The efficacy of Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 in infants and children: a review of the current evidence

Limosilactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 Produce Bioactive Components during Formulation in Sucrose

Improved efficacy of probiotics can be achieved by using different strategies, including the optimization of production parameters. The impact of fermentation parameters on bacterial physiology is a frequently investigated topic, but what happens during the formulation, i.e., the step where the lyoprotectants are added prior to freeze-drying, is less studied. In addition to this, the focus of process optimization has often been yield and stability, while effects on bioactivity have received less attention. In this work, we investigated different metabolic activities of the probiotic strain Limosilactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 during formulation with the freeze-drying protectant sucrose. We discovered that the strain consumed large quantities of the added sucrose and produced an exopolysaccharide (EPS). Using NMR, we discovered that the produced EPS was a glucan with α-1,4 and α-1,6 glycosidic bonds, but also that other metabolites were produced. The conversion of the lyoprotectant is hereafter designated lyoconversion. By also analyzing the samples with GCMS, additional potential bioactive compounds could be detected. Among these were tryptamine, a ligand for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, and glycerol, a precursor for the antimicrobial compound reuterin (3-hydroxypropionaldehyde). To exemplify the bioactivity potential of lyoconversion, lyoconverted samples as well as purified EPS were tested in a model for immunomodulation. Both lyoconverted samples and purified EPS induced higher expression levels of IL-10 (2 times) and IL-6 (4-6 times) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells than non-converted control samples. We further found that the initial cultivation of DSM 17938 with sucrose as a sugar substrate, instead of glucose, improved the ability to convert sucrose in the lyoprotectant into EPS and other metabolites. Lyoconversion did not affect the viability of the bacteria but was detrimental to freeze-drying survival, an issue that needs to be addressed in the future. In conclusion, we show that the metabolic activities of the bacteria during the formulation step can be used as a tool to alter the activity of the bacteria and thereby potentially improve probiotic efficacy.

An update on the use of 'biotics' in pediatric infectious gastroenteritis

INTRODUCTION

Acute gastroenteritis (AGE) is the consequence of a disturbed gastro-intestinal microbiome. Certain probiotic strains (Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus, Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745, Limosilactobacillus reuteri (L. reuteri) DSM 17,938, the combination of L. rhamnosus 19070-2 and L. reuteri DSM 12,246) reduce the duration and severity of diarrhea.

AREAS COVERED

Relevant literature was sourced from PubMed and CINAHL. Important reviews until 2021 were summarized in tables. New evidence for pro-, pre-, syn- and postbiotics in AGE was searched for. Postbiotics offer advantages regarding product stability and show accumulating evidence. Heterogeneity in studies regarding the in- and exclusion criteria, primary and secondary endpoints, type, dose, timing and duration of biotic administration limits the evidence.

EXPERT OPINION

Development of a core outcome set for children with AGE would be beneficial, as its application would increase the homogeneity of the available evidence. The vast majority of the 'biotics' is registered as food supplement. Regulations for food supplements prioritize safety over efficacy, making them considerably more tolerant compared to the regulation for registration as medication. We recommend that at least one randomized controlled trial is published with the commercialized product before marketing the product, despite the fact that legislation regarding food supplements requires only safety data.

Probiotics for oral health: a critical evaluation of bacterial strains

Oral health is critical for total body health and well-being; however, little improvement in oral health status has occurred in the U.S. over the past 20 years. Tooth decay and gum disease remain highly prevalent, with more than 90% and 50% of adults suffering from these conditions, respectively. To combat this lack of improvement, alternative approaches to dental care are now being suggested. One such alternative therapy is probiotics for oral care. In the oral cavity, probiotic strains have been shown to reduce levels of oral pathogens, inhibit the formation of dental caries, and reduce the levels of bacteria that cause halitosis. However, as the oral care probiotic market expands, many products contain bacterial species and strains with no documented health benefits leading to confusion and mistrust among consumers and clinicians. This confusion is enhanced by the regulatory status of probiotic products which puts the onus of safety and efficacy on the manufacturer rather than a central regulatory body. The overarching goal of this review is to provide consumers and clinicians with documented evidence supporting (or refuting) the health benefits of oral care probiotics marketed for sale in the United States. This includes defining what constitutes an oral care probiotic product and a strain level analysis of candidate probiotics from the genera Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Bacillus. Additionally, prebiotics and postbiotics will be discussed. Finally, a set of considerations for consumers and clinicians is provided to empower probiotic product decision making. Together, this review will improve understanding of oral care probiotics marketed in the US for dental professionals and consumers.

Post Natal Microbial and Metabolite Transmission: The Path from Mother to Infant

The entero-mammary pathway is a specialized route that selectively translocates bacteria to the newborn's gut, playing a crucial role in neonatal development. Previous studies report shared bacterial and archaeal taxa between human milk and neonatal intestine. However, the functional implications for neonatal development are not fully understood due to limited evidence. This study aimed to identify and characterize the microbiota and metabolome of human milk, mother, and infant stool samples using high-throughput DNA sequencing and FT-ICR MS methodology at delivery and 4 months post-partum. Twenty-one mothers and twenty-five infants were included in this study. Our results on bacterial composition suggest vertical transmission of bacteria through breastfeeding, with major changes occurring during the first 4 months of life. Metabolite chemical characterization sheds light on the growing complexity of the metabolites. Further data integration and network analysis disclosed the interactions between different bacteria and metabolites in the biological system as well as possible unknown pathways. Our findings suggest a shared bacteriome in breastfed mother-neonate pairs, influenced by maternal lifestyle and delivery conditions, serving as probiotic agents in infants for their healthy development. Also, the presence of food biomarkers in infants suggests their origin from breast milk, implying selective vertical transmission of these features.

A Probiotic Bacterium with Activity against the Most Frequent Bacteria and Viruses Causing Pediatric Diarrhea: Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis CECT 7210 (B. infantis IM1®)

The second leading cause of death in children under five years old is diarrheal disease. Probiotics, specifically bifidobacteria, have been associated with a reduction in the number of diarrhea episodes and their severity in babies. In this paper, we summarize the preclinical and clinical evidence of the efficacy of B. longum subsp. infantis IM1® against various gastrointestinal pathogens using in vitro models, animal models, and clinical studies carried out in our laboratory. The preclinical data demonstrate that IM1® effectively inhibits rotavirus replication (by up to 36.05%) in MA-104 and HT-29 cells and from infection (up to 48.50%) through the production of an 11-amino-acid peptide. IM1® displays the capability to displace pathogens from enterocytes, particularly Cronobacter sakazakii and Salmonella enterica, and to reduce the adhesion to the HT29 cells of C. sakazakii and Shigella sonnei. In animal models, the IM1® strain exhibits in vivo protection against rotavirus and improves the clinical symptomatology of bacterial gastroenteritis. A clinical study involving infants under 3 months of age revealed that IM1® reduced episodes of diarrhea, proving to be safe, well tolerated, and associated with a lower prevalence of constipation. B. infantis IM1® emerges as an effective probiotic, diminishing episodes of diarrhea caused by gastrointestinal pathogens.

The Efficacy of a Mix of Probiotics (Limosilactobacillus reuteri LMG P-27481 and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG ATCC 53103) in Preventing Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea and Clostridium difficile Infection in Hospitalized Patients: Single-Center, Open-Label, Randomized Trial

BACKGROUND

Antibiotic-associated diarrhea is a condition reported in 5-35% of patients treated with antibiotics, especially in older patients with comorbidities. In most cases, antibiotic-associated diarrhea is not associated with serious complications, but it can prolong hospitalization and provoke Clostridium difficile infection. An important role in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea is carried out by some probiotic strains such as Lactobacillus GG or the yeast Saccharomyces boulardii that showed good efficacy and a significant reduction in antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Similarly, the Limosilactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 showed significant benefits in acute diarrhea, reducing its duration and abdominal pain.

AIM

The aim of this study was to test the efficacy of a mix of two probiotic strains (Limosilactobacillus reuteri LMG P-27481 and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG ATCC 53103; Reuterin GG®, NOOS, Italy), in association with antibiotics (compared to antibiotics used alone), in reducing antibiotic-associated diarrhea, clostridium difficile infection, and other gastrointestinal symptoms in adult hospitalized patients.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We enrolled 113 (49M/64F, mean age 69.58 ± 21.28 years) adult patients treated with antibiotics who were hospitalized at the Internal Medicine Department of the San Carlo di Nancy Hospital in Rome from January 2023 to September 2023. Patients were randomized to receive probiotics 1.4 g twice/day in addition with antibiotics (Reuterin GG® group, total: 56 patients, 37F/19M, 67.16 ± 20.5 years old) or antibiotics only (control group, total: 57 patients, 27F/30 M, 71 ± 22 years old).

