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Momenilandi M, Lévy R, Sobrino S, Li J, Lagresle-Peyrou C, Esmaeilzadeh H, Fayand A, Le Floc'h C, Guérin A, Mina ED, Shearer D, Delmonte OM, Yatim A, Mulder K, Mancini M, Rinchai D, Denis A, Neehus AL, Balogh K, Brendle S, Rokni-Zadeh H, Changi-Ashtiani M, Seeleuthner Y, Deswarte C, Bessot B, Cremades C, Materna M, Cederholm A, Ogishi M, Philippot Q, Beganovic O, Ackermann M, Wuyts M, Khan T, Fouéré S, Herms F, Chanal J, Palterer B, Bruneau J, Molina TJ, Leclerc-Mercier S, Prétet JL, Youssefian L, Vahidnezhad H, Parvaneh N, Claeys KG, Schrijvers R, Luka M, Pérot P, Fourgeaud J, Nourrisson C, Poirier P, Jouanguy E, Boisson-Dupuis S, Bustamante J, Notarangelo LD, Christensen N, Landegren N, Abel L, Marr N, Six E, Langlais D, Waterboer T, Ginhoux F, Ma CS, Tangye SG, Meyts I, Lachmann N, Hu J, Shahrooei M, Bossuyt X, Casanova JL, Béziat V. FLT3L governs the development of partially overlapping hematopoietic lineages in humans and mice. Cell 2024; 187:2817-2837.e31. [PMID: 38701783 PMCID: PMC11149630 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
FMS-related tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (FLT3L), encoded by FLT3LG, is a hematopoietic factor essential for the development of natural killer (NK) cells, B cells, and dendritic cells (DCs) in mice. We describe three humans homozygous for a loss-of-function FLT3LG variant with a history of various recurrent infections, including severe cutaneous warts. The patients' bone marrow (BM) was hypoplastic, with low levels of hematopoietic progenitors, particularly myeloid and B cell precursors. Counts of B cells, monocytes, and DCs were low in the patients' blood, whereas the other blood subsets, including NK cells, were affected only moderately, if at all. The patients had normal counts of Langerhans cells (LCs) and dermal macrophages in the skin but lacked dermal DCs. Thus, FLT3L is required for B cell and DC development in mice and humans. However, unlike its murine counterpart, human FLT3L is required for the development of monocytes but not NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mana Momenilandi
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR 1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France; Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Romain Lévy
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR 1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France; Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France; Pediatric Hematology-Immunology and Rheumatology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Steicy Sobrino
- Laboratory of Chromatin and Gene Regulation During Development, Paris Cité University, UMR1163 INSERM, Imagine Institute, Paris, France; Laboratory of Human Lymphohematopoiesis, INSERM, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Jingwei Li
- Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Chantal Lagresle-Peyrou
- Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France; Biotherapy Clinical Investigation Center, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Ouest, AP-HP, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Hossein Esmaeilzadeh
- Allergy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Namazi Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Antoine Fayand
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR 1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France; Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France; Sorbonne University, AP-HP, Tenon Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine, Paris, France
| | - Corentin Le Floc'h
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR 1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France; Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Guérin
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Erika Della Mina
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Debra Shearer
- Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Ottavia M Delmonte
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ahmad Yatim
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kevin Mulder
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France; Paris-Saclay University, Ile-de-France, France
| | - Mathieu Mancini
- Dahdaleh Institute of Genomic Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Darawan Rinchai
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adeline Denis
- Laboratory of Human Lymphohematopoiesis, INSERM, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Anna-Lena Neehus
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR 1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France; Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Karla Balogh
- Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Sarah Brendle
- Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Hassan Rokni-Zadeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences (ZUMS), Zanjan, Iran
| | - Majid Changi-Ashtiani
- School of Mathematics, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran, Iran
| | - Yoann Seeleuthner
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR 1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France; Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Deswarte
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR 1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France; Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Boris Bessot
- Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France; Biotherapy Clinical Investigation Center, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Ouest, AP-HP, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Cassandre Cremades
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR 1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
| | - Marie Materna
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR 1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France; Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Axel Cederholm
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Masato Ogishi
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Quentin Philippot
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR 1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France; Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Omer Beganovic
- Laboratoire d'Onco-hématologie, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Mania Ackermann
- Hannover Medical School, Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover, Germany; Hannover Medical School, Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Hannover, Germany
| | - Margareta Wuyts
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Clinical and Diagnostic Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Sébastien Fouéré
- Groupe Hospitalier Saint-Louis, Lariboisière, Fernand-Widal, CeGIDD, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Florian Herms
- Dermatology Department, Paris-Cité University, INSERM 976, Saint Louis Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Johan Chanal
- Dermatology Department, Cochin Hospital, INSERM U1016, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Boaz Palterer
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Julie Bruneau
- Department of Pathology, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, AP-HP, Paris-Cité University, Paris, France
| | - Thierry J Molina
- Department of Pathology, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, AP-HP, Paris-Cité University, Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Leclerc-Mercier
- Department of Pathology, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, AP-HP, Paris-Cité University, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Luc Prétet
- Papillomavirus National Reference Center, Besançon Hospital, Besançon, France
| | - Leila Youssefian
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA Clinical Genomics Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hassan Vahidnezhad
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nima Parvaneh
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kristl G Claeys
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory for Muscle Diseases and Neuropathies, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, and Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rik Schrijvers
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marine Luka
- Labtech Single-Cell@Imagine, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR 1163, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Philippe Pérot
- Pathogen Discovery Laboratory, Institut Pasteur, Paris Cité University, Paris, France
| | - Jacques Fourgeaud
- Paris Cité University, URP 7328 FETUS, Paris, France; Microbiology Department, AP-HP, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
| | - Céline Nourrisson
- Clermont Auvergne University, INSERM U1071, M2iSH, USC INRAE 1382, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, 3IHP, Department of Parasitology-Mycology, Clermont-Ferrand, France; National Reference Center for Cryptosporidiosis, Microsporidia and Other Digestive Protozoa, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Philippe Poirier
- Clermont Auvergne University, INSERM U1071, M2iSH, USC INRAE 1382, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, 3IHP, Department of Parasitology-Mycology, Clermont-Ferrand, France; National Reference Center for Cryptosporidiosis, Microsporidia and Other Digestive Protozoa, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Emmanuelle Jouanguy
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR 1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France; Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France; St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stéphanie Boisson-Dupuis
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR 1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France; Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France; St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jacinta Bustamante
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR 1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France; Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France; St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA; Study Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Luigi D Notarangelo
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Neil Christensen
- Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Nils Landegren
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Centre for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laurent Abel
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR 1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France; Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France; St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nico Marr
- Research Branch, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar; College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Emmanuelle Six
- Biotherapy Clinical Investigation Center, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Ouest, AP-HP, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - David Langlais
- Dahdaleh Institute of Genomic Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Tim Waterboer
- Infections and Cancer Epidemiology, Infection, Inflammation and Cancer Program, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France; Paris-Saclay University, Ile-de-France, France
| | - Cindy S Ma
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stuart G Tangye
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Isabelle Meyts
- Laboratory of Inborn Errors of Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics, Leuven University Hospitals, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nico Lachmann
- Hannover Medical School, Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover, Germany; Hannover Medical School, Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Hannover, Germany
| | - Jiafen Hu
- Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Mohammad Shahrooei
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Clinical and Diagnostic Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Specialized Immunology Laboratory of Dr. Shahrooei, Tehran, Iran
