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Imai Y, Kusano K, Aiba T, Ako J, Asano Y, Harada-Shiba M, Kataoka M, Kosho T, Kubo T, Matsumura T, Minamino T, Minatoya K, Morita H, Nishigaki M, Nomura S, Ogino H, Ohno S, Takamura M, Tanaka T, Tsujita K, Uchida T, Yamagishi H, Ebana Y, Fujita K, Ida K, Inoue S, Ito K, Kuramoto Y, Maeda J, Matsunaga K, Neki R, Sugiura K, Tada H, Tsuji A, Yamada T, Yamaguchi T, Yamamoto E, Kimura A, Kuwahara K, Maemura K, Minamino T, Morisaki H, Tokunaga K. JCS/JCC/JSPCCS 2024 Guideline on Genetic Testing and Counseling in Cardiovascular Disease. Circ J 2024:CJ-23-0926. [PMID: 39343605 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-23-0926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Imai
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Jichi Medical University
| | - Kengo Kusano
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center
| | - Takeshi Aiba
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center
| | - Junya Ako
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kitasato University School of Medicine
| | - Yoshihiro Asano
- Department of Genomic Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center
| | | | - Masaharu Kataoka
- The Second Department of Internal Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health
| | - Tomoki Kosho
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shinshu University School of Medicine
| | - Toru Kubo
- Department of Cardiology and Geriatrics, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University
| | - Takayoshi Matsumura
- Division of Human Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University
| | - Tetsuo Minamino
- Department of Cardiorenal and Cerebrovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University
| | - Kenji Minatoya
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University
| | - Hiroyuki Morita
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo
| | - Masakazu Nishigaki
- Department of Genetic Counseling, International University of Health and Welfare
| | - Seitaro Nomura
- Department of Frontier Cardiovascular Science, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo
| | | | - Seiko Ohno
- Medical Genome Center, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center
| | - Masayuki Takamura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences
| | - Toshihiro Tanaka
- Department of Human Genetics and Disease Diversity, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - Kenichi Tsujita
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University
| | - Tetsuro Uchida
- Department of Surgery II (Division of Cardiovascular, Thoracic and Pediatric Surgery), Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine
| | | | - Yusuke Ebana
- Life Science and Bioethics Research Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Hospital
| | - Kanna Fujita
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo Hospital
- Department of Computational Diagnostic Radiology and Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo
| | - Kazufumi Ida
- Division of Counseling for Medical Genetics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center
| | - Shunsuke Inoue
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo Hospital
| | - Kaoru Ito
- Laboratory for Cardiovascular Genomics and Informatics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences
| | - Yuki Kuramoto
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Jun Maeda
- Department of Cardiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center
| | - Keiji Matsunaga
- Department of Cardiorenal and Cerebrovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University
| | - Reiko Neki
- Division of Counseling for Medical Genetics, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center
| | - Kenta Sugiura
- Department of Cardiology and Geriatrics, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University
| | - Hayato Tada
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University
| | - Akihiro Tsuji
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center
| | | | | | | | - Akinori Kimura
- Institutional Research Office, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - Koichiro Kuwahara
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine
| | - Koji Maemura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Tohru Minamino
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine
| | | | - Katsushi Tokunaga
- Genome Medical Science Project, National Center for Global Health and Medicine
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Hendricks EL, Linskey N, Smith IR, Liebl FLW. Kismet/CHD7/CHD8 and Amyloid Precursor Protein-like Regulate Synaptic Levels of Rab11 at the Drosophila Neuromuscular Junction. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8429. [PMID: 39125997 PMCID: PMC11313043 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2024] [Revised: 07/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The transmembrane protein β-amyloid precursor protein (APP) is central to the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The β-amyloid hypothesis posits that aberrant processing of APP forms neurotoxic β-amyloid aggregates, which lead to the cognitive impairments observed in AD. Although numerous additional factors contribute to AD, there is a need to better understand the synaptic function of APP. We have found that Drosophila APP-like (APPL) has both shared and non-shared roles at the synapse with Kismet (Kis), a chromatin helicase binding domain (CHD) protein. Kis is the homolog of CHD7 and CHD8, both of which are implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders including CHARGE Syndrome and autism spectrum disorders, respectively. Loss of function mutations in kis and animals expressing human APP and BACE in their central nervous system show reductions in the glutamate receptor subunit, GluRIIC, the GTPase Rab11, and the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), pMad, at the Drosophila larval neuromuscular junction (NMJ). Similarly, processes like endocytosis, larval locomotion, and neurotransmission are deficient in these animals. Our pharmacological and epistasis experiments indicate that there is a functional relationship between Kis and APPL, but Kis does not regulate appl expression at the larval NMJ. Instead, Kis likely influences the synaptic localization of APPL, possibly by promoting rab11 transcription. These data identify a potential mechanistic connection between chromatin remodeling proteins and aberrant synaptic function in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Faith L. W. Liebl