RESULTS

Patients treated with Reuterin GG® showed a significant reduction in diarrhea and clostridium difficile infection. In particular, 28% (16/57) of patients in the control group presented with diarrhea during treatment, compared with 11% (6/56) in the probiotic group (p < 0.05). Interestingly, 7/57 (11%) of patients treated only with antibiotics developed clostridium difficile infection compared to 0% in the probiotic group (p < 0.01). Finally, 9% (5/57) of patients in the control group presented with vomiting compared with 2% (1/56) in the probiotic group (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Our study showed, for the first time, the efficacy of these two specific probiotic strains in preventing antibiotic-associated diarrhea and clostridium difficile infection in adult hospitalized patients treated with antibiotic therapy. This result allows us to hypothesize that the use of specific probiotic strains during antibiotic therapy can prevent dysbiosis and subsequent antibiotic-associated diarrhea and clostridium difficile infection, thus resulting in both patient and economic health care benefits.

Quantification of Lactobacillus reuteri ProTectis in MRS Broth Using Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) Spectroscopy and Chemometrics

There is an increasing global demand for probiotics because of their numerous health benefits. However, a significant percentage of commercially available probiotic products have microbial quantities that are not in accordance with their product labels. In quantifying bacteria, the viable plate count is the standard method but is considered laborious and time-consuming. We demonstrate the use of an attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy coupled with chemometrics to quantify a pure culture of Lactobacillus reuteri (L. reuteri) ProTectis grown in deMan, Rogosa, and Sharpe broth. The chemometric partial least-squares model generated was able to accurately quantify viable plate count (VPC) (root-mean-square error of cross-validation (RMSECV) = 0.115 log CFU mL-1, root-mean-square error of prediction (RMSEP) = 0.145 log CFU mL-1, R2 = 0.982). These results provide proof of concept for this quantification technique and can potentially be developed and applied for the quantification of L. reuteri ProTectis in food products.

A Review Focusing on Microbial Vertical Transmission during Sow Pregnancy

Microorganisms are closely related to the body's physiological activities and growth and development of the body, and participate in many physiological metabolic activities. Analysis of the structure and source of early colonizing bacteria in the intestinal tract of humans and rodents shows that early colonizing bacteria in the intestinal tract of mammals have solid maternal characteristics, and maternal microbes play an essential role in the formation of progeny intestinal flora. The placental microbiome, maternal microbiome and breast milk microbiome are currently hot topics in the field of life science. This paper discusses the vertical transmission and endogenous sources of the mother-to-piglet microbiome through these three pathways, aiming to provide a new research idea for intervention in the intestinal microbiome in young piglets.

The role of potential probiotic strains Lactobacillus reuteri in various intestinal diseases: New roles for an old player

Lactobacillus reuteri (L. reuteri), a type of Lactobacillus spp., is a gut symbiont that can colonize many mammals. Since it was first isolated in 1962, a multitude of research has been conducted to investigate its function and unique role in different diseases as an essential probiotic. Among these, the basic functions, beneficial effects, and underlying mechanisms of L. reuteri have been noticed and understood profoundly in intestinal diseases. The origins of L. reuteri strains are diverse, with humans, rats, and piglets being the most common. With numerous L. reuteri strains playing significant roles in different intestinal diseases, DSM 17938 is the most widely used in humans, especially in children. The mechanisms by which L. reuteri improves intestinal disorders include protecting the gut barrier, suppressing inflammation and the immune response, regulating the gut microbiota and its metabolism, and inhibiting oxidative stress. While a growing body of studies focused on L. reuteri, there are still many unknowns concerning its curative effects, clinical safety, and precise mechanisms. In this review, we initially interpreted the basic functions of L. reuteri and its related metabolites. Then, we comprehensively summarized its functions in different intestinal diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease, colorectal cancer, infection-associated bowel diseases, and pediatric intestinal disorders. We also highlighted some important molecules in relation to the underlying mechanisms. In conclusion, L. reuteri has the potential to exert a beneficial impact on intestinal diseases, which should be further explored to obtain better clinical application and therapeutic effects.

Pathogen-Specific Benefits of Probiotic and Synbiotic Use in Childhood Acute Gastroenteritis: An Updated Review of the Literature

Probiotics represent viable microorganisms which are found within the normal gut microbiota, that exert strain-specific benefits in the management of several gastrointestinal disorders in children, including acute gastroenteritis. This review aims to evaluate the pathogen-specific role of probiotic supplementation in childhood diarrhea. A search of scientific databases was conducted to identify studies which investigated efficacy of probiotics and synbiotics in influencing outcome of acute gastroenteritis of known etiology. We identified 32 studies, most of which analyzed impact of probiotic supplementation in rotavirus gastroenteritis, while a very limited number of these conducted a separate analysis on bacterial diarrhea. Lactobacillus rhamnosus (L. rhamnosus), L. reuteri and S. boulardii still remain the most researched strains, with a proven role in decreasing diarrhea and hospitalization duration, especially in the setting of rotavirus infection. Combined products containing at least one of the aforementioned strains also performed similarly and might also influence rotavirus fecal shedding. Rotavirus immunization status has also been proposed as a significant influencing factor of probiotic use impact. The paucity of research focusing on bacterial etiologies, as well as of clinical trials conducted within ambulatory care units leaves room for further research on the matter, which needs to include larger cohort studies.

Limosilactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938-Containing Infant Formulas and the Associations with Gastrointestinal Tolerance: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study

Limosilactobacillus (L.; previously Lactobacillus) reuteri has been shown to influence gastrointestinal (GI) tolerance. This study was a secondary analysis of GI tolerance data from a multi-country, cross-sectional, observational study in healthy infants using the validated Infant Gastrointestinal Symptom Questionnaire (IGSQ) and a gut comfort questionnaire. Breastfed infants (BFI; n = 760) were compared to formula-fed infants receiving either L. reuteri-containing formula (FFI + LR; n = 470) or standard formula without any probiotic or prebiotic (FFI-Std; n = 501). The IGSQ composite scores (adjusted mean ± SE) in FFI + LR (22.17 ± 0.39) was significantly lower than in FFI-Std (23.41 ± 0.37) and similar to BFI (22.34 ± 0.30;), indicating better GI tolerance in FFI + LR than in FFI-Std. Compared with FFI-Std, FFI + LR had lower reports of difficulty in passing stools (11% vs. 22%; adjusted-odds ratio (OR) (95%CI) = 0.46 (0.31-0.68)), fewer hard stools (mean difference = -0.12 (-0.21, -0.02)) and less physician-confirmed colic (OR = 0.61 (0.45-0.82)), and similar to BFI. Parent-reported crying time (mean difference = -0.15 (-0.28, -0.01)), frequency of spitting-up/vomiting (mean difference = -0.18 (-0.34, -0.03)), volume of spit-up (mean difference = -0.20 (-0.32, -0.08)) and fussiness due to spitting-up/vomiting (mean difference = -0.17 (-0.29, -0.05)) were lower in FFI + LR versus FFI-Std and similar to BFI. In this study, L. reuteri-containing formula was associated with improved digestive tolerance and behavioral patterns.

Characterization of a novel theta-type replicon of indigenous plasmid pTE15 from Lactobacillus reuteri N16

BACKGROUND

pTE15 is a ~ 15-kb narrow-host-range indigenous plasmid from Lactobacillus reuteri N16 that does not replicate in selected Bacillus spp., Staphylococcus spp., and other Lactobacillus spp.

METHODS

Combined deletion analysis the minireplicon essential of pTE15 with replicon-probe vector pUE80 (-) to confirmed sufficient for replication and from the ssDNA intermediate detection, plasmid amplification tested by chloramphenicol treatment, and replication origin sequence analysis to delineated the novel theta-type replication of pTE15.

RESULTS

Single-stranded intermediate of pTE15 DNA was not detected in L. reuteri, indicating that this plasmid does not replicate via a rolling circle mechanism. The replicon of pTE15 did not display the structural organization typical of rolling-circle plasmids, nor were they similar to known rolling-circle plasmids. We further provided evidence that this plasmid applied a new mode of theta-type replication mechanism: (1) the size of this plasmid was > 10-kb; (2) the minireplicon consisted of AT-rich (directed repeat, iteron) and DnaA sequences; (3) the minireplicon did not contain double-strand origin (DSO) and essential rep genes, and it also showed no single-strand origin (SSO) structure; (4) the intermediate single-stranded DNA products were not observed for pTE15 replication; (5) the minireplicon did not contain a typical essential replication protein, Rep, (6) its copy number was decreased by chloramphenicol treatment, and (7) genes in pTE15 replication region encoded truncated RepA (TRepA), RepB and RepC, which were replication-associated proteins, but they were not essential for pTE15 replication.

