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Klutstein M, Gonen N. Epigenetic aging of mammalian gametes. Mol Reprod Dev 2023; 90:785-803. [PMID: 37997675 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
The process of aging refers to physiological changes that occur to an organism as time progresses and involves changes to DNA, proteins, metabolism, cells, and organs. Like the rest of the cells in the body, gametes age, and it is well established that there is a decline in reproductive capabilities in females and males with aging. One of the major pathways known to be involved in aging is epigenetic changes. The epigenome is the multitude of chemical modifications performed on DNA and chromatin that affect the ability of chromatin to be transcribed. In this review, we explore the effects of aging on female and male gametes with a focus on the epigenetic changes that occur in gametes throughout aging. Quality decline in oocytes occurs at a relatively early age. Epigenetic changes constitute an important part of oocyte aging. DNA methylation is reduced with age, along with reduced expression of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs). Histone deacetylases (HDAC) expression is also reduced, and a loss of heterochromatin marks occurs with age. As a consequence of heterochromatin loss, retrotransposon expression is elevated, and aged oocytes suffer from DNA damage. In sperm, aging affects sperm number, motility and fecundity, and epigenetic changes may constitute a part of this process. 5 methyl-cytosine (5mC) methylation is elevated in sperm from aged men, but methylation on Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINE) elements is reduced. Di and trimethylation of histone 3 lysine 9 (H3K9me2/3) is reduced in sperm from aged men and trimethylation of histone 3 lysine 27 (H3K27me3) is elevated. The protamine makeup of sperm from aged men is also changed, with reduced protamine expression and a misbalanced ratio between protamine proteins protamine P1 and protamine P2. The study of epigenetic reproductive aging is recently gaining interest. The current status of the field suggests that many aspects of gamete epigenetic aging are still open for investigation. The clinical applications of these investigations have far-reaching consequences for fertility and sociological human behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Klutstein
- Institute of Biomedical and Oral Research, Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nitzan Gonen
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
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Berteli TS, Wang F, McKerrow W, Navarro PA, Fenyo D, Boeke JD, Kohlrausch FB, Keefe DL. Transposon insertion profiling by sequencing (TIPseq) identifies novel LINE-1 insertions in human sperm. J Assist Reprod Genet 2023:10.1007/s10815-023-02852-6. [PMID: 37310664 PMCID: PMC10371950 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-023-02852-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Long interspersed nuclear element-1 (LINE-1 or L1) comprises 17% of the human genome. Retrotransposons may perturb gene integrity or alter gene expression by altering regulatory regions in the genome. The germline employs a number of mechanisms, including cytosine methylation, to repress retrotransposon transcription throughout most of life. Demethylation during germ cell and early embryo development de-represses retrotransposons. Intriguingly, de novo genetic variation appearing in sperm has been implicated in a number of disorders in offspring, including autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder. We hypothesize that human sperm exhibit de novo retrotransposition and employ a new sequencing method, single cell transposon insertion profiling by sequencing (scTIPseq) to map them in small amounts of human sperm. METHODS Cross-sectional case-control study of sperm samples (n=10 men; ages 32-55 years old) from consenting men undergoing IVF at NYU Langone Fertility Center. scTIPseq identified novel LINE-1 insertions in individual sperm and TIPseqHunter, a custom bioinformatics pipeline, compared the architecture of sperm LINE-1 to known LINE-1 insertions from the European database of Human specific LINE-1 (L1Hs) retrotransposon insertions (euL1db). RESULTS scTIPseq identified 17 novel insertions in sperm. New insertions were mainly intergenic or intronic. Only one sample did not exhibit new insertions. The location or number of novel insertions did not differ by paternal age. CONCLUSION This study for the first time reports novel LINE-1 insertions in human sperm, demonstrating the feasibility of scTIPseq, and identifies new contributors to genetic diversity in the human germ line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thalita S Berteli
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Human Reproduction Division, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wilson McKerrow
- Institute for Systems Genetics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paula A Navarro
- Human Reproduction Division, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - David Fenyo
- Institute for Systems Genetics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jef D Boeke
- Institute for Systems Genetics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Fabiana B Kohlrausch
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Biology Institute, Department of General Biology, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niteroi, RJ, Brazil
| | - David L Keefe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Abstract
Paternal age at conception has been increasing. In this review, we first present the results from the major mammalian animal models used to establish that increasing paternal age does affect progeny outcome. These models provide several major advantages including the possibility to assess multi- transgenerational effects of paternal age on progeny in a relatively short time window. We then present the clinical observations relating advanced paternal age to fertility and effects on offspring with respect to perinatal health, cancer risk, genetic diseases, and neurodevelopmental effects. An overview of the potential mechanism operating in altering germ cells in advanced age is presented. This is followed by an analysis of the current state of management of reproductive risks associated with advanced paternal age. The numerous challenges associated with developing effective, practical strategies to mitigate the impact of advanced paternal age are outlined along with an approach on how to move forward with this important clinical quandary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter T. K. Chan
- Department of Urology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Bernard Robaire
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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4
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Clinical and molecular cytogenetic description of a female patient with de novo 18q inversion duplication/deletion. GENE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2021.101386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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5
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Effect of carriers' sex on meiotic segregation patterns and chromosome stability of reciprocal translocations. Reprod Biomed Online 2021; 43:1011-1018. [PMID: 34654612 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2021.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
RESEARCH QUESTION Does the sex of reciprocal translocation carriers affect meiotic segregation patterns and stability of non-translocated chromosomes during meiosis? DESIGN A total of 790 couples who underwent preimplantation genetic testing for reciprocal translocations by using the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array platform between October 2016 and December 2019 were included. Among them, 294 couples had their euploid embryos distinguished between normal euploidies and balanced translocation carriers. RESULTS Female translocation carriers had a significantly lower incidence of alternate segregation pattern than male carriers (43.26% versus 47.98%, P = 0.001), but a higher incidence of 3:1 segregation pattern (6.70% versus 4.29%, P < 0.001). Stratified analysis showed only female translocation carriers with acrocentric chromosome (Acr-ch) involved had a lower incidence of alternate segregation pattern and a higher incidence of 3:1 segregation pattern compared with male carriers (41.63% versus 47.73%, P = 0.012; 9.32% versus 5.03%, P = 0.001). In 2233 embryos of 294 couples with identification of normal and balanced embryos, no significant differences were found in the paternal-origin aneuploidy rate (5.61% versus 5.82%, P = 0.861) and the maternal-origin aneuploidy rate (12.82% versus 12.08%, P = 0.673) in both male and female carriers. After excluding segmental aneuploidies, no differences were found between male and female carriers in both paternal-origin aneuploidy rate (2.14% versus 1.75%, P = 0.594) and maternal-origin aneuploidy rate (11.75% versus 11.06%, P = 0.683). CONCLUSION The sex of the translocation carriers affected meiotic segregation patterns with no effect on the stability of non-translocated chromosomes during meiosis.