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Edwardsville, IL 62026, USA
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Becker TJ, Enkhmandakh B, Bayarsaihan D. Single-cell RNA analysis of chromodomain-encoding genes in mesenchymal stromal cells of the mouse dental pulp. J Cell Biochem 2024. [PMID: 38779967 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The chromodomain helicase DNA-binding (CHD) and chromobox (CBX) families of proteins play crucial roles in cell fate decisions, differentiation, and cell proliferation in a broad variety of tissues and cell types. CHD proteins are ATP-dependent epigenetic enzymes actively engaged in transcriptional regulation, DNA replication, and DNA damage repair, whereas CBX proteins are transcriptional repressors mainly involved in the formation of heterochromatin. The pleiotropic effects of CHD and CBX proteins are largely dependent on their versatility to interact with other key components of the epigenetic and transcriptional machinery. Although the function and regulatory modes of CHD and CBX factors are well established in many cell types, little is known about their roles during osteogenic differentiation. A single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis of the mouse incisor dental pulp revealed distinct spatiotemporal expression patterns of CHD- and CBX-encoding genes within different clusters of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) representing various stages of osteogenic differentiation. Additionally, genes encoding interaction partners of CHD and CBX proteins, such as subunits of the trithorax-COMPASS and polycomb chromatin remodeling complexes, exhibited differential co-expression behaviors within MSC subpopulations. Thus, CHD- and CBX-encoding genes show partially overlapping but distinct expression patterns in MSCs, suggesting their differential roles in osteogenic cell fate decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy James Becker
- Department of Computer Science, Connecticut College, New London, Connecticut, USA
| | - Badam Enkhmandakh
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Dashzeveg Bayarsaihan
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
- Institute for System Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
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Noda A. Morphogenesis-coupled DNA repair - in mammalian embryogenesis, morphogenesis and DNA double strand break (DSB) repair are carried out simultaneously to ensure normal development. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2024; 65:416-419. [PMID: 38718394 PMCID: PMC11115463 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrae028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Asao Noda
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, 5-2 Hijiyama-Park, Minami-Ku, Hiroshima 732-0815, Japan
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5
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Arias-Peso B, Calero-Ramos ML, López-Ladrón García de la Borbolla C, López-Domínguez M, Morillo-Sánchez MJ, Méndez-Martínez S, Sánchez-Gómez S, Rodríguez-de-la-Rúa E. Multidisciplinary approach to inherited causes of dual sensory impairment. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2024; 262:701-715. [PMID: 37341837 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-023-06153-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This article presents a review of the main causes of inherited dual sensory impairment (DSI) with an emphasis on the multidisciplinary approach. METHODS A narrative review of English literature published before January 2023 was conducted using PubMed, Medline, and Scopus databases. The different causes of inherited DSI are discussed from a multidisciplinary perspective. RESULTS There are a wide range of dual sensory impairment (DSI), commonly referred to as blindness and deafness. While Usher syndrome is the most frequent genetic cause, other genetic syndromes such as Alport syndrome or Stickler syndrome can also lead to DSI. Various retinal phenotypes, including pigmentary retinopathy as seen in Usher syndrome, vitreoretinopathy as in Stickler syndrome, and macular dystrophy as in Alport syndrome, along with type of hearing loss (sensorineural or conductive) and additional systemic symptoms can aid in diagnostic suspicion. A thorough ophthalmologic and otorhinolaryngologic examination can help guide diagnosis, which can then be confirmed with genetic studies, crucial for determining prognosis. Effective hearing rehabilitation measures, such as hearing implants, and visual rehabilitation measures, such as low vision optical devices, are crucial for maintaining social interaction and proper development in these patients. CONCLUSIONS While Usher syndrome is the primary cause of inherited dual sensory impairment (DSI), other genetic syndromes can also lead to this condition. A proper diagnostic approach based on retinal phenotypes and types of hearing loss can aid in ruling out alternative causes. Multidisciplinary approaches can assist in reaching a definitive diagnosis, which has significant prognostic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borja Arias-Peso
- Department of Ophthalmology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, 1-3 Isabel la Católica Street, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain.