| | - Xavier Bossuyt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Clinical and Diagnostic Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR 1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France; Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France; Pediatric Hematology-Immunology and Rheumatology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, AP-HP, Paris, France; St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vivien Béziat
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR 1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France; Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France; St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
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Kot K, Michaliszyn A, Kalisińska E, Lepczyńska M. The influence of plant extracts on viability of ST3 and ST7 subtypes of Blastocystis sp. Gut Pathog 2024; 16:19. [PMID: 38570865 PMCID: PMC10988960 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-024-00613-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Blastocystis sp. is one of the most frequently detected protozoa during stool specimen examination. In the last decade, the studies about the pathogenic potential of Blastocystis sp. have intensified. Additionally, treatment approaches against this parasite are still disputable. The study aimed to investigate the in vitro activity of the substances of natural origin against two subtypes (ST) of Blastocystis sp.-ST3 and ST7. Garlic and turmeric extracts exhibited the highest inhibitory effect in relation to the ST3 viability. While horseradish and turmeric were found to be the most effective extracts to the ST7 viability. The study showed that ginger, garlic, horseradish, and turmeric extracts have potent antimicrobial activity against Blastocystis ST3 and ST7, with the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) ranging from 3.8 to 4.8 µg/ml and from 3.3 to 72.0 µg/ml, respectively, and thus may be useful in the prevention and control of Blastocystis infections. Additionally, this research confirmed that Blastocystis ST7 is more resistant to the selected plant extracts treatment than Blastocystis ST3 which in consequence may bring some difficulties in its eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Kot
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Adam Michaliszyn
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Kalisińska
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Lepczyńska
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Public Health, University of Warmia and Mazury, Żołnierska 14C, 10-561, Olsztyn, Poland
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3
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Taniguchi Y, Yamamoto H. Refractory diarrhea in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis. Int J Rheum Dis 2024; 27:e14989. [PMID: 38009312 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.14989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Taniguchi
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Nephrology and Rheumatology, Kochi Medical School Hospital, Nankoku, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Yamamoto
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Nephrology and Rheumatology, Kochi Medical School Hospital, Nankoku, Japan
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Rudzińska M, Sikorska K. Epidemiology of Blastocystis Infection: A Review of Data from Poland in Relation to Other Reports. Pathogens 2023; 12:1050. [PMID: 37624010 PMCID: PMC10458783 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12081050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Blastocystis is a common gut protist of humans and various animals worldwide, with a high level of genetic diversity. Neither its zoonotic potential and transmission routes nor its pathogenicity are fully known. This fact, and the fact that Blastocystis is the most abundant eukaryote in human faeces, raises the question of its relevance to public health. Here, we summarise (in relation to other reports) the results of studies on the prevalence and genotypic variation of Blastocystis, which were carried out in animals, humans, and in water environments in Poland. In humans, the prevalence ranged between 0.14 and 23.6%, in some animals reached 58.97%, and in water environments was 5.1%. Seven subtypes were identified in humans (ST1-ST4, ST6, ST7, and ST9), of which ST3 was the most common. Among animals (wild, livestock, and pet animals), eleven STs were identified, with differential host specificity. Humans and animals shared ST1, ST2, ST3, ST6, and ST7, while ST1 and ST3 were present in humans, animals, and water sources. These observations indicate the possibility of Blastocystis transmission between animals and humans. Further studies should be continued in search of the sources and transmission routes of Blastocystis in order to prevent the spread of infections among humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Rudzińska
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Epidemiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland;
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Kumarasamy V, Rajamanikam A, Anbazhagan D, Atroosh WM, Azzani M, Subramaniyan V, Abdullah SR. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis: Epidemiology of Human Blastocystis spp. Infection in Malaysia. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:415. [PMID: 37624353 PMCID: PMC10457748 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8080415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Blastocystis spp. is a unicellular enteric protozoan parasite in humans with a controversial role in disease etiology. It is common in developing countries among immunocompromised patients and people who have close contact with animals. In this study, we have systematically reviewed previous studies on the distribution and genotypes of human Blastocystis infection in Peninsular Malaysia. Studies examining the prevalence of Blastocystis in diverse demographics, including rural, urban, comorbid conditions, and high-risk populations, were taken into consideration. The infection has been reported in nine states; the total percentage of infection was 17.8% (1671/9397), with the most cases in Pahang (27.3%) and the least in Johor (3.4%). Molecular studies revealed the presence of six subtypes: ST1, ST2, ST3, ST4, ST5, and ST6. ST3 was reported as the predominant subtype in all the states, with a prevalence of 54.7% (338/618). The findings provide greater clarity on the epidemiology of Blastocystis in Malaysia, which will help in policy making towards planning and strategizing control measures against the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinoth Kumarasamy
- Department of Parasitology & Medical Entomology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia;
| | - Arutchelvan Rajamanikam
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Deepa Anbazhagan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, International Medical School (IMS), Management & Science University (MSU), Shah Alam 40100, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wahib Mohammed Atroosh
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Meram Azzani
- Department of Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh 47000, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Vetriselvan Subramaniyan
- Pharmacology Unit, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
- Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Syamsa Rizal Abdullah
- Department of Parasitology & Medical Entomology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia;
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6
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Radhwi O, Almohammadi A, Almarzouki A, Barefah A, Bahashwan S, Alahwal H. Blastocystis sp.-An emerging cause of diarrhea post stem cell transplantation. Clin Case Rep 2023; 11:e7285. [PMID: 37143462 PMCID: PMC10152071 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.7285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Key Clinical Message Protozoans are endemic in the Middle East and diarrhea workup post stem cell transplant should always include stool examination for ova and parasites. Abstract We present a case of Blastocystis sp. infection in a multiple myeloma patient who developed diarrhea on day five of post-autologous stem cell transplantation. Diarrhea is a major complication and a potential cause of mortality in this population. Testing for endemic protozoan is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osman Radhwi
- Hematology Department, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University HospitalKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddahSaudi Arabia
- Hematology Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research CenterKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddahSaudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Almohammadi
- Hematology Department, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University HospitalKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddahSaudi Arabia
- Hematology Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research CenterKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddahSaudi Arabia
| | - Adel Almarzouki
- Hematology Department, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University HospitalKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddahSaudi Arabia
- Hematology Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research CenterKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddahSaudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Barefah
- Hematology Department, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University HospitalKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddahSaudi Arabia
- Hematology Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research CenterKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddahSaudi Arabia
| | - Salem Bahashwan
- Hematology Department, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University HospitalKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddahSaudi Arabia
- Hematology Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research CenterKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddahSaudi Arabia
| | - Hatem Alahwal
- Hematology Department, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University HospitalKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddahSaudi Arabia
- Hematology Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research CenterKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddahSaudi Arabia
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BAYRAKTAR MT, CÖMERT M, ÖZTÜRK A. Bağışıklık Sistemi Baskılanmış Hastalarda Cryptosporidium spp. ve Giardia intestinalis Sıklığının Araştırılması. KOCAELI ÜNIVERSITESI SAĞLIK BILIMLERI DERGISI 2022. [DOI: 10.30934/kusbed.1156716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Amaç: Giardia intestinalis ve Cryptosporidium spp. türleri gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkelerde ishale neden olan bağırsak parazitleridir. Özelikle bağışıklık sistemi baskılanmış hastalarda ve çocuklarda tedavi edilemediğinde ölümcül olabilmektedir. Bu çalışmada Harran Üniversitesi Araştırma ve Uygulama Hastanesine başvuran bağışıklık sistemi baskılanmış hastaların dışkı örneklerinde Cryptosporidium spp. ve G.intestinalis sıklığının araştırılması amaçlanmıştır.
Yöntem: Bu çalışma Ocak 2017 ve Ocak 2019 yılları arasında hastanemize başvuran bağışıklık sistemi baskılanmış ve ishal şikâyeti olan toplam 100 hasta ile gerçekleştirildi. Hastaların dışkı örneklerinde immünokromatografik (İK) metot ile Cryptosporidium spp. ve G. intestinalis antijenleri arandı ve nativ-lugol ve kinyoun asit fast boyama ile ookist, kist-trofozoit açısından incelendi.
Bulgular: Toplam sekiz (%8) hastada G. intestinalis saptandı. Bunlardan yedisi (%14) çocuk hasta (n=50) ve biri (%2) yetişkin (n=50) bir kadın hasta olduğu tespit edildi. Hastaların 3 (%3)’ünde ise Cryptosporidium spp. görüldü. Bunlardan ikisi (%4) çocuk ve biri (%2) yetişkin kadın hastalar idi. Sonuçlarımız hem Cryptosporidium hem de G. intestinalis’in bağışıklık sistemi baskılanmış çocuk hastalarda (sırasıyla %4 ve %14) daha fazla saptandığını göstermiştir.
