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Li Y, Cheng R, Liu XY, Mihaljica D, Cheng TY. The effect of feeding on different hosts on the egg proteins in Haemaphysalis qinghaiensis tick. Parasitol Res 2024; 123:197. [PMID: 38668762 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-024-08211-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
The majority of ixodid ticks display host-specificity to varying extents. Feeding on different hosts affects their development and reproduction. Consequences can be analyzed at the level of the egg, as it is the initial stage of tick development. Tick egg proteins are abundant and diverse, providing nutrients for embryonic development. However, studies on tick egg profiles are scarce. In this study, we aimed to analyze whether feeding Haemaphysalis qinghaiensis ticks on the yaks (Bos grunniens) and domestic sheep (Ovis aries) has an impact on the variety and variability of the egg proteome. Detached engorged females were used to lay eggs, which were then collected, dewaxed, and subjected to protein extraction. The extracted egg proteins were enzymatically digested using Filter-Aided Sample Preparation (FASP), and the unique peptides were separated and detected by Liquid Chromatography-tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The MS data were searched against the previously constructed whole tick transcriptome library of H. qinghaiensis, and the UniProt database for the identification of tick-derived egg proteins. The analysis revealed 49 and 53 high-confidence proteins identified in eggs collected from B. grunniens (EggBg) and O. aries (EggOa), respectively. Of these, 46 high-confidence proteins were common to both egg types, while three were unique to EggBg and seven to EggOa. All the identified proteins mainly belonged to enzymes, enzyme inhibitors, transporters, and proteins with unknown functions. The differential abundance analysis showed that nine proteins were significantly more present in EggBg, while six were significantly more present in EggOa. Overall, enzymes were the most diverse group, while vitellogenin (Vg) was the most abundant. Blood meal uptake on different hosts has a certain effect on the egg proteome composition and the abundance of some proteins, but it may also lead to compensation of protein roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Li
- Research Center for Parasites & Vectors, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Hunan Province 410128, Changsha, China
| | - Rong Cheng
- Research Center for Parasites & Vectors, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Hunan Province 410128, Changsha, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Liu
- Research Center for Parasites & Vectors, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Hunan Province 410128, Changsha, China
| | - Darko Mihaljica
- Group for Medical Entomology, Centre of Excellence for Food- and Vector-Borne Zoonoses, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Tian-Yin Cheng
- Research Center for Parasites & Vectors, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Hunan Province 410128, Changsha, China.
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Wu S, Meng J, Yu F, Zhou C, Yang B, Chen X, Yang G, Sun Y, Cao W, Jiang J, Wu J, Zhan L. Molecular epidemiological investigation of piroplasms carried by pet cats and dogs in an animal hospital in Guiyang, China. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1266583. [PMID: 37901826 PMCID: PMC10602747 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1266583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Piroplasmosis is a zoonotic disease mainly caused by the Babesia and Theileria parasites. Piroplasmosis is often a subclinical infection in dogs and cats that is difficult to detect and is often suspected when clinical signs such as anemia are present. It has been reported to be prevalent in China. However, molecular evidence of the disease has not been reported in pet dogs and cats in Guiyang. In this study, we collected 307 anticoagulated blood samples from an animal hospital in the Wudang District of Guiyang during the period March 2021 to November 2021 and extracted DNA from the samples. The 18S rDNA gene was amplified using PCR, and the positive amplification product was sequenced. The sequences were then analyzed for homology and phylogeny. Of the 307 samples collected, 164 were feline and 143 were canine, with a total of 23 amplifying a target band of approximately 400 bp. The percentage of positives of piroplasms infection in pet cats was 4.27% (7/164), with the pathogens being T. uilenbergi (3) and T. luwenshuni (4). One Colpodella sp. and two undetermined species were also detected in the cat samples. The percentage of positives of piroplasms infection in pet dogs was 7.69% (11/143), with the pathogen being T. uilenbergi (11). One Colpodella sp. was also detected in the dog samples. The results confirmed that T. uilenbergi and T. luwenshuni are prevalent in pet cats and dogs in this area. In addition, the study found a rare zoonotic pathogen, Colpodella sp., in cats and dogs. Therefore, this study is expected to serve as a valuable reference for decision-making regarding animal health management and public health work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengchun Wu
- School of Public Health, The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jiao Meng
- School of Public Health, The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Fuxun Yu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Immune-related Diseases, Guizhou Provincial People’s Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Caomin Zhou
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Guizhou Provincial People’s Hospital, Guizhou Provincial Institute of Nephritic and Urinary Disease, Guiyang, China
| | - Bin Yang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Immune-related Diseases, Guizhou Provincial People’s Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Xingxing Chen
- NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Immune-related Diseases, Guizhou Provincial People’s Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Guanghong Yang
- Guizhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang, China
| | - Yi Sun
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wuchun Cao
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiafu Jiang
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiahong Wu
- School of Public Health, The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Lin Zhan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Immune-related Diseases, Guizhou Provincial People’s Hospital, Guiyang, China
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Herb H, González J, Ferreira FC, Fonseca DM. Multiple piroplasm parasites (Apicomplexa: Piroplasmida) in northeastern populations of the invasive Asian longhorned tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis Neumann (Ixodida: Ixodidae), in the United States. Parasitology 2023; 150:1063-1069. [PMID: 37791496 PMCID: PMC10801381 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182023000914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Piroplasms, which include the agents of cattle fever and human and dog babesiosis, are a diverse group of blood parasites of significant veterinary and medical importance. The invasive Asian longhorned tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis, is a known vector of piroplasms in its native range in East Asia and invasive range in Australasia. In the USA, H. longicornis has been associated with Theileria orientalis Ikeda outbreaks that caused cattle mortality. To survey invasive populations of H. longicornis for a broad range of piroplasms, 667 questing H. longicornis collected in 2021 from 3 sites in New Jersey, USA, were tested with generalist piroplasm primers targeting the 18S small subunit rRNA (395–515 bp, depending on species) and the cytochrome b oxidase loci (1009 bp). Sequences matching Theileria cervi type F (1 adult, 5 nymphs), an unidentified Theileria species (in 1 nymph), an undescribed Babesia sensu stricto (‘true’ Babesia, 2 adults, 2 nymphs), a Babesia sp. Coco (also a ‘true Babesia’, 1 adult, 1 nymph), as well as Babesia microti S837 (1 adult, 4 nymphs) were recovered. Babesia microti S837 is closely related to the human pathogen B. microti US-type. Additionally, a 132 bp sequence matching the cytochrome b locus of deer, Odocoileus virginanus, was obtained from 2 partially engorged H. longicornis. The diverse assemblage of piroplasms now associated with H. longicornis in the USA spans 3 clades in the piroplasm phylogeny and raises concerns of transmission amplification of veterinary pathogens as well as spillover of pathogens from wildlife to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Herb
- Center for Vector Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Julia González
- Center for Vector Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | | | - Dina M. Fonseca
- Center for Vector Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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4
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Cao YY, Xiao SW, Yang F, Liu XY, Lu H, Zhang JC, Hu YH. Molecular characterization and immune efficacy of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase from Haemaphysalis longicornis (Acari: Ixodidae). Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:169. [PMID: 37231514 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05794-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ticks are obligate hematophagous ectoparasites that transmit a variety of pathogens to humans, wildlife and domestic animals. Vaccination is an effective and environmentally friendly method for tick control. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (FBA) is an important glycometabolism enzyme that is a candidate vaccine against parasites. However, the immune protection of FBA in ticks is unclear. METHODS AND RESULTS: The 1092-bp open reading frame (ORF) of FBA from Haemaphysalis longicornis (HlFBA), encoding a 363-amino acid protein, was cloned using PCR methodology. The prokaryotic expression vector pET32a(+)-HlFBA was constructed and transformed into cells of Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) strain for protein expression. The recombinant HlFBA protein (rHlFBA) was purified by affinity chromatography, and the western blot results suggested that the rHlFBA protein was immunogenic. RESULTS Results of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed that rabbits immunized with rHlFBA produced a humoral immune response specific to rHlFBA. A tick infestation trial indicated that, compared to the ticks in the histidine-tagged thioredoxin (Trx) group, the engorged tick weight and oviposition of female ticks and egg hatching rate of those in the rHlFBA group was reduced by 22.6%, 45.6% and 24.1%, respectively. Based on the cumulative effect of the these three parameters, the overall immune efficacy of rHlFBA was estimated to be 68.4%. CONCLUSIONS FBA is a candidate anti-tick vaccine that can significantly reduce the engorged tick weight, oviposition, and egg hatching rate. The use of enzymes involved in glucose metabolism is a new strategy in the development of anti-tick vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Cao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environment, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Shu-Wen Xiao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environment, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Feng Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environment, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Xiao-Ya Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environment, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Hui Lu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environment, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Jin-Cheng Zhang
- Shijiazhuang Post and Telecommunication Technical College, Shijiazhuang, 050021, China
| | - Yong-Hong Hu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environment, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China.