- Miguel Servet Ophthalmology Research Group (GIMSO), Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | - Silvia Méndez-Martínez
- Department of Ophthalmology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, 1-3 Isabel la Católica Street, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
- Miguel Servet Ophthalmology Research Group (GIMSO), Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Serafin Sánchez-Gómez
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, Seville, Spain
| | - Enrique Rodríguez-de-la-Rúa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, Seville, Spain
- Department of Surgery, Ophthalmology Area, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
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Muhammad T, Pastore SF, Good K, Ausió J, Vincent JB. Chromatin gatekeeper and modifier CHD proteins in development, and in autism and other neurological disorders. Psychiatr Genet 2023; 33:213-232. [PMID: 37851134 DOI: 10.1097/ypg.0000000000000353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Chromatin, a protein-DNA complex, is a dynamic structure that stores genetic information within the nucleus and responds to molecular/cellular changes in its structure, providing conditional access to the genetic machinery. ATP-dependent chromatin modifiers regulate access of transcription factors and RNA polymerases to DNA by either "opening" or "closing" the structure of chromatin, and its aberrant regulation leads to a variety of neurodevelopmental disorders. The chromodomain helicase DNA-binding (CHD) proteins are ATP-dependent chromatin modifiers involved in the organization of chromatin structure, act as gatekeepers of genomic access, and deposit histone variants required for gene regulation. In this review, we first discuss the structural and functional domains of the CHD proteins, and their binding sites, and phosphorylation, acetylation, and methylation sites. The conservation of important amino acids in SWItch/sucrose non-fermenting (SWI/SNF) domains, and their protein and mRNA tissue expression profiles are discussed. Next, we convey the important binding partners of CHD proteins, their protein complexes and activities, and their involvements in epigenetic regulation. We also show the ChIP-seq binding dynamics for CHD1, CHD2, CHD4, and CHD7 proteins at promoter regions of histone genes, as well as several genes that are critical for neurodevelopment. The role of CHD proteins in development is also discussed. Finally, this review provides information about CHD protein mutations reported in autism and neurodevelopmental disorders, and their pathogenicity. Overall, this review provides information on the progress of research into CHD proteins, their structural and functional domains, epigenetics, and their role in stem cell, development, and neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahir Muhammad
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry & Development (MiND) Lab, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON
| | - Stephen F Pastore
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry & Development (MiND) Lab, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON
| | - Katrina Good
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry & Development (MiND) Lab, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC
| | - Juan Ausió
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC
| | - John B Vincent
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry & Development (MiND) Lab, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Harvey DC, Verma R, Sedaghat B, Hjelm BE, Morton SU, Seidman JG, Kumar SR. Mutations in genes related to myocyte contraction and ventricular septum development in non-syndromic tetralogy of Fallot. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1249605. [PMID: 37840956 PMCID: PMC10569225 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1249605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Eighty percent of patients with a diagnosis of tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) do not have a known genetic etiology or syndrome. We sought to identify key molecular pathways and biological processes that are enriched in non-syndromic TOF, the most common form of cyanotic congenital heart disease, rather than single driver genes to elucidate the pathogenesis of this disease. Methods We undertook exome sequencing of 362 probands with non-syndromic TOF and their parents within the Pediatric Cardiac Genomics Consortium (PCGC). We identified rare (minor allele frequency <1 × 10-4), de novo variants to ascertain pathways and processes affected in this population to better understand TOF pathogenesis. Pathways and biological processes enriched in the PCGC TOF cohort were compared to 317 controls without heart defects (and their parents) from the Simons Foundation Autism Research Initiative (SFARI). Results A total of 120 variants in 117 genes were identified as most likely to be deleterious, with CHD7, CLUH, UNC13C, and WASHC5 identified in two probands each. Gene ontology analyses of these variants using multiple bioinformatic tools demonstrated significant enrichment in processes including cell cycle progression, chromatin remodeling, myocyte contraction and calcium transport, and development of the ventricular septum and ventricle. There was also a significant enrichment of target genes of SOX9, which is critical in second heart field development and whose loss results in membranous ventricular septal defects related to disruption of the proximal outlet septum. None of these processes was significantly enriched in the SFARI control cohort. Conclusion Innate molecular defects in cardiac progenitor cells and genes related to their viability and contractile function appear central to non-syndromic TOF pathogenesis. Future research utilizing our results is likely to have significant implications in stratification of TOF patients and delivery of personalized clinical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drayton C. Harvey