Sonuç: Dışkı örneklerinde antijen saptayan İK metodun maliyeti yüksek olmasına rağmen çalışması kolay, erken sonuç vermesi ve etkensel tanı yöntemlerindeki zorluklara yardımcı olduğu görülmektedir. Sınırlı sayıda araştırılmış örnek bulunmasına rağmen bulgularımız bu iki parazitten kaynaklı enfeksiyonların Türkiye'de veya Avrupa ülkelerinde yapılan diğer çalışmalardaki görülme sıklığından daha yüksek olduğunu gösterdi.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ali ÖZTÜRK
- NİĞDE ÖMER HALİSDEMİR ÜNİVERSİTESİ, TIP FAKÜLTESİ, TEMEL TIP BİLİMLERİ BÖLÜMÜ
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8
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Łanocha A, Łanocha-Arendarczyk N, Wilczyńska D, Zdziarska B, Kosik-Bogacka D. Protozoan Intestinal Parasitic Infection in Patients with Hematological Malignancies. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11102847. [PMID: 35628973 PMCID: PMC9146298 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11102847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of gastrointestinal protozoan infection in patients with hematological malignancies (HMs) undergoing intensive hemato-oncological treatment and to determine the influence of certain biological factors on the incidence of intestinal parasite infection. Stool samples were collected from hematological malignancy patients (n = 50) hospitalized at the Department of Hematology and Transplantology of the Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin. The control group consisted of 50 healthy participants. We used a direct smear examination and a commercial immunoenzymatic test. Intestinal protozoans were detected in 16% of patients with hematological malignancies and in 6% of individuals in the control group. In stool samples from patients with HM, cysts of Giardia intestinalis (2%), oocysts of Cryptosporidium spp. (10%), vacuolar forms of potentially pathogenic Blastocystis spp. (2%), and cysts of nonpathogenic Entamoeba coli (2%) were found. Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia intestinalis coproantigens were detected in 5 (10%) and 1 (2%) patients with HM, respectively. In three participants from the control group, vacuolar forms of Blastocystis spp. were found. In the patients with HM, a significantly higher prevalence of intestinal parasite infection was found in individuals working in the garden without protective gloves and those in contact with animals. In patients with hematological malignancies, intestinal parasites should be excluded, even during intensive chemotherapy treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Łanocha
- Department of Hematology with Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-242 Szczecin, Poland; (A.Ł.); (B.Z.)
| | - Natalia Łanocha-Arendarczyk
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Dominika Wilczyńska
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Barbara Zdziarska
- Department of Hematology with Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-242 Szczecin, Poland; (A.Ł.); (B.Z.)
| | - Danuta Kosik-Bogacka
- Independent Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Botany, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
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9
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Pane S, Putignani L. Cryptosporidium: Still Open Scenarios. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11050515. [PMID: 35631036 PMCID: PMC9143492 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11050515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis is increasingly identified as a leading cause of childhood diarrhea and malnutrition in both low-income and high-income countries. The strong impact on public health in epidemic scenarios makes it increasingly essential to identify the sources of infection and understand the transmission routes in order to apply the right prevention or treatment protocols. The objective of this literature review was to present an overview of the current state of human cryptosporidiosis, reviewing risk factors, discussing advances in the drug treatment and epidemiology, and emphasizing the need to identify a government system for reporting diagnosed cases, hitherto undervalued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Pane
- Department of Diagnostic and Laboratory Medicine, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Unit of Microbiology and Diagnostic Immunology, Unit of Microbiomics, 00146 Rome, Italy;
| | - Lorenza Putignani
- Department of Diagnostic and Laboratory Medicine, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Unit of Microbiology and Diagnostic Immunology, Unit of Microbiomics and Multimodal Laboratory Medicine Research Area, Unit of Human Microbiome, 00146 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence:
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10
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Adamska M. First report of Blastocystis sp. subtypes in natural water bodies in north-western Poland: a one-year monitoring. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2022; 32:862-869. [PMID: 32787444 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2020.1803804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Studies on the presence of Blastocystis subtypes in water samples are far less numerous compared with stool samples. The main aim of this study was to examine the occurrence of Blastocystis subtypes in 36 natural water bodies in north-western Poland in the period from winter 2009 to autumn 2010. Single PCR with the use of Blast 505-532/Blast 998-1017 set of primers was used to detect Blastocystis DNA in the obtained water samples. Sequencing of the obtained amplicons revealed the presence of ST1 and ST3 subtypes in five of the 36 (13.9%) examined water bodies within 1 year period. Further examinations with the use of new samples are needed in order to check if Blastocystis occurs in the examined water bodies at the present time, however, the risk of infection should be taken into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Adamska
- Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
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11
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Kumarasamy V, Atroosh WM, Anbazhagan D, Abdalla MMI, Azzani M. Association of Blastocystis hominis with colorectal cancer: A systematic review of in vitro and in vivo evidences. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2022; 14:734-745. [PMID: 35321272 PMCID: PMC8919012 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v14.i3.734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, there have been several findings that showed intestinal colonisation of Blastocystis hominis (Blastocystis) as a risk factor to the worsening of colorectal cancer (CRC). However, studies have shown controversial results in the pathogenicity of Blastocystis.
AIM To review systematically the evidence available on the association between CRC and Blastocystis and the prevalence of Blastocystis in CRC patients and to investigate cytopathic and immunological effects of Blastocystis in in vitro and in vivo studies.
METHODS PRISMA guidelines were utilised in conducting this systematic review. Original articles published before February 2, 2020 were included. PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus and Google scholar databases were searched. Manual searching was carried out to find articles missed during the online search.
RESULTS Out of 12 studies selected for this systematic review, seven studies confirmed the prevalence of Blastocystis and found it to be between 2%-28% in CRC patients, whereby subtype 1 and subtype 3 were predominantly seen. A total of four studies employing in vitro human colorectal carcinoma cell line study models showed significant cytopathic and immunological effects of Blastocystis. In addition, one in vivo experimental animal model study showed that there was a significant effect of infection with Blastocystis on exacerbation of colorectal carcinogenesis.
CONCLUSION Blastocystis is a commonly identified microorganism in CRC patients. These studies have provided supportive data that Blastocystis could exacerbate existing CRC via alteration in host immune response and increased oxidative damage. Future studies of CRC and Blastocystis should attempt to determine the various stages of CRC that are most likely to be associated with Blastocystis and its relationship with other intestinal bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinoth Kumarasamy
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Bioscience and Nursing, MAHSA University, Jenjarom 42610, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wahib Mohammed Atroosh
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Wilayah Persekutuan, Malaysia
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Aden, Aden 00, Yemen
| | - Deepa Anbazhagan
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Bioscience and Nursing, MAHSA University, Jenjarom 42610, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Meram Azzani
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Bioscience and Nursing, MAHSA University, Jenjarom 42610, Selangor, Malaysia
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12
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Köseoğlu AE, Can H, Karakavuk M, Güvendi M, Değirmenci Döşkaya A, Manyatsi PB, Döşkaya M, Gürüz AY, Ün C. Molecular prevalence and subtyping of Cryptosporidium spp. in fecal samples collected from stray cats in İzmir, Turkey. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:89. [PMID: 35255909 PMCID: PMC8898748 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03190-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cryptosporidium spp. are obligate intracellular apicomplexan parasites transmitted to humans and other animals by contaminated water, food, or direct contact. They mainly cause gastrointestinal symptoms, although subclinical infections are also common. Cats are primarily infected by host-adapted Cryptosporidium felis while C. parvum and C. muris have also been detected in some cases. In this study, the molecular prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. was investigated by screening 399 fecal samples collected from stray cats using nested PCR targeting the 18S rRNA gene for the first time in Turkey. Additionally, Cryptosporidium PCR-positive samples were genotyped by nested PCR- restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), and subsequently, amplicons of 18S SSU rRNA were sequenced. They were further subtyped by amplification and sequencing of the gp60 gene. Results Among fecal samples screened, 12 of them (3%) were found to be Cryptosporidium-positive, and according to RFLP and sequencing of 18S rRNA gene, all positive samples were identified as C. felis. Subtyping analyses at the gp60 gene showed that C. felis isolates belonged to the XIXa subtype family, which are closely related to human subtypes of the parasite. Conclusions The results of this study are important in terms of indicating the potential role of stray cats for transmission of Cryptosporidium spp. to humans or other animals. Also, the presence of XIXa, which is the dominant subtype family of C. felis in cats and humans was shown for the first time in stray cats of İzmir, Turkey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Efe Köseoğlu
- Faculty of Science Department of Biology Molecular Biology Section, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Hüseyin Can
- Faculty of Science Department of Biology Molecular Biology Section, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey. .,Ege University Vaccine Development Application and Research Center, İzmir, Turkey.