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Brandt JS, Cruz Ithier MA, Rosen T, Ashkinadze E. Advanced paternal age, infertility, and reproductive risks: A review of the literature. Prenat Diagn 2019; 39:81-87. [DOI: 10.1002/pd.5402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin S. Brandt
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine; Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School; New Brunswick New Jersey
| | - Mayra A. Cruz Ithier
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine; Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School; New Brunswick New Jersey
| | - Todd Rosen
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine; Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School; New Brunswick New Jersey
| | - Elena Ashkinadze
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine; Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School; New Brunswick New Jersey
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Cioppi F, Casamonti E, Krausz C. Age-Dependent De Novo Mutations During Spermatogenesis and Their Consequences. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1166:29-46. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-21664-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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8
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DNA Damage and Repair in Human Reproductive Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 20:ijms20010031. [PMID: 30577615 PMCID: PMC6337641 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The fundamental underlying paradigm of sexual reproduction is the production of male and female gametes of sufficient genetic difference and quality that, following syngamy, they result in embryos with genomic potential to allow for future adaptive change and the ability to respond to selective pressure. The fusion of dissimilar gametes resulting in the formation of a normal and viable embryo is known as anisogamy, and is concomitant with precise structural, physiological, and molecular control of gamete function for species survival. However, along the reproductive life cycle of all organisms, both male and female gametes can be exposed to an array of “stressors” that may adversely affect the composition and biological integrity of their proteins, lipids and nucleic acids, that may consequently compromise their capacity to produce normal embryos. The aim of this review is to highlight gamete genome organization, differences in the chronology of gamete production between the male and female, the inherent DNA protective mechanisms in these reproductive cells, the aetiology of DNA damage in germ cells, and the remarkable DNA repair mechanisms, pre- and post-syngamy, that function to maintain genome integrity.
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Emerce E, Çetin Ö. Genotoxicity assessment of perfluoroalkyl substances on human sperm. Toxicol Ind Health 2018; 34:884-890. [PMID: 30326792 DOI: 10.1177/0748233718799191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are synthetic chemicals that have been used in industry and consumer products. Because the presence of PFAS has been identified in humans and the environment in the last decade, human exposure to PFAS is a current public health concern. It has been shown that some PFAS lead to adverse health effects in the male reproductive system. However, there is no information about probable genotoxic effects of these chemicals on sperm cells. This study aimed to investigate the possible genotoxic damage on human sperm cells exposed to certain major PFAS compounds that were selected considering their extensive usage, high persistence in the environment, and high bioaccumulation in humans. These PFAS are perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), and perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA). The alkaline comet assay was used to detect the DNA damage to sperm. Sperm cells were treated with 0.1-1 mM of each PFAS at 32°C for 1 h to obtain optimal survival. As a result of the experiments, it was discovered that the exposure to PFOS, PFOA, PFNA, and PFHxA did not cause significant levels of cytotoxicity and did not cause damage to sperm DNA under these conditions. The results suggest that the exposure to these PFAS did not interfere with sperm DNA. Indirect toxicity mechanisms should be taken into account to assess the association between the PFAS exposure and male reproductive toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Emerce
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Özge Çetin
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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Pronounced maternal parent-of-origin bias for type-1 NF1 microdeletions. Hum Genet 2018; 137:365-373. [PMID: 29730711 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-018-1888-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is caused, in 4.7-11% of cases, by large deletions encompassing the NF1 gene and its flanking regions within 17q11.2. Different types of large NF1 deletion occur which are distinguishable by their breakpoint location and underlying mutational mechanism. Most common are the type-1 NF1 deletions of 1.4 Mb which exhibit recurrent breakpoints caused by nonallelic homologous recombination (NAHR), also termed unequal crossover. Here, we analyzed 37 unrelated families of patients with de novo type-1 NF1 deletions by means of short tandem repeat (STR) profiling to determine the parental origin of the deletions. We observed that 33 of the 37 type-1 deletions were of maternal origin (89.2% of cases; p < 0.0001). Analysis of the patients' siblings indicated that, in 14 informative cases, ten (71.4%) deletions resulted from interchromosomal unequal crossover during meiosis I. Our findings indicate a strong maternal parent-of-origin bias for type-1 NF1 deletions. A similarly pronounced maternal transmission bias has been reported for recurrent copy number variants (CNVs) within 16p11.2 associated with autism, but not so far for any other NAHR-mediated pathogenic CNVs. Region-specific genomic features are likely to be responsible for the maternal bias in the origin of both the 16p11.2 CNVs and type-1 NF1 deletions.