CONCLUSIONS

Collectively, our results strongly suggested that the indigenous plasmid pTE15 of L. reuteri N16 belongs to a new class of theta replicons.

Treatment of infant colic with craniosacral therapy. A randomized controlled trial

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the number of craniosacral therapy sessions that can be helpful to obtain a resolution of the symptoms of infantile colic and to observe if there are any differences in the evolution obtained by the groups that received a different number of Craniosacral Therapy sessions at 24 days of treatment, compared with the control group which did not received any treatment.

METHODS

Fifty-eight infants with colic were randomized into two groups of which 29 babies in the control group received no treatment and those in the experimental group received 1-3 sessions of craniosacral therapy (CST) until symptoms were resolved. Evaluations were performed until day 24 of the study. In this study crying hours served as primary outcome. The secondary outcome were the hours of sleep and the severity, measured by an Infantile Colic Severity Questionnaire (ICSQ).

RESULTS

Significant statistical differences were observed in favor of experimental group compared to the control group on day 24 in crying hours (mean difference = 2.94, at 95 %CI = 2.30-3.58; p < 0.001) primary outcome, and also in hours of sleep (mean difference = 2.80; at 95 %CI = - 3.85 to - 1.73; p < 0.001) and colic severity (mean difference = 17.24; at 95 %CI = 14.42-20.05; p < 0.001) secondary outcomes. Also, the differences between the groups ≤ 2 CST sessions (n = 19), 3 CST sessions (n = 10) and control (n = 25) were statistically significant on day 24 of the treatment for crying, sleep and colic severity outcomes (p < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

Babies with infantile colic may obtain a complete resolution of symptoms on day 24 by receiving 2 or 3 CST sessions compared to the control group, which did not receive any treatment.

Probiotics and gastrointestinal diseases

During the past decades, scientists have discovered the intimate role of the gut microbiome in human health, and since then, several papers have been published to investigate if the use of biotics (probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and postbiotics) may have a beneficial impact on human health both in treatment and prevention. We now ask ourselves whether we have reached the finish line or just a new starting point, as the evidence supporting the use of biotics in several conditions still needs a lot of work. Many questions remain unanswered today because the evidence differs depending on the indication, used strain, and amount and duration of administration. Herein we will summarize the evidence on probiotics in some gastrointestinal diseases such as infantile colic, functional abdominal pain disorders, celiac disease, acute gastroenteritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and Helicobacter pylori infection.

Extracellular membrane vesicles from Limosilactobacillus reuteri strengthen the intestinal epithelial integrity, modulate cytokine responses and antagonize activation of TRPV1

Bacterial extracellular membrane vesicles (MV) are potent mediators of microbe-host signals, and they are not only important in host-pathogen interactions but also for the interactions between mutualistic bacteria and their hosts. Studies of MV derived from probiotics could enhance the understanding of these universal signal entities, and here we have studied MV derived from Limosilactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 and BG-R46. The production of MV increased with cultivation time and after oxygen stress. Mass spectrometry-based proteomics analyses revealed that the MV carried a large number of bacterial cell surface proteins, several predicted to be involved in host-bacteria interactions. A 5'-nucleotidase, which catalyze the conversion of AMP into the signal molecule adenosine, was one of these and analysis of enzymatic activity showed that L. reuteri BG-R46 derived MV exhibited the highest activity. We also detected the TLR2 activator lipoteichoic acid on the MV. In models for host interactions, we first observed that L. reuteri MV were internalized by Caco-2/HT29-MTX epithelial cells, and in a dose-dependent manner decreased the leakage caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli by up to 65%. Furthermore, the MV upregulated IL-1β and IL-6 from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), but also dampened IFN-γ and TNF-α responses in PBMC challenged with Staphylococcus aureus. Finally, we showed that MV from the L. reuteri strains have an antagonistic effect on the pain receptor transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 in a model with primary dorsal root ganglion cells from rats. In summary, we have shown that these mobile nanometer scale MV reproduce several biological effects of L. reuteri cells and that the production parameters and selection of strain have an impact on the activity of the MV. This could potentially provide key information for development of innovative and more efficient probiotic products.

Limosilactobacillus reuteri FN041 prevents atopic dermatitis in pup mice by remodeling the ileal microbiota and regulating gene expression in Peyer’s patches after vertical transmission

Objectives

Limosilactobacillus reuteri FN041 is a potential probiotic bacterium isolated from breast milk in traditional farming and pastoral areas of China. The purpose of this study was to investigate the optimal intervention mode and potential mechanism of FN041 to prevent atopic dermatitis (AD) in mice.

Methods

In intervention mode I, FN041 was supplemented to dams during the late trimester and lactation and pups after weaning; in intervention mode II, FN041 was supplemented after pups were weaned. AD was induced in pups with MC903 plus ovalbumin on the ear after weaning.

Results

The effect of intervention mode I in preventing AD was significantly better than that of intervention mode II. Compared with the model group, the inflammatory response of the pup’s ears, the proportion of spleen regulatory T cells and the plasma IgE were significantly decreased in mice in intervention mode I. Furthermore, the intestinal mucosal barrier was enhanced, and the Shannon index of the ileal microbiota was significantly increased. The microbiota structure deviated from the AD controls and shifted toward the healthy controls according to the PCoA of unweighted UniFrac. The relative abundances of Limosilactobacillus, Faecalibacterium, Bifidobacterium, and Akkermansia in the ileum were significantly increased compared to the AD group. Based on RNA-seq analysis of pups’ Peyer’s patches (PPs), FN041 inhibits autoimmune pathways such as asthma and systemic lupus erythematosus and activates retinol metabolism and PPAR signaling pathways to reduce inflammatory responses. Intervention mode II also significantly reduced AD severity score, but the reduction was approximately 67% of that of intervention mode I. This may be related to its ineffective remodeling of the ileal microbiota.

Conclusion

Prenatal and postnatal administration of FN041 is an effective way to prevent AD in offspring, and its mechanism is related to remodeling of ileal microbiota and PPs immune response.

The sow microbiome: Current and future perspectives to maximize the productivity in swine herds

The development of new generation sequencing methods and the reduction in the cost per base sequenced over the past few years is drawing the attention of the pig industry to microbiome understanding and modulation. In recent years, there has been an increase in the number of articles published related to microbiome studies in swine. With respect to sows, microbiome studies mainly focused on the gut, with some studies evaluating the reproductive tract and mammary microbiome. However, studies about urinary microbiome are still lacking. The present literature indicates that the microbiome in the sow’s gut can affect the microbiome in other body parts. Moreover, the understanding of the dynamics and interactions among microbial populations within the sow or the herd has led to improvements in animal health and reproductive performance. This review provides new insights related to sow intestinal, urinary, mammary, and reproductive microbiomes and their relationships with reproductive outcomes, diseases, and early colonization in offspring by gathering the most recent work in this field as well as pinpoints information gaps that require further investigation. This literature review also sheds light on the knowledge regarding the role of microbiomes in the reduction of antimicrobial use.

Efficacy of Direct or Indirect Use of Probiotics for the Improvement of Maternal Depression during Pregnancy and in the Postnatal Period: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

The mother and infant form a unique bond, with maternal mental health affecting the interactions with the infant and infant behaviours impacting maternal mental health. One of the possible mechanisms influencing maternal mental health is the manipulation of the gut-brain axis by consuming probiotic supplements. Probiotics can also have an indirect influence on maternal mental health via the modulation of the infant microbiome and consequently improving the infant's health and thus, indirectly leading to an improvement in maternal mood. This systematic review evaluated the efficacy of probiotics on maternal mental health by searching for randomised controlled trials via international databases: Cochrane Library, PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science until January 2022. A meta-analysis was performed using the Cochrane Collaboration methodology where possible. We found seven clinical trials that included the word probiotics and addressed maternal depression and/or anxiety. Of these, five trials investigated the influence of maternal probiotic supplementation on the gut-brain axis. Two trials investigated the indirect influence of probiotics on maternal depression via supplementation of probiotics by infants and subsequent influence on the crying of colicky infants. Meta-analysis of two studies of pregnant and postnatal women and two studies of infants consuming probiotics on the outcome of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale for mothers showed no statistical difference. The findings indicate that maternal depression is very complex and is influenced by various bidirectional factors. One of the factors that can improve maternal mental health is probiotics, however, careful consideration must be given to correct strain selection as strain-specific effectiveness was observed. Further well-designed, robust clinical studies are warranted.

