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Özcan Aykol ŞM, Zeybek Z. Interaction between Acanthamoeba and Staphylococcus. J Basic Microbiol 2024; 64:e2300551. [PMID: 38416601 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202300551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Free-living amoebae of the genus Acanthamoeba are infected by various bacteria in nature, and thus bacteria can protect themselves from adverse environmental conditions. Contrary to this ameba-bacteria relationship whether Acanthamoeba has antibacterial effects on bacteria is the different aspect of the relationship between these microorganisms. In this study, we investigate various Acanthamoeba strains have antibacterial effects on various Staphylococcus strains. Three environmental Acanthamoeba strains, isolated from various aquatic environments in Turkey, and Acanthamoeba castellanii ATCC 50373 standard strains were used in the study. The antistaphylococcal effect of cell-free supernatant (CFS) obtained from these amoebae against 12 different Staphylococcus bacteria was investigated by colony counting method. In addition, the pathogenicity of the tested Acanthamoeba strains was determined using osmotolerance and thermotolerance tests. CFSs obtained from Acanthamoeba were found to have varying degrees of antistaphylococcal effects on various Staphylococcus strains (0%-100%). It was determined that the CFS of the standard Acanthamoeba strain showed 100% inhibitory effect against one clinical methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strain (M2). Also, CFS of Ugöl strain showed 99.97% inhibitory effect against one clinical methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus epidermidis strain (L3). It was determined that all Acanthamoeba isolates had no pathogenic potential. According to the results, it has been observed that Acanthamoeba produces antibacterial substance(s) against Staphylococcus bacteria and that the ameba-bacteria relationship may also result in the detriment of the bacteria. Furthermore, the current study indicates that new and natural antimicrobial agents from Acanthamoeba can be used as an alternative to infections caused by Staphylococcus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Şevval M Özcan Aykol
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Biruni University Faculty of Pharmacy, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Zuhal Zeybek
- Department of Biology, İstanbul University Faculty of Science, İstanbul, Turkey
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2
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Ahmed U, Ong SK, Khan KM, Siddiqui R, Khan NA, Shaikh MF, Alawfi BS, Anwar A. Effect of embelin on inhibition of cell growth and induction of apoptosis in Acanthamoeba castellanii. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:360. [PMID: 37898989 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03698-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Acanthamoeba castellanii is the causative agent of fatal encephalitis and blinding keratitis. Current therapies remain a challenge, hence there is a need to search for new therapeutics. Here, we tested embelin (EMB) and silver nanoparticles doped with embelin (EMB-AgNPs) against A. castellanii. Using amoebicidal assays, the results revealed that both compounds inhibited the viability of Acanthamoeba, having an IC50 of 27.16 ± 0.63 and 13.63 ± 1.08 μM, respectively, while causing minimal cytotoxicity against HaCaT cells in vitro. The findings suggest that both samples induced apoptosis through the mitochondria-mediated pathway. Differentially expressed genes analysis showed that 652 genes were uniquely expressed in treated versus untreated cells, out of which 191 were significantly regulated in the negative control vs. conjugate. Combining the analysis, seven genes (ARIH1, RAP1, H3, SDR16C5, GST, SRX1, and PFN) were highlighted as the most significant (Log2 (FC) value ± 4) for the molecular mode of action in vitro. The KEGG analysis linked most of the genes to apoptosis, the oxidative stress signaling pathway, cytochrome P450, Rap1, and the oxytocin signaling pathways. In summary, this study provides a thorough framework for developing therapeutic agents against microbial infections using EMB and EMB-AgNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman Ahmed
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Subang Jaya, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Seng-Kai Ong
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Subang Jaya, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Khalid Mohammed Khan
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Naveed Ahmed Khan
- Microbiota Research Center, Istinye University, 34010, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Mohd Farooq Shaikh
- Neuropharmacology Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
- School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Orange, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Bader Saleem Alawfi
- Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, 42353, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayaz Anwar
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Subang Jaya, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia.