- Departments of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Riya Verma
- Departments of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Brandon Sedaghat
- Department of Medicine, Rosalind Franklin University School of Medicine and Science, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Brooke E. Hjelm
- Translational Genomics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Sarah U. Morton
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jon G. Seidman
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - S. Ram Kumar
- Departments of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
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Stathopoulou A, Wang P, Thellier C, Kelly RG, Zheng D, Scambler PJ. CHARGE syndrome-associated CHD7 acts at ISL1-regulated enhancers to modulate second heart field gene expression. Cardiovasc Res 2023; 119:2089-2105. [PMID: 37052590 PMCID: PMC10478754 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvad059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Haploinsufficiency of the chromo-domain protein CHD7 underlies most cases of CHARGE syndrome, a multisystem birth defect including congenital heart malformation. Context specific roles for CHD7 in various stem, progenitor, and differentiated cell lineages have been reported. Previously, we showed severe defects when Chd7 is absent from cardiopharyngeal mesoderm (CPM). Here, we investigate altered gene expression in the CPM and identify specific CHD7-bound target genes with known roles in the morphogenesis of affected structures. METHODS AND RESULTS We generated conditional KO of Chd7 in CPM and analysed cardiac progenitor cells using transcriptomic and epigenomic analyses, in vivo expression analysis, and bioinformatic comparisons with existing datasets. We show CHD7 is required for correct expression of several genes established as major players in cardiac development, especially within the second heart field (SHF). We identified CHD7 binding sites in cardiac progenitor cells and found strong association with histone marks suggestive of dynamically regulated enhancers during the mesodermal to cardiac progenitor transition of mESC differentiation. Moreover, CHD7 shares a subset of its target sites with ISL1, a pioneer transcription factor in the cardiogenic gene regulatory network, including one enhancer modulating Fgf10 expression in SHF progenitor cells vs. differentiating cardiomyocytes. CONCLUSION We show that CHD7 interacts with ISL1, binds ISL1-regulated cardiac enhancers, and modulates gene expression across the mesodermal heart fields during cardiac morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasia Stathopoulou
- Developmental Biology of Birth Defects, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- School of Medical Imaging, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | | | - Robert G Kelly
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS UMR 7288, IBDM, Marseille, France
| | - Deyou Zheng
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Departments of Neurology and Neurosciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Peter J Scambler
- Developmental Biology of Birth Defects, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
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Hodorovich DR, Lindsley PM, Berry AA, Burton DF, Marsden KC. Morphological and sensorimotor phenotypes in a zebrafish CHARGE syndrome model are domain-dependent. GENES, BRAIN, AND BEHAVIOR 2023; 22:e12839. [PMID: 36717082 PMCID: PMC10242184 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
CHARGE syndrome is a heterogeneous disorder characterized by a spectrum of defects affecting multiple tissues and behavioral difficulties such as autism, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, anxiety, and sensory deficits. Most CHARGE cases arise from de novo, loss-of-function mutations in chromodomain-helicase-DNA-binding-protein-7 (CHD7). CHD7 is required for processes such as neuronal differentiation and neural crest cell migration, but how CHD7 affects neural circuit function to regulate behavior is unclear. To investigate the pathophysiology of behavioral symptoms in CHARGE, we established a mutant chd7 zebrafish line that recapitulates multiple CHARGE phenotypes including ear, cardiac, and craniofacial defects. Using a panel of behavioral assays, we found that chd7 mutants have specific auditory and visual behavior deficits that are independent of defects in sensory structures. Mauthner cell-dependent short-latency acoustic startle responses are normal in chd7 mutants, while Mauthner-independent long-latency responses are reduced. Responses to sudden decreases in light are also reduced in mutants, while responses to sudden increases in light are normal, suggesting that the retinal OFF pathway may be affected. Furthermore, by analyzing multiple chd7 alleles we observed that the penetrance of morphological and behavioral phenotypes is influenced by genetic background but that it also depends on the mutation location, with a chromodomain mutation causing the highest penetrance. This pattern is consistent with analysis of a CHARGE patient dataset in which symptom penetrance was highest in subjects with mutations in the CHD7 chromodomains. These results provide new insight into the heterogeneity of CHARGE and will inform future work to define CHD7-dependent neurobehavioral mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana R. Hodorovich