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Agwunobi DO, Wang N, Huang L, Zhang Y, Chang G, Wang K, Li M, Wang H, Liu J. Phosphoproteomic Analysis of Haemaphysalis longicornis Saliva Reveals the Influential Contributions of Phosphoproteins to Blood-Feeding Success. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:769026. [PMID: 35118006 PMCID: PMC8804221 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.769026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tick saliva, an essential chemical secretion of the tick salivary gland, is indispensable for tick survival owing to the physiological influence it exerts on the host defence mechanisms via the instrumentality of its cocktail of pharmacologically active molecules (proteins and peptides). Much research about tick salivary proteome has been performed, but how most of the individual salivary proteins are utilized by ticks to facilitate blood acquisition and pathogen transmission is not yet fully understood. In addition, the phosphorylation of some proteins plays a decisive role in their function. However, due to the low phosphorylation level of protein, especially for a small amount of protein, it is more difficult to study phosphorylation. Maybe, for this reason, the scarcity of works on the phosphorylated tick salivary proteomes still abound. Here, we performed a phosphoproteomic analysis of Haemaphysalis longicornis tick saliva via TiO2 enrichment and the most advanced Thermo Fisher Orbitrap Exploris 480 mass spectrometer for identification. A total of 262 phosphorylated tick saliva proteins were identified and were subjected to functional annotation/enrichment analysis. Cellular and metabolic process terms accounted for the largest proportion of the saliva proteins, with the participation of these proteins in vital intracellular and extracellular transport-oriented processes such as vesicle-mediated transport, exocytic process, cell adhesion, and movement of cell/subcellular component. “Endocytosis”, “Protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum”, and “Purine metabolism” were the most significantly enriched pathways. The knockdown (RNAi) of Tudor domain-containing protein (TCP), actin-depolymerizing factors (ADF), programmed cell death protein (PD), and serine/threonine-protein kinase (SPK) resulted in the dissociation of collagen fibers and the pilosebaceous unit, increased inflammatory infiltrates/granulocytes (possibly heterophiles), and the depletion of the epithelium. Ticks injected with SPK dsRNA engorged normally but with a change in skin colour (possibly an autoimmune reaction) and the failure to produce eggs pointing to a possible role of SPK in reproduction and host immune modulation. Ticks injected with ADF dsRNA failed to acquire blood, underscoring the role of ADF in facilitating tick feeding. The results of this study showed the presence of phosphorylation in tick saliva and highlight the roles of salivary phosphoproteins in facilitating tick feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desmond O. Agwunobi
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ningmei Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lei Huang
- Hebei Xiaowutai Mountain National Nature Reserve Management Center, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Yefei Zhang
- Hebei Xiaowutai Mountain National Nature Reserve Management Center, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Guomin Chang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Kuang Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Mengxue Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
- *Correspondence: Jingze Liu, ; Hui Wang,
| | - Jingze Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
- *Correspondence: Jingze Liu, ; Hui Wang,
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6
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Yan Y, Cui Y, Zhao S, Jing J, Shi K, Jian F, Zhang L, Wang R, Wang K, Zhou Y, Ning C. Development of a duplex PCR assay for detecting Theileria luwenshuni and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in sheep and goats. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2021; 85:319-330. [PMID: 34591210 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-021-00662-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Coinfections with the tick-borne pathogens Theileria luwenshuni and Anaplasma phagocytophilum can cause significant economic losses in sheep and goat farming. The difficulty in detecting these two pathogens by microscopic examination warrants the development of a rapid detection test to discriminate them. In this study, a duplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was developed to simultaneously detect T. luwenshuni and A. phagocytophilum. Alignment of the sequences from related pathogens allowed us to design a primer pair targeting the 18S ribosomal RNA gene in T. luwenshuni and generate a target product of 962 bp, whereas a previously reported species-specific primer (SSAP2f/SSAP2r) for A. phagocytophilum was used in the same reaction to generate a product of 641 bp. Genomic DNA from T. luwenshuni and A. phagocytophilum was 10-fold serially diluted for testing PCR sensitivity. Under the optimal PCR conditions we established, the lower limit of detection of the assay was 29.13 fg/μL for T. luwenshuni and 1.53 fg/μL for A. phagocytophilum, and PCR primers used in this study were confirmed to be 100% species-specific using other hemoparasites previously identified by other methods. No significant difference was found between conventional and duplex PCR protocols used to detect the two species. Our study provides an effective, sensitive, specific, and accurate tool for the diagnosis and epidemiological surveillance of mixed infections of the two pathogens in sheep and goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqun Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No.15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong, District, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
| | - Yanyan Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No.15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong, District, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
- School of Biotechnology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, 476000, China
| | - Shanshan Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No.15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong, District, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
| | - Jichun Jing
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No.15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong, District, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
| | - Ke Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No.15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong, District, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
| | - Fuchun Jian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No.15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong, District, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
| | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No.15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong, District, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
| | - Rongjun Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No.15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong, District, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
| | - Kunlun Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No.15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong, District, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
| | - Yongchun Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No.15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong, District, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
| | - Changshen Ning
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No.15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong, District, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China.
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Al-Hosary AA, ElSify A, Salama AA, Nayel M, Elkhtam A, Elmajdoub LO, Rizk MA, Hawash MM, Al-Wabel MA, Almuzaini AM, Ahmed LSED, Paramasivam A, Mickymaray S, Omar MA. Phylogenetic study of Theileria ovis and Theileria lestoquardi in sheep from Egypt: Molecular evidence and genetic characterization. Vet World 2021; 14:634-639. [PMID: 33935408 PMCID: PMC8076446 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.634-639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Ovine theileriosis caused by Theileria ovis and Theileria lestoquardi is an important infectious disease affecting small ruminants in regions of the tropic and subtropic zones. There is limited studies about ovine theileriosis in Egypt; so the present study aims to assess the occurrence of ovine theileriosis in Egypt at the molecular level. Materials and Methods Blood samples were collected from 115 randomly selected sheep, which were apparently healthy; the ages of the sampled sheep ranged from 1 to 5 years old, from a local breed (barkae and balade), and showed no symptoms indicating infection with Theileria spp. The study was conducted in three governorates representing Lower Egypt (Menoufia and Beheira) and Upper Egypt (El-Wady El-Geded). All blood samples were subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and semi-nested PCR to target Theileria spp. 18S rRNA genes. Positive samples were sequenced, and these sequences were analyzed using nucleotidebasic local alignment search tool (BLAST). Results Six animals (5.22%) were PCR-positive carriers for ovine theileriosis. Nucleotide BLAST and phylogenetic analyses of the six obtained sequences showed that T. ovis was present in five animals (4.37%) in Menoufia (n=2) and El-Wady El-Geded (n=3), whereas T. lestoquardi was detected in 1 animal (0.87%) in El-Wady El-Geded. Conclusion This study is the first to provide molecular evidence, genetic characterization, and phylogenetic analysis of ovine Theileria spp. in Egypt. Specifically, T. lestoquardi and T. ovis carrier statuses of sheep were confirmed. These results highlight the importance of developing an effective control strategy against ovine theileriosis carriers that might develop and/or spread theileriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Adel Al-Hosary
- Department of Animal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
| | - Ahmed ElSify
- Department of Animal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City 32897, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Akram A Salama
- Department of Animal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City 32897, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Nayel
- Department of Animal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City 32897, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Elkhtam
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Menoufia 32897, Egypt
| | | | - Mohamed Abdo Rizk
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Manal Mohammed Hawash
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Gerontological Nursing, College of Nursing, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Mohammad Ali Al-Wabel
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, 51452 Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz M Almuzaini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, 51452 Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Laila Salah El-Din Ahmed
- Department of Animal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
| | - Anand Paramasivam
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Dentistry, Al-Zulfi, Majmaah University, Majmaah 11952, Riyadh Region, Saudi Arabia