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3
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Chomicz L, Szaflik JP, Szostakowska B, Izdebska J, Baltaza W, Łazicka-Gałecka M, Kuligowska A, Machalińska A, Zawadzki PJ, Szaflik J. Successive Acanthamoeba Corneal Isolates Identified in Poland Monitored in Terms of In Vitro Dynamics. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1174. [PMID: 37317148 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amoebae of the genus Acanthamoeba cause a sight-threatening infection called Acanthamoeba keratitis. It is considered a rare disease in humans but poses an increasing threat to public health worldwide, including in Poland. We present successive isolates from serious keratitis preliminary examined in terms of the identification and monitoring of, among others, the in vitro dynamics of the detected strains. METHODS Clinical and combined laboratory methods were applied; causative agents of the keratitis were identified at the cellular and molecular levels; isolates were cultivated in an axenic liquid medium and regularly monitored. RESULTS In a phase-contrast microscope, Acanthamoeba sp. cysts and live trophozoites from corneal samples and in vitro cultures were assessed on the cellular level. Some isolates that were tested at the molecular level were found to correspond to A. mauritanensis, A. culbertsoni, A. castellanii, genotype T4. There was variability in the amoebic strain dynamics; high viability was expressed as trofozoites' long duration ability to intense multiply. CONCLUSIONS Some strains from keratitis under diagnosis verification and dynamics assessment showed enough adaptive capability to grow in an axenic medium, allowing them to exhibit significant thermal tolerance. In vitro monitoring that was suitable for verifying in vivo examinations, in particular, was useful to detect the strong viability and pathogenic potential of successive Acanthamoeba strains with a long duration of high dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Chomicz
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical University of Warsaw, 00-575 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek P Szaflik
- Department of Ophthalmology, Independent Public Clinical Ophthalmology Hospital, Medical University of Warsaw, 00-576 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Beata Szostakowska
- Department of Tropical Parasitology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Justyna Izdebska
- Department of Ophthalmology, Independent Public Clinical Ophthalmology Hospital, Medical University of Warsaw, 00-576 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wanda Baltaza
- Department of Public Health, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Łazicka-Gałecka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Independent Public Clinical Ophthalmology Hospital, Medical University of Warsaw, 00-576 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kuligowska
- First Department of Ophthalmology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Anna Machalińska
- First Department of Ophthalmology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Paweł J Zawadzki
- Clinic of Cranio-Maxillo-Facial and Oral Surgery and Implantology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-005 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jerzy Szaflik
- Laser Eye Microsurgery Centre Clinic of Prof. Jerzy Szaflik, Brand Med Medical Research Centre, 00-215 Warsaw, Poland
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Nugraha DK, Nishida T, Tamaki Y, Hiramatsu Y, Yamaguchi H, Horiguchi Y. Survival of Bordetella bronchiseptica in Acanthamoeba castellanii. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0048723. [PMID: 36971600 PMCID: PMC10100856 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00487-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The respiratory pathogenic bacterium Bordetella bronchiseptica can persistently survive in terrestrial and aquatic environments, providing a source of infection. However, the environmental lifestyle of the bacterium is poorly understood. In this study, expecting repeated encounters of the bacteria with environmental protists, we explored the interaction between B. bronchiseptica and a representative environmental amoeba, Acanthamoeba castellanii, and found that the bacteria resisted amoeba digestion and entered contractile vacuoles (CVs), which are intracellular compartments involved in osmoregulation, to escape amoeba cells. In prolonged coculture, A. castellanii supported the proliferation of B. bronchiseptica. The avirulent Bvg- phase, but not the virulent Bvg+ phase, of the bacteria was advantageous for survival in the amoebae. We further demonstrate that two Bvg+ phase-specific virulence factors, filamentous hemagglutinin and fimbriae, were targeted for predation by A. castellanii. These results are evidence that the BvgAS two-component system, the master regulator for Bvg phase conversion, plays an indispensable role in the survival of B. bronchiseptica in amoebae. IMPORTANCE The pathogenic bacterium Bordetella bronchiseptica, which causes respiratory diseases in various mammals, exhibits distinct Bvg+ and Bvg- phenotypes. The