- Department of Biological SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Patrick M. Lindsley
- Department of Biological SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVAUSA
| | - Austen A. Berry
- Department of Biological SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
- BiogenDurhamNCUSA
| | - Derek F. Burton
- Department of Biological SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
- Washington UniversitySt. LouisMOUSA
| | - Kurt C. Marsden
- Department of Biological SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
- Washington UniversitySt. LouisMOUSA
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Nomakuchi TT, Danowitz M, Stewart B, Leonard J, Izumi K, Krantz I, Kolon TF, Langdon D, Skraban C, Van Batavia J, Zackai E, Jiao K, Linn R, Alexander C, Zaontz M, Vogiatzi MG, Pyle LC. Expanding the reproductive organ phenotype of CHD7-spectrum disorder. Am J Med Genet A 2023; 191:1418-1424. [PMID: 36794641 PMCID: PMC10501305 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.63148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
CHD7 disorder is a multiple congenital anomaly syndrome with a highly variable phenotypic spectrum, and includes CHARGE syndrome. Internal and external genital phenotypes frequently seen in CHD7 disorder include cryptorchidism and micropenis in males, and vaginal hypoplasia in females, both thought to be secondary to hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Here, we report 14 deeply phenotyped individuals with known CHD7 variants (9 pathogenic/likely pathogenic and 5 VOUS) and a range of reproductive and endocrine phenotypes. Reproductive organ anomalies were observed in 8 of 14 individuals and were more commonly noted in males (7/7), most of whom presented with micropenis and/or cryptorchidism. Kallmann syndrome was commonly observed among adolescents and adults with CHD7 variants. Remarkably, one 46,XY individual presented with ambiguous genitalia, cryptorchidism with Müllerian structures including uterus, vagina and fallopian tubes, and one 46,XX female patient presented with absent vagina, uterus and ovaries. These cases expand the genital and reproductive phenotype of CHD7 disorder to include two individuals with genital/gonadal atypia (ambiguous genitalia), and one with Müllerian aplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki T. Nomakuchi
- Division of Human Genetics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Melinda Danowitz
- Division of Endocrinology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Blythe Stewart
- Human Genetics Unit, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Jacqueline Leonard
- Division of Human Genetics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kosuke Izumi
- Division of Human Genetics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ian Krantz
- Division of Human Genetics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Thomas F. Kolon
- Division of Urology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David Langdon
- Division of Endocrinology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Cara Skraban
- Division of Human Genetics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jason Van Batavia
- Division of Urology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Elaine Zackai
- Division of Human Genetics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kai Jiao
- Center for Biotechnology & Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Rebecca Linn
- Division of Pathology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Caitlin Alexander
- Division of Pathology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mark Zaontz
- Division of Urology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Maria G. Vogiatzi
- Division of Endocrinology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Louise C. Pyle
- Division of Human Genetics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Rare Disease Institute and Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Genomics and Precision Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
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11
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Nie S. Use of Frogs as a Model to Study the Etiology of HLHS. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2023; 10:51. [PMID: 36826547 PMCID: PMC9965361 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd10020051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
A frog is a classical model organism used to uncover processes and regulations of early vertebrate development, including heart development. Recently, we showed that a frog also represents a useful model to study a rare human congenital heart disease, hypoplastic left heart syndrome. In this review, we first summarized the cellular events and molecular regulations of vertebrate heart development, and the benefit of using a frog model to study congenital heart diseases. Next, we described the challenges in elucidating the etiology of hypoplastic left heart syndrome and discussed how a frog model may contribute to our understanding of the molecular and cellular bases of the disease. We concluded that a frog model offers its unique advantage in uncovering the cellular mechanisms of hypoplastic left heart syndrome; however, combining multiple model organisms, including frogs, is needed to gain a comprehensive understanding of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyi Nie