| | - Suresh Mickymaray
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Al-Zulfi, Majmaah University, Majmaah 11952, Riyadh Region, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mosaab A Omar
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, 51452 Qassim, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, south valley university, Qena 83523, Egypt
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8
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Niaz S, Ur Rahman Z, Ali I, Cossío-Bayúgar R, Amaro-Estrada I, Alanazi AD, Khattak I, Zeb J, Nasreen N, Khan A. Molecular prevalence, characterization and associated risk factors of Anaplasma spp. and Theileria spp. in small ruminants in Northern Pakistan. Parasite 2021; 28:3. [PMID: 33416491 PMCID: PMC7792498 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2020075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted in four districts (Malakand, Swat, Bajaur and Shangla) of Northern Pakistan to investigate the prevalence, associated risk factors and phylogenetic analyses of Theileria and Anaplasma species in small ruminants. A total of 800 blood samples, 200 from each district, were collected from apparently healthy animals. PCR assays were performed using generic primers for Anaplasma spp. and Theileria spp. as well as species specific primers for A. ovis and T. ovis. Overall infection prevalence was 361/800 (45.1%). Theileria spp. infection prevalence (187/800, 23.3%) was higher than Anaplasma spp. (174/800, 21.7%). Amplified partial 18S rRNA genes were sequenced and enrolled animals were found to be infected by T. ovis (115/800, 14.3%), and at least two more Theileria species (72/800, 9%) were present (T. lestoquardi and T. annulata). All blood samples that were found to be positive for Anaplasma spp. were also positive for A. ovis. Infection prevalence was higher in sheep (227/361, 28.3%) compared to goats (134/361, 16.6%) (p < 0.005). Univariable analysis of risk factors showed that host, age, grazing system and acaricide treatment were significant determinants (p < 0.05) for both Theileria and Anaplasma infections. Multivariable analysis revealed that host, sex, age, tick infestation and grazing system were significant risk factors (p < 0.005) for both pathogens. Phylogenetic analysis revealed variants among the A. ovis and T. annulata samples analysed, indicating that different genotypes are circulating in the field while T. ovis presented the same genotype for the samples analysed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadaf Niaz
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan Toru Road, Sheikh Maltoon Town 23200 Mardan Pakistan
| | - Zia Ur Rahman
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan Toru Road, Sheikh Maltoon Town 23200 Mardan Pakistan
| | - Ijaz Ali
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan Toru Road, Sheikh Maltoon Town 23200 Mardan Pakistan
| | - Raquel Cossío-Bayúgar
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales Agrícolas y Pecuarias INIFAP, Carr. Fed. Cuernavaca-Cuautla No. 8534 Jiutepec 62550 Morelos México
| | - Itzel Amaro-Estrada
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales Agrícolas y Pecuarias INIFAP, Carr. Fed. Cuernavaca-Cuautla No. 8534 Jiutepec 62550 Morelos México
| | - Abdullah D. Alanazi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Humanities, Shaqra University P.O. Box 1040 11911 Ad-Dawadimi Saudi Arabia
| | - Irfan Khattak
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan Toru Road, Sheikh Maltoon Town 23200 Mardan Pakistan
| | - Jehan Zeb
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan Toru Road, Sheikh Maltoon Town 23200 Mardan Pakistan
| | - Nasreen Nasreen
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan Toru Road, Sheikh Maltoon Town 23200 Mardan Pakistan
| | - Adil Khan
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan Toru Road, Sheikh Maltoon Town 23200 Mardan Pakistan
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Li Y, Galon EM, Guo Q, Rizk MA, Moumouni PFA, Liu M, Li J, Ji S, Chahan B, Xuan X. Molecular Detection and Identification of Babesia spp., Theileria spp., and Anaplasma spp. in Sheep From Border Regions, Northwestern China. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:630. [PMID: 33195501 PMCID: PMC7526627 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Babesia, Theileria, and Anaplasma are important causative agents of tick-borne diseases that severely affect sheep. However, there is paucity in the occurrence genetic diversity of the infections of tick-borne diseases in sheep in border regions, northwestern China. In this study, nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR) assays and gene sequencing were used to identify tick-borne Babesia spp., Theileria spp., and Anaplasma spp. infections in border regions, northwestern China. Out of 323 samples tested in this study, 225 (69.7%) sheep were infected with Babesia spp., Theileria spp., and Anaplasma spp. Two hundred six (63.8%), 60 (18.6%), 54 (16.7%), 51 (15.8%), 32 (9.9%), 19 (5.9%), and 16 (5.0%) were positive for A. ovis, B. motasi-like, A. bovis, T. uilenbergi, A. phagocytophilum, T. luwenshuni, and B. motasi-like Xinjiang, respectively. The most common dual infection was with A. ovis and B. motasi-like while the most frequent triple coinfection was A. ovis, B. motasi-like, and T. uilenbergi with coinfection rates of 17.0% (55/323) and 5.0% (16/323), respectively. Sequencing analysis indicated that A. ovis MSP4, A. phagocytophilum epank1, A. bovis 16S rRNA, B. motasi-like rap1-b, B. motasi-like Xinjiang rap1-a, T. luwenshuni 18S rRNA, and T. uilenbergi 18S rRNA from border regions, northwestern China, showed 99–100% identity with documented isolates from other countries. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of T. uilenbergi and T. luwenshuni infections of sheep in border regions, northwestern China. Furthermore, these findings provide important data for understanding the distribution of Babesia, Theileria, and Anaplasma in sheep between border countries and China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchang Li
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
| | - Eloiza May Galon
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
| | - Qingyong Guo
- Parasitology Laboratory, Veterinary College, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Mohamed Abdo Rizk
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan.,Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Paul Franck Adjou Moumouni
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
| | - Mingming Liu
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
| | - Jixu Li
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
| | - Shengwei Ji
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
| | - Bayin Chahan
- Parasitology Laboratory, Veterinary College, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Xuenan Xuan
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
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10
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Hao L, Yuan D, Guo L, Hou W, Mo X, Yin J, Yang A, Li R. Molecular detection of Bartonella in ixodid ticks collected from yaks and plateau pikas (Ochotona curzoniae) in Shiqu County, China. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:235. [PMID: 32646425 PMCID: PMC7346470 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02452-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bartonella bacteria have been associated with an increasingly wide range of human and animal diseases. These emerging pathogens have been identified as being globally dispersed. Ticks and small rodents are known hosts of Bartonella and play a significant role in the preservation and circulation of Bartonella in nature. This study investigated the occurrence of hoist spp. in ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) and plateau pikas (Ochotona curzoniae) in Shiqu County, which is located on the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in China. Shiqu County is spread over approximately 26,000 km2, with an average altitude of above 4200 m and a vast area of pastureland. Results A total of 818 ticks (Dermacentor everestianus, 79.0%, 646/818; Haemaphysalis qinghaiensis, 21.0%, 172/818) were collected from yaks in 4 villages of Shiqu County. Only Bartonella melophagi was detected in tick samples, with a total prevalence of 30.1% (246/818). The infection rates of B. melophagi in ticks from Arizha, Maga, Derongma, and Changxgma were 4.8, 76.8, 12.5, and 18.0%, respectively. The infection rate of B. melophagi in Maga was higher (p < 0.01) than those in other villages. Regarding plateau pikas, the total infection rate of Bartonella spp. was 21.7% (62/286), with 16.7% (12/72), 30.9% (25/81), 13.8% (9/65), and 23.5% (16/68) in Arizha, Maga, Derongma, and Changxgma, respectively. Finally, B. queenslandensis and B. grahamii were detected in plateau pika. No significant difference was observed (p > 0.05) in the infection rates between these study sites. Conclusion To date, only D. everestianus and H. qinghaiensis were found in Shiqu County with high infection of Bartonella spp. in the ticks and plateau pika. The threats of Bartonella species to public health should be closely monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Hao
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest Minzhu University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Dongbo Yuan
- Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention in Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Li Guo
- Sichuan Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Wei Hou
- Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention in Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xi Mo
- Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention in Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jie Yin
- Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention in Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Aiguo Yang
- Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention in Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Rui Li
- Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Hangzhou, 310021, China.
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11
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Molecular Survey and Genetic Diversity of Babesia spp. and Theileria spp. in Cattle in Gansu Province, China. Acta Parasitol 2020; 65:422-429. [PMID: 32077037 DOI: 10.2478/s11686-020-00179-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Babesia spp. and Theileria spp. are tick-borne pathogens of livestock globally. In this study, we investigated the presence and distribution of these pathogens in cattle from 20 locations in 4 Counties of Wuwei City. The aim of the present research was to evaluate the spread of piroplasms, so as to provide the epidemiological information for control piroplasmosis in the region. METHODS The authors provided the molecular data for Babesia spp. and Theileria spp. and analyzed the obtained sequences of the 18S rRNA gene, Tams1 gene and MPSP gene by using the ClustalW program in MEGA version 6.06 software and BLASTn tool of NCBI GenBank database. RESULTS The total infection rates were detected by nPCR with 1.8% for T. orientalis, 3% for T. sinensis, 0.6% for T. annulata, 1.8% for B. motasi and 0.6% for B. bigemina. CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report investigating T. sinensis from cattle by PCR in Wuwei City. In particular, ovine B. motasi has been for the first time detected in cattle in our study and its impact is worth discussing to figure out the potential reasons.