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Ma R, Deng L, Xia Y, Wei X, Cao Y, Guo R, Zhang R, Guo J, Liang D, Wu L. A clear bias in parental origin of de novo pathogenic CNVs related to intellectual disability, developmental delay and multiple congenital anomalies. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44446. [PMID: 28322228 PMCID: PMC5359547 DOI: 10.1038/srep44446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Copy number variation (CNV) is of great significance in human evolution and disorders. Through tracing the parent-of-origin of de novo pathogenic CNVs, we are expected to investigate the relative contributions of germline genomic stability on reproductive health. In our study, short tandem repeat (STR) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) were used to determine the parent-of-origin of 87 de novo pathogenic CNVs found in unrelated patients with intellectual disability (ID), developmental delay (DD) and multiple congenital anomalies (MCA). The results shown that there was a significant difference on the distribution of the parent-of-origin for different CNVs types (Chi-square test, p = 4.914 × 10−3). An apparently paternal bias existed in deletion CNVs and a maternal bias in duplication CNVs, indicating that the relative contribution of paternal germline variations is greater than that of maternal to the origin of deletions, and vice versa to the origin of duplications. By analyzing the sequences flanking the breakpoints, we also confirmed that non-allelic homologous recombination (NAHR) served as the major mechanism for the formation of recurrent CNVs whereas non-SDs-based mechanisms played a part in generating rare non-recurrent CNVs and might relate to the paternal germline bias in deletion CNVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Linbei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Yan Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Xianda Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Yingxi Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Ruolan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Rui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Jing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Desheng Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Lingqian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
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12
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Evers C, Mitter D, Strobl-Wildemann G, Haug U, Hackmann K, Maas B, Janssen JWG, Jauch A, Hinderhofer K, Moog U. Duplication Xp11.22-p14 in females: does X-inactivation help in assessing their significance? Am J Med Genet A 2016; 167A:553-62. [PMID: 25691408 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In females, large duplications in Xp often lead to preferential inactivation of the aberrant X chromosome and a normal phenotype. Recently, a recurrent ∼4.5 Mb microduplication of Xp11.22-p11.23 was found in females with developmental delay/intellectual disability and other neurodevelopmental disorders (speech development disorder, epilepsy or EEG anomalies, autism spectrum disorder, or behavioral disorder). Unexpectedly, most of them showed preferential inactivation of the normal X chromosome. We describe five female patients carrying de novo Xp duplications encompassing p11.23. Patient 1 carried the recurrent microduplication Xp11.22-p11.23, her phenotype and X-chromosome inactivation (XI) pattern was consistent with previous reports. The other four patients had novel Xp duplications. Two were monozygotic twins with a similar phenotype to Patient 1 and unfavorable XI skewing carrying an overlapping ∼5 Mb duplication of Xp11.23-p11.3. Patient 4 showed a duplication of ∼5.5 Mb comparable to the twins but had a more severe phenotype and unskewed XI. Patient 5 had a ∼8.5 Mb duplication Xp11.23-p11.4 and presented with mild ID, epilepsy, behavioral problems, and inconsistent results of XI analysis. A comparison of phenotype, size and location of the duplications and XI patterns in Patients 1-5 and previously reported females with overlapping duplications provides further evidence that microduplications encompassing Xp11.23 are associated with ID and other neurodevelopmental disorders in females. To further assess the implication of XI for female carriers, we recommend systematic analysis of XI pattern in any female with X imbalances that are known or suspected to be pathogenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Evers
- Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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Gunes S, Hekim GNT, Arslan MA, Asci R. Effects of aging on the male reproductive system. J Assist Reprod Genet 2016; 33:441-54. [PMID: 26867640 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-016-0663-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The study aims to discuss the effects of aging on the male reproductive system. A systematic review was performed using PubMed from 1980 to 2014. Aging is a natural process comprising of irreversible changes due to a myriad of endogenous and environmental factors at the level of all organs and systems. In modern life, as more couples choose to postpone having a child due to various socioeconomic reasons, research for understanding the effects of aging on the reproductive system has gained an increased importance. Paternal aging also causes genetic and epigenetic changes in spermatozoa, which impair male reproductive functions through their adverse effects on sperm quality and count as, well as, on sexual organs and the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Hormone production, spermatogenesis, and testes undergo changes as a man ages. These small changes lead to decrease in both the quality and quantity of spermatozoa. The offspring of older fathers show high prevalence of genetic abnormalities, childhood cancers, and several neuropsychiatric disorders. In addition, the latest advances in assisted reproductive techniques give older men a chance to have a child even with poor semen parameters. Further studies should investigate the onset of gonadal senesce and its effects on aging men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sezgin Gunes
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, Ondokuz Mayis University, 55139, Samsun, Turkey.
- Health Sciences Institute, Department of Multidisciplinary Molecular Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey.
| | | | - Mehmet Alper Arslan
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, Ondokuz Mayis University, 55139, Samsun, Turkey
- Health Sciences Institute, Department of Multidisciplinary Molecular Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Ramazan Asci
- Health Sciences Institute, Department of Multidisciplinary Molecular Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Urology, Ondokuz Mayis University, 55139, Samsun, Turkey
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Incomplete penetrance and phenotypic variability of 6q16 deletions including SIM1. Eur J Hum Genet 2014; 23:1010-8. [PMID: 25351778 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2014.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
6q16 deletions have been described in patients with a Prader-Willi-like (PWS-like) phenotype. Recent studies have shown that certain rare single-minded 1 (SIM1) loss-of-function variants were associated with a high intra-familial risk for obesity with or without features of PWS-like syndrome. Although SIM1 seems to have a key role in the phenotype of patients carrying 6q16 deletions, some data support a contribution of other genes, such as GRIK2, to explain associated behavioural problems. We describe 15 new patients in whom de novo 6q16 deletions were characterised by comparative genomic hybridisation or single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array analysis, including the first patient with fetopathological data. This fetus showed dysmorphic facial features, cerebellar and cerebral migration defects with neuronal heterotopias, and fusion of brain nuclei. The size of the deletion in the 14 living patients ranged from 1.73 to 7.84 Mb, and the fetus had the largest deletion (14 Mb). Genotype-phenotype correlations confirmed the major role for SIM1 haploinsufficiency in obesity and the PWS-like phenotype. Nevertheless, only 8 of 13 patients with SIM1 deletion exhibited obesity, in agreement with incomplete penetrance of SIM1 haploinsufficiency. This study in the largest series reported to date confirms that the PWS-like phenotype is strongly linked to 6q16.2q16.3 deletions and varies considerably in its clinical expression. The possible involvement of other genes in the 6q16.2q16.3-deletion phenotype is discussed.