- School of Biological Sciences, Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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12
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Chromatin remodeler CHD7 targets active enhancer region to regulate cell type-specific gene expression in human neural crest cells. Sci Rep 2022; 12:22648. [PMID: 36587182 PMCID: PMC9805427 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-27293-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A mutation in the chromatin remodeler chromodomain helicase DNA-binding 7 (CHD7) gene causes the multiple congenital anomaly CHARGE syndrome. The craniofacial anomalies observed in CHARGE syndrome are caused by dysfunctions of neural crest cells (NCCs), which originate from the neural tube. However, the mechanism by which CHD7 regulates the function of human NCCs (hNCCs) remains unclear. We aimed to characterize the cis-regulatory elements governed by CHD7 in hNCCs by analyzing genome-wide ChIP-Seq data and identifying hNCC-specific CHD7-binding profiles. We compared CHD7-binding regions among cell types, including human induced pluripotent stem cells and human neuroepithelial cells, to determine the comprehensive properties of CHD7-binding in hNCCs. Importantly, analysis of the hNCC-specific CHD7-bound region revealed transcription factor AP-2α as a potential co-factor facilitating the cell type-specific transcriptional program in hNCCs. CHD7 was strongly associated with active enhancer regions, permitting the expression of hNCC-specific genes to sustain the function of hNCCs. Our findings reveal the regulatory mechanisms of CHD7 in hNCCs, thus providing additional information regarding the transcriptional programs in hNCCs.
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13
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Sun Y, Kumar SR, Wong CED, Tian Z, Bai H, Crump JG, Bajpai R, Lien CL. Craniofacial and cardiac defects in chd7 zebrafish mutants mimic CHARGE syndrome. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1030587. [PMID: 36568983 PMCID: PMC9768498 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1030587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital heart defects occur in almost 80% of patients with CHARGE syndrome, a sporadically occurring disease causing craniofacial and other abnormalities due to mutations in the CHD7 gene. Animal models have been generated to mimic CHARGE syndrome; however, heart defects are not extensively described in zebrafish disease models of CHARGE using morpholino injections or genetic mutants. Here, we describe the co-occurrence of craniofacial abnormalities and heart defects in zebrafish chd7 mutants. These mutant phenotypes are enhanced in the maternal zygotic mutant background. In the chd7 mutant fish, we found shortened craniofacial cartilages and extra cartilage formation. Furthermore, the length of the ventral aorta is altered in chd7 mutants. Many CHARGE patients have aortic arch anomalies. It should be noted that the aberrant branching of the first branchial arch artery is observed for the first time in chd7 fish mutants. To understand the cellular mechanism of CHARGE syndrome, neural crest cells (NCCs), that contribute to craniofacial and cardiovascular tissues, are examined using sox10:Cre lineage tracing. In contrast to its function in cranial NCCs, we found that the cardiac NCC-derived mural cells along the ventral aorta and aortic arch arteries are not affected in chd7 mutant fish. The chd7 fish mutants we generated recapitulate some of the craniofacial and cardiovascular phenotypes found in CHARGE patients and can be used to further determine the roles of CHD7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Sun
- Saban Research Institute and Heart Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States,Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - S. Ram Kumar
- Saban Research Institute and Heart Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States,Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Chee Ern David Wong
- Saban Research Institute and Heart Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Zhiyu Tian
- Saban Research Institute and Heart Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Haipeng Bai
- Saban Research Institute and Heart Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States,State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - J. Gage Crump
- Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Ruchi Bajpai
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Ching Ling Lien
- Saban Research Institute and Heart Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States,Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States,*Correspondence: Ching Ling Lien,
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14
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Collins SC, Vancollie VE, Mikhaleva A, Wagner C, Balz R, Lelliott CJ, Yalcin B. Characterization of Two Mouse Chd7 Heterozygous Loss-of-Function Models Shows Dysgenesis of the Corpus Callosum and Previously Unreported Features of CHARGE Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:11509. [PMID: 36232804 PMCID: PMC9569499 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