| | - Muhammet Karakavuk
- Ege University Vaccine Development Application and Research Center, İzmir, Turkey.,Ege University Ödemiş Technical Training College, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Mervenur Güvendi
- Faculty of Science Department of Biology Molecular Biology Section, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Aysu Değirmenci Döşkaya
- Ege University Vaccine Development Application and Research Center, İzmir, Turkey.,Faculty of Medicine Department of Parasitology, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Pumla Bhekiwe Manyatsi
- Faculty of Science Department of Biology Molecular Biology Section, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Mert Döşkaya
- Ege University Vaccine Development Application and Research Center, İzmir, Turkey.,Faculty of Medicine Department of Parasitology, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Adnan Yüksel Gürüz
- Ege University Vaccine Development Application and Research Center, İzmir, Turkey.,Faculty of Medicine Department of Parasitology, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Cemal Ün
- Faculty of Science Department of Biology Molecular Biology Section, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey.,Ege University Vaccine Development Application and Research Center, İzmir, Turkey
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Farsi TA, Weerakoon S, Mohsin J, Al Mashayakhi H, Ahmed K, Al Maani A, Aboqusida K, Al Sukaiti N. Disseminated Cryptosporidiosis in an Infant with Non-HIV Pediatric Immunodeficiency: First Case Report from Oman. Oman Med J 2022; 36:e326. [PMID: 35024174 PMCID: PMC8722341 DOI: 10.5001/omj.2021.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is a rare but important pathogen, especially in children with immunodeficiency. Intestinal cryptosporidiosis is well described in immunocompetent and immunocompromised children, but respiratory and disseminated cryptosporidiosis in immunodeficient children is not often reported. We describe an Omani infant with disseminated cryptosporidiosis and failing pharmacological therapy in the context of severe combined immunodeficiency. Chronic diarrhea can be an initial symptom of immunodeficiency in the pediatric population. Awareness of cryptosporidiosis is critical to early detection and management for such patients. As antiparasitic agents are often ineffective, amelioration of immunosuppression in immunodeficient children should be a priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariq Al Farsi
- Department of Pediatric Immunology, Royal Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | | | - Jalila Mohsin
- Department of Microbiology, Royal Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | | | - Khawater Ahmed
- Department of Pediatric Immunology, Royal Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | - Amal Al Maani
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Royal Hospital, Muscat, Oman
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14
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Morelli S, Diakou A, Di Cesare A, Colombo M, Traversa D. Canine and Feline Parasitology: Analogies, Differences, and Relevance for Human Health. Clin Microbiol Rev 2021; 34:e0026620. [PMID: 34378954 PMCID: PMC8404700 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00266-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cats and dogs are treated as family members by most pet owners. Therefore, a high quality of veterinary care and preventive medicine is imperative for animal health and welfare and for the protection of humans from zoonotic pathogens. There is a general perception of cats being treated as "small dogs," especially in the field of clinical parasitology. As a result, several important differences between the two animal species are not taken into proper consideration and are often overlooked. Dogs and cats are profoundly different under evolutionary, biological, ethological, behavioral, and immunological standpoints. These differences impact clinical features, diagnosis, and control of canine and feline parasites and transmission risk for humans. This review outlines the most common parasitoses and vector-borne diseases of dogs and cats, with a focus on major convergences and divergences, and discusses parasites that have (i) evolved based on different preys for dogs and cats, (ii) adapted due to different immunological or behavioral animal profiles, and (iii) developed more similarities than differences in canine and feline infections and associated diseases. Differences, similarities, and peculiarities of canine and feline parasitology are herein reviewed in three macrosections: (i) carnivorism, vegetarianism, anatomy, genetics, and parasites, (ii) evolutionary adaptation of nematodes, including veterinary reconsideration and zoonotic importance, and (iii) behavior and immune system driving ectoparasites and transmitted diseases. Emphasis is given to provide further steps toward a more accurate evaluation of canine and feline parasitology in a changing world in terms of public health relevance and One Health approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Morelli
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Anastasia Diakou
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Angela Di Cesare
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | | | - Donato Traversa
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
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15
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Sarzhanov F, Dogruman-Al F, Santin M, Maloney JG, Gureser AS, Karasartova D, Taylan-Ozkan A. Investigation of neglected protists Blastocystis sp. and Dientamoeba fragilis in immunocompetent and immunodeficient diarrheal patients using both conventional and molecular methods. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009779. [PMID: 34613993 PMCID: PMC8494357 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The clinical significance of Blastocystis sp. and Dientamoeba fragilis in patients with gastrointestinal symptoms is a controversial issue. Since the pathogenicity of these protists has not been fully elucidated, testing for these organisms is not routinely pursued by most laboratories and clinicians. Thus, the prevalence of these organisms and the subtypes of Blastocystis sp. in human patients in Turkey are not well characterized. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of Blastocystis sp. and D. fragilis in the diarrheic stool samples of immunodeficient and immunocompetent patients using conventional and molecular methods and to identify Blastocystis sp. subtypes using next generation sequencing. Material and methods Individual stool specimens were collected from 245 immunodeficient and 193 immunocompetent diarrheic patients between March 2017 and December 2019 at the Gazi University Training and Research Hospital in Ankara, Turkey. Samples were screened for Blastocystis sp. and D. fragilis by conventional and molecular methods. Molecular detection of both protists was achieved by separate qPCRs targeting a partial fragment of the SSU rRNA gene. Next generation sequencing was used to identify Blastocystis sp. subtypes. Results The prevalence of Blastocystis sp. and D. fragilis was 16.7% and 11.9%, respectively as measured by qPCR. The prevalence of Blastocystis sp. and D. fragilis was lower in immunodeficient patients (12.7% and 10.6%, respectively) compared to immunocompetent patients (21.8% and 13.5%, respectively). Five Blastocystis sp. subtypes were identified and the following subtype distribution was observed: ST3 54.4% (n = 37), ST2 16.2% (n = 11), ST1 4.4% (n = 3), ST6 2.9% (n = 2), ST4 1.5% (n = 1), ST2/ST3 11.8% (n = 8) and ST1/ST3 8.8% (n = 6). There was no statistically significant difference in the distribution of Blastocystis sp. subtypes between immunocompetent and immunodeficient patients. Conclusion and recommendation Our findings demonstrated that Blastocystis sp. and D. fragilis are commonly present in immunocompetent and immunodeficient patients with diarrhea. This study is the first to use next generation sequencing to address the presence of Blastocystis sp. mixed subtypes and intra-subtype variability in clinical samples in Turkey. Blastocystis sp. and Dientamoeba fragilis are single-cell parasites of the human intestine which are common worldwide and reported in cases with gastrointestinal symptoms. However, the role of Blastocystis sp. and D. fragilis in patients with gastrointestinal symptoms is still controversial because their presence is not always associated with symptoms. As some intestinal parasitic infections can cause severe illness in immunocompromised individuals careful consideration of intestinal protist infection is warranted. However, testing for Blastocystis sp. and D. fragilis is not routinely carried out by most laboratories and clinicians. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of Blastocystis sp. and D. fragilis in immunocompetent and immunosuppressed patients with diarrhea by conventional and molecular methods. Both Blastocystis sp. and D. fragilis were detected more frequently by quantitative polymerase chain reaction than by conventional methods. Next generation sequencing was used to characterize the diversity and frequency of Blastocystis sp. subtypes and mixed subtypes in patients in Turkey. Five Blastocystis sp. subtypes (ST1, ST2, ST3, ST4 and ST6) were detected. ST3 was the most frequent subtype in both immunocompetent and immunosuppressed patients. Mono-infections were more common than mixed subtype infections. Our findings showed that Blastocystis sp. and D. fragilis are commonly present in immunocompetent and immunodeficient patients with diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fakhriddin Sarzhanov
- Division of Medical Parasitology, Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
- Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University, Faculty of Medicine, Turkestan, Kazakhstan
| | - Funda Dogruman-Al
- Division of Medical Parasitology, Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Monica Santin
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jenny G. Maloney
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ayse Semra Gureser
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hitit University, Corum, Turkey
| | - Djursun Karasartova
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hitit University, Corum, Turkey
| | - Aysegul Taylan-Ozkan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hitit University, Corum, Turkey
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, TOBB- University of Economics and Technology, Ankara, Turkey
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16
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Popruk S, Adao DEV, Rivera WL. Epidemiology and subtype distribution of Blastocystis in humans: A review. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 95:105085. [PMID: 34530156 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.105085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Blastocystis is a commonly encountered gastrointestinal protozoan in humans and animals with uncertain pathogenicity. Despite its potential public health impact, epidemiological data regarding the prevalence and molecular subtype (ST) distribution of Blastocystis have been rarely reported. Among Blastocystis STs, ST1-ST4 are common in humans, including healthy and immunodeficient populations. According to the Chi-squared (χ2) association based on the data compiled for this cross-sectional study, the presence of ST1 is associated with asymptomatic infection, whereas the presence of ST4 is associated with symptomatic infection. However, cross-sectional studies cannot clarify the potential pathogenicity of Blastocystis, unlike in vivo and in vitro studies. Poor hygiene, poor sanitation and zoonotic transmission are possible factors associated with high Blastocystis prevalence, although this protozoan may be part of the normal healthy human gastrointestinal microbiota. This review covers the prevalence, STs and distribution of Blastocystis infection in humans. Thus, future epidemiological and subtyping studies could reveal new STs in humans as well as possible associations of STs with disease, drug resistance and related mechanisms such as protease activity. These associations with proper ST identification may facilitate the control of potential threats to host health, including the direct pathogenic effects of Blastocystis or alterations of the gastrointestinal microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supaluk Popruk
- Department of Protozoology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Ratchawithi Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Davin Edric V Adao
- Pathogen-Host-Environment Interactions Research Laboratory, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines
| | - Windell L Rivera
- Pathogen-Host-Environment Interactions Research Laboratory, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines.