former represents the virulent phase, in which the bacteria express a set of virulence factors, while the role of the latter in the bacterial life cycle remains to be understood. In this study, we demonstrate that B. bronchiseptica in the Bvg- phase, but not the Bvg+ phase, survives and proliferates in coculture with Acanthamoeba castellanii, an environmental amoeba. Two Bvg+ phase-specific virulence factors, filamentous hemagglutinin and fimbriae, were targeted by A. castellanii predation. B. bronchiseptica turns into the Bvg- phase at temperatures in which the bacteria normally encounter these amoebae. These findings demonstrate that the Bvg- phase of B. bronchiseptica is advantageous for survival outside mammalian hosts and that the bacteria can utilize protists as transient hosts in natural environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dendi Krisna Nugraha
- Department of Molecular Bacteriology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takashi Nishida
- Department of Molecular Bacteriology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuki Tamaki
- Department of Molecular Bacteriology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Hiramatsu
- Department of Molecular Bacteriology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yamaguchi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Horiguchi
- Department of Molecular Bacteriology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Gulsen SH, Tileklioglu E, Bode E, Cimen H, Ertabaklar H, Ulug D, Ertug S, Wenski SL, Touray M, Hazir C, Bilecenoglu DK, Yildiz I, Bode HB, Hazir S. Antiprotozoal activity of different Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus bacterial secondary metabolites and identification of bioactive compounds using the easyPACId approach. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10779. [PMID: 35750682 PMCID: PMC9232601 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13722-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural products have been proven to be important starting points for the development of new drugs. Bacteria in the genera Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus produce antimicrobial compounds as secondary metabolites to compete with other organisms. Our study is the first comprehensive study screening the anti-protozoal activity of supernatants containing secondary metabolites produced by 5 Photorhabdus and 22 Xenorhabdus species against human parasitic protozoa, Acanthamoeba castellanii, Entamoeba histolytica, Trichomonas vaginalis, Leishmania tropica and Trypanosoma cruzi, and the identification of novel bioactive antiprotozoal compounds using the easyPACId approach (easy Promoter Activated Compound Identification) method. Though not in all species, both bacterial genera produce antiprotozoal compounds effective on human pathogenic protozoa. The promoter exchange mutants revealed that antiprotozoal bioactive compounds produced by Xenorhabdus bacteria were fabclavines, xenocoumacins, xenorhabdins and PAX peptides. Among the bacteria assessed, only P. namnaoensis appears to have acquired amoebicidal property which is effective on E. histolytica trophozoites. These discovered antiprotozoal compounds might serve as starting points for the development of alternative and novel pharmaceutical agents against human parasitic protozoa in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebnem Hazal Gulsen
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Türkiye
| | - Evren Tileklioglu
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Türkiye
| | - Edna Bode
- Max-Planck-Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology Department, Natural Products in Organismic Interactions, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 10, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Harun Cimen
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Türkiye
| | - Hatice Ertabaklar
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Türkiye
| | - Derya Ulug
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Türkiye
| | - Sema Ertug
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Türkiye
| | - Sebastian L Wenski
- Max-Planck-Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology Department, Natural Products in Organismic Interactions, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 10, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Mustapha Touray
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Türkiye
| | - Canan Hazir
- Aydin Health Services Vocational School, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, 09100, Aydin, Türkiye
| | | | - Ibrahim Yildiz
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Türkiye
| | - Helge B Bode
- Max-Planck-Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology Department, Natural Products in Organismic Interactions, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 10, 35043, Marburg, Germany. .,Molekulare Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Biowissenschaften, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany. .,Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, 60325, Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Selcuk Hazir
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Türkiye.