Investigating Differential Expressed Genes of Limosilactobacillus reuteri LR08 Regulated by Soybean Protein and Peptides

Soybean protein and peptides have the potential to promote the growth of Lactobacillus, but the mechanisms involved are not well understood. The purpose of this study is to investigate differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of Limosilactobacillus reuteri (L. reuteri) LR08 responding to soybean protein and peptides using transcriptome. The results showed that both digested protein (dpro) and digested peptides (dpep) could enhance a purine biosynthesis pathway which could provide more nucleic acid and ATP for bacteria growth. Moreover, dpep could be used instead of dpro to promote the ABC transporters, especially the genes involved in the transportation of various amino acids. Interestingly, dpro and dpep played opposite roles in modulating DEGs from the acc and fab gene families which participate in fatty acid biosynthesis. These not only provide a new direction for developing nitrogen-sourced prebiotics in the food industry but could also help us to understand the fundamental mechanism of the effects of dpro and dpep on their growth and metabolisms and provides relevant evidence for further investigation.

Short- term effect of probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri consumption on the salivary microbiome profile of subjects undergoing orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances

Objective

This prospective clinical study aim was to analyze the effect of the probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri Prodentis lozenges on salivary microbiome of subjects wearing fixed orthodontic appliances.

Methods

Saliva samples were collected prior to consumption and 14th-day post probiotic lozenges consumption (n=40, age 18-23). Oral hygiene index-score (OHI-S) and papilla bleeding index (PBI) were recorded. The salivary microbiome was profiled by next-generation sequencing using the V3-V4 region of 16S-rRNA. Microbial composition, diversity and taxonomic biomarkers were analysed in comparison to probiotic intervention and the clinical characteristics of the cohort using standard bioinformatics tools.

Results

The diversity and bacterial community structures did not change significantly in salivary microbiome of periodontally healthy subjects during short-term probiotic intervention. Probiotic consumption correlated with reduction of OHI and PBI scores (50% reduction of scores, P<0.001). The reduction of clinical indices was evident in conjunction with significantly reduced abundance of oral pathogens, such as Porphyromonas pasteri, Treponema sp., Fretibacterium fastidiosum, Kingella oralis and Propionibacterium acnes.

Conclusion

Short-term probiotic intervention helped maintaining good oral health in patients undergoing fixed orthodontic therapy. Although overall oral microbiome structure remained largely unchanged, a significant alteration in the abundance of health and disease-associated species highlighted the beneficial effect of probiotic.

A comparison of two assessment tools used in overviews of systematic reviews: ROBIS versus AMSTAR-2

BACKGROUND

AMSTAR-2 is a 16-item assessment tool to check the quality of a systematic review and establish whether the most important elements are reported. ROBIS is another assessment tool which was designed to evaluate the level of bias present within a systematic review. Our objective was to compare, contrast and establish both inter-rater reliability and usability of both tools as part of two overviews of systematic reviews. Strictly speaking, one tool assesses methodological quality (AMSTAR-2) and the other assesses risk of bias (ROBIS), but there is considerable overlap between the tools in terms of the signalling questions.

METHODS

Three reviewers independently assessed 31 systematic reviews using both tools. The inter-rater reliability of all sub-sections using each instrument (AMSTAR-2 and ROBIS) was calculated using Gwet's agreement coefficient (AC1 for unweighted analysis and AC2 for weighted analysis).

RESULTS

Thirty-one systematic reviews were included. For AMSTAR-2, the median agreement for all questions was 0.61. Eight of the 16 AMSTAR-2 questions had substantial agreement or higher (> 0.61). For ROBIS, the median agreement for all questions was also 0.61. Eleven of the 24 ROBIS questions had substantial agreement or higher.

CONCLUSION

ROBIS is an effective tool for assessing risk of bias in systematic reviews and AMSTAR-2 is an effective tool at assessing quality. The median agreement between raters for both tools was identical (0.61). Reviews that included a meta-analysis were easier to rate with ROBIS; however, further developmental work could improve its use in reviews without a formal synthesis. AMSTAR-2 was more straightforward to use; however, more response options would be beneficial.

Management of the Most Common Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders in Infancy: The Middle East Expert Consensus

The occurrence of functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) is a formidable challenge for infants, parents, and healthcare professionals. Although data from the Middle East are scarce, experts consider FGIDs a prevalent condition in everyday clinical practice. The new Rome IV criteria revisited the definitions from a clinical perspective to provide a practical and consistent diagnostic protocol for FGIDs. However, the treatment practices for functional disorders vary considerably among Middle Eastern countries, often resulting in mismanagement with unnecessary investigations and treatments. In addition, the role of various treatment modalities, including probiotics such as Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938, in FGIDs requires further discussion and evaluation. During a consensus meeting, a locally relevant approach for treating common FGIDs such as infant regurgitation, infant colic, and functional constipation was discussed and approved by regional experts. The participants suggested a simplified treatment plan and protocol for general pediatricians and other primary care physicians managing FGIDs. This easy-to-follow standardized protocol will help streamline the initial management of this complex disorder in the Middle East region and even globally.

Probiotics in Pediatrics. A Review and Practical Guide

The potential benefit of the administration of probiotics in children has been studied in many settings globally. Probiotics products contain viable micro-organisms that confer a health benefit on the host. Beneficial effects of selected probiotic strains for the management or prevention of selected pediatric conditions have been demonstrated. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of current available evidence on the efficacy of specific probiotics in selected conditions to guide pediatricians in decision-making on the therapeutic or prophylactic use of probiotic strains in children. Evidence to support the use of certain probiotics in selected pediatric conditions is often available. In addition, the administration of probiotics is associated with a low risk of adverse events and is generally well tolerated. The best documented efficacy of certain probiotics is for treatment of infectious gastroenteritis, and prevention of antibiotic-associated, Clostridioides difficile-associated and nosocomial diarrhea. Unfortunately, due to study heterogeneity and in some cases high risk of bias in published studies, a broad consensus is lacking for specific probiotic strains, doses and treatment regimens for some pediatric indications. The current available evidence thus limits the systematic administration of probiotics. The most recent meta-analyses and reviews highlight the need for more well-designed, properly powered, strain-specific and dedicated-dose response studies.

Practical Recommendations of Scientific Society for the Study of Human Microbiome and the Russian Gastroenterological Association on Use of Probiotics, Prebiotics, Synbiotics and Functional Foods in Treatment and Prevention of Gastroenterological Diseases in Children and Adults

Aim. The practical guidelines are intended for primary care physicians, general practitioners, paediatricians, gastroenterologists and general internists to advance the treatment and prevention of gastroenterological diseases in adults and children in therapies with probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics and their enriched functional foods.

Key points. Probiotics are live microorganisms that sustain health of the host when supplied in adequate amounts. Prebiotics include human-indigestible but accessible to gut microbiota substances expediting specific changes in the composition and/or activity of gastrointestinal microbiota that favour the host health. The mechanism of probiotic action comprises the quorum resistance maintenance, nutrient substrate metabolism and end metabolite recycling, macroorganism-sustaining substrate production, as well as the mediation of local and adaptive immune responses.

The Russian Federation regulates market differently for biologically active food additives (BAFA), medicinal products (drugs) and functional food products (FFP). We overview the probiotic strains regulated in Russia as BAFAs, drugs and FFPs and provide recommendations on the use of these strains in treatment and prevention of gastroenterological diseases in children and adults.

Conclusion. The clinical efficacy of probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics and fortified functional foods depends on the prebiotic and strain properties and is verified in appropriate comparative clinical trials. Not all probiotics registered in Russia as BAFAs, drugs and FFPs have a strain identity, which provides no warranty of the clinical effect expected. The FFP legislation demands improved regulation mechanisms and control for therapeutic efficacy.