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Infection with Blastocystis spp. and its association with enteric infections and environmental enteric dysfunction among slum-dwelling malnourished adults in Bangladesh. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009684. [PMID: 34407080 PMCID: PMC8405003 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Blastocystis spp. (Blastocystis) is a widely distributed gastrointestinal protist frequently reported in countries with tropical and sub-tropical climate. We sought to determine the factors associated with Blastocystis infection and investigate its role on biomarkers of intestinal health among slum-dwelling malnourished adults in Bangladesh. Methodology Total 524 malnourished adults with a body mass index ≤18.5 kg/m2 were included in this analysis. Presence of Blastocystis in feces was evaluated by TaqMan Array Card assays. Principal findings Blastocystis was tested positive in 78.6% of the participants. Prevalence of infection with atypical strains of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (aEPEC) (56% vs. 38%, p<0.001), and Trichuris trichiura (28% vs. 15%, p-value = 0.02) was significantly greater in adults with Blastocystis, while Giardia intestinalis was significantly lower (8% vs. 14%, p-value = 0.04) in Blastocystis positive adults. Malnourished adults who were living in households with high crowding index (aOR = 2.18; 95% CI = 1.11, 4.65; p-value = 0.03), and infected with aEPEC (aOR = 2.14; 95% CI = 1.35, 3.44; p-value = 0.001) and Trichuris trichiura (aOR = 1.97; 95% CI = 1.08, 3.77; p = 0.03) were more likely to be infected with Blastocystis. A significant negative relationship was observed between Blastocystis and fecal concentrations of alpha-1 antitrypsin (β = -0.1; 95% CI = -1.7, -0.1; p-value<0.001) and Reg1B (β = -3.6; 95% CI = -6.9, -3.0; p-value = 0.03). Conclusions The study findings suggest that the presence of Blastocystis in human intestine influences gut health and may have potential pathogenic role in presence of other pathogens. Infection with Blastocystis, a neglected enteric pathogen, is frequently reported in tropical and sub-tropical countries. However, the epidemiology, pathogenicity and associated outcomes of Blastocystis in relation to enteric infections and Environmental Enteric Dysfunction (EED) remain inconclusive. In this study, the authors investigated the factors associated with Blastocystis infection and examined its association with enteric infections as well as fecal biomarkers of environmental enteric dysfunction among slum-dwelling malnourished adults in Bangladesh. The study findings exhibited that nearly 80% of the participants were infected with Blastocystis demonstrating a positive association with crowded living conditions. The authors observed a positive association of Blastocystis with atypical strain of Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and Trichuris trichiura. The study results also corroborate that infection with Blastocystis had significant negative association with alpha-1 antitrypsin and Reg1B concentrations measured in the stool samples of the study participants. The findings of this study would help to reveal the pathogenic potential of Blastocystis and determine its role in contributing to altered gut health as well as EED in malnourished adults living in resource limited environments.
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Dupuy F, Valot S, Dalle F, Sterin A, L'Ollivier C. Disseminated Cryptosporidium infection in an infant with CD40L deficiency. IDCases 2021; 24:e01115. [PMID: 33868928 PMCID: PMC8044382 DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2021.e01115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The protozoan Cryptosporidium affects the digestive tract of humans and animals. Cryptosporidiosis leads to diarrhoea mimicking a cholera-like course with dehydration and may even result in death in immunodeficient patients, as patients with hyper-IgM syndrome. We describe a rare case of disseminated Cryptosporidium infection in a seven- year-old boy with CD40 L deficiency. During the pre-graft phase, the patient presented an intestinal cryptosporidiosis which became complicated few days later during the aplasia period with a cholangitis and pulmonary cryptosporidiosis. Cryptosporidium hominis was identified. After treatment with nitazoxanide and azithromycine the patient was doing well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fleur Dupuy
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Stéphane Valot
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, CHU de Dijon, France
| | - Frédéric Dalle
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, CHU de Dijon, France
| | - Arthur Sterin
- Service d'hématologie pédiatrique, AP-HM La Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Coralie L'Ollivier
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.,Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France
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Nowakowska A, Demkow U, Podsiadły E. Zakażenia przewodu pokarmowego w XXI wieku w Polsce i na świecie. POSTEP HIG MED DOSW 2021. [DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0014.6955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Streszczenie
Na początku XXI wieku wciąż istnieje ogólnoświatowy problem zakażeń przewodu pokarmowego we wszystkich grupach wiekowych ludności. Za najpowszechniejszy czynnik etiologiczny chorób biegunkowych na świecie przenoszony przez skażoną żywność uważany jest Norovirus oraz bakterie z rodzaju Salmonella i Campylobacter, jednak za największą liczbę nieżytów żołądkowo-jelitowych odpowiadają rotawirusy. Ciągle terenami endemicznymi ciężkich zakażeń pokarmowych jest Afryka, Azja Południowo-Wschodnia, Ameryka Łacińska oraz wschodnia część Basenu Morza Śródziemnego. Na tych terenach utrzymują się „stare” czynniki etiologiczne biegunek, takie jak np.: Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella Typhi, Salmonella Paratyphi. Grupą szczególnie narażoną na infekcje pokarmowe pozostają dzieci <5. roku życia. Głównym czynnikiem etiologicznym biegunek w tej grupie wiekowej – zarówno w krajach rozwiniętych, jak i rozwijających się – są rotawirusy. Odpowiadają one za 500 tys. zgonów rocznie. Polska ze względu na ograniczone standardy diagnostyczne, epidemiologicznie różni się częstotliwością występowania poszczególnych patogenów biegunkowych od pozostałych krajów. Dotyczy to niższej zapadalności na zakażenia o etiologiach: Campylobacter, Norovirus, Shigella. Dominującym czynnikiem zakażeń pokarmowych o podłożu bakteryjnym w kraju są pałeczki Salmonella, natomiast wirusowym rotawirusy. Wiedza na temat chorób infekcyjnych układu pokarmowego może być w XXI w. na nowo sformułowana, a lista czynników etiologicznych poszerzona, sprzyjają temu zaś badania mikrobioty jelit oraz powszechne stosowanie nowych technik diagnostycznych m.in. spektometrii mas i real-time PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Nowakowska
- Laboratorium Diagnostyki Medycznej , Wojewódzka Stacja Sanitarno-Epidemiologiczna w Rzeszowie
- Zakład Mikrobiologii, Kolegium Nauk Medycznych , Uniwersytet Rzeszowski
| | - Urszula Demkow
- Zakład Diagnostyki Laboratoryjnej i Immunologii Klinicznej Wieku Rozwojowego , Warszawski Uniwersytet Medyczny
- Zakład Diagnostyki Laboratoryjnej i Immunologii Klinicznej Wieku Rozwojowego , Uniwersyteckie Centrum Kliniczne WUM , Warszawa
| | - Edyta Podsiadły
- Zakład Diagnostyki Laboratoryjnej i Immunologii Klinicznej Wieku Rozwojowego , Uniwersyteckie Centrum Kliniczne WUM , Warszawa
- Zakład Mikrobiologii, Kolegium Nauk Medycznych , Uniwersytet Rzeszowski
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Prevalence, Molecular Characterization and Risk Factors of Blastocystis sp. from Farmed Pigs in Yunnan Province, Southwestern China. Acta Parasitol 2020; 65:1005-1010. [PMID: 32556839 DOI: 10.2478/s11686-020-00229-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Blastocystis is an enteral eukaryote that omnipresent existence in animals and humans global. The objective of the current study investigated the frequency and subtypes to evaluate risk factors for Blastocystis infection in pigs in southwestern China. MATERIALS AND METHODS The 866 fecal samples were collected from farmed pigs in Yunnan province, which were determined by the molecular method of the nested PCR and phylogenetic analysis established on the small subunit rDNA (SSU rDNA) gene fragment. RESULTS A total of 433 specimens were detected Blastocystis positive, and the prevalence of is 50.0% (433/866). The significant differences in prevalence were also observed in pigs from regions (P < 0.01, df = 8, χ2 = 29.17) and age groups (P < 0.01, df = 2, χ2 = 66.6). Older pigs had more Blastocystis infection than younger ones. Moreover, three zoonotic subtypes were identified by DNA sequence analysis, included ST1 (7.39%, 32/433), ST3 (4.39%, 19/433) and ST5 (88.22%, 382/433). CONCLUSIONS The results suggested a high prevalence and diversified subtypes in farmed pigs in Yunnan province, southwestern China, which indicated pigs are most likely to potential reservoirs and zoonotic transmission of Blastocystis for human infection. To our knowledge, the study is the first large-scale systematic statement of Blastocystis colonization in Yunnan province, Southwestern China, which contributed to the in-depth study of genetic characteristics and prevention, control and treatment of Blastocystis in pigs in Yunnan province and other regions.
