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Uusi-Oukari M, Korpi ER. GABAergic mechanisms in alcohol dependence. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2024; 175:75-123. [PMID: 38555121 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2024.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
The target of alcohol's effect on the central nervous system has been sought for more than 50 years in the brain's GABA system. The behavioral and emotional effects of alcohol in humans and rodents are very similar to those of barbiturates and benzodiazepines, and GABAA receptors have been shown to be one of the sites of alcohol action. The mechanisms of GABAergic inhibition have been a hotspot of research but have turned out to be complex and controversial. Genetics support the involvement of some GABAA receptor subunits in the development of alcohol dependence and in alcohol use disorders (AUD). Since the effect of alcohol on the GABAA system resembles that of a GABAergic positive modulator, it may be possible to develop GABAergic drug treatments that could substitute for alcohol. The adaptation mechanisms of the GABA system and the plasticity of the brain are a big challenge for drug development: the drugs that act on GABAA receptors developed so far also may cause adaptation and development of additional addiction. Human polymorphisms should be studied further to get insight about how they affect receptor function, expression or other factors to make reasonable predictions/hypotheses about what non-addictive interventions would help in alcohol dependence and AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikko Uusi-Oukari
- Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Esa R Korpi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Araujo-Silva H, de Souza AM, Mamede JPM, de Medeiros SRB, Luchiari AC. Individual differences in response to alcohol and nicotine in zebrafish: Gene expression and behavior. Dev Growth Differ 2023; 65:434-445. [PMID: 37435714 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol and nicotine are psychoactive substances responsible for serious health consequences. Although the biological mechanisms of alcohol and nicotine have been studied extensively, individual differences in the response to these drugs have received little attention. Here we evaluated gene expression and behavior of bold and shy individuals after acute exposure to alcohol and nicotine. For this, zebrafish were classified as bold and shy individuals based on emergence tests, and then fish were exposed to 0.00, 0.10, and 0.50% alcohol or 0.00, 1.00, and 5.00 mg/L nicotine and their anxiety-like and locomotor behavior was observed. After behavioral assessment, brain mRNA expression (ache, bdnf, gaba1, gad1b, th1, and tph1) was evaluated. Locomotion patterns differed between profiles depending on alcohol and nicotine concentration. Anxiety increased in shy fish and decreased in bold fish after exposure to both drugs. Alcohol exposure induced an increase in tph1 mRNA expression in bold fish, while bdnf mRNA expression was increased in shy fish. Nicotine increased ache, bdnf, and tph1 mRNA levels in both profiles, but at higher levels in bold fish. Based on our research, we found that alcohol induces anxiogenic effects in both bold and shy zebrafish. Additionally, shy individuals exposed to a low concentration of nicotine exhibited stronger anxiety-like responses than their bold counterparts. These findings further support the validity of using zebrafish as a dependable tool for studying the effects of drugs and uncovering the underlying mechanisms associated with individual variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heloysa Araujo-Silva
- Department of Physiology and Behavior, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Psychobiology, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Augusto Monteiro de Souza
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - João Paulo Medeiros Mamede
- Department of Physiology and Behavior, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Psychobiology, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Carolina Luchiari
- Department of Physiology and Behavior, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Psychobiology, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
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Majumdar S, Basu S, McGue M, Chatterjee S. Simultaneous selection of multiple important single nucleotide polymorphisms in familial genome wide association studies data. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8476. [PMID: 37231056 PMCID: PMC10213008 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35379-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
We propose a resampling-based fast variable selection technique for detecting relevant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in a multi-marker mixed effect model. Due to computational complexity, current practice primarily involves testing the effect of one SNP at a time, commonly termed as 'single SNP association analysis'. Joint modeling of genetic variants within a gene or pathway may have better power to detect associated genetic variants, especially the ones with weak effects. In this paper, we propose a computationally efficient model selection approach-based on the e-values framework-for single SNP detection in families while utilizing information on multiple SNPs simultaneously. To overcome computational bottleneck of traditional model selection methods, our method trains one single model, and utilizes a fast and scalable bootstrap procedure. We illustrate through numerical studies that our proposed method is more effective in detecting SNPs associated with a trait than either single-marker analysis using family data or model selection methods that ignore the familial dependency structure. Further, we perform gene-level analysis in Minnesota Center for Twin and Family Research (MCTFR) dataset using our method to detect several SNPs using this that have been implicated to be associated with alcohol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhabrata Majumdar
- University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, USA.
- AI Risk and Vulnerability Alliance, Seattle, USA.
| | - Saonli Basu
- University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Matt McGue
- University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, USA
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Convergence of case-specific epigenetic alterations identify a confluence of genetic vulnerabilities tied to opioid overdose. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:2158-2170. [PMID: 35301427 PMCID: PMC9133127 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01477-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Opioid use disorder is a highly heterogeneous disease driven by a variety of genetic and environmental risk factors which have yet to be fully elucidated. Opioid overdose, the most severe outcome of opioid use disorder, remains the leading cause of accidental death in the United States. We interrogated the effects of opioid overdose on the brain using ChIP-seq to quantify patterns of H3K27 acetylation in dorsolateral prefrontal cortical neurons isolated from 51 opioid-overdose cases and 51 accidental death controls. Among opioid cases, we observed global hypoacetylation and identified 388 putative enhancers consistently depleted for H3K27ac. Machine learning on H3K27ac patterns predicted case-control status with high accuracy. We focused on case-specific regulatory alterations, revealing 81,399 hypoacetylation events, uncovering vast inter-patient heterogeneity. We developed a strategy to decode this heterogeneity based on convergence analysis, which leveraged promoter-capture Hi-C to identify five genes over-burdened by alterations in their regulatory network or "plexus": ASTN2, KCNMA1, DUSP4, GABBR2, ENOX1. These convergent loci are enriched for opioid use disorder risk genes and heritability for generalized anxiety, number of sexual partners, and years of education. Overall, our multi-pronged approach uncovers neurobiological aspects of opioid use disorder and captures genetic and environmental factors perpetuating the opioid epidemic.