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A. Jacobs
- Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory, Salisbury NHS Foundation Trust, SP2 8BJ Salisbury, United Kingdom;
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16
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Schanze D, Neubauer D, Cormier-Daire V, Delrue MA, Dieux-Coeslier A, Hasegawa T, Holmberg EE, Koenig R, Krueger G, Schanze I, Seemanova E, Shaw AC, Vogt J, Volleth M, Reis A, Meinecke P, Hennekam RCM, Zenker M. Deletions in the 3' part of the NFIX gene including a recurrent Alu-mediated deletion of exon 6 and 7 account for previously unexplained cases of Marshall-Smith syndrome. Hum Mutat 2014; 35:1092-100. [PMID: 24924640 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Marshall-Smith syndrome (MSS) is a very rare malformation syndrome characterized by typical craniofacial anomalies, abnormal osseous maturation, developmental delay, failure to thrive, and respiratory difficulties. Mutations in the nuclear factor 1/X gene (NFIX) were recently identified as the cause of MSS. In our study cohort of 17 patients with a clinical diagnosis of MSS, conventional sequencing of NFIX revealed frameshift and splice-site mutations in 10 individuals. Using multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification analysis, we identified a recurrent deletion of NFIX exon 6 and 7 in five individuals. We demonstrate this recurrent deletion is the product of a recombination between AluY elements located in intron 5 and 7. Two other patients had smaller deletions affecting exon 6. These findings show that MSS is a genetically homogeneous Mendelian disorder. RT-PCR experiments with newly identified NFIX mutations including the recurrent exon 6 and 7 deletion confirmed previous findings indicating that MSS-associated mutant mRNAs are not cleared by nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. Predicted MSS-associated mutant NFIX proteins consistently have a preserved DNA binding and dimerization domain, whereas they grossly vary in their C-terminal portion. This is in line with the hypothesis that MSS-associated mutations encode dysfunctional proteins that act in a dominant negative manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denny Schanze
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
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Pellestor F, Gatinois V, Puechberty J, Geneviève D, Lefort G. [Chromothripsis, an unexpected novel form of complexity for chromosomal rearrangements]. Med Sci (Paris) 2014; 30:266-73. [PMID: 24685217 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20143003014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent discovery of a new kind of massive chromosomal rearrangement in different cancers, named "chromothripsis" (chromo for chromosome, thripsis for shattering) has questioned the established models for a progressive development of tumors. Indeed, this phenomenon, which is characterized by the shattering of one (or a few) chromosome segments followed by a random reassembly of the fragments generated, occurs during one unique cellular event. The same phenomenon was identified in constitutional genetics in patients with various developmental pathologies, indicating that chromothripsis also occurs at the germ cell level. Diverse situations can cause chromothripsis (radiations, telomere erosion, abortive apoptosis, etc.), and two express "repair routes" are used by the cell to chaotically reorganise the chromosomal regions concerned: non-homologous end-joining and repair by replicative stress. The in-depth analysis of the DNA sequences involved in the regions of chromothripsis leads to a better understanding of the molecular basis of chromothripsis and also helps to better apprehend its unexpected role in the development of constitutional pathologies and the progression of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Pellestor
- Laboratoire de génétique chromosomique, hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, CHRU de Montpellier, 371, avenue du doyen Gaston Giraud, 34295 Montpellier, France
| | - Vincent Gatinois
- Laboratoire de génétique chromosomique, hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, CHRU de Montpellier, 371, avenue du doyen Gaston Giraud, 34295 Montpellier, France
| | - Jacques Puechberty
- Laboratoire de génétique chromosomique, hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, CHRU de Montpellier, 371, avenue du doyen Gaston Giraud, 34295 Montpellier, France
| | - David Geneviève
- Laboratoire de génétique chromosomique, hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, CHRU de Montpellier, 371, avenue du doyen Gaston Giraud, 34295 Montpellier, France
| | - Geneviève Lefort
- Laboratoire de génétique chromosomique, hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, CHRU de Montpellier, 371, avenue du doyen Gaston Giraud, 34295 Montpellier, France
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Sung PL, Cheng EE, Chen YJ, Chern SR, Shih CY, Chang CM, Wang PH, Yen MS, Huang CYF, Chen CP. Prenatal diagnosis of de novo monosomy 7q33-qter associated with hydrops fetalis, semilobar holoprosencephaly, and premaxillary dysgenesis. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2014; 52:602-6. [PMID: 24411055 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2013.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pi-Lin Sung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Eong-Eong Cheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yann-Jang Chen
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Schu-Rern Chern
- Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Yu Shih
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ming Chang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Peng-Hui Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Shyen Yen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ying F Huang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ping Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical and Community Health Nursing, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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19
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Chianese C, Brilli S, Krausz C. Genomic Changes in Spermatozoa of the Aging Male. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 791:13-26. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-7783-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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20
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Campbell CD, Eichler EE. Properties and rates of germline mutations in humans. Trends Genet 2013; 29:575-84. [PMID: 23684843 PMCID: PMC3785239 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2013.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
All genetic variation arises via new mutations; therefore, determining the rate and biases for different classes of mutation is essential for understanding the genetics of human disease and evolution. Decades of mutation rate analyses have focused on a relatively small number of loci because of technical limitations. However, advances in sequencing technology have allowed for empirical assessments of genome-wide rates of mutation. Recent studies have shown that 76% of new mutations originate in the paternal lineage and provide unequivocal evidence for an increase in mutation with paternal age. Although most analyses have focused on single nucleotide variants (SNVs), studies have begun to provide insight into the mutation rate for other classes of variation, including copy number variants (CNVs), microsatellites, and mobile element insertions (MEIs). Here, we review the genome-wide analyses for the mutation rate of several types of variants and suggest areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Evan E. Eichler
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA 98195
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21
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Rivera H, Domínguez MG, Vásquez-Velásquez AI, Lurie IW. De novo dup p/del q or dup q/del p rearranged chromosomes: review of 104 cases of a distinct chromosomal mutation. Cytogenet Genome Res 2013; 141:58-63. [PMID: 23735430 DOI: 10.1159/000351184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We compiled 104 constitutional de novo or sporadic rearranged chromosomes mimicking recombinants from a parental pericentric inversion in order to comment on their occurrence and parental derivation, meiotic or postzygotic origin, mean parental ages, and underlying pathways. Chromosomes involved were 1-9, 13-18, 20-22, and X (64 autosomes and 40 X chromosomes). In the whole series, mean paternal and maternal ages in cases of paternal (proved or possible; n=29) or maternal (proved or possible; n=36) descent were 31.14 and 28.31 years, respectively. Rearranged X chromosomes appeared to be of paternal descent and to arise through intrachromosomal non-allelic homologous recombination (NAHR), whereas rec-like autosomes were of either maternal or paternal origin and resulted from mechanisms proper of non-recurrent rearrangements. Except for some mosaic cases, most rearranged chromosomes apparently had a meiotic origin. Except for 8 rearranged X chromosomes transmitted maternally, all other cases compiled here were sporadic. Hence, the recurrence risk for sibs of propositi born to euploid parents is virtually zero, regardless of the imbalance's size. In brief, recombinant-like or rea chromosomes are not related to advanced parental age, may (chromosome X) or may not (autosomes) have a parent-of-origin bias, arise in meiosis or postzygotically, and appear to be mediated by NAHR, nonhomologous end joining, and telomere transposition. Because rearranged chromosomes 10, 11, and Y are also on record, albeit just in abstracts or listed in large series, we remark that all chromosomes can undergo this distinct rearrangement, even if it is still to be described for pairs 12 and 19.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Rivera
- División de Genética, CIBO, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, Mexico.