Limosilactobacillus reuteri and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG differentially affect gut microbes and metabolites in mice with Treg deficiency

Treg deficiency causes a lethal, CD4+ T cell-driven autoimmune disease called IPEX syndrome (immunodysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, and enteropathy, with X-linked inheritance) in humans and in the scurfy (SF) mouse, a mouse model of the disease. Feeding Limosilactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 (LR 17938, LR) to SF mice reprograms the gut microbiota, reduces disease progression, and prolongs lifespan. However, the efficacy and mechanism of LR, compared with other probiotics, in producing these effects is unknown. We compared LR with Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG), an extensively investigated probiotic. LR was more effective than LGG in prolonging survival. Both probiotics restored the fecal microbial alpha diversity, but they produced distinct fecal bacterial clusters and differentially modulated microbial relative abundance (RA). LR increased the RA of phylum_Firmicutes, genus_Oscillospira whereas LR reduced phylum_Bacteroidetes, genus_Bacteroides and genus_Parabacteroides, reversing changes attributed to the SF phenotype. LGG primarily reduced the RA of genus_Bacteroides. Both LR and LGG reduced the potentially pathogenic taxon class_γ-proteobacteria. Plasma metabolomics revealed substantial differences among 696 metabolites. We observed similar changes of many clusters of metabolites in SF mice associated with treatment with either LR or LGG. However, a unique effect of LR was to increase the abundance of plasma adenosine metabolites such as inosine, which we previously showed had immune modulatory effects. In conclusion: 1) different probiotics produce distinct signatures in the fecal microbial community in mice with Treg deficiency; and 2) when comparing different probiotics, there are strain-specific microbial products with different anti-inflammatory properties, reinforcing the concept that "one size does not fit all" in the treatment of autoimmune disease.NEW & NOTEWORTHY In the treatment of Treg-deficiency-induced autoimmunity, Limosilactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 (LR) showed greater efficacy than Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG). The study demonstrated that two different probiotics produce distinct signatures in the fecal microbial community in mice with Treg deficiency, but with many similarities in global plasma metabolites in general. However, there are strain-specific microbial products with different anti-inflammatory properties, reinforcing the concept that "one size does not fit all" in the treatment of autoimmune disease.

Correlation of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice Toward Probiotics for the Digestive System Among Health Science Students

BACKGROUND

Probiotics have numerous health benefits to the digestive system, one of them being clinically able to prevent and treat diarrhea. The growing scientific evidence of probiotic benefits has led to increased production of probiotic products. Health science students, as future healthcare professionals (HCPs), should have more knowledge about probiotics to be able to give the right recommendation to their future patients and the larger community. This study aims to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice towards probiotics of health science students in Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia.

METHODS

A cross-sectional study was conducted on 87 students from Medical Studies, Midwifery, Pharmacy, and Nursing majors in 2020. Proportional cluster random sampling was used to select the study subjects, and an online survey was used to collect the data. Final data were exported to statistics software for analysis. Scores of each variable were categorized. Kruskal-Wallis test was used to analyze the statistical differences among the four groups. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was used to analyze the relationship between knowledge, attitude, and practice variables.

RESULTS

Of all respondents, 80% had adequate knowledge. More than half (52.9%) had a positive attitude, and most (62.1%) had a positive practice. There were significant correlations between knowledge-attitude and attitude-practice variables. Most respondents gained information on probiotics from the Internet (26%) and their lecturer (24%). P-value from Kruskal-Wallis test for knowledge, attitude, and practice are 0.466, 0.801, and 0.324, respectively.

CONCLUSION

Most respondents had an adequate level of knowledge, a positive attitude, and a positive practice towards probiotics. Incorporating scientific evidence regarding probiotics from various studies into all health science majors' academic curricula and media may help equip the students with a better understanding of probiotics, therefore improving probiotics usage to prevent and treat digestive system diseases in the future.

Lactobacillus reuteri in Its Biofilm State Improves Protection from Experimental Necrotizing Enterocolitis

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a devastating disease predominately found in premature infants that is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Despite decades of research, medical management with broad spectrum antibiotics and bowel rest has remained relatively unchanged, with no significant improvement in patient outcomes. The etiology of NEC is multi-factorial; however, gastrointestinal dysbiosis plays a prominent role in a neonate's vulnerability to and development of NEC. Probiotics have recently emerged as a new avenue for NEC therapy. However, current delivery methods are associated with potential limitations, including the need for at least daily administration in order to obtain any improvement in outcomes. We present a novel formulation of enterally delivered probiotics that addresses the current limitations. A single enteral dose of Lactobacillus reuteri delivered in a biofilm formulation increases probiotic survival in acidic gastric conditions, increases probiotic adherence to gastrointestinal epithelial cells, and reduces the incidence, severity, and neurocognitive sequelae of NEC in experimental models.

Lactobacillus Bacteria in Breast Milk

Breast milk is an optimal food for infants and toddlers. The composition of breast milk adapts to the needs of the developing organism, satisfying nutritional needs at an early stage of growth and development. The results of research to date have shown that breast milk is the best food for a child, containing not only nutrients but also biologically active substances that aid in the optimal, proper growth and development of infants. Among the many components of breast milk, an important element is the probiotic microflora, including bacteria of the genus Lactobacillus spp. These organisms exert a multidirectional, health-promoting effect on the body of children who consume breast milk. The number of lactic acid bacteria, including Lactobacillus, colonizing the breast milk environment and their species diversity varies and depends on many factors, both maternal and environmental. Breast milk, as a recommended food for infants, is an important source of probiotic microflora. The aim of this study was to present the current understanding of probiotic bacteria of the genus Lactobacillus present in breast milk.

A novel probiotic therapeutic in a murine model of Clostridioides difficile colitis

For prophylactic therapy, mice received an oral antibiotic cocktail followed by clindamycin injection, followed by probiotic administration (planktonic vs. biofilm state), followed by C. difficile oral gavage. For treatment therapy, mice received antibiotics and C. difficile first, followed by probiotic administration. Clinical sickness scores (CSS) and intestinal histologic injury scores (HIS) were assigned. In the Prophylactic Therapy model, CSS: 67% of untreated mice exposed to C. difficile demonstrated CSS ≥ 6, which is consistent with C. difficile infection (p< .001 compared to unexposed mice). In mice treated with planktonic Lr, 55% had a CSS ≥ 6, but only 19% of mice treated with Lr in its biofilm state had CSS ≥ 6 (p< .001). Mice receiving Lr + DM-Maltose lost the least amount of weight compared to mice receiving saline (p = .004676) or to mice receiving Lr (p= .003185). HIS: 77% of untreated mice exposed to C. difficile had HIS scores ≥4, which is consistent with C. difficile infection. In mice treated with planktonic Lr, 62% had HIS ≥4, but only 19% of mice treated with Lr in its biofilm state had HIS ≥4. (p< .001). Additionally, mice treated with Lr in its biofilm state had better survival compared to untreated mice and to mice treated with planktonic Lr (p ≤ 0.05). Similar findings for weight loss, CSS, HIS and survival were obtained for Treatment Therapy. A single dose of Lactobacillus reuteri in its biofilm state reduces the severity and incidence of experimental C. difficile infection when administered as both prophylactic and treatment therapy.

Fermented dairy products as delivery vehicles of novel probiotic strains isolated from traditional fermented Asian foods

The screening of novel probiotic strains from various food sources including fruits, vegetables, herbs, and traditional fermented foods, have been of growing concern recently. Most of these potential probiotic lactic acid bacteria isolates were distinguished from the commercial probiotics based on multiple therapeutic effects and functionalities. Recent in vitro and in vivo investigates have also verified the usage of probiotics to lower the risk of diseases. Application of these novel strains in fermented dairy products is also an emerging trend to improve the physical and quality characteristics, functional properties, and safety of dairy products. Moreover, since dairy products are one of the highest consumed products in the globe, the dispatch channels for fermented dairy products are already established. Therefore, incorporating novel probiotic strains into fermented dairy products might be the most feasible approach for their delivery. In this context, our aim is to discuss the feasibility of dairy products as delivery vehicles for novel probiotic strains. Thus, we summarize the scientific evidence that points to a dynamic future for the production of fermented dairy-based probiotics.

The efficacy of the prenatal administration of Lactobacillus reuteri LR92 DSM 26866 on the prevention of infantile colic: a randomized control trial

Infantile colic is a functional gastrointestinal disease of the infancy that its cause has not yet been properly identified. It leads to severe discomfort in the infants and anxiety in their mothers. Probiotics have recently been recommended as an effective treatment for the improvement of infantile colic. The objective of this study is to determine the role of prenatal administration of Lactobacillus reuteri (L. reuteri) LR92 DSM 26866 on the occurrence of infantile colic. This double-blinded, placebo-controlled, randomized trial was conducted with healthy pregnant women from December 2017 to December 2018 in Isfahan, Iran. A total of 145 patients was included in this study. The case group consisted of 87 pregnant women, who received daily doses of 1 × 10⁸ colony-forming units of live L. reuteri LR92 DSM 26866, and the control group with 88 pregnant women received the placebo (containing 9% glucose solutions) for the last 4 weeks of pregnancy. Mothers and their infants in both groups did not have significant differences in anthropometric indices, and the infants' feeding pattern. Infants born to both groups of mothers followed for 5 months on signs and symptoms of colic with the repetitive examination by a blinded pediatrics assistant to record the occurrence of colic and its grading. Mothers who received placebo were 2.36 times more likely to have infants exhibiting infantile colic than mothers in the L. reuteri LR92 DSM 26866 group (CI 95%, 1.18-4.73). Using Mann-Whitney U test, the Mean (SD) of colic severity was significantly lower in the intervention group (p = 0.01). The frequency of colic and its higher grades were significantly lower in the intervention group (p = 0.03 for the presence of colic and p = 0.01 for high grades of colic). The frequency of colic presence and its different grades according to mothers' delivery mode and infant feeding patterns were not different between the two groups (p > 0.05).Conclusion: Maternal prenatal supplementation with probiotic L. reuteri LR92 DSM 26866 during the last 4 weeks of pregnancy can prevent the occurrence and reduce the severity of infantile colic. What is Known • Lactobacillus reuteri LR92 DSM 26866 is effective in improving the symptoms of infantile colic. What is New • Prenatal administration of Lactobacillus Reuteri LR92 DSM 26866 can prevent the occurrence of infantile colic or reduce its severity.