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Khorshidvand Z, Khazaei S, Amiri M, Taherkhani H, Mirzaei A. Worldwide prevalence of emerging parasite Blastocystis in immunocompromised patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Microb Pathog 2020; 152:104615. [PMID: 33246090 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blastocystis is one of the most common pathogens of the human intestine, caused by an emerging parasite, which can lead to severe symptoms and even death in immunocompromised patients. We aimed to determine the global prevalence of Blastocystosis infection in people with immunodeficiency. A systematic literature search was conducted on Web of Science, Scopus, Google scholar, Science Direct and MEDLINE databases to select all observational studies reporting the prevalence of Blastocystosis infection in Worldwide, based on different diagnostic methods in immunocompromised patients of any age and published from inception to February 2019. Pooled estimates and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated using random effects models and in addition, the I2 statistic was calculated. The geographic distribution of studies was evaluated and the diagnosis of Blastocystis was compared by various techniques. Electronic databases were reviewed for Blastocystosis infection in HIV/AIDS, cancer and other immunocompromised patients, and meta-analyses were conducted to calculate the overall estimated prevalence. Total68 eligible studies were included. The estimated pooled prevalence rate of Blastocystosis infection in immunocompromised patients was overall 10% (95% CI, 7-13%; I2 96.04%) (P < 0.001), of whom 21% [18-25] were in Australia, 12% [4-24] in America, 11% [6-17] in Europe and 10% [5-15], 7% [3-13] in Asia and Africa, respectively. It was calculated that the estimated pooled prevalence rate of Blastocystosis infection in immunocompromised patients was overall 10% and the prevalence estimates ranged from 0.44 to 72.39. Also, overall the prevalence of parasites co-infection in immunocompromised patients was detected as 0.024%. Our finding showed that immunocompromised people show a high prevalence of Blastocystosis infection compared to the control population. Adequate information on the prevalence rate is still missing from many countries. However, current information underscore that Blastocystis should not be neglected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Khorshidvand
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Salman Khazaei
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - MohamadReza Amiri
- Department of medical Library and Information Science, Faculty of Paramedicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Heshmatollah Taherkhani
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Asad Mirzaei
- Department of Parasitology, School of Allied Medical Science, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran; Zoonotic Diseases ResearchCenter, Ilam University of Medical sciences, Ilam, Iran.
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Calderón de la Barca AM, Castillo-Fimbres RS, Mejía-León ME, Quihui-Cota L, Ochoa-Leyva A, Aguayo-Patrón SV. Enteric parasitic infection disturbs bacterial structure in Mexican children with autoantibodies for type 1 diabetes and/or celiac disease. Gut Pathog 2020; 12:37. [PMID: 32788927 PMCID: PMC7418185 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-020-00376-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Intestinal bacterial dysbiosis and increased gut permeability are associated with higher risk of developing type 1 diabetes (T1D) or celiac disease (CD). There is a lack of information on parasitism involved in gut disturbance of predisposed children. We evaluated the effect of enteropathogenic parasites (Cryptosporidium spp., Cyclospora spp. G. lamblia, and Blastocystis spp.) on the bacterial structure of feces from children with autoantibodies for T1D or CD. Participants included 37 children under 18 years of age, from whom stools were analyzed for enteric parasites by qPCR and 22/37 for bacterial profile by sequencing the V3–V4 region of the 16s rRNA gene. Dietary, clinical, and socioeconomic data was recorded. Results Pathogens parasitized 28/37 participants, Cryptosporidium spp. was the most prevalent (62.2%), followed by both Cyclospora cayetanensis and Blastocystis spp (37.8%). There were no dietary differences (p > 0.05) attributable to parasitism. Co-infected participants with Cryptosporidium and Cyclospora did not differ (p = 0.064) from non-infected participants in bacterial alpha phylogenetic diversity. The same parasites’ co-infection was associated with a decreased abundance of the Ruminococaceae (p = 0.04) and Verrucomicrobioceae families, of the Akkermansia genus (p = 0.009). There was a lower Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio (p = 0.02) in infected than in uninfected participants. Conclusions Cryptosporidium and Cyclospora affected the bacterial structure at family and genus levels, decreasing the ratio between Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes in children with auto-antibodies for T1D or CD, which could increase the risk of illness onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Calderón de la Barca
- Dept. Nutrición, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C., Astiazarán Rojas No. 46, Hermosillo, 83304 Sonora Mexico
| | - Reyna S Castillo-Fimbres
- Dept. Nutrición, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C., Astiazarán Rojas No. 46, Hermosillo, 83304 Sonora Mexico
| | - María Esther Mejía-León
- Facultad de Medicina Mexicali, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Dr. Humberto Torres Sanginés S/N Centro Cívico, Mexicali, 21000 B.C. Mexico
| | - Luis Quihui-Cota
- Dept. Nutrición, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C., Astiazarán Rojas No. 46, Hermosillo, 83304 Sonora Mexico
| | - Adrián Ochoa-Leyva
- Dept. Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca. Av. Universidad 2001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, 62210 Morelos Mexico
| | - Sandra V Aguayo-Patrón
- Dept. Nutrición, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C., Astiazarán Rojas No. 46, Hermosillo, 83304 Sonora Mexico.,Universidad del Valle de México, Hermosillo, Son. Mexico
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Henao E, Cantera JR, Rzymski P. Conserving the Amazon River Basin: The case study of the Yahuarcaca Lakes System in Colombia. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 724:138186. [PMID: 32268285 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Colombia is the fourth contributor to the Amazon River Basin (ARB) by surface, and the third by mean annual runoff. The Yahuarcaca Lakes System (YLS), consisting of four large interconnected water bodies situated on the floodplain of Amazon River, was identified as one of the key areas for the conservation of freshwater biodiversity in the Colombian ARB. This review aimed to provide a general overview of YLS, present its environmental and biological features, identify main ecological and health threats, and propose mitigation strategies and future research prospects. A systematic search was performed using various databases. In summary, YLS harbors significant biodiversity and provides a number of ecological services for local communities, encompassing fish and drinking water supply and utilization of the floodplain for agriculture. Ensuring its sustainability requires attention from local and international authorities, collaboration with indigenous communities and future interdisciplinary research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Henao
- Department of Biology, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia.