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22
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Delio M, Guo T, McDonald-McGinn D, Zackai E, Herman S, Kaminetzky M, Higgins A, Coleman K, Chow C, Jarlbrzkowski M, Bearden C, Bailey A, Vangkilde A, Olsen L, Olesen C, Skovby F, Werge T, Templin L, Busa T, Philip N, Swillen A, Vermeesch J, Devriendt K, Schneider M, Dahoun S, Eliez S, Schoch K, Hooper S, Shashi V, Samanich J, Marion R, van Amelsvoort T, Boot E, Klaassen P, Duijff S, Vorstman J, Yuen T, Silversides C, Chow E, Bassett A, Frisch A, Weizman A, Gothelf D, Niarchou M, van den Bree M, Owen M, Suñer D, Andreo J, Armando M, Vicari S, Digilio M, Auton A, Kates W, Wang T, Shprintzen R, Emanuel B, Morrow B. Enhanced maternal origin of the 22q11.2 deletion in velocardiofacial and DiGeorge syndromes. Am J Hum Genet 2013; 92:439-47. [PMID: 23453669 PMCID: PMC3591861 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Velocardiofacial and DiGeorge syndromes, also known as 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS), are congenital-anomaly disorders caused by a de novo hemizygous 22q11.2 deletion mediated by meiotic nonallelic homologous recombination events between low-copy repeats, also known as segmental duplications. Although previous studies exist, each was of small size, and it remains to be determined whether there are parent-of-origin biases for the de novo 22q11.2 deletion. To address this question, we genotyped a total of 389 DNA samples from 22q11DS-affected families. A total of 219 (56%) individuals with 22q11DS had maternal origin and 170 (44%) had paternal origin of the de novo deletion, which represents a statistically significant bias for maternal origin (p = 0.0151). Combined with many smaller, previous studies, 465 (57%) individuals had maternal origin and 345 (43%) had paternal origin, amounting to a ratio of 1.35 or a 35% increase in maternal compared to paternal origin (p = 0.000028). Among 1,892 probands with the de novo 22q11.2 deletion, the average maternal age at time of conception was 29.5, and this is similar to data for the general population in individual countries. Of interest, the female recombination rate in the 22q11.2 region was about 1.6-1.7 times greater than that for males, suggesting that for this region in the genome, enhanced meiotic recombination rates, as well as other as-of-yet undefined 22q11.2-specific features, could be responsible for the observed excess in maternal origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Delio
- Departments of Genetics, Pediatrics, and Obstetrics & Gynecology and Women’s Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Tingwei Guo
- Departments of Genetics, Pediatrics, and Obstetrics & Gynecology and Women’s Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Donna M. McDonald-McGinn
- Division of Human Genetics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Elaine Zackai
- Division of Human Genetics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sean Herman
- Departments of Genetics, Pediatrics, and Obstetrics & Gynecology and Women’s Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Mark Kaminetzky
- Departments of Genetics, Pediatrics, and Obstetrics & Gynecology and Women’s Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Anne Marie Higgins
- The Virtual Center for Velo-Cardio-Facial Syndrome, Manlius, NY 13104, USA
| | - Karlene Coleman
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Carolyn Chow
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Department of Psychology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Maria Jarlbrzkowski
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Department of Psychology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Carrie E. Bearden
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Department of Psychology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Alice Bailey
- Division of Human Genetics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Anders Vangkilde
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 4000, Denmark
| | - Line Olsen
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 4000, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Olesen
- Department of Pediatrics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Flemming Skovby
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Thomas M. Werge
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 4000, Denmark
| | - Ludivine Templin
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Tiffany Busa
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Nicole Philip
- Hôpital de la Timone, Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille 13005, France
| | - Ann Swillen
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, University of Leuven, Leuven 03000, Belgium
| | - Joris R. Vermeesch
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, University of Leuven, Leuven 03000, Belgium
| | - Koen Devriendt
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, University of Leuven, Leuven 03000, Belgium
| | - Maude Schneider
- Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Dahoun
- Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Eliez
- Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Kelly Schoch
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Stephen R. Hooper
- Department of Psychiatry and The Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Vandana Shashi
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Joy Samanich
- Department of Pediatrics, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Robert Marion
- Department of Pediatrics, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Therese van Amelsvoort
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Maastricht, Maastricht 6211, the Netherlands
| | - Erik Boot
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam 1100, the Netherlands
| | - Petra Klaassen
- Department of Pediatric Psychology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584, the Netherlands
| | - Sasja N. Duijff
- Department of Pediatric Psychology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584, the Netherlands
| | - Jacob Vorstman
- Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584, the Netherlands
| | - Tracy Yuen
- Center for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Candice Silversides
- Center for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Eva Chow
- Center for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Anne Bassett
- Center for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Amos Frisch
- The Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petah Tikva 49100, Israel
| | - Abraham Weizman
- The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Doron Gothelf
- The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Children’s Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer 52621, Israel
| | - Maria Niarchou
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics and the Neuroscience & Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Marianne van den Bree
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics and the Neuroscience & Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Michael J. Owen
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics and the Neuroscience & Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Damian Heine Suñer
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Department of Genetics, University Hospital Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca 07020, Spain
| | - Jordi Rosell Andreo
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Department of Genetics, University Hospital Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca 07020, Spain
| | - Marco Armando
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome 00165, Italy
| | - Stefano Vicari
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome 00165, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Digilio
- Medical Genetic Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome 00165, Italy
| | - Adam Auton
- Division of Computational Genetics, Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Wendy R. Kates
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | | | - Beverly S. Emanuel
- Division of Human Genetics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Bernice E. Morrow
- Departments of Genetics, Pediatrics, and Obstetrics & Gynecology and Women’s Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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23
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Abstract
Chromosome aberration assays are employed to detect the induction of chromosome breakage (clastogenesis) in somatic and germ cells by direct observation of the chromosomal damage during metaphase analysis, or by indirect observation of chromosomal fragments. Thus, various types of cytogenetic change can be detected such as structural chromosome aberrations (CA), sister chromatid exchanges (SCE), ploidy changes, and micronuclei. Following the induction of the chromosomal damage, most of the aberrations and abnormalities detected by these assays can be detrimental or even lethal to the cell. Their presence, however, indicates a potential to also induce more subtle and therefore transmissible chromosomal damage which survives cell division to produce heritable cytogenetic changes. Usually, induced cytogenetic damage is accompanied by other genotoxic damage such as gene mutations.