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Martín-Pérez T, Heredero-Bermejo I, Verdú-Expósito C, Pérez-Serrano J. In Vitro Evaluation of the Combination of Melaleuca alternifolia (Tea Tree) Oil and Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO) against Trophozoites and Cysts of Acanthamoeba Strains. Oxygen Consumption Rate (OCR) Assay as a Method for Drug Screening. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10040491. [PMID: 33921633 PMCID: PMC8073477 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10040491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ameobae belonging to the genus Acanthamoeba are responsible for the human diseases Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) and granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE). The treatment of these illnesses is hampered by the existence of a resistance stage (cysts). In an attempt to add new agents that are effective against trophozoites and cysts, tea tree oil (TTO) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), separately and in combination, were tested In Vitro against two Acanthamoeba isolates, T3 and T4 genotypes. The oxygen consumption rate (OCR) assay was used as a drug screening method, which is to some extent useful in amoebicide drug screening; however, evaluation of lethal effects may be misleading when testing products that promote encystment. Trophozoite viability analysis showed that the effectiveness of the combination of both compounds is higher than when either compound is used alone. Therefore, the TTO alone or TTO + DMSO in combination were an amoebicide, but most of the amoebicidal activity in the combination’s treatments seemed to be caused mainly by the TTO effect. In fact, DMSO alone seems to be a non-amoebicide, triggering encystment. Regarding cytotoxicity, these compounds showed toxicity in human corneal epithelial cells (HCEpiC), even at low concentrations when tested in combination. In conclusion, the use of TTO and DMSO, in combination or alone, cannot be recommended as an alternative for AK treatment until more cytotoxicity and cyst adhesion tests are performed.
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Latifi A, Salimi M. Growth comparison of Acanthamoeba genotypes T3 and T4 in several culture media. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04805. [PMID: 32984575 PMCID: PMC7494459 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Acanthamoeba causes severe diseases such as Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis (GAE) and Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK). Improving the culture media classically used for this amoeba could help to identify it quickly and facilitate its study as a biological model. The purpose of this study was to compare the growth of two Acanthamoeba genotypes (T3 and T4) in several culture media. Acanthamoeba griffini (T3 genotype) and Acanthamoeba castellanii (T4 genotype) were cultured in PYG, TSY, TYI-S-33, RPMI, and RPMI-FBS medium. The number of amoebas grown in different culture media was counted and compared to each other for 14 days. Findings in this research revealed the highest growth in RPMI-FBS medium. For this reason, we can recommend this culture medium to promote the growth of Acanthamoeba in its biological studies.
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Heredero-Bermejo I, Martín-Pérez T, Copa-Patiño JL, Gómez R, de la Mata FJ, Soliveri J, Pérez-Serrano J. Ultrastructural Study of Acanthamoeba polyphaga Trophozoites and Cysts Treated In Vitro with Cationic Carbosilane Dendrimers. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12060565. [PMID: 32570829 PMCID: PMC7356815 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12060565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cationic carbosilane dendrimers are branched molecules with antimicrobial properties. Their activity has been tested against Acanthamoeba polyphaga, a causative agent of Acanthamoeba keratitis, a severe ocular disease in humans. A. polyphaga trophozoites and cysts were exposed to different noncytotoxic cationic carbosilane dendrimers with proven antiamoebic activity. The effects of treatment on cell surface and cell ultrastructure were examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy, respectively. Two of the dendrimers tested induced dramatic alterations of cellular ultrastructure in both trophozoites and cysts, including vacuolization, depletion of cytoplasmic contents, and reduced cell size. Additionally, we observed severe alterations of the plasma membrane with membrane blebbing in trophozoites and disruption in cysts. These alterations were also observed with chlorhexidine, a drug used for treatment of Acanthamoeba keratitis. Our results support that these compounds may target membranes, and their action is critical for parasite integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Heredero-Bermejo
- Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28805 Madrid, Spain; (T.M.-P.); (J.L.C.-P.); (J.S.); (J.P.-S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Tania Martín-Pérez
- Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28805 Madrid, Spain; (T.M.-P.); (J.L.C.-P.); (J.S.); (J.P.-S.)
| | - José Luis Copa-Patiño
- Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28805 Madrid, Spain; (T.M.-P.); (J.L.C.-P.); (J.S.); (J.P.-S.)
| | - Rafael Gómez
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Research Institute on Chemistry “Andrés M. del Río” (IQAR), University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28805 Madrid, Spain; (R.G.); (F.J.d.l.M.)