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Korytina GF, Akhmadishina LZ, Kochetova OV, Nasibullin TR, Aznabaeva YG, Zulkarneev SR, Izmaǐlova SM, Zagidullin SZ, Victorova TV. Role of Neurotransmitter System Genes in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. RUSS J GENET+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795421110065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Song W, Cao H, Zhang D, Xu H, Zhang Q, Wang Z, Li S, Wang W, Hu W, Wang B, Duan H. Association between NR3C1 gene polymorphisms and age-related hearing impairment in Qingdao Chinese elderly. BMC Med Genomics 2021; 14:193. [PMID: 34320993 PMCID: PMC8320226 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-021-01044-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Age-related hearing impairment (ARHI) has attracted increasing attention recently. It is caused by genetic and environmental factors. A number of ARHI-related genes have been found. This study aimed to detect the potential association between NR3C1 gene polymorphisms and ARHI by means of weighted allele score. Methods A total of 861 participants from Qingdao city were selected by means of cluster random sampling. We statistically evaluated the characteristics of individuals and used the Mann–Whitney U test or chi-square test for comparison. The publicly available expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) was queried on the website of the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx). We used the weighted allele score and logistic regression analysis to explore the association between NR3C1 gene polymorphisms and ARHI. Finally, the prediction model was constructed by logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Results All individuals over 60 years of age were enrolled in this study. The allele of rs61757411, rs41423247 and rs6877893 were significantly different between the ARHI group and the normal hearing group (P < 0.01). Though eQTL analysis, rs6877893 and rs33388 might affect the occurrence of ARHI by affecting the expression of NR3C1 gene in artery aorta. Then we performed two models: one without adding any covariates into model and the other adjusting for demographic characteristic, smoking and drinking, diet and exercise, and physical conditions. In the multivariate-adjusted model 2, the odds ratio with 95% confidence interval for weighted allele score (NR3C1) was 0.841 (0.710–0.995, P = 0.043). The area under the ROC curve was 0.755, indicating that the model had good predictability. Conclusions Our study suggests that NR3C1 gene polymorphisms was significantly associated with ARHI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanxue Song
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Public Health College, Qingdao University, No. 38 Dengzhou Road, Shibei District, Qingdao, 266021, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hainan Cao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, 266011, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongfeng Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Public Health College, Qingdao University, No. 38 Dengzhou Road, Shibei District, Qingdao, 266021, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyan Xu
- Chengyang Street Community Health Service Center, No. 137 Wenyang Road, Chengyang District, Qingdao, 266109, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- Zaozhuang Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 223 Jiefang North Road, Shizhong District, Zaozhuang, 277100, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoguo Wang
- Qingdao Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 175 Shandong Road, Shibei District, Qingdao, 266033, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China.,Qingdao Institute of Preventive Medicine, No. 175 Shandong Road, Shibei District, Qingdao, 266033, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Suyun Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Public Health College, Qingdao University, No. 38 Dengzhou Road, Shibei District, Qingdao, 266021, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Weijing Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Public Health College, Qingdao University, No. 38 Dengzhou Road, Shibei District, Qingdao, 266021, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenchao Hu
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University (Qingdao), No. 758 Hefei Road, Shibei District, Qingdao, 266033, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingling Wang
- Qingdao Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 175 Shandong Road, Shibei District, Qingdao, 266033, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China.,Qingdao Institute of Preventive Medicine, No. 175 Shandong Road, Shibei District, Qingdao, 266033, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiping Duan
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Public Health College, Qingdao University, No. 38 Dengzhou Road, Shibei District, Qingdao, 266021, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China. .,Qingdao Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 175 Shandong Road, Shibei District, Qingdao, 266033, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China. .,Qingdao Institute of Preventive Medicine, No. 175 Shandong Road, Shibei District, Qingdao, 266033, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China.