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12
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Yu ZQ, Song JK, Zhang HJ, Liu TL, Fan XC, Zhao GH. MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF THEILERIA SPP. IN GOATS FROM SHAANXI PROVINCE, NORTHWESTERN CHINA. J Parasitol 2018; 104:726-731. [PMID: 30106337 DOI: 10.1645/18-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Theileriosis is an important tick-borne pathogen of livestock globally, causing severe reduction of livestock productivity and economic loss. To systematically investigate the prevalence and species of Theileria spp. in goats from Shaanxi province, a total of 509 blood samples were collected from dairy, cashmere and meat goats from 7 counties, and examined by using the microscopic examination and the nested PCR targeting the SSU rRNA gene. Of them, 268 (52.7%, 268/509) were positive for Theileria infection. The prevalence was closely associated with ages and production categories. The highest infection was found in meat goats of 7 to 12-months, and lowest was detected in cashmere goats of 3 to 6 months. Sequence analysis indicated the presence of 2 Theileria species, with Theileria luwenshuni as the prevalent species and the first report of Theileria sp. OT3 in goats in China. These findings indicated the wide distribution of Theileria spp. in goats of Shaanxi province, and would shed new light on the distribution of this parasite in China.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Guang-Hui Zhao
- * College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University
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13
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Wang J, Yang J, Liu J, Wang X, Xu J, Liu A, Li Y, Liu Z, Ren Q, Luo J, Guan G, Yin H. Molecular detection and genetic diversity of Theileria orientalis in cattle in China. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:3689-3694. [PMID: 30056555 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-6023-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The apicomplexan parasite Theileria orientalis is a tick-borne intracellular protozoan parasite that is widely distributed throughout China. It causes bovine theileriosis in infected cattle, which results in huge economic losses to the cattle industry. In this study, the infection status of T. orientalis was determined in 260 blood samples from cattle from seven provinces across China. Results of a major piroplasm surface protein (MPSP)-PCR assay revealed that an average of 36.5% (95/260) of cattle was positive for T. orientalis infection. Based on the MPSP gene sequences, phylogenetic analysis revealed that these isolates of T. orientalis comprised of eight MPSP types, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, N1, and N2. This is the first report of new T. orientalis MPSP genotypes N1 and N2 in cattle in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jifei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Junlong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianlin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Aihong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Youquan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiaoyun Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianxun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Guiquan Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hong Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China. .,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.
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14
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Song R, Wang Q, Guo F, Liu X, Song S, Chen C, Tu C, Wureli H, Wang Y. Detection of Babesia spp., Theileria spp. and Anaplasma ovis in Border Regions, northwestern China. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65:1537-1544. [PMID: 29932497 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Babesia spp., Theileria spp. and Anaplasma ovis are important intracellular agents that are transmitted by tick bites. However, Babesia spp., Theileria spp. and A. ovis in ticks have not been systematically reported along the border of northwestern China. In this study, a total of 1,084 adult ticks, including 134 Haemaphysalis punctata, 337 Hyalomma asiaticum, 233 Dermacentor nuttalli, 69 Rhipicephalus turanicus and 265 Dermacentor marginatus were collected from 11 counties or cities of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. The ticks were identified from morphological and molecular characteristics. Two fragments of 18S rRNA gene were used to determine the species level of Babesia and Theileria. Msp4 gene encoding major surface protein 4 was used to determine A. ovis. Of the 1,084 samples, five species of Babesia (B. occultans, B. caballi, B. motasi, B. major and Babesia sp. detected in this study), two kinds of Theileria (Theileria ovis and Theileria sp. detected in this study) and A. ovis with six phylogenic branches were detected in the border of northwestern China. Babesia occultans, first found in China, was first molecularly detected in D. nuttalli. Babesia caballi and Babesia sp. detected in this study were first molecularly detected in Hy. asiaticum. Genotype III of A. ovis was predominant in the border regions of northwestern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Song
- School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Q Wang
- School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - F Guo
- School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - X Liu
- School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - S Song
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - C Chen
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - C Tu
- Institue of Veterinary Sciences, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Jilin, Changchun, China
| | - H Wureli
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Y Wang
- School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
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15
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Impact of Subolesin and Cystatin Knockdown by RNA Interference in Adult Female Haemaphysalis longicornis (Acari: Ixodidae) on Blood Engorgement and Reproduction. INSECTS 2018; 9:insects9020039. [PMID: 29614797 PMCID: PMC6023342 DOI: 10.3390/insects9020039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Currently, multi-antigenic vaccine use is the method of choice for the strategic control of ticks. Therefore, determining the efficacy of combined antigens is a promising avenue of research in the development of anti-tick vaccines. The antigen responsible for blood intake and reproduction has proven suitable as a vaccine antigen. It has been shown to silence Haemaphysalis longicornis salivary cystatin (HlSC-1) and subolesin by RNA interference. Adult unfed female ticks were injected with double-stranded RNA of (A) subolesin, (B) cystatin, (C) subolesin plus cystatin, and (D) injection buffer, then fed alongside normal unfed males up to spontaneous drop-down. The percentage of knockdowns was determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Sixty-three percent and 53% knockdown rates were observed in subolesin and cystatin double-stranded RNA-injected ticks respectively, while 32 and 26% knockdown rates of subolesin and cystatin transcript were observed in subolesin plus cystatin double-stranded RNA-injected ticks. Subolesin and/or cystatin knockdown causes a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in tick engorgement, egg mass weight, and egg conversion ratio. Most importantly, combined silencing did not act synergistically, but caused a similarly significant (p < 0.05) reduction in tick engorgement, egg mass weight, and egg conversion ratio. Therefore, the elucidation of multiple antigens may be helpful in the future of vaccines.
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Li Q, Han Y, Liu Z, Liu J, Liu A, Li Y, Guan G, Luo J, Yin H, Li Y. Serosurvey of ovine and caprine theileriosis with ELISA in China. Small Rumin Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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Abdallah MO, Niu Q, Yang J, Hassan MA, Yu P, Guan G, Chen Z, Liu G, Luo J, Yin H. Identification of 12 Piroplasms Infecting Ten Tick Species in China Using Reverse Line Blot Hybridization. J Parasitol 2017; 103:221-227. [DOI: 10.1645/16-161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mirza Omar Abdallah
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, P. R. China. Correspondence should be sent to Hong Yin at:
| | - Qingli Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, P. R. China. Correspondence should be sent to Hong Yin at:
| | - Jifei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, P. R. China. Correspondence should be sent to Hong Yin at:
| | - Muhammad Adeel Hassan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, P. R. China. Correspondence should be sent to Hong Yin at:
| | - Peifa Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, P. R. China. Correspondence should be sent to Hong Yin at:
| | - Guiquan Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, P. R. China. Correspondence should be sent to Hong Yin at:
| | - Ze Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, P. R. China. Correspondence should be sent to Hong Yin at:
| | - Guangyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, P. R. China. Correspondence should be sent to Hong Yin at:
| | - Jianxun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, P. R. China. Correspondence should be sent to Hong Yin at:
| | - Hong Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, P. R. China. Correspondence should be sent to Hong Yin at:
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Li Y, Liu Z, Liu J, Yang J, Li Q, Guo P, Guan G, Liu G, Luo J, Yin H, Li Y. Seroprevalence of bovine theileriosis in northern China. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:591. [PMID: 27863521 PMCID: PMC5116182 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1882-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bovine theileriosis is a common disease transmitted by ticks, and can cause loss of beef and dairy cattle worldwide. Here, an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA) based on Theileria luwenshuni surface protein (TlSP) was developed and used to carry out a seroepidemiological survey of bovine theileriosis in northern China. Methods We used the BugBuster Ni-NTA His•Bind Purification Kit to purify recombinant TlSP (rTlSP), which was subsequently analyzed by Western Blotting to evaluate cross-reactivity with other pathogen-positive sera. The iELISA method based on rTlSP was successfully developed. Sera from 2005 blood samples were tested with the rTlSP-iELISA method, and blood smears from these samples were observed by microscopy. Results The specificity of iELISA was 98.9%, the sensitivity was 98.5%, and the cut-off was selected as 24.6%. Western Blot analysis of rTlSP confirmed that there were cross-reactions with Theileria luwenshuni, Theileria uilenbergi, Theileria ovis, Theileria annulata, Theileria orientalis and Theileria sinensis. The epidemiological survey showed that the highest positive rate of bovine theileriosis was 98.3%, the lowest rate was 84.1%, and the average positive rate was 95.4% by iELISA. With microscopy, the highest positive rate was 38.9%, the lowest rate was 5.1%, and the relative average positive rate was 13.7%. Conclusions An rTlSP-iELISA was developed to detect circulating antibodies against bovine Theileria in northern China. This is the first report on the seroprevalence of bovine theileriosis in northern China, and it also provides seroepidemiological data on bovine theileriosis in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqiong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Junlong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Jifei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengfei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Guiquan Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianxun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hong Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, People's Republic of China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Youquan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, People's Republic of China.