- Institute “Ramón y Cajal” for Health Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN) ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier de la Mata
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Research Institute on Chemistry “Andrés M. del Río” (IQAR), University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28805 Madrid, Spain; (R.G.); (F.J.d.l.M.)
- Institute “Ramón y Cajal” for Health Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN) ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Soliveri
- Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28805 Madrid, Spain; (T.M.-P.); (J.L.C.-P.); (J.S.); (J.P.-S.)
| | - Jorge Pérez-Serrano
- Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28805 Madrid, Spain; (T.M.-P.); (J.L.C.-P.); (J.S.); (J.P.-S.)
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9
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Heredero-Bermejo I, Hernández-Ros JM, Sánchez-García L, Maly M, Verdú-Expósito C, Soliveri J, Javier de la Mata F, Copa-Patiño JL, Pérez-Serrano J, Sánchez-Nieves J, Gómez R. Ammonium and guanidine carbosilane dendrimers and dendrons as microbicides. Eur Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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10
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Paling S, Wahyuni R, Ni'matuzahroh, Winarni D, Iswahyudi, Astari L, Adriaty D, Agusni I, Izumi S. ACANTHAMOEBA SP.S-11 PHAGOCYTOTIC ACTIVITY ON MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE IN DIFFERENT NUTRIENT CONDITIONS. Afr J Infect Dis 2018; 12:44-48. [PMID: 29619429 PMCID: PMC5876777 DOI: 10.2101/ajid.12v1s.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Mycobacterium leprae (M. leprae) is a pathogenic bacterium that causes leprosy. The presence of M. leprae in the environment is supported by microorganisms that act as the new host for M. leprae. Acanthamoeba’s potential to be a host of M. leprae in the environment. Acanthamoeba sp. is Free Living Amoeba (FLA) that classified as holozoic, saprophytic, and saprozoic. The existence of nutrients in the environment influence Acanthamoeba ability to phagocytosis or pinocytosis. This study is aimed to determine Acanthamoeba sp.S-11 phagocytic activity to Mycobacterium leprae (M. leprae) which cultured in non-nutrient media and riched-nutrient media. Materials and Methods: This research conducted by culturing Acanthamoeba sp.S-11 and M. leprae on different nutrient media conditions. M. leprae intracellular DNA were isolated and amplified by M. leprae specific primers through Real Time PCR (Q-PCR). Result: The results showed that Acanthamoeba co-cultured on non-nutrient media were more active to phagocyte M. leprae than on rich-nutrient media. Conclusion: The use of non-nutrient media is recommended to optimize Acanthamoeba sp. phagocytic activity to M. leprae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepling Paling
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Ratna Wahyuni
- Leprosy Study Group, Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Ni'matuzahroh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Dwi Winarni
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Iswahyudi
- Leprosy Study Group, Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Linda Astari
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60286, Indonesia
| | - Dinar Adriaty
- Leprosy Study Group, Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Indropo Agusni
- Leprosy Study Group, Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia.,Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60286, Indonesia
| | - Shinzo Izumi
- Leprosy Study Group, Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
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11
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Isolation and molecular characterization of Acanthamoeba from patients with keratitis in Spain. Eur J Protistol 2017; 61:244-252. [PMID: 28756938 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2017.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In order to improve our knowledge on the epidemiology of amoebic keratitis, as well as the identification of Acanthamoeba isolates, we have isolated Acanthamoeba spp. from five symptomatic patients in Spain in the present study. All isolates were grown in axenic liquid medium, with only one exception. The morphology of these isolates were characterized by optical and scanning electron microscopy. Their structural features corresponded to those of amphizoic amoebae (namely Acanthamoeba spp.). The molecular characterization of the five Acanthamoeba isolates yielded six sequences. Almost complete 18S rRNA gene sequences (>2000bp) were obtained from three isolates and partial sequences (∼1500bp) from the other two. A robust phylogenetic analysis based on the almost complete 18S rRNA sequence showed that four isolates belonged to the T4 genotype and the other one to the T3 genotype. However, all isolates were identified as T4 genotype using the ASA.S1 fragment. As previously suggested by other researchers, only a robust phylogenetic approach may be helpful in identifying Acanthamoeba genotypes. In addition, new data on the phylogenetic relationships among the Acanthamoeba genotypes is provided and discussed.