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Gatta E, Guidotti A, Saudagar V, Grayson DR, Aspesi D, Pandey SC, Pinna G. Epigenetic Regulation of GABAergic Neurotransmission and Neurosteroid Biosynthesis in Alcohol Use Disorder. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2020; 24:130-141. [PMID: 32968808 PMCID: PMC7883893 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyaa073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a chronic relapsing brain disorder. GABAA receptor (GABAAR) subunits are a target for the pharmacological effects of alcohol. Neurosteroids play an important role in the fine-tuning of GABAAR function in the brain. Recently, we have shown that AUD is associated with changes in DNA methylation mechanisms. However, the role of DNA methylation in the regulation of neurosteroid biosynthesis and GABAergic neurotransmission in AUD patients remains under-investigated. METHODS In a cohort of postmortem brains from 20 male controls and AUD patients, we investigated the expression of GABAAR subunits and neurosteroid biosynthetic enzymes and their regulation by DNA methylation mechanisms. Neurosteroid levels were quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS The α 2 subunit expression was reduced due to increased DNA methylation at the gene promoter region in the cerebellum of AUD patients, a brain area particularly sensitive to the effects of alcohol. Alcohol-induced alteration in GABAAR subunits was also observed in the prefrontal cortex. Neurosteroid biosynthesis was also affected with reduced cerebellar expression of the 18kDa translocator protein and 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase mRNAs. Notably, increased DNA methylation levels were observed at the promoter region of 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. These changes were associated with markedly reduced levels of allopregnanolone and pregnanolone in the cerebellum. CONCLUSION Given the key role of neurosteroids in modulating the strength of GABAAR-mediated inhibition, our data suggest that alcohol-induced impairments in GABAergic neurotransmission might be profoundly impacted by reduced neurosteroid biosynthesis most likely via DNA hypermethylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Gatta
- Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics, Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatric Institute, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Alessandro Guidotti
- Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics, Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatric Institute, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois,Correspondence: Dr Alessandro Guidotti, Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics, Psychiatric Institute - Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60612 ()
| | - Vikram Saudagar
- Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics, Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatric Institute, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Dennis R Grayson
- Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics, Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatric Institute, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Dario Aspesi
- Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics, Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatric Institute, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Subhash C Pandey
- Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics, Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatric Institute, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois,Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Graziano Pinna
- Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics, Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatric Institute, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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Liu W, Su K. A Review on the Receptor-ligand Molecular Interactions in the Nicotinic Receptor Signaling Systems. Pak J Biol Sci 2019; 21:51-66. [PMID: 30221881 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2018.51.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine is regarded as the main active addictive ingredient in tobacco products driving continued tobacco abuse behavior (smoking) to the addiction behavior, whereas nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) is the crucial effective apparatus or molecular effector of nicotine and acetylcholine and other similar ligands. Many nAChR subunits have been revealed to bind to either neurotransmitters or exogenous ligands, such as nicotine and acetylcholine, being involved in the nicotinic receptor signal transduction. Therefore, the nicotinic receptor signalling molecules and the receptor-ligand molecular interactions between nAChRs and their ligands are universally regarded as crucial mediators of cellular functions and drug targets in medical treatment and clinical diagnosis. Given numerous endeavours have been made in defining the roles of nAChRs in response to nicotine and other addictive drugs, this review focuses on studies and reports in recent years on the receptor-ligand interactions between nAChR receptors and ligands, including lipid-nAChR and protein-nAChR molecular interactions, relevant signal transduction pathways and their molecular mechanisms in the nicotinic receptor signalling systems. All the references were carefully retrieved from the PubMed database by searching key words "nicotine", "acetylcholine", "nicotinic acetylcholine receptor(s)", "nAChR*", "protein and nAChR", "lipid and nAChR", "smok*" and "tobacco". All the relevant referred papers and reports retrieved were fully reviewed for manual inspection. This effort intend to get a quick insight and understanding of the nicotinic receptor signalling and their molecular interactions mechanisms. Understanding the cellular receptor-ligand interactions and molecular mechanisms between nAChRs and ligands will lead to a better translational and therapeutic operations and outcomes for the prevention and treatment of nicotine addiction and other chronic drug addictions in the brain's reward circuitry.
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Meda SA, Narayanan B, Chorlian D, Meyers JL, Gelernter J, Hesselbrock V, Bauer L, Calhoun VD, Porjesz B, Pearlson GD. Multivariate Analyses Reveal Biological Components Related to Neuronal Signaling and Immunity Mediating Electroencephalograms Abnormalities in Alcohol-Dependent Individuals from the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism Cohort. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2019; 43:1462-1477. [PMID: 31009096 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The underlying molecular mechanisms associated with alcohol use disorder (AUD) risk have only been partially revealed using traditional approaches such as univariate genomewide association and linkage-based analyses. We therefore aimed to identify gene clusters related to Electroencephalograms (EEG) neurobiological phenotypes distinctive to individuals with AUD using a multivariate approach. METHODS The current project adopted a bimultivariate data-driven approach, parallel independent component analysis (para-ICA), to derive and explore significant genotype-phenotype associations in a case-control subset of the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA) dataset. Para-ICA subjects comprised N = 799 self-reported European Americans (367 controls and 432 AUD cases), recruited from COGA, who had undergone resting EEG and genotyping. Both EEG and genomewide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data were preprocessed prior to being subjected to para-ICA in order to derive genotype-phenotype relationships. RESULTS From the data, 4 EEG frequency and 4 SNP components were estimated, with 2 significantly correlated EEG-genetic relationship pairs. The first such pair primarily represented theta activity, negatively correlated with a genetic cluster enriched for (but not limited to) ontologies/disease processes representing cell signaling, neurogenesis, transmembrane drug transportation, alcoholism, and lipid/cholesterol metabolism. The second component pair represented mainly alpha activity, positively correlated with a genetic cluster with ontologies similarly enriched as the first component. Disease-related enrichments for this component revealed heart and autoimmune disorders as top hits. Loading coefficients for both the alpha and theta components were significantly reduced in cases compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest plausible multifactorial genetic components, primarily enriched for neuronal/synaptic signaling/transmission, immunity, and neurogenesis, mediating low-frequency alpha and theta abnormalities in alcohol addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashwath A Meda
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Hartford Hospital/IOL, Hartford, Connecticut
| | - Balaji Narayanan
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Hartford Hospital/IOL, Hartford, Connecticut
| | - David Chorlian
- Department of Psychiatry, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Jacquelyn L Meyers
- Department of Psychiatry, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Joel Gelernter
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | | | - Lance Bauer
- Department of Psychiatry, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut
| | | | - Bernice Porjesz
- Department of Psychiatry, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Godfrey D Pearlson
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Hartford Hospital/IOL, Hartford, Connecticut.,Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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Sahni S, Tickoo M, Gupta R, Vaswani M, Ambekar A, Grover T, Sharma A. Association of serotonin and GABA pathway gene polymorphisms with alcohol dependence: A preliminary study. Asian J Psychiatr 2019; 39:169-173. [PMID: 29673739 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2018.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol dependence (AD), characterized by profound disruptions in specific circuits of the brain is influenced by both environmental, which play a significant role in developing addiction and genetic factors, which make some individuals more susceptible to disruptions. Various polymorphisms in the neurotransmitter genes are reported to increase the risk of developing dependence. The present study aimed to identify association of serotonin and GABA polymorphisms with AD in Indian subjects. METHOD The study group comprised of 141 AD cases recruited as per DSM IV TR criteria from the outpatient Department of Psychiatry and 110 volunteers from the general population. Clinical and family history was noted and 5 ml blood drawn for genetic studies. Polymorphisms 5-HTTLPR and STin2 of serotonin and rs2279020 and rs3219151 of the GABA pathway were analyzed and results correlated with age at first use quantity consumed, duration of use, dependence and age at onset of dependence. RESULTS The marker frequencies were similar between cases and controls except for rs3219151. 5-HTTLPR was significantly associated with high AUDIT scores and alcohol intake (p < 0.0001), GABAA rs2279020 and rs3219151 with age at first use (p < 0.0001); rs2279020 with higher AUDIT score (p = 0.002) and rs3219151 with quantity (p = 0.0001). High frequency of GABRA6 rs3219151 TT genotype in AD and its association with lower age at first use, higher intake/day, and higher duration of dependence appears to confer risk. CONCLUSIONS This preliminary study, though on a smaller sample size, suggests an association of 5-HTTLPR and GABAA receptor polymorphisms with AD in our population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Sahni
- Laboratory of Cyto-Molecular Genetics, Department of Anatomy, AIIMS, New Delhi, 110029, India.