Lactobacillus strains vary in their ability to interact with human endometrial stromal cells

The placental membranes that surround the fetus during pregnancy were suggested to contain a low abundance microbiota. Specifically, abundance of Lactobacillus, a probiotic and dominant member of the microbiome of the lower reproductive tract, has been shown to correlate with healthy, term pregnancies. We therefore sought to assess the interactions between four different Lactobacillus strains with immortalized decidualized endometrial cells (dT-HESCs), which were used as a model to represent the outermost layer of the placental membranes. Notably, we demonstrated that all four Lactobacillus strains could associate with dT-HESCs in vitro. L. crispatus was significantly more successful (p < 0.00005), with 10.6% of bacteria attaching to the host cells compared to an average of 0.8% for the remaining three strains. The four strains also varied in their ability to form biofilms. Dependent on media type, L. reuteri 6475 formed the strongest biofilms in vitro. To examine the impact on immune responses, levels of total and phosphorylated protein p38, a member of the Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) pathway, were examined following Lactobacillus association with dT-HESCs. Total levels of p38 were reduced to an average of 44% that of the cells without Lactobacillus (p < 0.05). While a trend towards a reduction in phosphorylated p38 was observed, this difference was not significant (p > 0.05). In addition, association with Lactobacillus did not result in increased host cell death. Collectively, these data suggest that varying types of Lactobacillus can attach to the outermost cells of the placental membranes and that these interactions do not contribute to inflammatory responses or host cell death. To our knowledge this is the first in vitro study to support the ability of Lactobacillus to interact with placental cells, which is important when considering its use as a potential probiotic within the reproductive tract.

Comparison of common interventions for the treatment of infantile colic: a systematic review of reviews and guidelines

OBJECTIVE

To conduct a systematic review of systematic reviews and national guidelines to assess the effectiveness of four treatment approaches (manual therapy, probiotics, proton pump inhibitors and simethicone) on colic symptoms including infant crying time, sleep distress and adverse events.

METHODS

We searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane and Mantis for studies published between 2009 and 2019. Inclusion criteria were systematic reviews and guidelines that used evidence and expert panel opinion. Three reviewers independently selected articles by title, abstract and full paper review. Data were extracted by one reviewer and checked by a second. Selected studies were assessed for quality using modified standardised checklists by two authors. Meta-analysed data for our outcomes of interest were extracted and narrative conclusions were assessed.

RESULTS

Thirty-two studies were selected. High-level evidence showed that probiotics were most effective for reducing crying time in breastfed infants (range -25 min to -65 min over 24 hours). Manual therapies had moderate to low-quality evidence showing reduced crying time (range -33 min to -76 min per 24 hours). Simethicone had moderate to low evidence showing no benefit or negative effect. One meta-analysis did not support the use of proton pump inhibitors for reducing crying time and fussing. Three national guidelines unanimously recommended the use of education, parental reassurance, advice and guidance and clinical evaluation of mother and baby. Consensus on other advice and treatments did not exist.

CONCLUSIONS

The strongest evidence for the treatment of colic was probiotics for breastfed infants, followed by weaker but favourable evidence for manual therapy indicated by crying time. Both forms of treatment carried a low risk of serious adverse events. The guidance reviewed did not reflect these findings.

PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER

CRD42019139074.

Microvesicles from Lactobacillus reuteri (DSM-17938) completely reproduce modulation of gut motility by bacteria in mice

Microvesicles are small lipid, bilayer structures (20–400 nm in diameter) secreted by bacteria, fungi, archaea and parasites involved in inter-bacterial communication and host-pathogen interactions. Lactobacillus reuteri DSM-17938 (DSM) has been shown to have clinical efficacy in the treatment of infantile colic, diarrhea and constipation. We have shown previously that luminal administration to the mouse gut promotes reduction of jejunal motility but increases that in the colon. The production of microvesicles by DSM has been characterized, but the effect of these microvesicles on gastrointestinal motility has yet to be evaluated. To investigate a potential mechanism for the effects of DSM on the intestine, the bacteria and its products have here been tested for changes in velocity, frequency, and amplitude of contractions in intact segments of jejunum and colon excised from mice. The effect of the parent bacteria (DSM) was compared to the conditioned media in which it was grown, and the microvesicles it produced. The media used to culture the bacteria (broth) was tested as a negative control and the conditioned medium was tested after the microvesicles had been removed. DSM, conditioned medium, and the microvesicles all produced comparable effects in both the jejunum and the colon. The treatments individually decreased the velocity and frequency of propagating contractile cluster contractions in the jejunum and increased them in the colon to a similar degree. The broth control had little effect in both tissues. Removal of the microvesicles from the conditioned medium almost completely eradicated their effect on motility in both tissues. These results show that the microvesicles from DSM alone can completely reproduce the effects of the whole bacteria on gut motility. Furthermore, they suggest a new approach to the formulation of orally active bacterial therapeutics and offer a novel way to begin to identify the active bacterial components.

An overview of systematic reviews of complementary and alternative therapies for infantile colic

BACKGROUND

Infantile colic is a distressing condition characterised by excessive crying in the first few months of life. The aim of this research was to update the synthesis of evidence of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) research literature on infantile colic and establish what evidence is currently available.

METHODS

Medline, Embase and AMED (via Ovid), Web of Science and Central via Cochrane library were searched from their inception to September 2018. Google Scholar and OpenGrey were searched for grey literature and PROSPERO for ongoing reviews. Published systematic reviews that included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of infants aged up to 1 year, diagnosed with infantile colic using standard diagnostic criteria, were eligible. Reviews of RCTs that assessed the effectiveness of any individual CAM therapy were included. Three reviewers were involved in data extraction and quality assessment using the AMSTAR-2 scale and risk of bias using the ROBIS tool.

RESULTS

Sixteen systematic reviews were identified. Probiotics, fennel extract and spinal manipulation show promise to alleviate symptoms of colic, although some concerns remain. Acupuncture and soy are currently not recommended. The majority of the reviews were assessed as having high or unclear risk of bias and low confidence in the findings.

CONCLUSION

There is clearly a need for larger and more methodologically sound RCTs to be conducted on the effectiveness of some CAM therapies for IC. Particular focus on probiotics in non-breastfed infants is pertinent.

SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION

PROSPERO: CRD42018092966.

Prophylactic use of probiotics for gastrointestinal disorders in children

The gastrointestinal microbiome is a hot topic in clinical research. Beneficial effects of selected probiotics in the prevention of gastrointestinal disorders are mainly restricted to acute gastroenteritis, antibiotic-associated diarrhoea, infantile colic, and necrotising enterocolitis. However, no broad consensus exists to recommend the use of probiotics in the prevention of these conditions, mainly because of the different design of the studies done so far, resulting in little evidence for specific strains, dosages, and indications. More well designed studies are needed before recommendations can be proposed. At this stage, the evidence is insufficient to recommend the routine use of probiotics in infants and children for the prevention of gastrointestinal disorders.

Study on a Fermented Whole Wheat: Phenolic Content, Activity on PTP1B Enzyme and In Vitro Prebiotic Properties

Fermented cereals, staple foods in Asia and Africa, are recently receiving a growing interest in Western countries. The object of this work is the characterization of a fermented wheat used as a food ingredient and dietary supplement. To this aim, the phenolic composition, the activity on protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), an enzyme overexpressed in type-II diabetes, the in vitro prebiotic properties on Lactobacillusreuteri and the microbial composition were investigated. Basic and acidic hydrolysis were tested for an exhaustive recovery of bound phenols: the acidic hydrolysis gave best yields. Methyl ferulate and neocarlinoside were identified for the first time in wheat. The inhibitory power of the extracts of several batches were investigated on PTP1B enzyme. The product was not able to inhibit the enzyme, otherwise, for the first time, a complete inhibition was observed for schaftoside, a major C-flavonoid of wheat. The microbial composition was assessed identifying Lactobacillus, Enterococcus, and Pediococcus as the main bacterial species. The fermented wheat was a suitable substrate for the grown of L. reuteri, recognized for its health properties in the human gut. The proposed method for phenols is easier compared to those based on strong basic hydrolysis; our results assessed the bound phenols as the major fraction, differently from that suggested by the literature for fermented cereals.