CHARGE syndrome is a rare congenital disorder frequently caused by mutations in the chromodomain helicase DNA-binding protein-7 CHD7. Here, we developed and systematically characterized two genetic mouse models with identical, heterozygous loss-of-function mutation of the Chd7 gene engineered on inbred and outbred genetic backgrounds. We found that both models showed consistent phenotypes with the core clinical manifestations seen in CHARGE syndrome, but the phenotypes in the inbred Chd7 model were more severe, sometimes having reduced penetrance and included dysgenesis of the corpus callosum, hypoplasia of the hippocampus, abnormal retrosplenial granular cortex, ventriculomegaly, hyperactivity, growth delays, impaired grip strength and repetitive behaviors. Interestingly, we also identified previously unreported features including reduced levels of basal insulin and reduced blood lipids. We suggest that the phenotypic variation reported in individuals diagnosed with CHARGE syndrome is likely due to the genetic background and modifiers. Finally, our study provides a valuable resource, making it possible for mouse biologists interested in Chd7 to make informed choices on which mouse model they should use to study phenotypes of interest and investigate in more depth the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan C. Collins
- Inserm UMR1231, University of Burgundy Franche-Comté, 15 Boulevard Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, 21070 Dijon, France
| | | | - Anna Mikhaleva
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christel Wagner
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular and Cellular Biology, UMR7104, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Rebecca Balz
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Binnaz Yalcin
- Inserm UMR1231, University of Burgundy Franche-Comté, 15 Boulevard Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, 21070 Dijon, France
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15
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Krueger LA, Morris AC. Eyes on CHARGE syndrome: Roles of CHD7 in ocular development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:994412. [PMID: 36172288 PMCID: PMC9512043 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.994412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of the vertebrate visual system involves complex morphogenetic interactions of cells derived from multiple embryonic lineages. Disruptions in this process are associated with structural birth defects such as microphthalmia, anophthalmia, and coloboma (collectively referred to as MAC), and inherited retinal degenerative diseases such as retinitis pigmentosa and allied dystrophies. MAC and retinal degeneration are also observed in systemic congenital malformation syndromes. One important example is CHARGE syndrome, a genetic disorder characterized by coloboma, heart defects, choanal atresia, growth retardation, genital abnormalities, and ear abnormalities. Mutations in the gene encoding Chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 7 (CHD7) cause the majority of CHARGE syndrome cases. However, the pathogenetic mechanisms that connect loss of CHD7 to the ocular complications observed in CHARGE syndrome have not been identified. In this review, we provide a general overview of ocular development and congenital disorders affecting the eye. This is followed by a comprehensive description of CHARGE syndrome, including discussion of the spectrum of ocular defects that have been described in this disorder. In addition, we discuss the current knowledge of CHD7 function and focus on its contributions to the development of ocular structures. Finally, we discuss outstanding gaps in our knowledge of the role of CHD7 in eye formation, and propose avenues of investigation to further our understanding of how CHD7 activity regulates ocular and retinal development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ann C. Morris
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
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16
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Pool C, Slonimsky E, Nayak R, Engle L, Zhu J, Wilson M. Skull Base Anatomy in Patients with Bilateral Choanal Atresia: A Radiographic Study. Skull Base Surg 2022; 83:223-227. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1722230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction The risk of skull base injury during choanal atresia repair can be mitigated via thorough understanding of skull base anatomy. There is a paucity of data describing differences in skull base anatomy between patients with coloboma, heart defects, atresia choanae, growth retardation, genital abnormalities, and ear abnormalities (CHARGE) syndrome and those without.
Objectives The aim of this study was to measure nasal and skull base anatomy in patients with isolated bilateral choanal atresia (BCA), CHARGE syndrome, and other syndromic congenital anomalies.
Methods Retrospective chart review of patients with bilateral choanal atresia and computed tomography of the face between 2001 and 2019 were evaluated. Choanal width, height, mid-nasal height, and skull base slope were measured radiographically. Differences in anatomy between healthy patients, those with CHARGE syndrome, and those with other congenital anomalies were compared.
Results Twenty-one patients with BCA and relevant imaging were identified: 7 with isolated BCA, 6 with CHARGE syndrome, and 8 with other congenital anomalies. A t-test indicated insignificant difference in skull base slope, choanal height, choanal width, or mid-nasal skull base height between isolate BCA cases and patients with any congenital anomaly. When comparing CHARGE to isolated BCA cases, mid-nasal height was shorter in CHARGE patients (p = 0.03). There were no differences in measurements between patients with congenital anomalies excluding CHARGE (p > 0.05). Two patients in the congenital anomaly group were found to have bony skull base defects preoperatively.