| | - Mayanka Tickoo
- Laboratory of Cyto-Molecular Genetics, Department of Anatomy, AIIMS, New Delhi, 110029, India.
| | - Ranjan Gupta
- Laboratory of Cyto-Molecular Genetics, Department of Anatomy, AIIMS, New Delhi, 110029, India.
| | - Meera Vaswani
- National Drug Dependence Treatment Center, Department of Psychiatry, AIIMS, New Delhi, 110029, India; University of Minnesota, USA.
| | - Atul Ambekar
- National Drug Dependence Treatment Center, Department of Psychiatry, AIIMS, New Delhi, 110029, India.
| | - Tripti Grover
- Laboratory of Cyto-Molecular Genetics, Department of Anatomy, AIIMS, New Delhi, 110029, India.
| | - Arundhati Sharma
- Laboratory of Cyto-Molecular Genetics, Department of Anatomy, AIIMS, New Delhi, 110029, India.
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Silva CP, Horton WJ, Caruso MJ, Sebastian A, Klein LC, Albert I, Kamens HM. The influence of adolescent nicotine exposure on ethanol intake and brain gene expression. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198935. [PMID: 29912970 PMCID: PMC6005571 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Nicotine and alcohol are often co-abused. Adolescence is a vulnerable period for the initiation of both nicotine and alcohol use, which can lead to subsequent neurodevelopmental and behavioral alterations. It is possible that during this vulnerable period, use of one drug leads to neurobiological alterations that affect subsequent consumption of the other drug. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of nicotine exposure during adolescence on ethanol intake, and the effect of these substances on brain gene expression. Forty-three adolescent female C57BL/6J mice were assigned to four groups. In the first phase of the experiment, adolescent mice (PND 36-41 days) were exposed to three bottles filled with water or nicotine (200 μg/ml) for 22 h a day and a single bottle of water 2 h a day for six days. In the second phase (PND 42-45 days), the 4-day Drinking-in-the-Dark paradigm consisting of access to 20% v/v ethanol or water for 2h or 4h (the last day) was overlaid during the time when the mice did not have nicotine available. Ethanol consumption (g/kg) and blood ethanol concentrations (BEC, mg %) were measured on the final day and whole brains including the cerebellum, were dissected for RNA sequencing. Differentially expressed genes (DEG) were detected with CuffDiff and gene networks were built using WGCNA. Prior nicotine exposure increased ethanol consumption and resulting BEC. Significant DEG and biological pathways found in the group exposed to both nicotine and ethanol included genes important in stress-related neuropeptide signaling, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity, glutamate release, GABA signaling, and dopamine release. These results replicate our earlier findings that nicotine exposure during adolescence increases ethanol consumption and extends this work by examining gene expression differences which could mediate these behavioral effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanza P. Silva
- Biobehavioral Health Department, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - William J. Horton
- Department of Animal Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Caruso
- Biobehavioral Health Department, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Aswathy Sebastian
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Laura C. Klein
- Biobehavioral Health Department, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Istvan Albert
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Helen M. Kamens
- Biobehavioral Health Department, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Blum K, Gondré-Lewis MC, Baron D, Thanos PK, Braverman ER, Neary J, Elman I, Badgaiyan RD. Introducing Precision Addiction Management of Reward Deficiency Syndrome, the Construct That Underpins All Addictive Behaviors. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:548. [PMID: 30542299 PMCID: PMC6277779 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Blum
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton VA Medical Center, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States.,University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VM, United States.,Division of Addictive Services, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC, North Kingston, RI, United States.,Division of Precision Addiction Management, Geneus Health, LLC, San Antonio, TX, United States.,Institute of Psychology, University of Eötvös Loránd, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Clinical Neurology, Path Foundation, New York, NY, United States.,Division of Neuroscience and Addiction Therapy, Summit Estate Recovery Center, Los Gatos, CA, United States.,Department of Neurogenetics Research and Addiction Therapy, The Florida House Experience, Deerfield Beach, FL, United States.,National Human Genome Center, Howard University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Marjorie C Gondré-Lewis
- Division of Precision Addiction Management, Geneus Health, LLC, San Antonio, TX, United States.,Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States.,Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Clinical and Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - David Baron
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States.,Division of Precision Addiction Management, Geneus Health, LLC, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Panayotis K Thanos
- Division of Precision Addiction Management, Geneus Health, LLC, San Antonio, TX, United States.,Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Clinical and Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States.,Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Eric R Braverman
- Department of Clinical Neurology, Path Foundation, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jennifer Neary
- Division of Precision Addiction Management, Geneus Health, LLC, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Igor Elman
- Division of Precision Addiction Management, Geneus Health, LLC, San Antonio, TX, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, United States
| | - Rajendra D Badgaiyan
- Division of Precision Addiction Management, Geneus Health, LLC, San Antonio, TX, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
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13