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Zhang X, Li Y, Chen Z, Liu Z, Ren Q, Yang J, Zhu X, Guan G, Liu A, Luo J, Yin H. Comparative proteomic and bioinformatic analysis of Theileria luwenshuni and Theileria uilenbergi. Exp Parasitol 2016; 166:51-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2016.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Rjeibi MR, Darghouth MA, Gharbi M. Prevalence of Theileria and Babesia species in Tunisian sheep. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 83:a1040. [PMID: 27247070 PMCID: PMC6238706 DOI: 10.4102/ojvr.v83i1.1040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the prevalence of Theileria and Babesia species in sheep was assessed with Giemsa-stained blood smear examination and polymerase chain reaction to identify the different piroplasms in 270 sheep from three Tunisian bioclimatic zones (north, centre, and south). The overall infection prevalence by Babesia spp. and Theileria spp. in Giemsa-stained blood smears was 2.9% (8/270) and 4.8% (13/270) respectively. The molecular results showed that sheep were more often infected by Theileria ovis than Babesia ovis with an overall prevalence of 16.3% (44/270) and 7.8% (21/270) respectively (p = 0.01). The molecular prevalence by Babesia ovis was significantly higher in females than in males (p < 0.05). According to localities B. ovis was found exclusively in sheep from the centre of Tunisia (Kairouan) whereas Theileria ovis was found in all regions. Infections with T. ovis and B. ovis were confirmed by sequencing. The sequence of T. ovis in this study (accession numbers KM924442) falls into the same clade as T. ovis deposited in GenBank. The T. ovis amplicons (KM924442) showed 99%–100% identities with GenBank sequences. Moreover, comparison of the partial sequences of 18S rRNA gene of B. ovis described in this study (KP670199) revealed 99.4% similarity with B. ovis recently reported in northern Tunisia from sheep and goats. Three nucleotides were different at positions 73 (A/T), 417 (A/T), and 420 (G/T). It also had 99% identity with B. ovis from Spain, Turkey and Iraq. The results suggest a high T. ovis prevalence in Tunisia with a decreasing north-south gradient. This could be correlated to the vector tick distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed R Rjeibi
- Institution of Agricultural Research and Higher Education, Laboratory of Parasitology, National School of Veterinary Medicine, Manouba University, Tunisia; Department of Biology, Carthage University, Tunisia.
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He H, Li Y, Liu J, Liu Z, Yang J, Liu A, Chen Z, Ren Q, Guan G, Liu G, Luo J, Yin H. An indirect ELISA for detection of Theileria spp. antibodies using a recombinant protein (rTlSP) from Theileria luwenshuni. Exp Parasitol 2016; 166:89-93. [PMID: 27048941 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2016.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Theileria is a tick-borne, intracellular protozoan parasite of worldwide economic and veterinary importance in small ruminants. Here, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed based on Theileria luwenshuni recombinant surface protein (rTlSP) and was used in the standardization and validation of an ELISA for the detection of circulating antibodies against ovine and caprine theileriosis. A total of 233 sera samples were used for the calculation of the cut-off value which served as a threshold between the positive and the negative sera. When the positive threshold was chosen as 19% of the specific mean antibody rate, the specificity was 97.9%, and the sensitivity was 97.1%. There was a cross-reaction with sera against Theileria uilenbergi and Theileria ovis, and no cross-reaction with sera against Babesia spp. in the ELISA and Western blotting. Two hundred forty samples collected from sheep in Gansu province were detected with blood smears and ELISA, respectively. The results showed that the positive rate of Theileria infection in Gansu province were 63.75% with rTlSP-ELISA, and 46.67% with blood smears, respectively. Our test proved that the rTlSP ELISA is suitable to diagnose Theileria infection and could be used in serological surveys to map out the prevalence of ovine and caprine theileriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haining He
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, PR China
| | - Youquan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, PR China.
| | - Junlong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, PR China
| | - Zhijie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, PR China
| | - Jifei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, PR China
| | - Aihong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, PR China
| | - Ze Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, PR China
| | - Qiaoyun Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, PR China
| | - Guiquan Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, PR China
| | - Guangyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, PR China
| | - Jianxun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, PR China
| | - Hong Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China
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Identification of piroplasm infection in questing ticks by RLB: a broad range extension of tick-borne piroplasm in China? Parasitol Res 2016; 115:2035-44. [PMID: 26896077 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-4947-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Sensitive and specific diagnostic method for rapid and simultaneous detection and discrimination of the different species is needed for an effective control of piroplasmosis. Here, a reverse line blot (RLB) assay was developed for piroplasm detection. A general pair of primer based on 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene was used to amplify V4 region of 18S rRNA gene. General and specific probes for 13 piroplasm species were cited from previous publications or designed according to the alignment of 18S rRNA gene sequences. For sensitivity test of RLB assay, serially diluted plasmids of the different species were used to access the sensitivity of the RLB. Four hundred and fifty tick samples collected from grass from different provinces of China were then detected. The result indicated that the RLB assay is highly specific and sensitive, detecting up to 10(2) copies/μl of recombinant plasmid DNA. Multiple piroplasms were detected as single or mixed infection from tick species. Eight piroplasm species, most of which were Theileria annulata (33/450, 7.3 %) or Babesia sp. Xinjiang (30/450, 6.7 %), were found to infect with 89 tick samples in four tick species; no infections with Babesia major, Babesia ovata, Babesia bigemina, Theileria sergenti, or Theileria equi were detected. The piroplasms species-specific RLB assay may have potential clinical application in the simultaneous detection and differentiation of Babesia and Theileria species.
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Lu Y, Guan G, Jiang T, Li Y, Yang J, Liu G, Luo J, Yin H, Liu Z. Development of an immunochromatographic strip for the serodiagnosis of Theileria infection in sheep. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:621. [PMID: 26631226 PMCID: PMC4668622 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-1234-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Theileria uilenbergi and T. luwenshuni are tick-borne protozoan parasites, transmitted by Haemaphysalis qinghaiensis and H. longicornis, respectively. They are the main causative agents of theileriosis in small ruminants in China. The disease has resulted in severe economic losses and hindered the development of sheep and goat husbandry industry in the endemic regions. Methods In this study, a colloidal gold-based immunochromatographic strip (ICS) was developed for the detection of T. uilenbergi and/or T. luwenshuni infections. A recombinant T. uilenbergi immunodominant protein (rTuIP) was used as antigen for the ICS. The nitrocellulose membrane was incubated with rTuIP on the test (T) line and anti-rTuIP antiserum on the control (C) line, respectively. The rTuIP conjugated to colloidal gold particles was used as the detection system for visualization of the lines. Then the sample pad, conjugate pad, nitrocellulose membrane and absorbent pad were assembled onto a backing plate in the appropriate order. Results The ICS was able to detect antibodies in the sera of animals experimentally infected with T. uilenbergi from 14 to 85 days. It also reacted with the serum from T. luwenshuni infected sheep. However, there was no cross-reactivity with sera from animals infected with Babesia motasi and Anaplasma ovis. Comparison of the ICS with the rTuIP antigen based indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) using test field samples showed good correlations with 93.1 % (81/87) sensitivity and 100 % (40/40) specificity, respectively, with an almost perfect agreement (Kappa = 0.895, P < 0.01). Conclusion An immunochromatographic strip test based on a recombinant T. uilenbergi immunodominant protein (rTuIP) was developed. This is a rapid test (approximately 15 min to completion) for the detection of T. uilenbergi and/or T. luwenshuni infection that is easy to perform and; delivers results that are visible to the naked eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, P. R. China.
| | - Guiquan Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, P. R. China.
| | - Tao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, P. R. China.
| | - Youquan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, P. R. China.
| | - Jifei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, P. R. China.
| | - Guangyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, P. R. China.
| | - Jianxun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, P. R. China.
| | - Hong Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, P. R. China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases, Yangzhou, China.
| | - Zhijie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, P. R. China.