Treating Viral Diarrhea in Children by Probiotic and Zinc Supplements

PURPOSE

The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of probiotics and zinc supplements on the mean duration and frequency of acute diarrhea in children aged 6 months to 2 years.

METHODS

In this clinical trial of infants aged between 6 months and 2 years, eligible patients were divided into 3 groups: Zinc Receiving Group (ZRG), Probiotic Receiving Group (PRG), and a control group receiving supportive care alone. The frequency of diarrhea was evaluated in the test groups during the first 24 hours and 48-72 hours, along with the duration of hospitalization and diarrhea persistence for 3-7 days.

RESULTS

Diarrhea persisted for until the third day of admission in 100% of the infants in PRG compared with only 76.1% in ZRG. The relative risk of diarrhea persistence in the PRG was 1.31 times more than in ZRG until the third day. Also, 80% of diarrhea cases in the PRG persisted until the fourth day of admission, compared with 47.8% in the ZRG group, and this value was significant. The relative incidence of diarrhea persistence in the PRG was 36.4 times greater than in the ZRG until the day 4. Also, the percentage of post-treatment complications was 35.5% in the PRG and 2.6% in the ZRG, which was significant.

CONCLUSION

In our study, the effectiveness of zinc at a dose of 20 mg was higher than that of probiotics. The complications associated with zinc supplementation were lower than those of probiotics.

Mechanisms of Action of Probiotics

Probiotics are living microorganisms that confer health benefits to the host when administered in adequate amounts; however, dead bacteria and their components can also exhibit probiotic properties. Bifidobacterium and strains of lactic acid bacteria are the most widely used bacteria that exhibit probiotic properties and are included in many functional foods and dietary supplements. Probiotics have been shown to prevent and ameliorate the course of digestive disorders such as acute, nosocomial, and antibiotic-associated diarrhea; allergic disorders such as atopic dermatitis (eczema) and allergic rhinitis in infants; and Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and some inflammatory bowel disorders in adults. In addition, probiotics may be of interest as coadjuvants in the treatment of metabolic disorders, including obesity, metabolic syndrome, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and type 2 diabetes. However, the mechanisms of action of probiotics, which are diverse, heterogeneous, and strain specific, have received little attention. Thus, the aim of the present work was to review the main mechanisms of action of probiotics, including colonization and normalization of perturbed intestinal microbial communities in children and adults; competitive exclusion of pathogens and bacteriocin production; modulation of fecal enzymatic activities associated with the metabolization of biliary salts and inactivation of carcinogens and other xenobiotics; production of short-chain and branched-chain fatty acids, which, in turn, have wide effects not only in the intestine but also in peripheral tissues via interactions with short-chain fatty acid receptors, modulating mainly tissue insulin sensitivity; cell adhesion and mucin production; modulation of the immune system, which results mainly in the differentiation of T-regulatory cells and upregulation of anti-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors, i.e., interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor; and interaction with the brain-gut axis by regulation of endocrine and neurologic functions. Further research to elucidate the precise molecular mechanisms of action of probiotics is warranted.

Preventing and Treating Colic

Colic is a common and distressing functional gastrointestinal disorder during infancy. It is a behavioral phenomenon in infants aged 1-4 months involving prolonged inconsolable crying and agitated status with multifactorial etiology. Colic can be considered as a benign, self-limited process because the baby normally grows and feeds even with transient irritable mood. Nevertheless, infantile colic is a common difficulty causing anxiety during parenthood and a recurrent reason for them to seek medical help, especially if it is the first child. The causes of colic can be classified as non-gastrointestinal or gastrointestinal. The former includes altered feeding techniques, modified child-parent relationship, immaturity of central nervous system, behavioral etiology, and maternal smoking or nicotine replacement therapy. Instead, the latter involves inadequate production of lactase enzyme, cow's milk protein intolerance, alteration of intestinal microbiota, gastrointestinal immaturity, or inflammation which causes intestinal hyperperistalsis due to increase in serotonin secretion and motilin receptor expression.Probiotics may play a crucial part in the manipulation of the microbiota. Probiotic administration is likely to maintain intestinal homeostasis through the modulation of permeability and peristalsis, influencing the gut-brain axis and inhibiting hypersensitivity. This is a decisive field in the development of preventive and therapeutic strategies for infantile colic. However, further studies are needed for each specific formulation in order to better characterize pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties and to evaluate their application as a possible preventive strategy if administered early during infancy against the later development of pain-related FGIDs.

Effectiveness of Probiotics in Children With Functional Abdominal Pain Disorders and Functional Constipation: A Systematic Review

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of probiotics on functional abdominal pain disorders (FAPD) and functional constipation (FC).

METHODS

A systematic review was conducted, searching PubMed and Cochrane databases from inception to January 2018 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the efficacy of probiotics in children aged 4 to 18 years with FAPD or children aged 0 to 18 years with FC.

RESULTS

A total of 657 citations were identified. Finally, 11 RCTs for FAPD and 6 RCTs for FC were included. Some evidence exists for Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (n=3) in reducing frequency and intensity of abdominal pain in children with irritable bowel syndrome. There is no evidence to recommend L. reuteri DSM 17938 (n=5), a mix of Bifidobacterium infantis, Bifidobacterium breve and Bifidobacterium longum (n=1), Bifidobacterium lactis (n=1) or VSL#3 (n=1) for children with FAPD. No evidence exists to support the use of Lactobacillus casei rhamnosus LCR35 (n=1), B. lactis DN173 010 (n=1), B. longum (n=1), L. reuteri DSM 17938 (n=1), a mix of B. infantis, B. breve and B. longum (n=1), or Protexin mix (n=1) for children with FC. In general, studies had an unclear or high risk of bias.

CONCLUSIONS

Insufficient evidence exists for the use of probiotics in FAPD and FC, only L. rhamnosus GG seems to reduce frequency and intensity of abdominal pain but only in children with irritable bowel syndrome. A better understanding of differences in gut microbiota in health and disease might lead to better probiotic strategies to treat disease.

Mind the gut: probiotics in paediatric neurogastroenterology

The gut-brain axis has recently emerged as a key modulator of human health and the intestinal microbiome has a well-recognised pivotal role in this strong connection. The aim of this narrative review is to update and summarise the effect and clinical applicability of probiotics in paediatric neurogastroenterology. The Cochrane Database and PubMed were searched using keywords relating to different subtypes of functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) and their symptoms, those relating to the CNS and related neurological or behavioural dysfunction as well as 'probiotic' OR 'probiotics'. Included papers were limited to those including children (aged 0-18 years) and using English language. Although significant effects of specific strains have been reported in infants with FGIDs, heterogeneity amongst the studies (different products and concentrations used and FGID subtypes), has limited the ability to draw an overall conclusion on the clinical value of probiotics. According to different meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials, the use of Lactobacillus reuteri (DSM 17938) was associated with a significant decrease in average crying time in infantile colic. There is moderate evidence for this strain and LGG and limited evidence (based on one study each) for the beneficial effect of VSL#3 and a three-strain bifidobacteria mix in abdominal pain FGIDs, particularly in the irritable bowel disease subgroup of children, but not in functional dyspepsia. There is currently no clear evidence of positive effects of oral probiotics in autistic spectrum disorder. Efficacy and safety of other strains or beneficial effects in other conditions still need to be proven, as probiotic properties are strain-specific, and data cannot be extrapolated to other brain-gut or mood diseases or to other probiotics of the same or different species. To transform the use of probiotics from a tempting suggestion to a promising treatment modality in neurogastroenterological disorders more accurate differentiation of the efficacy-proven strains, clarification of dose, duration, and outcome and a careful selection of the target patients are still necessary.