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Caputo F, Ciminelli BM, Jodice C, Blasi P, Vignoli T, Cibin M, Zoli G, Malaspina P. Alcohol use disorder and GABA B receptor gene polymorphisms in an Italian sample: haplotype frequencies, linkage disequilibrium and association studies. Ann Hum Biol 2017; 44:384-388. [PMID: 28118741 DOI: 10.1080/03014460.2017.1287307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a complex trait with genetic and environmental influences. Several gene variants have been associated with the risk for AUD, including genes encoding the sub-units of the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors. AIM This study evaluated whether specific single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes encoding GABAB receptor sub-units can be considered as candidates for the risk of AUD. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Seventy-four AUD subjects and 128 Italian controls were genotyped for 10 SNPs in genes encoding GABA-B1 and GABA-B2 sub-units (GABBR1 and GABBR2). Allele, genotype, and haplotype frequencies were tested for the association with the AUD trait. RESULTS A significant difference between AUD individuals and controls was observed at genotype level for rs2900512 of GABBR2 gene. The homozygous T/T genotype was not found in the controls, whereas it was over-represented in the AUD individuals. Under the recessive model (T/T vs C/T + C/C) this result was statistically significant, as well as the Odds Ratio for the association with the AUD trait. CONCLUSIONS The results provide preliminary data on the association between GABAB receptor gene variation and risk of AUD. To confirm this finding, studies with larger samples and additional characterisation of the phenotypic AUD trait are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Caputo
- a Department of Internal Medicine , SS Annunziata Hospital, Cento , Ferrara , Italy
- b 'G. Fontana' Centre for the Study and Multidisciplinary Treatment of Alcohol Addiction, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences , University of Bologna , Italy
| | | | - Carla Jodice
- c Department of Biology , University of Rome Tor Vergata , Rome , Italy
| | - Paola Blasi
- c Department of Biology , University of Rome Tor Vergata , Rome , Italy
| | - Teo Vignoli
- a Department of Internal Medicine , SS Annunziata Hospital, Cento , Ferrara , Italy
| | - Mauro Cibin
- a Department of Internal Medicine , SS Annunziata Hospital, Cento , Ferrara , Italy
| | - Giorgio Zoli
- a Department of Internal Medicine , SS Annunziata Hospital, Cento , Ferrara , Italy
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14
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Wang Q, Li S, Li H, Yang X, Jiang F, Zhang N, Han M, Jia C. Relative contribution of genetic, individual, and self-efficacy factors to smoking cessation in a Chinese rural population. Am J Addict 2017; 26:161-166. [PMID: 28191914 DOI: 10.1111/ajad.12507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Nicotine dependence is influenced by genetic, individual, and psychological factors. We aimed to examine whether nicotinic acetylcholine receptor genes (CHRN) were associated with smoking cessation (SC) using genetic risk score and compare the relative contribution of genetic, individual and self-efficacy factors to SC. METHODS Eight hundred and nineteen male smokers (mean age: 59.62) were recruited from 17 villages of three counties in Shandong province, China. Thirty-two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in seven CHRN genes were genotyped. Logistic regression was used to explore the relationship between genetic risk score and SC. Dominance analysis was performed to compare the relative contribution of genetic, individual, and self-efficacy factors on SC. RESULTS CHRNA3 genetic risk score was associated with SC. Dominance analysis showed that individual factor was the most important predictor for SC, followed by genetic and self-efficacy factors. CONCLUSIONS CHRNA3 was associated with successful SC. Individual factor had more contribution than genetic factor to SC. SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE Our findings provide support to the role of CHRN genes in the etiology of smoking cessation using genetic risk score. Individual factor should be particularly valued in smoking control intervention. (Am J Addict 2017;26:161-166).
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Suyun Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Huijie Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Xiaorong Yang
- Department of Epidemiology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Fan Jiang
- Department of Epidemiology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Mingkui Han
- Department of Epidemiology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Chongqi Jia
- Department of Epidemiology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
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15
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Converging findings from linkage and association analyses on susceptibility genes for smoking and other addictions. Mol Psychiatry 2016; 21:992-1008. [PMID: 27166759 PMCID: PMC4956568 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2016.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Experimental approaches to genetic studies of complex traits evolve with technological advances. How do discoveries using different approaches advance our knowledge of the genetic architecture underlying complex diseases/traits? Do most of the findings of newer techniques, such as genome-wide association study (GWAS), provide more information than older ones, for example, genome-wide linkage study? In this review, we address these issues by developing a nicotine dependence (ND) genetic susceptibility map based on the results obtained by the approaches commonly used in recent years, namely, genome-wide linkage, candidate gene association, GWAS and targeted sequencing. Converging and diverging results from these empirical approaches have elucidated a preliminary genetic architecture of this intractable psychiatric disorder and yielded new hypotheses on ND etiology. The insights we obtained by putting together results from diverse approaches can be applied to other complex diseases/traits. In sum, developing a genetic susceptibility map and keeping it updated are effective ways to keep track of what we know about a disease/trait and what the next steps may be with new approaches.