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Tirloni L, Islam MS, Kim TK, Diedrich JK, Yates JR, Pinto AFM, Mulenga A, You MJ, Da Silva Vaz I. Saliva from nymph and adult females of Haemaphysalis longicornis: a proteomic study. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:338. [PMID: 26104117 PMCID: PMC4484640 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0918-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Haemaphysalis longicornis is a major vector of Theileria spp., Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Babesia spp. and Coxiella burnetti in East Asian countries. All life stages of ixodid ticks have a destructive pool-feeding style in which they create a pool-feeding site by lacerating host tissue and secreting a variety of biologically active compounds that allows the tick to evade host responses, enabling the uptake of a blood meal. The identification and functional characterization of tick saliva proteins can be useful to elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved in tick development and to conceive new anti-tick control methods. METHODS H. longicornis tick saliva was collected from fully engorged nymphs and fully engorged adults induced by dopamine or pilocarpine, respectively. Saliva was digested with trypsin for LC-MS/MS sequencing and peptides were searched against tick and rabbit sequences. RESULTS A total of 275 proteins were identified, of which 135 were tick and 100 were rabbit proteins. Of the tick proteins, 30 proteins were identified exclusively in fully engorged nymph saliva, 74 in fully engorged adult females, and 31 were detected in both stages. The identified tick proteins include heme/iron metabolism-related proteins, oxidation/detoxification proteins, enzymes, proteinase inhibitors, tick-specific protein families, and cytoskeletal proteins. Proteins involved in signal transduction, transport and metabolism of carbohydrate, energy, nucleotide, amino acids and lipids were also detected. Of the rabbit proteins, 13 were present in nymph saliva, 48 in adult saliva, and 30 were present in both. The host proteins include immunoglobulins, complement system proteins, antimicrobial proteins, serum albumin, peroxiredoxin, serotransferrin, apolipoprotein, hemopexin, proteinase inhibitors, and hemoglobin/red blood cells-related products. CONCLUSIONS This study allows the identification of H. longicornis saliva proteins. In spontaneously detached tick saliva various proteins were identified, although results obtained with saliva of fully engorged ticks need to be carefully interpreted. However, it is interesting to note that proteins identified in this study were also described in other tick saliva proteomes using partially engorged tick saliva, including hemelipoprotein, proteases, protease inhibitors, proteins related to structural functions, transporter activity, metabolic processes, and others. In conclusion, these data can provide a deeper understanding to the biology of H. longicornis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Tirloni
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Mohammad Saiful Islam
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-safety Research Centre, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Obstetrics, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Science, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur, Bangladesh.
| | - Tae Kwon Kim
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
| | - Jolene K Diedrich
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - John R Yates
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Antônio F M Pinto
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Centro de Pesquisas em Biologia Molecular e Funcional, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Tuberculose (INCT-TB), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Albert Mulenga
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
| | - Myung-Jo You
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-safety Research Centre, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea.
| | - Itabajara Da Silva Vaz
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
- Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Lu Y, Wang Y, Li Y, Gou H, Luo J, Yin H, Liu Z. Identification and characterization of Tu88, an antigenic gene from Theileria uilenbergi. Exp Parasitol 2015; 153:63-7. [PMID: 25770598 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Theileria uilenbergi is a pathogen that causes ovine theileriosis. Prevention and control of theileriosis relies on its diagnosis at early stages of occurrence and requires understanding of proteins with antigenic properties from the pathogen. Despite its prevalence in China, only a few molecules with antigenic properties have been characterized from T. uilenbergi. In this study, we identified a cDNA named Tu88 by immunoscreening a T. uilenbergi merozoite cDNA library with T. uilenbergi-positive sera from infected sheep. Recombinant Tu88 (rTu88) expressed in bacteria reacted strongly with the positive sera of T. uilenbergi in western blot analysis indicating its potential as an antigen. Southern blot analysis showed that it is a single copy gene. Protein localization by immunostaining blood smears from an infected sheep demonstrated the presence of native Tu88 in merozoites. These findings suggest that Tu88 is a potential candidate antigen for the development of a sero-diagnostic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
| | - Yuefeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
| | - Youquan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
| | - Huitian Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
| | - Jianxun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
| | - Hong Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases, Yangzhou, China.
| | - Zhijie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China.
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Yang X, Yu Z, He Y, Xu X, Gao Z, Wang H, Chen J, Liu J. Purification of vitellin and dynamics of vitellogenesis in the parthenogenetic tick Haemaphysalis longicornis (Acari: Ixodidae). EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2015; 65:377-388. [PMID: 25524510 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-014-9866-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Vitellin (Vt) was purified from eggs of parthenogenetic bush tick Haemaphysalis longicornis by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography. Our results revealed that only one single Vt existed in parthenogenetic bush tick, and the purified Vt was proved to be a hemoglycolipoprotein consisting of nine polypeptides with molecular weights of 203, 147, 126, 82, 74, 70, 61, 47 and 31 kDa, respectively. Polyclonal antibody and monoclonal antibody against Vt were produced using the purified Vt. The change in vitellogenin (Vg) and Vt levels over time of the parthenogenetic H. longicornis was established, and the Vg content in haemolymph and Vt in ovary at different feeding or engorgement statuses was also determined using a double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The Vg level in haemolymph was distinctly increased on the day of engorgement (1.785 mg/mL) and continued to increase until 2nd day post-engorgement (5.611 mg/mL). There was a slight decrease in Vg level after 4 days of engorgement, and a second peak was observed on day 2 post-oviposition (10.774 mg/mL). Subsequently, Vg content continuously decreased and reached a low level on the 10th day post-oviposition. The Vt content in ovary continuously increased once the female reached its critical weight (0.024 mg per female), and reached the maximum level on day 2 post-oviposition (1.942 mg per female). Afterwards, Vt content rapidly decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
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Yu Z, Wang H, Wang T, Sun W, Yang X, Liu J. Tick-borne pathogens and the vector potential of ticks in China. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:24. [PMID: 25586007 PMCID: PMC4300027 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-014-0628-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ticks, as obligate blood-sucking ectoparasites, attack a broad range of vertebrates and transmit a great diversity of pathogenic microorganisms. They are considered second only to mosquitoes as vectors of human disease, and the most important vector of pathogens of domestic and wild animals. Of the 117 described species in the Chinese tick fauna, 60 are known to transmit one or more diseases: 36 species isolated within China and 24 species isolated outside China. Moreover, 38 of these species carry multiple pathogens, indicating the potentially vast role of these vectors in transmitting pathogens. Spotted fever is the most common tick-borne disease, and is carried by at least 27 tick species, with Lyme disease and human granulocytic anaplasmosis ranked as the second and third most widespread tick-borne diseases, carried by 13 and 10 species, respectively. Such knowledge provides us with clues for the identification of tick-associated pathogens and suggests ideas for the control of tick-borne diseases in China. However, the numbers of tick-associated pathogens and tick-borne diseases in China are probably underestimated because of the complex distribution and great diversity of tick species in this country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China.
| | - Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China.
| | - Tianhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China.
| | - Wenying Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China.
| | - Xiaolong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China.
| | - Jingze Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China.
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Li Y, Chen Z, Liu Z, Liu J, Yang J, Li Q, Li Y, Cen S, Guan G, Ren Q, Luo J, Yin H. Molecular identification of Theileria parasites of northwestern Chinese Cervidae. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:225. [PMID: 24885179 PMCID: PMC4029935 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Theileria and Babesia protozoan parasites are transmitted mainly by tick vectors. These parasites cause heavy economic losses to the live-stock industry, as well as affecting the health of wild animals in parasite-endemic areas. Identification of infectious agents in wild animals is not only crucial for species preservation, but also provides valuable information on parasite epidemiology. Here, we conducted a molecular surveillance study in Northwestern China to assess the prevalence of blood pathogens in cervids. METHODS PCR analysis and microscopic evaluation of blood smears to detect Theileria- and Babesia-related diseases in Cervidae were conducted, in which 22 blood samples from red deer (n = 22) in Qilian Mountain and 20 from sika deer (n = 20) in Long Mountain were collected and tested for the presence of Theileria and Babesia. The 18S rRNA gene was amplified, and selected polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-positive samples were sequenced for species identification. RESULTS PCR revealed that 9.1% of the Qilian Mountain samples and 20% of the Long Mountain samples were positive for Theileria uilenbergi; 90.09% of the Qilian Mountain samples (n = 22) were positive for T. capreoli, but all of the Long Mountain samples (n = 20) were negative for T. capreoli; no other Theileria or Babesia species were found. PCR showed that T. uilenbergi and T. capreoli were present in red deer in Qilian Mountain, while only T. uilenbergi was found in sika Deer in Long Mountain. The 18S rRNA gene sequences were aligned against the corresponding GenBank sequences of known isolates of Theileria and Babesia and subjected to phylogenetic analysis. The phylogenetic tree showed that the newly isolated Theileria spp. could be classified as belonging to two clades: one group belonged to the same clade as T. uilenbergi, the other to a clade containing T. capreoli. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide important data to increase understanding of the epidemiology of Cervidae theileriosis, and will assist with the implementation of measures to control theileriosis transmission to Cervidae and small ruminants in central China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youquan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China.