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24
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De novo deletions and duplications detected by array CGH: a study of parental origin in relation to mechanisms of formation and size of imbalance. Eur J Hum Genet 2011; 20:155-60. [PMID: 21952720 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2011.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a large series of 173 patients with physical and/or neurological abnormalities and a de novo imbalance identified by array CGH. Breakpoint intervals were screened for the presence of low copy repeats (LCRs) to distinguish between rearrangements formed by non-allelic homologous recombination (NAHR) and rearrangements formed by other mechanisms. We identified significant differences in size and parental origin between the LCR-mediated and non-LCR groups. Non-LCR imbalances were evenly distributed among the four size intervals we defined, whereas LCR-mediated rearrangements had a narrow size distribution, predominantly between 1 and 5 Mb (P = 0.001). Among the LCR-mediated rearrangements there were equal numbers of maternally and paternally derived cases. In contrast, for the non-LCR rearrangements there was a significant excess of paternal cases (P = 0.024) over a wide size range including below 1 Mb. Our results provide novel evidence that unbalanced chromosome rearrangements are not only more frequent in males, but may also arise through different mechanisms than those seen in females. Although the paternal imbalances identified in our study are evenly distributed throughout the four size groups, there are very few maternal imbalances either <1 Mb or >10 Mb. Furthermore, a lower proportion of paternal imbalances are LCR mediated (13/71) compared with the maternal imbalances (12/30). We hypothesise that imbalances of maternal origin arise predominantly through NAHR during meiosis, while the majority of imbalances of paternal origin arise through male-specific mechanisms other than NAHR. Our data suggest that mitotic mechanisms could be important for the formation of chromosome imbalances; however, we found no association with increased paternal age.
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Flatscher-Bader T, Foldi CJ, Chong S, Whitelaw E, Moser RJ, Burne THJ, Eyles DW, McGrath JJ. Increased de novo copy number variants in the offspring of older males. Transl Psychiatry 2011; 1:e34. [PMID: 22832608 PMCID: PMC3309504 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2011.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The offspring of older fathers have an increased risk of neurodevelopmental disorders, such as schizophrenia and autism. In light of the evidence implicating copy number variants (CNVs) with schizophrenia and autism, we used a mouse model to explore the hypothesis that the offspring of older males have an increased risk of de novo CNVs. C57BL/6J sires that were 3- and 12-16-months old were mated with 3-month-old dams to create control offspring and offspring of old sires, respectively. Applying genome-wide microarray screening technology, 7 distinct CNVs were identified in a set of 12 offspring and their parents. Competitive quantitative PCR confirmed these CNVs in the original set and also established their frequency in an independent set of 77 offspring and their parents. On the basis of the combined samples, six de novo CNVs were detected in the offspring of older sires, whereas none were detected in the control group. Two of the CNVs were associated with behavioral and/or neuroanatomical phenotypic features. One of the de novo CNVs involved Auts2 (autism susceptibility candidate 2), and other CNVs included genes linked to schizophrenia, autism and brain development. This is the first experimental demonstration that the offspring of older males have an increased risk of de novo CNVs. Our results support the hypothesis that the offspring of older fathers have an increased risk of neurodevelopmental disorders such as schizophrenia and autism by generation of de novo CNVs in the male germline.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Flatscher-Bader
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- The Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - C J Foldi
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - S Chong
- The Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - E Whitelaw
- The Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | | | - T H J Burne
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, The Park Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, QLD, Australia
| | - D W Eyles
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, The Park Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, QLD, Australia
| | - J J McGrath
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, The Park Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, QLD, Australia
- Discipline of Psychiatry, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
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26
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Pellestor F, Anahory T, Lefort G, Puechberty J, Liehr T, Hedon B, Sarda P. Complex chromosomal rearrangements: origin and meiotic behavior. Hum Reprod Update 2011; 17:476-94. [DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmr010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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27
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Advanced age increases chromosome structural abnormalities in human spermatozoa. Eur J Hum Genet 2010; 19:145-51. [PMID: 21045871 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2010.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study explores the relationship between sperm structural aberrations and age by using a multicolor multichromosome FISH strategy that provides information on the incidence of duplications and deletions on all the autosomes. ToTelvysion kit (Abbott Molecular, Abbott Park, IL, USA) with telomere-specific probes was used. We investigated the sperm of 10 male donors aged from 23 to 74 years old. The donors were divided into two groups according to age, a cohort of five individuals younger than 40 and a cohort of five individuals older than 60 years. The goal of this study was to determine (1) the relationship between donor age and frequency and type of chromosome structural abnormalities and (2) chromosomes more frequently involved in sperm structural aberrations. We found that the older patients had a higher rate of structural abnormalities (6.6%) compared with the younger cohort (4.9%). Although both duplications and deletions were seen more frequently in older men, our findings demonstrate the presence of an excess of duplications versus deletions in both groups at a ratio of 2 to 1. We demonstrate that the distribution of duplications and deletions was not linear along the chromosomes, although a trend toward a higher rate of abnormalities in larger chromosomes was observed. This work is the first study addressing the frequencies of sperm chromosome structural aberrations of all autosomes in a single assay thus making a contribution to the clarification of the amount and origin of damage present in human spermatozoa and in relation to age.