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16
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Förstera B, Castro PA, Moraga-Cid G, Aguayo LG. Potentiation of Gamma Aminobutyric Acid Receptors (GABAAR) by Ethanol: How Are Inhibitory Receptors Affected? Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:114. [PMID: 27199667 PMCID: PMC4858537 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years there has been an increase in the understanding of ethanol actions on the type A γ-aminobutyric acid chloride channel (GABAAR), a member of the pentameric ligand gated ion channels (pLGICs). However, the mechanism by which ethanol potentiates the complex is still not fully understood and a number of publications have shown contradictory results. Thus many questions still remain unresolved requiring further studies for a better comprehension of this effect. The present review concentrates on the involvement of GABAAR in the acute actions of ethanol and specifically focuses on the immediate, direct or indirect, synaptic and extra-synaptic modulatory effects. To elaborate on the immediate, direct modulation of GABAAR by acute ethanol exposure, electrophysiological studies investigating the importance of different subunits, and data from receptor mutants will be examined. We will also discuss the nature of the putative binding sites for ethanol based on structural data obtained from other members of the pLGICs family. Finally, we will briefly highlight the glycine gated chloride channel (GlyR), another member of the pLGIC family, as a suitable target for the development of new pharmacological tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Förstera
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology, University of Concepcion Concepcion, Chile
| | - Patricio A Castro
- Laboratory of Environmental Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Católica del Norte Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Gustavo Moraga-Cid
- Hindbrain Integrative Neurobiology Laboratory, Institut de Neurobiologie Alfred Fessard Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - Luis G Aguayo
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology, University of Concepcion Concepcion, Chile
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17
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Wu LSH, Lee CS, Weng TY, Wang KHT, Cheng ATA. Association Study of Gene Polymorphisms in GABA, Serotonin, Dopamine, and Alcohol Metabolism Pathways with Alcohol Dependence in Taiwanese Han Men. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2016; 40:284-90. [DOI: 10.1111/acer.12963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Chau-Shoun Lee
- Department of Medicine; MacKay Medical College; Taipei Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry; Mackay Memorial Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Ya Weng
- Department of Computer Sciences and Engineering; Yuan Ze University; Taoyuan Taiwan
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18
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Van Skike CE, Maggio SE, Reynolds AR, Casey EM, Bardo MT, Dwoskin LP, Prendergast MA, Nixon K. Critical needs in drug discovery for cessation of alcohol and nicotine polysubstance abuse. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2016; 65:269-87. [PMID: 26582145 PMCID: PMC4679525 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Polysubstance abuse of alcohol and nicotine has been overlooked in our understanding of the neurobiology of addiction and especially in the development of novel therapeutics for its treatment. Estimates show that as many as 92% of people with alcohol use disorders also smoke tobacco. The health risks associated with both excessive alcohol consumption and tobacco smoking create an urgent biomedical need for the discovery of effective cessation treatments, as opposed to current approaches that attempt to independently treat each abused agent. The lack of treatment approaches for alcohol and nicotine abuse/dependence mirrors a similar lack of research in the neurobiology of polysubstance abuse. This review discusses three critical needs in medications development for alcohol and nicotine co-abuse: (1) the need for a better understanding of the clinical condition (i.e. alcohol and nicotine polysubstance abuse), (2) the need to better understand how these drugs interact in order to identify new targets for therapeutic development and (3) the need for animal models that better mimic this human condition. Current and emerging treatments available for the cessation of each drug and their mechanisms of action are discussed within this context followed by what is known about the pharmacological interactions of alcohol and nicotine. Much has been and will continue to be gained from studying comorbid alcohol and nicotine exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Van Skike
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - S E Maggio
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - A R Reynolds
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - E M Casey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - M T Bardo
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States; Center for Drug Abuse and Research Translation, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States; Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - L P Dwoskin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States; Center for Drug Abuse and Research Translation, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - M A Prendergast
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States; Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - K Nixon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States; Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States.