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Heredero-Bermejo I, Sánchez-Nieves J, Soliveri J, Gómez R, de la Mata FJ, Copa-Patiño JL, Pérez-Serrano J. In vitro anti-Acanthamoeba synergistic effect of chlorhexidine and cationic carbosilane dendrimers against both trophozoite and cyst forms. Int J Pharm 2016; 509:1-7. [PMID: 27173821 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.04.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Acanthamoeba sp. are the causative agents of severe illnesses in humans such as Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) and granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE). Medical therapy is not yet well established. Treatments of AK last for several months and generate toxicity, resistances appear due to the cysts stage and recurrences can occur. In this study has been demonstrated that the combination of chlorhexidine digluconate (CLX) and carbosilane dendrimers containing ammonium or guanidine moieties has in vitro synergistic effect against Acanthamoeba polyphaga. This synergy provokes an important reduction in the minimal trophozoite amoebicidal concentration (MTAC) of CLX, which means a reduction of their toxic effects on human cells. Moreover, some CLX/dendrimer combinations show important activity against the cyst resistance stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Heredero-Bermejo
- Departamento de Biomedicina y Biotecnología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| | - J Sánchez-Nieves
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Networking Research Center for Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - J Soliveri
- Departamento de Biomedicina y Biotecnología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - R Gómez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Networking Research Center for Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - F J de la Mata
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Networking Research Center for Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - J L Copa-Patiño
- Departamento de Biomedicina y Biotecnología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Pérez-Serrano
- Departamento de Biomedicina y Biotecnología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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Heredero-Bermejo I, Criado-Fornelio A, Soliveri J, Díaz-Martín JA, Matilla-Fuentes J, Sánchez-Arias JA, Copa-Patiño JL, Pérez-Serrano J. Development of a new oxygen consumption rate assay in cultures of Acanthamoeba (Protozoa: Lobosea) and its application to evaluate viability and amoebicidal activity in vitro. Exp Parasitol 2015; 155:35-9. [PMID: 25956947 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2015.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new fluorometric method has been developed for measuring the oxygen consumption rate (OCR) of Acanthamoeba cultures in microplates and for screening molecules with amoebicidal activity against this microorganism. The use of a biofunctional matrix (containing an oxygen-sensitive fluorogenic probe) attached to the microplate wells allowed continuous measurement of OCR in the medium, hence assessment of amoebic growth. The new OCR method applied to cell viability yielded a linear relationship and monitoring was much quicker than with indirect viability assays previously used. In addition, two drugs were tested in a cytotoxicity assay monitored by the new OCR viability test. With this procedure, the standard amoebicidal drug chlorhexidine digluconate showed an IC50 of 3.53 + 1.3 mg/l against Acanthamoeba polyphaga and 3.19 + 1.2 mg/l against Acanthamoeba castellanii, whereas a cationic dendrimer [G1Si(NMe3+)4] showed an IC50 of 6.42 + 1.3 mg/l against A. polyphaga. These data agree with previous studies conducted in our laboratory. Therefore, the new OCR method has proven powerful and quick for amoebicidal drug screening and is likely to be applied in biochemical studies concerning protozoa respiration and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Heredero-Bermejo
- Departamento de Biomedicina y Biotecnología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| | - A Criado-Fornelio
- Departamento de Biomedicina y Biotecnología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Soliveri
- Departamento de Biomedicina y Biotecnología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - J A Díaz-Martín
