathy. Although gluten is the main external trigger activating both innate and adaptive (specific) immunity, its presence in the intestinal lumen does not fully explain CD pathogenesis. It has been hypothesized that an early disruption of the gut barrier in genetically susceptible individuals, which would result in an increased intestinal permeability, could precede the onset of gluten-induced immune events. The intestinal barrier is a complex functional structure, whose functioning is dependent on intestinal microbiota homeostasis, epithelial layer integrity, and the gut-associated lymphoid tissue with its intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs). The aim of this paper was to review the current literature and summarize the role of the gut microbiota, epithelial cells and their intercellular junctions, and IELs in CD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bożena Cukrowska
- Department of Pathology, The Children’s Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw 04-730, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Sowińska
- Department of Pathology, The Children’s Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw 04-730, Poland
| | - Joanna Beata Bierła
- Department of Pathology, The Children’s Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw 04-730, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Czarnowska
- Department of Pathology, The Children’s Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw 04-730, Poland
| | - Anna Rybak
- Department of Gastroenterology, Division of Neurogastroenterology and Motility, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London WC1N 3JH, United Kingdom
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Intestinal Fatty Acid Binding Protein and Citrulline as Markers of Gut Injury and Prognosis in Patients With Acute Pancreatitis. Pancreas 2017; 46:1275-1280. [PMID: 28984785 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000000924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Severe acute pancreatitis (AP) is associated with high mortality due to systemic inflammatory response syndrome in the early phase and secondary infection in the later phase. Concomitant intestinal ischemia often results in gut injury. We studied intestinal fatty acid binding protein (IFABP) and citrulline levels as markers of gut injury to predict prognosis in AP. METHODS Acute pancreatitis patients at admission and controls were studied. Serum IFABP was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and plasma citrulline by high-performance liquid chromatography technique. Ultrastructural changes in duodenal biopsy were also compared between the 2 groups. RESULTS The IFABP concentration was significantly higher in AP cases (n = 94) compared with controls (n = 100) (mean [standard deviation], 592.5 [753.6] vs 87.8 [67.6] pg/mL; P < 0.001) and in patients with severe AP versus mild AP (738.3 [955.3] vs 404.0 [263.3] pg/ mL, P = 0.03). Citrulline concentration was lower in AP versus controls (29.9 [33.8] vs 83.9 [60.1] μg/L, P < 0.001). We propose a model by which these biomarkers (IFABP >350 pg/mL and citrulline <18 μg/L) are able to predict poor prognosis in 33.9% of patients with AP. The gut injury was also validated via ultrastructural changes. CONCLUSIONS Intestinal fatty acid binding protein is a promising prognostic marker in acute pancreatitis.
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Genetic variants of immune-related genes IL17F and IL10 are associated with functional dyspepsia: A case-control study. Indian J Gastroenterol 2017; 36:343-352. [PMID: 28965252 DOI: 10.1007/s12664-017-0788-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low-grade inflammation may play an important role in pathogenesis of functional dyspepsia (FD). Since cytokines may influence gastric mucosal inflammation, which is associated with FD, we evaluated singe nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of pro-inflammatory IL17F and anti-inflammatory IL10 cytokine genes in patients with FD and healthy subjects (HS). METHODS Two hundred and thirty-seven consecutive patients with FD (Rome III) and 250 HS were genotyped for IL17F (rs2397084: A/G, rs763780: T/C) and IL10 (rs1800896: G/A, rs1800871: C/T) (PCR-RFLP). RESULTS Patients with FD [173 (73%) men, age 38.4±12 years] were comparable with HS [195 (78%) men, age 37.3±12 years] with respect to age and gender. Out of 237 patients, 26 (11%) had epigastric pain, 55 (23.2%) had post-prandial distress syndromes (EPS, PDS), and 156 (65.8%) had EPS-PDS overlap. Among 237 patients with FD, GG (variant) genotype of IL17F (rs2397084) was more common than HS [15 (6.3%) vs. 4 (1.6%), p=0.015, odds ratio (OR)=4.0, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.3-12.3]. IL17F (rs763780) and IL10 (rs1800896) were comparable among patients and HS (p=0.56, 0.28), respectively. However, TT (variant) genotype of IL10 (rs1800871) was more common among patients than HS [39 (16.5%) vs. 32 (12.8%), p=0.06, OR=1.7, 95% CI=0.98-2.98]. SNPs of IL17F and IL10 (rs2397084, rs763780, rs1800896 and rs1800871) were comparable among patients among sub-types of FD (p=0.80 and 0.44). CONCLUSION SNPs of IL17F (rs2397084) and IL10 (rs1800871) genes are associated with FD.