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19
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Dingel MJ, Ostergren J, McCormick JB, Hammer R, Koenig BA. The media and behavioral genetics: Alternatives coexisting with addiction genetics. SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & HUMAN VALUES 2015; 40:459-486. [PMID: 26392644 PMCID: PMC4574304 DOI: 10.1177/0162243914558491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
To understand public discourse in the U.S. on genetic causation of behavioral disorders, we analyzed media representations of genetic research on addiction published between 1990 and 2010. We conclude first that the media simplistically represent biological bases of addiction and willpower as being mutually exclusive: behaviors are either genetically determined, or they are a choice. Second, most articles provide only cursory or no treatment of the environmental contribution. A media focus on genetics directs attention away from environmental factors. Rhetorically, media neglect the complexity underlying of the etiology of addiction and direct focus back toward individual causation and responsibility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jenny Ostergren
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | | | - Barbara A. Koenig
- University of California, San Francisco, Institute for Health & Aging, San Francisco, CA, USA
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20
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Trucco EM, Villafuerte S, Heitzeg MM, Burmeister M, Zucker RA. Rule breaking mediates the developmental association between GABRA2 and adolescent substance abuse. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2014; 55:1372-9. [PMID: 24811113 PMCID: PMC4470372 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study's primary aim was to examine age-specific associations between GABRA2, rule breaking, problematic alcohol use, and substance abuse symptomatology. The secondary aim was to examine the extent to which rule breaking mediates the GABRA2-substance abuse relationship. METHODS A sample (n = 518) of primarily male (70.9%) and White (88.8%) adolescents from the Michigan Longitudinal Study was assessed from ages 11-18. Age-specific effects of GABRA2 on rule breaking, problematic alcohol use, and substance abuse symptomatology were examined using nested path models. The role of rule breaking as a mediator in the association between GABRA2 and substance abuse outcomes was tested using prospective cross-lagged path models. RESULTS GABRA2 is significantly (p < 0.05) associated with rule breaking in mid- to late-adolescence, but not substance abuse symptomatology across adolescence. GABRA2 effects on problematic alcohol use and substance abuse symptomatology operate largely (45.3% and 71.1%, respectively, p < 0.05) via rule breaking in midadolescence. CONCLUSIONS GABRA2 represents an early risk factor for an externalizing pathway to the development of problematic alcohol and drug use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandra Villafuerte
- Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, USA
| | | | - Margit Burmeister
- Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, USA
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21
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Irons DE, Iacono WG, Oetting WS, Kirkpatrick RM, Vrieze SI, Miller MB, McGue M. Gamma-aminobutyric acid system genes--no evidence for a role in alcohol use and abuse in a community-based sample. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2014; 38:938-47. [PMID: 24460875 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While twin and adoption studies point to substantial genetic influence upon alcohol use, dependence, and other alcohol-related phenotypes, few of the genes underlying variation in these phenotypes have been identified. Markers in genes related to GABAergic activity-a system integral to many of alcohol's biological effects-have been implicated in alcohol use and alcohol-related psychopathology in linkage and association studies. METHODS Using multiple methods, we conducted a comprehensive examination of the effects of markers in γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) system genes in a community-based sample of 7,224 individuals assessed in early and middle adulthood. In addition to testing the effect of individual single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers on alcohol-related phenotypes, we computed a polygenic score reflecting the aggregated effects of multiple GABA system SNPs. We also estimated the variance in alcohol-related phenotypes attributable to all GABA system markers considered simultaneously and conducted gene-based association tests. RESULTS No method produced results indicative of an effect of GABA system variants on measures of alcohol use or misuse. CONCLUSIONS These results reflect alcohol-related behaviors in a population-representative sample, many of whom are still in adolescence, and in which the incidence of heavy drinking and alcohol-related symptomatology are relatively low. Contrasted with existing studies of the association between alcohol use and GABA system genes, our results suggest that the relationship may be limited to particular contexts, such as when accompanied by polysubstance abuse or a familial history of alcoholism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Irons
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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22
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Yang Z, Lin C, Wang S, Seneviratne C, Wang J, Li MD. Determination of allelic expression of SNP rs1880676 in choline acetyltransferase gene in HeLa cells. Neurosci Lett 2013; 555:215-9. [PMID: 24076142 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we reported that several polymorphisms and haplotypes in the choline acetyltransferase gene (ChAT) are associated with nicotine dependence (ND). Of them, SNP rs1880676 is of particular interest because: (1) it is a non-synonymous variant located in the coding region of an alternatively spliced form of ChAT and (2) it is located in several haplotypes that are significantly associated with ND. The objective of this study was to determine, using an in vitro system, whether the alleles G (coding for aspartic acid) or A (coding for asparagine) of rs1880676 have any allele-specific effect on ChAT expression. We first used site-directed mutagenesis to construct two expression vectors differed in the allelic position of rs1880676 (G/A), which were transfected into HeLa cells. We then measured expression of ChAT associated with each allele. We found significant expression differences for the two alleles, with the G allele being expressed significantly greater than A allele (P<0.01 at both mRNA and protein levels). Further, we validated the ChAT expression of the G allele was significantly higher than that of the A allele by using ELISA assay (P=0.00016). We concluded that rs1880676 is functional and that the allelic variations of this polymorphism are involved in developing ND by altering ChAT expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongli Yang
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Shanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Shanxi, China
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23
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Wang S, Yang Z, Ma JZ, Payne TJ, Li MD. Introduction to deep sequencing and its application to drug addiction research with a focus on rare variants. Mol Neurobiol 2013; 49:601-14. [PMID: 23990377 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8541-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Through linkage analysis, candidate gene approach, and genome-wide association studies (GWAS), many genetic susceptibility factors for substance dependence have been discovered such as the alcohol dehydrogenase gene (ALDH2) for alcohol dependence (AD) and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunit variants on chromosomes 8 and 15 for nicotine dependence (ND). However, these confirmed genetic factors contribute only a small portion of the heritability responsible for each addiction. Among many potential factors, rare variants in those identified and unidentified susceptibility genes are supposed to contribute greatly to the missing heritability. Several studies focusing on rare variants have been conducted by taking advantage of next-generation sequencing technologies, which revealed that some rare variants of nAChR subunits are associated with ND in both genetic and functional studies. However, these studies investigated variants for only a small number of genes and need to be expanded to broad regions/genes in a larger population. This review presents an update on recently developed methods for rare-variant identification and association analysis and on studies focused on rare-variant discovery and function related to addictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaolin Wang