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Chen Z, Li Y, Liu Z, Ren Q, Ma M, Luo J, Yin H. Scanning electron microscopy of all parasitic stages of Haemaphysalis qinghaiensis Teng, 1980 (Acari: Ixodidae). Parasitol Res 2014; 113:2095-102. [PMID: 24687283 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-3859-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Haemaphysalis qinghaiensis Teng (Acta Zootaxon Sin 5:144-149, 1980) is an endemic species in China. This tick species was first described based on engorged or semi-engorged specimens, and the drawings and description in words of morphological characteristics were poor. Therefore, the present study aims to redescribe morphological characteristics of all active stages of this tick species in detail by scanning electron microscopy. Additionally, a comparison between H. qinghaiensis and other sympatric Haemaphysalis species was also analyzed. Males of H. qinghaiensis can be distinguished from sympatric Haemaphysalis species by the following characters: palpi less salient laterally and curved in contour; ventrointernal setae of palpal segment II thin, number <7; the tips of palpal segment III not so strongly recurved inward to become "pincerlike" and lacking dorsal spur; dental formula 5/5; lateral grooves enclose first festoon; coxa IV with a short, broadly triangular spur; tarsi somewhat humped; and spiracular plates long comma-shaped. Females of H. qinghaiensis can be distinguished by palpi less salient laterally and curved in contour; ventrointernal setae of palpal segment II thin, number <7; segment III of palpi lacking dorsal spur; dental formula 4/4; scutum subcircula; and tarsi somewhat humped. Nymphs of H. qinghaiensis can be distinguished from those of other species by palpi less salient laterally and curved in contour; dental formula 2/2; basis capituli rectangular, with distinct dorsal cornua, without ventral cornua; and spiracular plates with short and narrow dorsal prolongation. Larvae of H. qinghaiensis can be distinguished by palpi less salient laterally and curved in contour; basis capituli rectangular, without distinct cornua.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, People's Republic of China,
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Chen X, Xu S, Yu Z, Guo L, Yang S, Liu L, Yang X, Liu J. Multiple lines of evidence on the genetic relatedness of the parthenogenetic and bisexual Haemaphysalis longicornis (Acari: Ixodidae). INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2013; 21:308-14. [PMID: 24316292 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
As an obligate hematophagous ectoparasite, the hard tick Haemaphysalis longicornis exhibits two reproductive strategies, bisexual reproduction, and obligate parthenogenesis, which have attracted a widespread attention. However, the speciation of parthenogenetic population remained ambiguous due to its similarity in morphology but the remarkable differences in cytogenetics as compared with those of the bisexual ones. In the present study, we explored several new lines of genetic evidence to resolve this controversial issue. The number of the chromosomes in two lineages was checked by classical methods and their total DNA levels were determined utilizing flowcytometry. In addition, the sequences of 12S rDNA, 16S rDNA, cytochrome c oxidase I and II (COI, COII) and internal transcribed spacer-2 (ITS-2) genes were used to assess their phylogenetic relationship. We observed that the chromosome ploidy of bisexual and parthenogenetic H. longicornis collected by our laboratory was diploid and triploid, respectively. Flowcytometry analysis indicated a ratio close to 2:3 in the DNA contents of bisexual to parthenogenetic H. longicornis. Although the chromosome ploidy is different, their gene sequences are extremely similar. Analogous to the intra-species genetic difference of other invertebrates, sequence differences of all loci examined are below 2%. Phylogenetic trees constructed from 12S rDNA, 16S rDNA, COI, and ITS-2 genes revealed that they were all in the same monophyletic clade instead of splitting independently into evolutional branches. Moreover, according to 4× Rule, the K/θ ratio of two reproductive populations calculated based on COI was much smaller than four, strongly supporting that they belong to the same species. Therefore, we conclude that the evolutionary process just disturbs the chromosome ploidy and the sexual determination of parthenogenetic population and that it would be better to consider parthenogenetic H. longicornis as a metapopulation rather than a cryptic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Shiqi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China; College of Basic Medicine, Chengde Medical University, Chengde 067000, China
| | - Zhijun Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Lida Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China; Department of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Hebei College of Industry and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050091, China
| | - Shujie Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Limeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Xiaolong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China.
| | - Jingze Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China.
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Multiplex PCR for diagnosis of Theileria uilenbergi, Theileria luwenshuni, and Theileria ovis in small ruminants. Parasitol Res 2013; 113:527-31. [PMID: 24241125 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-013-3684-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Infections with Theileria sp. may cause significant economic losses to the sheep industry. Species identification based on microscopic examination is difficult, and more suitable methods are required for the rapid detection and identification of Theileria sp, in clinical specimens. In this study, a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mPCR) assay was developed to simultaneously identify three individual Theileria species in small ruminants. Three pairs of specific, sensitive primers were designed on the basis of the 5.8S ribosomal RNA gene (Theileria luwenshuni and Theileria ovis) and the 18S ribosomal RNA gene (Theileria uilenbergi) to generate target products of 303, 884, and 530 bp, respectively. Standard DNA for each of the three species was extracted from blood recovered from infected sheep, and a preliminary study was conducted on 56 sheep to verify the reliability of the system. Optimal PCR conditions, including primer concentration, annealing time, and the number of amplification cycles, were established. The assay sensitivity under these conditions was 10(-3) % parasitemia, and its specificity was 100 %. The results of the study suggest that mPCR represents a simple, efficient test method as a practical alternative for the rapid detection and identification of Theileria species in small ruminants.
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Nong X, Tan YJ, Wang JH, Xie Y, Fang CL, Chen L, Liu TF, Yang DY, Gu XB, Peng XR, Wang SX, Yang GY. Evaluation acaricidal efficacy of botanical extract from Eupatorium adenophorum against the hard tick Haemaphysalis longicornis (Acari: Ixodidae). Exp Parasitol 2013; 135:558-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Liu LM, Liu JN, Liu Z, Yu ZJ, Xu SQ, Yang XH, Li T, Li SS, Guo LD, Liu JZ. Microbial communities and symbionts in the hard tick Haemaphysalis longicornis (Acari: Ixodidae) from north China. Parasit Vectors 2013; 6:310. [PMID: 24499619 PMCID: PMC3813991 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-6-310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Close relationships between ticks and microbial communities are important for tick fitness and pathogen colonization and transmission. Haemaphysalis longicornis, distributed widely in China, can carry and transmit various pathogens and pose serious damages to public health and economics. However, little is known about the broader array of microbial communities and symbionts in H. longicornis under natural conditions. In the present study, we investigated the composition of bacterial communities associated with H. longicornis and evaluated the putative symbionts. Methods The eubacterial 16S rRNA gene clone libraries of H. longicornis were constructed and analyzed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and DNA sequencing. In addition, diagnostic PCR was performed to assess the prevalence, vertical transmission and infection sites of the symbionts in H. longicornis. Results Vertically-transmitted symbionts, potential pathogens and allochthonous nonpathogenic bacteria were identified from the field-collected H. longicornis. Three types of symbionts (Coxiella-like, Arsenophonus-like and Rickettsia-like symbionts) were identified in a single host simultaneously. A series of analyses revealed the vertical transmission, prevalence, and infection sites of these symbionts. However, only Coxiella-like bacteria were transmitted stably in the laboratory-reared ticks. In addition, we identified a novel Coxiella-like agent with 95.31% sequence similarity to the taxon described previously. Conclusions The present study demonstrated that natural H. longicornis harboured a diverse array of microbial communities. Three types of symbionts were identified in a single host simultaneously. Moreover, high prevalence, vertical transmission and the infection sites supported an obligate symbiotic association between Coxiella symbiont and its host. The role of Coxiella symbiont in the host fitness and the interaction among microbial communities remained to be elucidated. Our investigation of microbial communities in the ticks revealed the complexity of ecological interactions between host and microbe and provided insight for the biological control of ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jing-Ze Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Nanerhuan Eastern Road, No, 20, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P, R, China.
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An epidemiological survey of Theileria infections in small ruminants in central China. Vet Parasitol 2013; 200:198-202. [PMID: 24365241 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Here, we conducted an epidemiological study in five regions in central China to assess the impact of theileriosis on small ruminants. PCR analysis and microscopic evaluations of blood smears to detect ovine and caprine theileriosis was conducted, in which 256 blood samples and 250 ticks were collected from sheep and goats, and tested for Theileria uilenbergi, T. luwenshuni, and T. ovis. The 18S rRNA gene sequences were deduced from positive samples and used for phylogenetic analysis. The results showed that T. luwenshuni was found most frequently in the five investigated regions and the prevalence of T. luwenshuni was found to be very high by PCR analysis. In contrast, T. uilenbergi and T. ovis infections were not detected in these regions. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that all of the newly isolated Theileria spp. was in the same clade as T. luwenshuni. Haemaphysalis longicornis, which can transmit T. luwenshuni, was also detected in the sampled sheep and goats in these regions. Our results provide important data to increase the understanding of the epidemiology of ovine and caprine theileriosis, and will aid in the implementation of measures to control theileriosis transmission to small ruminants in central China.