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Mechanism of Increased Intestinal Permeability in Acute Pancreatitis: Alteration in Tight Junction Proteins. J Clin Gastroenterol 2017; 51:461-466. [PMID: 27466164 DOI: 10.1097/mcg.0000000000000612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Intestinal permeability (IP) has been shown to be increased in acute pancreatitis (AP) and is considered to be responsible for development of septic complications. However, the mechanism of increase in IP is not well studied. We studied whether alteration in tight junction proteins (TJP) has any role in altered IP in patients with AP. MATERIALS AND METHODS This is a prospective study conducted at a tertiary care referral center. Twenty consecutive moderate and severe AP patients fulfilling the study criteria were included along with 20 controls that underwent gastroduodenoscopy for dyspepsia. IP was measured with lactulose mannitol (LM) ratio and TJP were studied by measuring expression of claudin-2 and claudin-4 in duodenal biopsy samples. Statistical analysis was done with STATA 13.0. RESULTS IP as depicted by LM ratio was significantly higher in AP patients as compared with controls (4.659±10.4 vs. 0.101±0.297; P<0.001). Claudin-4 expression was reduced in duodenal biopsies in AP patients (P<0.001 for crypt intercellular junction and P=0.007 for crypt cytoplasm). However, LM ratio was not associated with either mortality (P=0.12) or development of infected pancreatic necrosis (P=0.3). CONCLUSIONS IP is increased in AP. Alteration in TJP in the form of reduced claudin-4 expressions could be the possible mechanism for increased IP.
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Lodemann U, Amasheh S, Radloff J, Kern M, Bethe A, Wieler LH, Pieper R, Zentek J, Aschenbach JR. Effects of Ex Vivo Infection with ETEC on Jejunal Barrier Properties and Cytokine Expression in Probiotic-Supplemented Pigs. Dig Dis Sci 2017; 62:922-933. [PMID: 27995406 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-016-4413-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) strains are involved in piglet post-weaning diarrhea. Prophylactic measures including probiotics have been examined in infection experiments with live piglets. In the present study, we have tested whether the early effects of ETEC infection can also be evoked and studied in a model in which ETEC is added to whole mucosal tissues ex vivo, and whether this response can be modulated by prior supplementation of the piglets with probiotics. METHODS Jejunal barrier and transport properties of Enterococcus faecium-supplemented or control piglets were assessed in Ussing chambers. Part of the epithelia was challenged with an ETEC strain at the mucosal side. Fluxes of fluorescein as a marker of paracellular permeability, and the expression of selected tight junction (TJ) proteins and of proinflammatory cytokines were measured. RESULTS The addition of ETEC ex vivo induced an increase in transepithelial resistance peaking in the first 2 h with a concomitant reduction in fluorescein fluxes, indicating tightening effects on barrier function. The response of short-circuit current after stimulation with PGE2 or glucose was reduced in epithelia treated with ETEC. ETEC induced a decrease in the TJ protein claudin-4 in the control diet group after 280 min and an increase in the mRNA expression of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-8 and TNF-α in both groups after 180 min. CONCLUSIONS The addition of ETEC ex vivo affected barrier function and transport properties of the jejunal tissues and enhanced cytokine expression. The differences in claudin-4 expression in the jejunum might indicate a beneficial effect of E. faecium prefeeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Lodemann
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Salah Amasheh
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Judith Radloff
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martina Kern
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Astrid Bethe
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lothar H Wieler
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163, Berlin, Germany.,Robert Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, 13302, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Pieper
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 49, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen Zentek
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 49, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg R Aschenbach
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163, Berlin, Germany