- Oxoprobics Biosciences S.L., Francisco Giralte 2, Desp.12, 28002 Madrid, Spain
| | - J Matilla-Fuentes
- Oxoprobics Biosciences S.L., Francisco Giralte 2, Desp.12, 28002 Madrid, Spain
| | - J A Sánchez-Arias
- Oxoprobics Biosciences S.L., Francisco Giralte 2, Desp.12, 28002 Madrid, Spain
| | - J L Copa-Patiño
- Departamento de Biomedicina y Biotecnología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Pérez-Serrano
- Departamento de Biomedicina y Biotecnología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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Heredero-Bermejo I, Copa-Patiño JL, Soliveri J, Fuentes-Paniagua E, de la Mata FJ, Gomez R, Perez-Serrano J. Evaluation of the activity of new cationic carbosilane dendrimers on trophozoites and cysts of Acanthamoeba polyphaga. Parasitol Res 2014; 114:473-86. [PMID: 25358240 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-4205-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Dendrimers are repetitively branched molecules with a broad spectrum of applications, mainly for their antimicrobial properties and as nanocarriers for other molecules. Recently, our research group have synthesized and studied their activity against Acanthamoeba sp., causative agent of a severe ocular disease in humans: Acanthamoeba keratitis. New cationic carbosilane dendrimers were tested against the protozoa forms at different concentrations and for different incubation times. Trophozoite viability was determined by manual counting and cyst viability by observing excystment in microplates with fresh culture medium. Cytotoxicity was checked on HeLa cells using the microculture tetrazolium assay. Alterations were observed by optical microscopy and by flow cytometry staining with propidium iodide. Six out of the 18 dendrimers tested were non-cytotoxic and effective against the trophozoite form, having one of them (dendrimer 14 with an IC50 of 2.4 + 0.1 mg/L) a similar activity to chlorhexidine digluconate (IC50 1.7 + 0.1 mg/L). This dendrimer has a polyphenoxo core and a sulphur atom close to the six -NH3+ terminal groups. On the other hand, only two dendrimers showed some effect against cysts (dendrimers 14 and 17). However, their minimum cysticidal concentrations were cytotoxic and less effective than the control drug. The alterations on the amoeba morphology produced by the treatment with dendrimers were size reduction, increased complexity, loss of acanthopodia and cell membrane disruption. In conclusion, these results suggest that some dendrimers may be studied in animal models to test their effect and that new dendrimers with similar features should be synthesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Heredero-Bermejo
- Departamento de Biomedicina y Biotecnología, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain,
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Characterization of a human-pathogenic Acanthamoeba griffini isolated from a contact lens-wearing keratitis patient in Spain. Parasitology 2014; 142:363-73. [PMID: 25068502 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182014001140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Amoebae were isolated from contact lenses of a symptomatic lens wearer in Spain. Protozoa were characterized by studying their morphology, biology, protease activity and the 18S rRNA gene sequence. Morphology of the organism was observed by light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Its structure corresponded to an amphizoic amoeba. The protozoa grew well at 37 °C and poorly at lower temperatures. In addition, it was capable of lysing mammalian cells in vitro. A major 56 kDa proteolytic enzyme was observed in amoeba crude extracts by gelatin-sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Most proteolytic enzymes in protozoa extracts showed significant activity over a wide range of pH (3-9) and temperature (8-45 °C) values. The assays on inhibition of protease activity indicated strongly that enzymes detected in amoeba extracts corresponded to serine proteases and, to a lesser extent, cysteine proteases. The use of proteinase inhibitors on a tissue culture model proved that the proteinase activity is critical for developing focal lesions in HeLa cell monolayers. Finally, partial sequencing of the 18S ribosomal RNA gene and phylogenetic analyses indicated that the isolate is closely related to Acanthamoeba griffini H37 from the UK (T3 genotype).