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Ma M, Guan G, Chen Z, Liu Z, Liu A, Gou H, Ren Q, Li Y, Niu Q, Yang J, Yin H, Luo J. The life cycle of Haemaphysalis qinghaiensis (Acari: Ixodidae) ticks under laboratory conditions. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2013; 59:493-500. [PMID: 23111808 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-012-9617-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The developmental stages in the life cycle of Haemaphysalis qinghaiensis were investigated under laboratory conditions. The larval, nymphal and adult ticks were fed on sheep at 25-27 °C, 50 % relative humidity (RH) and exposed to daylight. All free-living stages were maintained in an incubator (28 °C with 90 % RH and a 12-h photoperiod). The whole life cycle of H. qinghaiensis was completed in an average of 176 days (range 118-247 days). The average developmental periods were 34.44 days for egg incubation; 5.83, 4.20 and 33.70 days for larval pre-feeding, feeding and pre-molting; and 3.88, 5.30 and 46.50 days for nymphal pre-feeding, feeding and pre-molting. The average times for pre-feeding, feeding, pre-oviposition and oviposition of female adult ticks were 2.60, 11.40, 8.50, and 19.35 days, respectively. The results confirmed the positive correlation between the weight of the engorged female and the egg mass laid (r = 0.557, P < 0.05). The reproductive efficiency index and reproductive fitness index in females were 5.49 and 4.98, respectively. Engorged nymphs moulting to females (4.53 ± 0.16 mg) were significantly heavier (P < 0.001) than those moulting to males (3.45 ± 0.19 mg). The overall sex ratio of the adult ticks was 1:1.1 (M:F).
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Affiliation(s)
- Miling Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Lab of Grazing Animal Diseases MOA, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
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Niu Q, Guan G, Liu Z, Ma M, Li Y, Liu A, Ren Q, Liu J, Luo J, Yin H. Simultaneous detection of piroplasma infections in field Haemaphysalis qinghaiensis ticks by reverse line blotting. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2012; 56:123-132. [PMID: 22143673 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-011-9503-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 11/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Piroplasmosis is caused by tick-borne haemoprotozoan parasites in the genera of Theileria and Babesia, in which numbers of agents are highly pathogenic for cattle, sheep and goats. We developed a reverse line blot (RLB) assay for detection and differentiation of four different parasites, in which 18S ribosomal RNA gene sequence was amplified with a set of universal primers specific for all members in the genera of Theileria and Babesia; and the probes were designed on the basis of hypervariable region 4 (V4 region) of 18S rRNA gene. Three Theileria and one Babesia can be detected simultaneously on this system and it was sensitive to detect a parasitemia level between 10(-5) and 10(-8)%. A total of 149 Haemaphysalis qinghaiensis ticks collected from Lintan County of Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Region was tested by RLB. Among these, 136 tick samples were also tested by a nested PCR assay developed previously. After comparison of these results, it showed that more T. luwenshuni was detected in RLB assay, while more T. uilenbergi was detected in H. qinghaiensis ticks by nested PCR. The RLB has shown capability for simultaneous detection of four species of piroplasm in H. qinghaiensis ticks, indicating its usefulness for epidemiological studies of piroplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Epizootic Diseases of Grazing Animals, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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Tian Z, Liu G, Xie J, Yin H, Luo J, Zhang L, Zhang P, Luo J. Discrimination between Haemaphysalis longicornis and H. qinghaiensis based on the partial 16S rDNA and the second internal transcribed spacer (ITS-2). EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2011; 54:165-172. [PMID: 21225446 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-010-9423-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, two hard tick species, Haemaphysalis longicornis and H. qinghaiensis from North-western China were characterized genetically by the second internal transcribed spacer (ITS-2) of nuclear ribosomal DNA and partial 16S rDNA. Based on a fragment within the hypervariable region of 16S rDNA with the length of approximately 453 bp, the phylogenetic trees were constructed by Neighbor-Joining and Maximum-parsimony methods. The results indicated that the phylogenetic status of H. qinghaiensis was distant from that of H. longicornis and closer to H. flava. Furthermore, the ITS-2 rDNA was amplified by PCR and sequenced from individual ticks. The length of ITS-2 is 1,606 bp for H. longicornis and 1,162 bp for H. qinghaiensis. Although sequence variation between the immature stages of H. longicornis was 0.1-0.4%, nucleotide differences between the tested species ranged 2.1-23.2%, indicating that ITS-2 rDNA sequences are genetic markers for the differentiation of the two hard ticks in China. Hence, a PCR-linked restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) approach was developed for their unequivocal differentiation based on ITS-2 rDNA, which provides the foundation for further studies on ticks in China and has implications for studying the population genetic structure of the ticks and for identification and differentiation of closely related ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhancheng Tian
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Xujianping, 730046 Yanchangbu, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China
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Tian Z, Liu G, Zhang L, Yin H, Wang H, Xie J, Zhang P, Luo J. Identification of the heat shock protein 70 (HLHsp70) in Haemaphysalis longicornis. Vet Parasitol 2011; 181:282-90. [PMID: 21621329 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Revised: 04/09/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A Haemaphysalis longicornis heat shock protein 70 (HLHsp70) was identified from a cDNA library synthesized from tick eggs. The HLHsp70 cDNA is 2311 bp in length and encodes 661 amino acid residues with the predicted molecular weight of 72.5 kDa and an isoelectronic point (pI) of 5.2. It also contains the highly conserved functional motifs of the Hsp70 family and a specific endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention signal "KDEL" that is common among ER-localized proteins. The HLHsp70 exhibits 90% amino acid identity to the putative Hsp70 of Ixodes scapularis, and 85% to Gallus gallus 78 kDa glucose-regulated protein precursor. Real time RT-PCR analysis showed that the expression levels of the Hsp70 in ovaries and salivary glands were significantly higher than in other tested tissues in partially fed females. Although the expression level of the HLHsp70 was constantly low in unfed ticks, it was significantly induced by blood-feeding. Further, the expression was positively correlated to the temperature (4-37°C, tested). Western blot analysis showed that the rabbit antiserum against the recombinant HLHsp70 protein (rHLHSP70) recognized bands of approximately 100, 72, and 28 kDa from egg lysates, as well as a 72kDa fragment in protein extracts from partially fed larvae. Immunization of rabbits with the rHLHSP70 did not result in a statistically significant reduction of female tick engorgement and oviposition. These results suggest that although HLHSP70 plays a role in the physiological activities of ticks, as a constitutive protein it was not suitable for selection as a candidate vaccine antigen against ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhancheng Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Xujianping, Yanchangbu, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, People's Republic of China
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Tian Z, Zhang P, Luo J, Yin H, Luo J, Xie J, Zhang L, Liu G. Cloning and characterization of a ribosomal protein L24 from Haemaphysalis longicornis eggs. Parasitol Res 2010; 107:1213-20. [PMID: 20676684 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-010-1990-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A fragment of ribosomal protein L24 was obtained from the complementary deoxyribonucleic acid (cDNA) library of Haemaphysalis longicornis eggs. The complete sequence of the clone was subsequently obtained using rapid amplification of the cDNA ends (RACE). Ribosomal protein L24 from H. longicornis had a high percentage similarity to this protein from different species. Conserved domains were also identified in RpL24. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis showed that this gene is expressed in various tissues and different developmental stages of H. longicornis. Furthermore, HLL24 is mostly expressed in ovaries and salivary glands compared with other tissues in partially fed adult female ticks, and the expression level of HLL24 is significantly lower in eggs and larvas than in other developmental stages. RpL24 was also cloned from Haemaphysalis qinghaiensis and Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum ticks, respectively. Comparison of their amino acid sequences revealed difference only in several amino acids. A vaccine based on the HLL24 recombinant protein could not protect rabbits against H. longicornis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhancheng Tian
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Xujianping, Yanchangbu, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, People's Republic of China
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Abdo J, Liu Z, Yin H, Kullmann B, Ahmed JS, Seitzer U. Identification of clone-9 antigenic protein of Theileria uilenbergi and evaluation of its application for serodiagnosis. Parasitol Res 2010; 107:517-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-010-1884-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Liu Z, Wang Z, Yin H, Luo J, Zhang B, Kullmann B, Abdo J, Salih D, Ahmed J, Seitzer U. Identification of Theileria uilenbergi immunodominant protein for development of an indirect ELISA for diagnosis of ovine theileriosis. Int J Parasitol 2010; 40:591-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2009.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2009] [Revised: 10/19/2009] [Accepted: 10/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Li Y, Guan G, Liu A, Peng Y, Luo J, Yin H. Experimental transmission of Theileria ovis by Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum. Parasitol Res 2010; 106:991-4. [PMID: 20165879 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-010-1763-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The experimental transmission of a newly isolated Theileria ovis is described. Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum nymphs developed from larvae engorged on sheep infected with T. ovis were able to transmit the T. ovis to splenectomized sheep. Meanwhile, H. anatolicum anatolicum adults developed from nymphs engorged on sheep infected with T. ovis were also able to transmit T. ovis to splenectomized sheep. These experiments suggested that T. ovis could be transmitted by a H. anatolicum anatolicum, and the mode of transmission is from stage to stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youquan Li
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, People's Republic of China
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