- Department of Psychiatry & Neurobiology Science, University of Virginia, 1670 Discovery Drive, Suite 110, Charlottesville, VA, 22911, USA
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24
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Fliegel S, Brand I, Spanagel R, Noori HR. Ethanol-induced alterations of amino acids measured by in vivo microdialysis in rats: a meta-analysis. In Silico Pharmacol 2013; 1:7. [PMID: 25505652 PMCID: PMC4230485 DOI: 10.1186/2193-9616-1-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In recent years in vivo microdialysis has become an important method in research studies investigating the alterations of neurotransmitters in the extracellular fluid of the brain. Based on the major involvement of glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in mediating a variety of alcohol effects in the mammalian brain, numerous microdialysis studies have focused on the dynamical behavior of these systems in response to alcohol. METHODS Here we performed multiple meta-analyses on published datasets from the rat brain: (i) we studied basal extracellular concentrations of glutamate and GABA in brain regions that belong to a neurocircuitry involved in neuropsychiatric diseases, especially in alcoholism (Noori et al., Addict Biol 17:827-864, 2012); (ii) we examined the effect of acute ethanol administration on glutamate and GABA levels within this network and (iii) we studied alcohol withdrawal-induced alterations in glutamate and GABA levels within this neurocircuitry. RESULTS For extraction of basal concentrations of these neurotransmitters, datasets of 6932 rats were analyzed and the absolute basal glutamate and GABA levels were estimated for 18 different brain sites. In response to different doses of acute ethanol administration, datasets of 529 rats were analyzed and a non-linear dose response (glutamate and GABA release) relationship was observed in several brain sites. Specifically, glutamate in the nucleus accumbens shows a decreasing logarithmic dose response curve. Finally, regression analysis of 11 published reports employing brain microdialysis experiments in 104 alcohol-dependent rats reveals very consistent augmented extracellular glutamate and GABA levels in various brain sites that correlate with the intensity of the withdrawal response were identified. CONCLUSIONS In summary, our results provide standardized basal values for future experimental and in silico studies on neurotransmitter release in the rat brain and may be helpful to understand the effect of ethanol on neurotransmitter release. Furthermore, this study illustrates the benefit of meta-analyses using the generalization of a wide range of preclinical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Fliegel
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Ines Brand
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Rainer Spanagel
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Hamid R Noori
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
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25
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Payne TJ, Ma JZ, Crews KM, Li MD. Depressive symptoms among heavy cigarette smokers: the influence of daily rate, gender, and race. Nicotine Tob Res 2013; 15:1714-21. [PMID: 23569006 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntt047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cigarette smokers experience higher levels of depressive symptoms and are more likely to be diagnosed with depressive disorders than nonsmokers. To date, the nature of the smoking-depression relationship has not been adequately studied among heavy smokers, a group at elevated risk for poor health outcomes. In this study, we examined depressive symptom expression among heavy smokers while considering the moderating roles of smoking status, gender, and race. We also explored whether amount of tobacco usually consumed had an impact. METHODS We extracted data from a large, highly nicotine-dependent, nontreatment cigarette smoking study sample (N = 6,158). Participants who consented were screened for major exclusions, and they completed questionnaires. RESULTS Smokers reported a higher, clinically meaningful level of depressive symptoms relative to nonsmokers (27.3% of smokers vs. 12.5% of nonsmokers) scored above the clinical cutoff on the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) scale (p < .001), which differed among race × gender subgroups. Further, amount of daily intake was inversely associated with self-report of depressive symptoms. For every 10-cigarette increment, the likelihood of scoring above the CES-D clinical cutoff decreased by 62% (p < .0001). CONCLUSIONS These findings improve our understanding of tobacco's influence on depressive symptom expression among heavy smokers, with implications for tailoring evidence-based tobacco treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Payne
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communicative Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS
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26
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Li MD, Cao J, Wang S, Wang J, Sarkar S, Vigorito M, Ma JZ, Chang SL. Transcriptome sequencing of gene expression in the brain of the HIV-1 transgenic rat. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59582. [PMID: 23536882 PMCID: PMC3607591 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The noninfectious HIV-1 transgenic (HIV-1Tg) rat was developed as a model of AIDs-related pathology and immune dysfunction by manipulation of a noninfectious HIV-1gag-pol virus with a deleted 3-kb SphI-MscI fragment containing the 3′ -region of gag and the 5′ region of pol into F344 rats. Our previous studies revealed significant behavioral differences between HIV-1Tg and F344 control rats in their performance in the Morris water maze and responses to psychostimulants. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these behavioral differences remain largely unknown. The primary goal of this study was to identify differentially expressed genes and enriched pathways affected by the gag-pol-deleted HIV-1 genome. Using RNA deep sequencing, we sequenced RNA transcripts in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and striatum of HIV-1Tg and F344 rats. A total of 72 RNA samples were analyzed (i.e., 12 animals per group × 2 strains × 3 brain regions). Following deep-sequencing analysis of 50-bp paired-end reads of RNA-Seq, we used Bowtie/Tophat/Cufflinks suites to align these reads into transcripts based on the Rn4 rat reference genome and to measure the relative abundance of each transcript. Statistical analyses on each brain region in the two strains revealed that immune response- and neurotransmission-related pathways were altered in the HIV-1Tg rats, with brain region differences. Other neuronal survival-related pathways, including those encoding myelin proteins, growth factors, and translation regulators, were altered in the HIV-1Tg rats in a brain region-dependent manner. This study is the first deep-sequencing analysis of RNA transcripts associated the HIV-1Tg rat. Considering the functions of the pathways and brain regions examined in this study, our findings of abnormal gene expression patterns in HIV-1Tg rats suggest mechanisms underlying the deficits in learning and memory and vulnerability to drug addiction and other psychiatric disorders observed in HIV-positive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming D. Li
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MDL); (SLC)
| | - Junran Cao
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Shaolin Wang
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ju Wang
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Sraboni Sarkar
- Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Seton Hall University, South Orange, New Jersey, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Michael Vigorito
- Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Seton Hall University, South Orange, New Jersey, United States of America
- Department of Psychology, Seton Hall University, South Orange, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Jennie Z. Ma
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Sulie L. Chang
- Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Seton Hall University, South Orange, New Jersey, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, New Jersey, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MDL); (SLC)
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