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Lechuga S, Ivanov AI. Disruption of the epithelial barrier during intestinal inflammation: Quest for new molecules and mechanisms. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2017; 1864:1183-1194. [PMID: 28322932 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium forms a key protective barrier that separates internal organs from the harmful environment of the gut lumen. Increased permeability of the gut barrier is a common manifestation of different inflammatory disorders contributing to the severity of disease. Barrier permeability is controlled by epithelial adherens junctions and tight junctions. Junctional assembly and integrity depend on fundamental homeostatic processes such as cell differentiation, rearrangements of the cytoskeleton, and vesicle trafficking. Alterations of intestinal epithelial homeostasis during mucosal inflammation may impair structure and remodeling of apical junctions, resulting in increased permeability of the gut barrier. In this review, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of how altered epithelial homeostasis affects the structure and function of adherens junctions and tight junctions in the inflamed gut. Specifically, we focus on the transcription reprogramming of the cell, alterations in the actin cytoskeleton, and junctional endocytosis and exocytosis. We pay special attention to knockout mouse model studies and discuss the relevance of these mechanisms to human gastrointestinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Lechuga
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Andrei I Ivanov
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; Virginia Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
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Barmeyer C, Fromm M, Schulzke JD. Active and passive involvement of claudins in the pathophysiology of intestinal inflammatory diseases. Pflugers Arch 2016; 469:15-26. [PMID: 27904960 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-016-1914-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal inflammatory diseases, four of which are discussed here, are associated with alterations of claudins. In ulcerative colitis, diarrhea and antigen entry into the mucosa occurs. Claudin-2 is upregulated but data on other claudins are still limited or vary (e.g., claudin-1 and -4). Apart from that, tight junction changes contribute to diarrhea via a leak flux mechanism, while protection against antigen entry disappears behind epithelial gross lesions (erosions) and apoptotic foci. Crohn's disease is additionally characterized by a claudin-5 and claudin-8 reduction which plays an active role in antigen uptake already before gross lesions appear. In microscopic colitis (MC), upregulation of claudin-2 expression is weak and a reduction in claudin-4 may be only passively involved, while sodium malabsorption represents the main diarrheal mechanism. However, claudin-5 is removed from MC tight junctions which may be an active trigger for inflammation through antigen uptake along the so-called leaky gut concept. In celiac disease, primary barrier defects are discussed in the context of candidate genes as PARD3 which regulate cell polarity and tight junctions. The loss of claudin-5 allows small antigens to invade, while the reductions in others like claudin-3 are rather passive events. Taken together, the specific role of single tight junction proteins for the onset and perpetuation of inflammation and the recovery from these diseases is far from being fully understood and is clearly dependent on the stage of the disease, the background of the other tight junction components, the transport activity of the mucosa, and the presence of other barrier features like gross lesions, an orchestral interplay which is discussed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Barmeyer
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 12203, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Fromm
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 12203, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg-Dieter Schulzke
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 12203, Berlin, Germany.
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Crosstalk between Inflammation and ROCK/MLCK Signaling Pathways in Gastrointestinal Disorders with Intestinal Hyperpermeability. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2016; 2016:7374197. [PMID: 27746814 PMCID: PMC5056309 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7374197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The barrier function of the intestine is essential for maintaining the normal homeostasis of the gut and mucosal immune system. Abnormalities in intestinal barrier function expressed by increased intestinal permeability have long been observed in various gastrointestinal disorders such as Crohn's disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC), celiac disease, and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Imbalance of metabolizing junction proteins and mucosal inflammation contributes to intestinal hyperpermeability. Emerging studies exploring in vitro and in vivo model system demonstrate that Rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase- (ROCK-) and myosin light chain kinase- (MLCK-) mediated pathways are involved in the regulation of intestinal permeability. With this perspective, we aim to summarize the current state of knowledge regarding the role of inflammation and ROCK-/MLCK-mediated pathways leading to intestinal hyperpermeability in gastrointestinal disorders. In the near future, it may be possible to specifically target these specific pathways to develop novel therapies for gastrointestinal disorders associated with increased gut permeability.