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28
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Molina O, Anton E, Vidal F, Blanco J. Sperm rates of 7q11.23, 15q11q13 and 22q11.2 deletions and duplications: a FISH approach. Hum Genet 2010; 129:35-44. [PMID: 20931230 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-010-0894-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Accepted: 09/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Genomic disorders are human diseases caused by meiotic chromosomal rearrangements of unstable regions flanked by Low Copy Repeats (LCRs). LCRs act as substrates for Non-Allelic Homologous Recombination (NAHR) leading to deletions and duplications. The aim of this study was to assess the basal frequency of deletions and duplications of the 7q11.23, 15q11-q13 and 22q11.2 regions in spermatozoa from control donors to check differences in the susceptibility to generate anomalies and to assess the contribution of intra- and inter-chromatid NAHR events. Semen samples from ten control donors were processed by FISH. A customized combination of probes was used to discriminate among normal, deleted and duplicated sperm genotypes. A minimum of 10,000 sperm were assessed per sample and region. There were no differences in the mean frequency of deletions and duplications (del + dup) among the 7q11.23, 15q11-q13 and 22q11.2 regions (frequency ± SEM, 0.37 ± 0.02; 0.46 ± 0.07 and 0.27 ± 0.07%, respectively) (P = 0.122). Nevertheless, hierarchical cluster analysis reveals interindividual differences suggesting that particular haplotypes could be the main source of variability in NAHR rates. The mean frequency of deletions was not different from the mean frequency of duplications in the 7q11.23 (P = 0.202) and 15q11-q13 (P = 0.609) regions, indicating a predominant inter-chromatid NAHR. By contrast, in the 22q11.2 region the frequency of deletions slightly exceed duplications (P = 0.032), although at the individual level any donor showed differences. Altogether, our results support the inter-chromatid NAHR as the predominant mechanism involved in the generation of sperm deletions and duplications.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Chromatids/genetics
- Chromosome Aberrations
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 15/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7/genetics
- DNA Sequence, Unstable/genetics
- Gene Deletion
- Gene Duplication
- Haplotypes/genetics
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Recombination, Genetic
- Segmental Duplications, Genomic/genetics
- Spermatozoa
- Tissue Donors
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Molina
- Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain
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Sheridan MB, Kato T, Haldeman-Englert C, Jalali GR, Milunsky JM, Zou Y, Klaes R, Gimelli G, Gimelli S, Gemmill RM, Drabkin HA, Hacker AM, Brown J, Tomkins D, Shaikh TH, Kurahashi H, Zackai EH, Emanuel BS. A palindrome-mediated recurrent translocation with 3:1 meiotic nondisjunction: the t(8;22)(q24.13;q11.21). Am J Hum Genet 2010; 87:209-18. [PMID: 20673865 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2010] [Revised: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 07/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Palindrome-mediated genomic instability has been associated with chromosomal translocations, including the recurrent t(11;22)(q23;q11). We report a syndrome characterized by extremity anomalies, mild dysmorphia, and intellectual impairment caused by 3:1 meiotic segregation of a previously unrecognized recurrent palindrome-mediated rearrangement, the t(8;22)(q24.13;q11.21). There are at least ten prior reports of this translocation, and nearly identical PATRR8 and PATRR22 breakpoints were validated in several of these published cases. PCR analysis of sperm DNA from healthy males indicates that the t(8;22) arises de novo during gametogenesis in some, but not all, individuals. Furthermore, demonstration that de novo PATRR8-to-PATRR11 translocations occur in sperm suggests that palindrome-mediated translocation is a universal mechanism producing chromosomal rearrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly B Sheridan
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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30
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Uroz L, Liehr T, Mrasek K, Templado C. Centromere-specific multicolour fluorescence in situ hybridization on human spermatocyte I and II metaphases. Hum Reprod 2009; 24:2029-33. [PMID: 19380386 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dep092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most meiotic studies in metaphase spermatocytes have been carried out with classic cytogenetic techniques. The aim of this work was to adjust the centromere-specific multicolour fluorescence in situ hybridization (cenM-FISH) procedure to spermatocyte metaphases I and II in order to improve the identification of meiotic chromosome abnormalities. METHODS A total of 168 spermatocytes I and 66 spermatocytes II from two fertile males have been studied using cenM-FISH. RESULTS The mean frequency of meiotic abnormalities (synaptic, numerical and structural errors) found in metaphases I and II was 22.1 and 3.0%, respectively. The cenM-FISH technique has not only enabled the individual identification of chromosomes involved in meiotic disorders, but also increased the number of analysable cells, principally at metaphase II stage. CONCLUSIONS CenM-FISH is a useful tool to study the meiotic chromosomal disorders and mechanisms leading to chromosomally abnormal spermatozoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Uroz
- Departament de Biologia Cel.lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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31
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Sirleto P, Surace C, Santos H, Bertini E, Tomaiuolo AC, Lombardo A, Boenzi S, Bevivino E, Dionisi-Vici C, Angioni A. Lyonization effects of the t(X;16) translocation on the phenotypic expression in a rare female with Menkes disease. Pediatr Res 2009; 65:347-51. [PMID: 19092723 DOI: 10.1203/pdr.0b013e3181973b4e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Menkes disease (MD) is a rare and severe X-linked recessive disorder of copper metabolism. The MD gene, ATP7A (ATPase Cu++ transporting alpha polypeptide), encodes an ATP-dependent copper-binding membrane protein. In this report, we describe a girl with typical clinical features of MD, carrying a balanced translocation between the chromosomes X and 16 producing the disruption of one copy of ATP7A gene and the silencing of the other copy because of the chromosome X inactivation. Fluorescence in situ hybridization experiments with bacterial derived artificial chromosome probes revealed that the breakpoints were located within Xq13.3 and 16p11.2. Replication pattern analysis demonstrated that the normal X chromosome was late replicating and consequently inactivated, whereas the der(X)t(X;16), bearing the disrupted ATP7A gene, was active. An innovative approach, based on FMR1 (fragile X mental retardation 1) gene polymorphism, has been used to disclose the paternal origin of the rearrangement providing a new diagnostic tool for determining the parental origin of defects involving the X chromosome and clarifying the mechanism leading to the cytogenetic rearrangement that occurred in our patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Sirleto
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Roma 00165, Italy
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32