| | - Jaime R Cantera
- Department of Biology, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia; Ecology of Estuaries and Mangrove Research Group (ECOMANGLARES), Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | - Piotr Rzymski
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
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Sheikh S, Asghari A, Sadraei J, Pirestani M, Zare M. Blastocystis sp. Subtype 9: as the First Reported Subtype in Patients with Schizophrenia in Iran. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42399-020-00285-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Prevalence and Molecular Subtyping of Blastocystis from Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome, Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Chronic Urticaria in Iran. Acta Parasitol 2020; 65:90-96. [PMID: 31602552 DOI: 10.2478/s11686-019-00131-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blastocystis is a parasite that colonizes in the human intestine. Its clinical features include diarrhea, abdominal pain, or urticarial and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Spite of being significant genetic diversity and numerous subtypes within the genus there were no associations between its subtypes and symptomatology. MATERIALS AND METHODS Aim of this project was subtyping of the protozoa in 184 Iranian people with history of IBS/IBD (n = 74) or chronic urticaria (n = 59) and individuals referred to general clinic (n = 51). Microscopic and molecular examinations used for identifying and subtyping of Blastocystis. RESULTS Overall, frequency of the parasite was 24.46% while, 29.41% of people who referred to general clinic, 20.27%, and 25.42% of IBS/IBD and urticarial cases were infected, respectively. Subtyping result showed that 28.89% of all people were infected with Blastocystis sp. while the prevalence of ST3, ST2 and ST1 were 22.22%, 22.22%, and 17.78%, respectively. Blastocystis sp., was identified in most IBS/IBD cases (46.7%) followed with ST2 and ST3 (13.3 and 13.3, respectively). Whereas, in chronic urticaria group ST2(33.3%) was the major subtype and most individuals in control group were infected with ST3 (33.3%). Pearson's Chi Square test showed no significant differences between the parasite or subtype prevalence and diseases (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION Given significant factors have effect on clinical signs including host or parasite genetics, microbiota, as well as environmental factors, it seems that further studies are needed to find out different markers of host susceptibility to diverse parasite genotypes in patients with irritable bowel syndrome or urticaria.
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Li TC, Li Z, Zhang YL, Chen WJ, Dong XL, Yang JF, Li HX, Zou FC. Assessment of the subtypes and the zoonotic risk of Blastocystis sp. of experimental macaques in Yunnan province, southwestern China. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:741-748. [PMID: 31897788 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06574-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Blastocystis is an enteral eukaryote with an omnipresent existence in animals and humans globally. Animals have been proposed to be a major reservoir for the transmission of Blastocystis to individuals due to their high prevalence and large amount of zoonotic subtypes. However, limited data on Blastocystis infection in experimental macaques in China exists. The objective of the current study was to investigate the frequency and subtypes of Blastocystis infection in macaques in southwestern China. A total of 505 fecal samples were collected from experimental macaques in Yunnan province and were analyzed by nested PCR and phylogenetic analyses on the basis of small subunit rRNA (SSU rRNA) gene fragments. A total of 235 specimens were positive for Blastocystis sp., and the prevalence of Blastocystis sp. was 46.5% (235/505). Significant differences in prevalence were also observed among the various species of macaques (P < 0.0133, df = 2, χ2 = 8.64) and the different feed types (P < 0.0093, df = 1, χ2 = 6.77). Moreover, three zoonotic subtypes, ST1, ST3, and ST5, were identified by DNA sequence analysis. There were mainly single subtype infections with some mixed subtype infections, and the predominant subtype was ST3. The results suggested a high prevalence and diversified subtypes in macaques in Yunnan province, southwestern China. Macaques are likely to be potential reservoirs capable of zoonotic transmission of Blastocystis sp. to humans. To our knowledge, this study is the first large-scale systematic analysis of Blastocystis sp. colonization in Yunnan province in the subtropics of China; these results contribute to the in-depth study of genetic characteristics and the prevention, control, and treatment of Blastocystis sp. in macaques in Yunnan province and other regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Cui Li
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Yunnan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao Li
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Yunnan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Lin Zhang
- Kunming Primate Research Center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Jie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Yunnan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xian-Lan Dong
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Yunnan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Fa Yang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Yunnan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Xia Li
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Yunnan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan province, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng-Cai Zou
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Yunnan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan province, People's Republic of China.
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de Moura MLC, Alvares-Saraiva AM, Pérez EC, Xavier JG, Spadacci-Morena DD, Moysés CRS, Rocha PRD, Lallo MA. Cyclophosphamide Treatment Mimics Sub-Lethal Infections With Encephalitozoon intestinalis in Immunocompromised Individuals. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2205. [PMID: 31608035 PMCID: PMC6773878 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Microsporidia, including Encephalitozoon intestinalis, are emerging pathogens which cause opportunistic infections in immunocompromised patients, such as those with AIDS, cancer, the elderly and people on immunosuppressive drugs. Intestinal mucosa (IM) is crucial for developing an efficient adaptive immune response against pathogenic micro-organisms, thereby preventing their colonization and subsequent infection. As immunosuppressive drugs affect the intestinal immune response is little known. In the present study, we investigated the immune response to E. intestinalis infection in the IM and gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) in cyclophosphamide (Cy) immunosuppressed mice, to mimic an immunocompromised condition. Histopathology revealed lymphoplasmacytic enteritis at 7 and 14 days-post-infection (dpi) in all infected groups, however, inflammation diminished at 21 and 28 dpi. Cy treatment also led to a higher number of E. intestinalis spores and lesions, which reduced at 28 dpi. In addition, flow cytometry analysis demonstrated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells to be predominant immune cells, with up-regulation in both Th1 and Th2 cytokines at 7 and 14 dpi, as demonstrated by histopathology. In conclusion, Cy treatment reduced GALT (Peyer’s plaques and mesenteric lymph nodes) and peritoneum populations but increased the T-cell population in the intestinal mucosa and the production of pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines, which were able to eliminate this opportunistic fungus and reduced the E. intestinalis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lucia Costa de Moura
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia Ambiental e Experimental, Universidade Paulista (UNIP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Elizabeth Cristina Pérez
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia Ambiental e Experimental, Universidade Paulista (UNIP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Guilherme Xavier
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia Ambiental e Experimental, Universidade Paulista (UNIP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Maria Anete Lallo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia Ambiental e Experimental, Universidade Paulista (UNIP), São Paulo, Brazil
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Multimethodological Approach to Gastrointestinal Microsporidiosis in HIV-Infected Patients. Acta Parasitol 2019; 64:658-669. [PMID: 31286356 DOI: 10.2478/s11686-019-00095-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Microsporidiosis is an opportunistic infection that produces chronic diarrhoea and cholangiopathy in patients with AIDS, mainly caused by two species of microsporidia, Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Encephalitozon intestinalis. The aim of this work was to develop an integral system for the diagnosis of microsporidiosis of the intestine and biliary tract in HIV-infected patients, comprising microscopic and molecular techniques. METHODS The study population comprised 143 adult patients of both sexes with diagnosis of HIV infection, with chronic diarrhoea, and with or without HIV-associated cholangiopathy. Stool studies for microsporidia identification of spores were performed on each patient. A video esofagogastroduodenoscopy with biopsy collection was also carried out for routine histology and semi-thin sections stained with Azure II. Species identification was carried out by transmission electron microscopy and/or polymerase chain reaction for the species E. bieneusi and E. intestinalis. RESULTS Out of the 143 patients a total of 12.6% (n = 18) were infected with microsporidia. Microsporidia species identified in most cases was E. bieneusi (16/18 cases), followed by E. intestinalis (4/18), all of these last ones in coinfection with E. bieneusi. CONCLUSIONS Clinical, imaging, microscopic and molecular analyses, when applied in a systematic and integrated approach, allow diagnosis and identification of microsporidia at species level in AIDS patients with chronic diarrhoea, and with or without HIV-associated cholangiopathy.