An enhanced Lactobacillus reuteri biofilm formulation that increases protection against experimental necrotizing enterocolitis

One significant drawback of current probiotic therapy for the prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is the need for at least daily administration because of poor probiotic persistence after enteral administration, increasing the risk of the probiotic bacteria causing bacteremia or sepsis if the intestines are already compromised. We previously showed that the effectiveness of Lactobacillus reuteri ( Lr) in preventing NEC is enhanced when Lr is grown as a biofilm on the surface of dextranomer microspheres (DM). Here we sought to test the efficacy of Lr administration by manipulating the Lr biofilm state with the addition of biofilm-promoting substances (sucrose and maltose) to DM or by mutating the Lr gtfW gene (encoding an enzyme central to biofilm production). Using an animal model of NEC, we determined that Lr adhered to sucrose- or maltose-loaded DM significantly reduced histologic injury, improved host survival, decreased intestinal permeability, reduced intestinal inflammation, and altered the gut microbiome compared with Lr adhered to unloaded DM. These effects were abolished when DM or GtfW were absent from the Lr inoculum. This demonstrates that a single dose of Lr in its biofilm state decreases NEC incidence. Importantly, preloading DM with sucrose or maltose further enhances Lr protection against NEC in a GtfW-dependent fashion, demonstrating the tunability of the approach and the potential to use other cargos to enhance future probiotic formulations. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Previous clinical trials of probiotics to prevent necrotizing enterocolitis have had variable results. In these studies, probiotics were delivered in their planktonic, free-living form. We have developed a novel probiotic delivery system in which Lactobacillus reuteri (Lr) is delivered in its biofilm state. In a model of experimental necrotizing enterocolitis, this formulation significantly reduces intestinal inflammation and permeability, improves survival, and preserves the natural gut microflora compared with the administration of Lr in its free-living form.

Probiotics for management of infantile colic: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials

INTRODUCTION

Infantile colic is a common pediatric problem. The cause of infantile colic remains unclear. Treatment options are limited. Evidence suggests that probiotics might offer some benefit. The aim of the study was to systematically assess the effectiveness of probiotics supplementation in the management of infantile colic.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

MEDLINE and the Cochrane Library were searched up to April 2016 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the efficacy of probiotics (any well-defined strain) compared with placebo for the management of infantile colic. The outcome measures of interest were treatment success and the duration of crying at the end of the intervention.

RESULTS

Seven RCTs (471 participants) were included. Compared with placebo the administration of Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 at a daily dose of 108 CFU was associated with the treatment success (relative risk = 1.67, 95% CI: 1.10-2.81, number needed to treat 5, 95% CI: 4-8) and reduced crying times at the end of the intervention (mean difference: -49 min, 95% CI: -66 to -33); however, the effect was mainly seen in exclusively breastfed infants. Other probiotics (single or in combinations) were studied in single trials only.

CONCLUSIONS

Some probiotics, primarily L. reuteri DSM 17938, may be considered for the management of infantile colic. Data on other probiotics are limited.

Lactation Stage-Dependency of the Sow Milk Microbiota

Breast milk is essential for the initial development of neonatal animals, as it provides not only essential nutrients and a broad range of bioactive compounds but also commensal bacteria. The milk microbiota contributes to the "initial" intestinal microbiota of infants and also plays a crucial role in modulating and influencing neonatal health. However, the milk microbiota of sows has yet to be systematically investigated. The goal of the present study was to characterize variations in bacterial diversity and composition in sow milk over the duration of lactation using a high-throughput sequencing approach. Milk samples (n = 160) were collected from 20 healthy sows at eight different time points, and microbial profiles were analyzed by 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequencing using the Illumina MiSeq platform. The composition and diversity of the milk microbiota changed significantly in colostrum but was relatively stable in transitional and mature milk. Firmicutes and Proteobacteria were the most dominant phyla in sow milk. The relative abundances of the two most dominant bacterial genera, Corynebacterium and Streptococcus, were significantly higher in colostrum than in transitional milk and mature milk samples, and the other four most dominant bacterial taxa (Lactobacillus, two unclassified genera in the families Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae, and an unclassified genus in the order Clostridiales) demonstrated higher relative abundances in transitional and mature milk than in colostrum. Membrane transport, amino acid metabolism and carbohydrate metabolism were the most abundant functional categories in sow milk communities. Microbial network analysis based on the predominant genera revealed that the abundance of Helcococcus was negatively correlated with the abundances of most other genera in sow milk. Our results are the first to systematically indicate that the sow milk microbiota is a dynamic ecosystem in which changes mainly occur in the colostrum and remain generally stable throughout lactation.

Randomised double blind placebo controlled trial on Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938: improvement in symptoms and bowel habit in functional constipation

Dysbiosis may contribute to constipation and its symptoms, therefore probiotic administration could improve significantly gut health and functions. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of a long-lasting administration of Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 (LR DSM 17938) on symptoms and quality of life (QoL) score in patients with functional constipation (FC). 56 FC patients with normal colonic transit time and without anorectal disorders and pelvic floor dysfunctions completed the study. LR DSM 17938 was administered for 105 days in a randomised double-blind clinical trial (28 patients per arm). Individual and cumulative scores including the Constipaq, a modified Constipation Scoring System (CSS) that considers the patient assessment of constipation-QoL (PAC-QoL), were calculated during the preliminary visit (V0), at day 15 (end of the induction period with a LR DSM 17938 double dosage, 4×108 cfu), day 60 (intermediate evaluation) and day 105 (V4) after a standard dosage (2×108 cfu). At the end of treatment, the beneficial effect of LR DSM 17938 compared to placebo was significantly evident for symptoms related to gas content and dysbiosis (abdominal discomfort, pain and bloating), incomplete defecation and helps for defecation (P<0.05). At the end of the whole LR DSM 17938 treatment, a marked and positive effect on both the CSS single and the cumulative items was evident with the exception of unfruitful attempt and Bristol score. Present findings indicate that LR DSM 17938 has an effect on symptoms different from stool consistency, and they suggest that this probiotic can effectively be used in association therapy rather than as single-drug therapy in the management of FC.

Adenosine A2A Receptor Deletion Blocks the Beneficial Effects of Lactobacillus reuteri in Regulatory T-Deficient Scurfy Mice

The lack of a functional Foxp3 transcription factor and regulatory T (Treg) cells causes lethal, CD4⁺ T cell-driven autoimmune diseases in scurfy (SF) mice and humans. Recent studies have shown that adenosine A_2A receptor activation limits inflammation and tissue damage, thereby playing an anti-inflammatory role. However, the role of the adenosine A_2A receptor in the development of disease in SF mice remains unclear. Using a genetic approach, we found that adenosine A_2A receptor deletion in SF mice (SF⋅A2A-/-) does not affect early life events, the development of a lymphoproliferative disorder, or hyper-production of pro-inflammatory cytokines seen in the Treg-deficiency state. As shown previously, Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 treatment prolonged survival and reduced multiorgan inflammation in SF mice. In marked contrast, A_2A receptor deletion completely blocked these beneficial effects of L. reuteri in SF mice. Altogether, these results suggest that although absence of the adenosine A_2A receptor does not affect the development of disease in SF mice, it plays a critical role in the immunomodulation by L. reuteri in Treg-deficiency disease. The adenosine A_2A receptor and its activation may have a role in treating other Treg dysfunction-mediated autoimmune diseases.

Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of pediatricians on infantile colic in the Middle East and North Africa region

Background

Regional evidence-based guidelines for the prophylaxis and management of infantile colic are not available for the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. The Allied Against Infantile Functional GI Disorders (ACT) Working Group was created in January, 2015 to determine the knowledge gaps and the current management practices of infantile colic by physicians in the MENA region. The ACT group determined the need for a survey to address these questions. The objectives of the survey were to highlight current clinical practices on the management of infantile colic and to raise awareness on colic severity in the MENA region.

Methods

The ACT working group developed the survey which included respondent characteristics and closed questions on practice in colic prevention. The survey was subject to validation and ethics committee approval in all countries.

Results

A total of 1628 physicians (mostly pediatricians (75.4%), neonatologists (2.4%) and general practitioners (19.8%)) responded to the survey. The 5 most represented countries were KSA (27.9%), Kuwait (22.1%), Morocco (13.8%), Lebanon (10.6%), and Iraq (7.4%). Most of the respondents (77.8%) practiced in governmental settings. A majority of respondents (91.7%) reported that colic is diagnosed predominantly by clinical examination. Above 63%, of pediatricians surveyed, believed that the colic prevalence rate was >40%, which is greater than the 20% rate reported in worldwide surveys. Yet, most of the responding physicians (73%) prefer to simply reassure parents rather than prescribe a therapeutic agent. Most physicians were either neutral (58%) or did not endorse (18.4%) colic prophylaxis. Of those who prescribed formulae for non-breastfed children, a majority (64.3%) chose “Comfort” formulae over hydrolyzed or lactose-free formulae or formulae with probiotics.

Conclusions

The results of this survey suggest that a substantial proportion of responding physicians from the selected MENA countries do not advocate for prophylaxis of colic. The findings of this survey suggest that more educational efforts are required to increase awareness of the strong body of evidence supporting the efficacy of probiotics in the prevention and management of infantile colic.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (10.1186/s12887-017-0939-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.