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Heredero-Bermejo I, Copa-Patiño JL, Soliveri J, Gómez R, de la Mata FJ, Pérez-Serrano J. In vitro comparative assessment of different viability assays in Acanthamoeba castellanii and Acanthamoeba polyphaga trophozoites. Parasitol Res 2013; 112:4087-95. [PMID: 24026387 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-013-3599-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The species of the genus Acanthamoeba are opportunistic protozoan parasites that cause different diseases in humans, such as amoebic keratitis and granulomatous encephalitis. The rise in the rate of Acanthamoeba keratitis, mainly due to the increase in contact lens wearers, turns the development of viability assays using a multi-well plate reader as a tool for screening new antiamoebic agents in vitro into an important goal. In our study, the viability assays PrestoBlue®, resazurin sodium salt, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and CellTiter96® were tested for their suitability as time-saving alternatives to the classical manual or direct-counting method, assessing the effect of the antiamoebic agent chlorhexidine digluconate and temperature on Acanthamoeba castellanii (ATCC® 30234™) and Acanthamoeba polyphaga 2961. Although resazurin and MTT have already been previously used in amoeba viability assays to test the activities of antiamoebic agents in vitro, it is the first time that PrestoBlue® and CellTiter96® are used for this purpose. Results indicated that the viability assays were strain-dependent leading in some cases to an overestimation of the real situation of viable cells. This implies that each viability assay ought to be set up for each amoeba strain studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Heredero-Bermejo
- Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, University of Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona (Autovía A2) Km. 33 600, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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Heredero-Bermejo I, Copa-Patiño JL, Soliveri J, García-Gallego S, Rasines B, Gómez R, de la Mata FJ, Pérez-Serrano J. In vitro evaluation of the effectiveness of new water-stable cationic carbosilane dendrimers against Acanthamoeba castellanii UAH-T17c3 trophozoites. Parasitol Res 2012; 112:961-9. [PMID: 23263327 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-012-3216-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Acanthamoeba is one of the most common free-living amoebas which is widespread in the environment and can infect humans, causing diseases such as keratitis and encephalitis. In this paper we examine for the first time the amebicidal activity of the family of cationic dendrimers nG-[Si{(CH(2))(3)N(+)(Me)(Et)(CH(2))(2)NMe(3) (+)}2I(-)]( x ) (where n denotes the generations: zero (n = 0, x = 1), first (n = 1, x = 4), and second (n = 2, x = 8); for simplicity, they were named as 0G-CNN2, 1G-CNN8, and 2G-CNN16, respectively) against Acanthamoeba castellanii UAH-T17c3 trophozoites. In order to test the amebicidal activity, we cultured the strain A. castellanii UAH-T17c3 in PYG-Bactocasitone medium and later, we treated it with different concentrations of these dendrimers and monitored the effects and damage by optical count, flow cytometry, and scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that all the nanosystems assayed had a strong amebicidal activity. The dendrimer 1G-CNN8 was the most effective against the amoeba. In the morphology of treated throphozoites of A. castellanii UAH-T17c3 analyzed by light and scanning electron microscopy techniques, morphological changes were evident in amoeba cells, such as loss of pseudopodia, ectoplasm increase, roundness, and cellular lysis. Furthermore, flow cytometry results showed alterations in cell granularity, which was dose-time dependent. In conclusion, this family of cationic carbosilane dendrimers has a strong amebicidal activity against the trophozoites of A. castellanii UAH-T17c3 in vitro. They could potentially become new agents significant to the development of new amebicidal compounds for prevention and therapy of Acanthamoeba infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Heredero-Bermejo
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Alcalá, Ctra Madrid-Barcelona (Autovía A2) Km 33,600, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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