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Mokhtar AB, Ahmed SA, Eltamany EE, Karanis P. Anti- Blastocystis Activity In Vitro of Egyptian Herbal Extracts (Family: Asteraceae) with Emphasis on Artemisia judaica. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16091555. [PMID: 31058875 PMCID: PMC6539629 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16091555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Achillea fragrantissima (Forssk.) Sch. Bip. (known as Qaysoom), Echinops spinosus L. (known as Shoak Elgamal) and Artemisia judaica L.(known Shih Baladi) are members of the Asteraceae family known for their traditional medical use in Egypt. The ethanol extracts of these plants were evaluated for their efficacy against a protozoan parasite (Blastocystis). Two different molecular subtypes of Blastocystis were used (ST1 and ST3). Significant growth inhibition of Blastocystis was observed when exposed to both A. judaica (99.3%) and A. fragrantissima (95.6%) with minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC90) at 2000 µg/mL. Under the effect of the extracts, changes in Blastocystis morphology were noted, with the complete destruction of Blastocystis forms after 72 h with the dose of 4000 µg/mL. Different subtypes displayed different responses to the herbal extracts tested. ST1 exhibited significantly different responses to the herbal extracts compared to ST3. A. judaica was selected as the herb of choice considering all of its variables and because of its effective action against Blastocystis. It was then exposed to further fractionation and observation of its effect on ST1 and ST3. Solvent portioned fractions (dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and n-hexane) in A. judaica were found to be the potent active fractions against both of the Blastocystis subtypes used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira B Mokhtar
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 45122, Egypt.
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Al-Qurayyat 77413, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Shahira A Ahmed
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 45122, Egypt.
| | - Enas E Eltamany
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 45122, Egypt.
| | - Panagiotis Karanis
- University of Cologne, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, 50937 Cologne, Germany.
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Kopacz Ż, Kváč M, Karpiński P, Hendrich AB, Sąsiadek MM, Leszczyński P, Sak B, McEvoy J, Kicia M. The First Evidence of Cryptosporidium meleagridis Infection in a Colon Adenocarcinoma From an Immunocompetent Patient. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:35. [PMID: 30886833 PMCID: PMC6409345 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The potential linkage between Cryptosporidium spp. infection and colorectal human cancer was suggested by limited reports showing higher prevalence of C. parvum and C. hominis in patients with colon cancer. Here we conducted research concerning presence of Cryptosporidium spp. in malignant tissue collected from patients with colorectal cancer. Methods: Cancerous colon tissue samples collected from 145 non-HIV infected patients with colorectal cancer were screened for Cryptosporidium spp. by immunofluorescence antibody test and genus-specific nested polymerase chain reaction followed by sequencing. Results: Screened pathogen was found in cancerous tissue originating from immunocompetent man with colon adenocarcinoma. Genotyping revealed presence of Cryptosporidium meleagridis. The presence of Cryptosporidium life cycle stages (oocysts and endogenous stages) in colon carcinoma tissue was confirmed by genus-specific FITC-labeling. Conclusions: Herein, we report on a C. meleagridis infection of a colon adenocarcinoma in an immunocompetent patient. This is the first report of C. meleagridis infection in the human colon and first evidence of active development of this species in cancer tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Żaneta Kopacz
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Martin Kváč
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia.,Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Paweł Karpiński
- Department of Genetics, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Andrzej B Hendrich
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Maria M Sąsiadek
- Department of Genetics, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Przemysław Leszczyński
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Bohumil Sak
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - John McEvoy
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Marta Kicia
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
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Molecular Detection of Zoonotic Microsporidia in Domestic Cats in Turkey: A Preliminary Study. Acta Parasitol 2019; 64:13-18. [PMID: 30645737 DOI: 10.2478/s11686-018-00003-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This preliminary study was conducted to reveal that the molecular identity of Encephalitozoon spp. and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in indoor domestic cats' fecal samples from Turkey was screened using the PCR. MATERIALS AND METHODS Nested PCR was performed using MSP and EBITS primers. All of the amplification products were sequenced to identify the microsporidia species. RESULTS Four (5.5%) and three (4.1%) genomic DNA isolates of the fecal samples from 72 indoor domestic cats showed amplification of the ITS regions of E. bieneusi and Encephalitozoon spp., respectively. Two different genotypes, D and IV, of E. bieneusi were determined in two cats each based on the ITS sequence analyses. Moreover, Encephalitozoon spp. sequence analyses revealed three isolates belonging to E. intestinalis. CONCLUSIONS This preliminary study has provided the first molecular data on the zoonotic genotypes of E. bieneusi and E. intestinalis in cats in Turkey. Furthermore, E. bieneusi genotype IV (accession number MG727664) was submitted to GenBank for the first time in the Western Palearctic Region as hosted by a domestic cat. Additionally, E. intestinalis (accession number MG570080) was also submitted to GenBank as a valid ITS sequence for the first time as hosted by a domestic cat worldwide.
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de la Luz Galván-Ramírez M, Madriz-Elisondo AL, Ramírez CGT, de Jesús Romero Rameño J, de la O Carrasco DA, López MAC. Enteroparasitism and Risk Factors Associated with Clinical Manifestations in Children and Adults of Jalisco State in Western Mexico. Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2019; 10:39-48. [PMID: 30847270 PMCID: PMC6396823 DOI: 10.24171/j.phrp.2019.10.1.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with intestinal parasites in the population of San Juan Cosala, Jalisco, Mexico. Methods A total of 277 samples from 104 participants were analysed using direct smear, flotation, formaldehyde/ethyl acetate, and modified Kinyoun's acid-fast stain methods. The Graham method was applied only for samples from children under 12 years of age for the diagnosis of Enterobius vermicularis. Results The prevalence of parasite infections in the study population was 77.9% including: Entamoeba histolytica/E. dispar/E. moshkovskii/E. bangladeshi (37.5%), Giardia intestinalis (11.5%); commensals: Endolimax nana (44.2%), Entamoeba coli (27.9%), Chilomastix mesnili (6.7%) and Iodamoeba bütschlii, (2.9%); emerging intestinal protozoans: Blastocystis spp. (49%), Cryptosporidium spp. (7.7%) and Cyclospora cayetanensis (2.9%); and helminths: Enterobius vermicularis (18.3%) and Ascaris lumbricoides (5.8%). The results also showed that 58.64% of the studied population presented polyparasitism. A significant association was found between protozoan infections and housewives, and houses that were not built with concrete ceilings, brick walls and cement floors (p < 0.05). Conclusion Polyparasitism was observed in over half the study population. The most prevalent parasite was Blastocystis spp, whilst the prevalence of helminths was less than that of protozoans. The risk factors for infection to intestinal parasites were being a housewife and not having solid brick, cement and concrete materials for house construction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Luisa Madriz-Elisondo
- Department of Medical Sciences and Life, University Center of the Cienega, University of Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Cynthia Guadalupe Temores Ramírez
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University Center of Biological and Agricultural Sciences. University of Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Jorge de Jesús Romero Rameño
- Department of Medical Sciences and Life, University Center of the Cienega, University of Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | | | - Marco Antonio Cardona López
- Department of Medical Sciences and Life, University Center of the Cienega, University of Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
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