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Bonnet C, Grégoire MJ, Vibert M, Raffo E, Leheup B, Jonveaux P. Cryptic 7q21 and 9p23 deletions in a patient with apparently balanced de novo reciprocal translocation t(7;9)(q21;p23) associated with a dystonia-plus syndrome: paternal deletion of the epsilon-sarcoglycan (SGCE) gene. J Hum Genet 2008; 53:876-885. [DOI: 10.1007/s10038-008-0321-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2008] [Accepted: 06/27/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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33
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De Gregori M, Ciccone R, Magini P, Pramparo T, Gimelli S, Messa J, Novara F, Vetro A, Rossi E, Maraschio P, Bonaglia MC, Anichini C, Ferrero GB, Silengo M, Fazzi E, Zatterale A, Fischetto R, Previderé C, Belli S, Turci A, Calabrese G, Bernardi F, Meneghelli E, Riegel M, Rocchi M, Guerneri S, Lalatta F, Zelante L, Romano C, Fichera M, Mattina T, Arrigo G, Zollino M, Giglio S, Lonardo F, Bonfante A, Ferlini A, Cifuentes F, Van Esch H, Backx L, Schinzel A, Vermeesch JR, Zuffardi O. Cryptic deletions are a common finding in "balanced" reciprocal and complex chromosome rearrangements: a study of 59 patients. J Med Genet 2007; 44:750-62. [PMID: 17766364 PMCID: PMC2652810 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2007.052787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2007] [Revised: 08/09/2007] [Accepted: 08/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Using array comparative genome hybridisation (CGH) 41 de novo reciprocal translocations and 18 de novo complex chromosome rearrangements (CCRs) were screened. All cases had been interpreted as "balanced" by conventional cytogenetics. In all, 27 cases of reciprocal translocations were detected in patients with an abnormal phenotype, and after array CGH analysis, 11 were found to be unbalanced. Thus 40% (11 of 27) of patients with a "chromosomal phenotype" and an apparently balanced translocation were in fact unbalanced, and 18% (5 of 27) of the reciprocal translocations were instead complex rearrangements with >3 breakpoints. Fourteen fetuses with de novo, apparently balanced translocations, all but two with normal ultrasound findings, were also analysed and all were found to be normal using array CGH. Thirteen CCRs were detected in patients with abnormal phenotypes, two in women who had experienced repeated spontaneous abortions and three in fetuses. Sixteen patients were found to have unbalanced mutations, with up to 4 deletions. These results suggest that genome-wide array CGH may be advisable in all carriers of "balanced" CCRs. The parental origin of the deletions was investigated in 5 reciprocal translocations and 11 CCRs; all were found to be paternal. Using customized platforms in seven cases of CCRs, the deletion breakpoints were narrowed down to regions of a few hundred base pairs in length. No susceptibility motifs were associated with the imbalances. These results show that the phenotypic abnormalities of apparently balanced de novo CCRs are mainly due to cryptic deletions and that spermatogenesis is more prone to generate multiple chaotic chromosome imbalances and reciprocal translocations than oogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M De Gregori
- Biologia Generale e Genetica Medica, Universitè di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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Baumgartner A, Cemeli E, Anderson D. The comet assay in male reproductive toxicology. Cell Biol Toxicol 2007; 25:81-98. [PMID: 17972149 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-007-9041-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2007] [Accepted: 10/03/2007] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Due to our lifestyle and the environment we live in, we are constantly confronted with genotoxic or potentially genotoxic compounds. These toxins can cause DNA damage to our cells, leading to an increase in mutations. Sometimes such mutations could give rise to cancer in somatic cells. However, when germ cells are affected, then the damage could also have an effect on the next and successive generations. A rapid, sensitive and reliable method to detect DNA damage and assess the integrity of the genome within single cells is that of the comet or single-cell gel electrophoresis assay. The present communication gives an overview of the use of the comet assay utilising sperm or testicular cells in reproductive toxicology. This includes consideration of damage assessed by protocol modification, cryopreservation vs the use of fresh sperm, viability and statistics. It further focuses on in vivo and in vitro comet assay studies with sperm and a comparison of this assay with other assays measuring germ cell genotoxicity. As most of the de novo structural aberrations occur in sperm and spermatogenesis is functional from puberty to old age, whereas female germ cells are more complicated to obtain, the examination of male germ cells seems to be an easier and logical choice for research and testing in reproductive toxicology. In addition, the importance of such an assay for the paternal impact of genetic damage in offspring is undisputed. As there is a growing interest in the evaluation of genotoxins in male germ cells, the comet assay allows in vitro and in vivo assessments of various environmental and lifestyle genotoxins to be reliably determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Baumgartner
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of Bradford, Richmond Road, Bradford, West Yorkshire BD7 1DP, UK
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35
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Barber JCK, Maloney VK, Kirchhoff M, Thomas NS, Boyle TA, Castle B. Transmitted duplication of 12q21.32-12q22 includes 48 genes and has no apparent phenotypic consequences. Am J Med Genet A 2007; 143A:615-8. [PMID: 17318843 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.31614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John C K Barber
- Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory, Salisbury NHS Foundation Trust, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury.
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36
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Klein OD, Cotter PD, Moore MW, Zanko A, Gilats M, Epstein CJ, Conte F, Rauen KA. Interstitial deletions of chromosome 6q: genotype-phenotype correlation utilizing array CGH. Clin Genet 2007; 71:260-6. [PMID: 17309649 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2007.00757.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Interstitial deletions of the long arm of chromosome 6 are relatively rare, with fewer than 100 cases reported. Phenotypic variation is in large part due to differences in size and location of the segmental aneuploidy. We report three new patients with interstitial deletions of chromosome 6q defined at the molecular level by array comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH). In two of three cases, the molecular breakpoints differed from those indicated by conventional karyotyping, demonstrating the enhanced resolution of array CGH. Two patients had minimal deletions of 6 and 8.8 Mb involving 6q16.2-->q21, and the third patient had a deletion of 11.3 Mb spanning 6q15-->q21. All three had developmental delay, craniofacial dysmorphology, and functional eye disorders, suggesting that genes affecting brain and craniofacial development are located in 6q16.2-->q21, the deleted region common to all three patients. Furthermore, gene(s) for discordant phenotypic features, such as central diabetes insipidus, may reside at 6q15, the monosomic region unique to patient 3. All three cases described here showed loss of paternal alleles within the deleted segment, providing further evidence of the predominantly paternal origin for 6q deletions and rearrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- O D Klein
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA
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