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Wardill HR, Bowen JM, Van Sebille YZ, Secombe KR, Coller JK, Ball IA, Logan RM, Gibson RJ. TLR4-Dependent Claudin-1 Internalization and Secretagogue-Mediated Chloride Secretion Regulate Irinotecan-Induced Diarrhea. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:2767-2779. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Hu CAA, Hou Y, Yi D, Qiu Y, Wu G, Kong X, Yin Y. Autophagy and tight junction proteins in the intestine and intestinal diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 1:123-127. [PMID: 29767173 PMCID: PMC5945941 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2015.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium (IE) forms an indispensible barrier and interface between the intestinal interstitium and the luminal environment. The IE regulates water, ion and nutrient transport while providing a barrier against toxins, pathogens (bacteria, fungi and virus) and antigens. The apical intercellular tight junctions (TJ) are responsible for the paracellular barrier function and regulate trans-epithelial flux of ions and solutes between adjacent cells. Increased intestinal permeability caused by defects in the IE TJ barrier is considered an important pathogenic factor for the development of intestinal inflammation, diarrhea and malnutrition in humans and animals. In fact, defects in the IE TJ barrier allow increased antigenic penetration, resulting in an amplified inflammatory response in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), necrotizing enterocolitis and ischemia-reperfusion injury. Conversely, the beneficial enhancement of the intestinal TJ barrier has been shown to resolve intestinal inflammation and apoptosis in both animal models of IBD and human IBD. Autophagy (self-eating mechanism) is an intracellular lysosome-dependent degradation and recycling pathway essential for cell survival and homeostasis. Dysregulated autophagy has been shown to be directly associated with many pathological processes, including IBD. Importantly, the crosstalk between IE TJ and autophagy has been revealed recently. We showed that autophagy enhanced IE TJ barrier function by increasing transepithelial resistance and reducing the paracellular permeability of small solutes and ions, which is, in part, by targeting claudin-2, a cation-selective, pore-forming, transmembrane TJ protein, for lysosome (autophagy)-mediated degradation. Interestingly, previous studies have shown that the inflamed intestinal mucosa in patients with active IBD has increased claudin-2 expression. In addition, inflammatory cytokines (for example, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, interleukin-13, and interleukin-17) whose levels are increased in IBD patients cause an increase in claudin-2 expression and a claudin-2-dependent increase in TJ permeability. Thus, the role of claudin-2 in intestinal pathological processes has been attributed, in part, to the increase of intestinal TJ permeability. Claudin-2 represents a new therapeutic target in treating IBD, diarrhea and malnutrition in animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-An A. Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque 87131, USA
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Yongqing Hou
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Dan Yi
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Yinsheng Qiu
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843, USA
| | - Xiangfeng Kong
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Engineering, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Engineering, Changsha 410125, China
- Corresponding author.
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Claudin-related intestinal diseases. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 42:30-8. [PMID: 25999319 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
With up to 200 m(2) the human intestine is the organ with the largest absorptive surface of the body. It is lined by a single layer of epithelial cells that separates the host from the environment. The intestinal epithelium provides both, selective absorption of nutrients, ions, and water but also a highly effective barrier function which includes the first line of defense against environmental antigens. The paracellular part of this barrier function is provided by tight junction (TJ) proteins, especially the large family of claudins. Changes in abundance or molecular structure of claudins can generally result in three typical effects, (i) decreased absorptive passage, (ii) increased secretory passage of small solutes and water causing leak flux diarrhea and (iii) increased absorptive passage of macromolecules which may induce inflammatory processes. Several intestinal diseases are associated with such changes that can result in intestinal inflammation and symptoms like weight loss, abdominal pain or diarrhea. This review summarizes our current knowledge on barrier dysfunction and claudin dysregulation in several intestinal diseases gastroenterologists are often faced with, like inflammatory bowel disease, microscopic colitis, celiac disease, irritable bowel syndrome, gallstones and infectious diseases like HIV enteropathy, Campylobacter jejuni and Clostridium perfringens infection.
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