Conclusion This study represents the largest description of skull base and nasal anatomy in patients with CHARGE syndrome and BCA. Surgeons should be aware of the lower skull base in CHARGE patients to avoid inadvertent skull base injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Pool
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Einat Slonimsky
- Department of Radiology, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Roshan Nayak
- Ichan School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States
| | - Lisa Engle
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Junjia Zhu
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Meghan Wilson
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States
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17
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Donabedian PL, Walia JY, Agarwal-Sinha S. Partial CHARGE syndrome with bilateral retinochoroidal colobomas associated with 7q11.23 duplication syndrome: case report. BMC Ophthalmol 2022; 22:100. [PMID: 35246073 PMCID: PMC8895878 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-022-02298-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background CHARGE syndrome is a relatively common cause of deafness and blindness resulting from failure to form the primordia of specific organs due to deficient contribution of neural crest cell derivatives. The majority of CHARGE syndrome cases are caused by heterozygous mutations in CHD7 on chromosome 8q21. Those with CHARGE syndrome without CHD7 mutation typically do not have an identified genetic defect. 7q11.23 duplication syndrome is associated with mild facial dysmorphism, heart defects, language delay, and autism spectrum disorder. In the current literature, 7q11.23 duplication has not been associated with CHARGE syndrome, retinochoroidal colobomas, or significant ear abnormalities. Case presentation We describe a patient with 7q11.23 duplication syndrome and clinical CHARGE syndrome with no variant in CHARGE-associated genes. Conclusions This case highlights the still incomplete understanding of the pathogenesis of CHARGE syndrome and raises the possibility of a dose-sensitive effect of genes in the 7q11.23 critical region on neural crest differentiation and fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick L Donabedian
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jessica Y Walia
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Swati Agarwal-Sinha
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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18
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Wilson KD, Porter EG, Garcia BA. Reprogramming of the epigenome in neurodevelopmental disorders. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 57:73-112. [PMID: 34601997 PMCID: PMC9462920 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2021.1979457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The etiology of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) remains a challenge for researchers. Human brain development is tightly regulated and sensitive to cellular alterations caused by endogenous or exogenous factors. Intriguingly, the surge of clinical sequencing studies has revealed that many of these disorders are monogenic and monoallelic. Notably, chromatin regulation has emerged as highly dysregulated in NDDs, with many syndromes demonstrating phenotypic overlap, such as intellectual disabilities, with one another. Here we discuss epigenetic writers, erasers, readers, remodelers, and even histones mutated in NDD patients, predicted to affect gene regulation. Moreover, this review focuses on disorders associated with mutations in enzymes involved in histone acetylation and methylation, and it highlights syndromes involving chromatin remodeling complexes. Finally, we explore recently discovered histone germline mutations and their pathogenic outcome on neurological function. Epigenetic regulators are mutated at every level of chromatin organization. Throughout this review, we discuss mechanistic investigations, as well as various animal and iPSC models of these disorders and their usefulness in determining pathomechanism and potential therapeutics. Understanding the mechanism of these mutations will illuminate common pathways between disorders. Ultimately, classifying these disorders based on their effects on the epigenome will not only aid in prognosis in patients but will aid in understanding the role of epigenetic machinery throughout neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadija D. Wilson
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Elizabeth G. Porter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Benjamin A. Garcia
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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19
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Cerrizuela S, Vega-Lopez GA, Méndez-Maldonado K, Velasco I, Aybar MJ. The crucial role of model systems in understanding the complexity of cell signaling in human neurocristopathies. WIREs Mech Dis 2022; 14:e1537. [PMID: 35023327 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Animal models are useful to study the molecular, cellular, and morphogenetic mechanisms underlying normal and pathological development. Cell-based study models have emerged as an alternative approach to study many aspects of human embryonic development and disease. The neural crest (NC) is a transient, multipotent, and migratory embryonic cell population that generates a diverse group of cell types that arises during vertebrate development. The abnormal formation or development of the NC results in neurocristopathies (NCPs), which are characterized by a broad spectrum of functional and morphological alterations. The impaired molecular mechanisms that give rise to these multiphenotypic diseases are not entirely clear yet. This fact, added to the high incidence of these disorders in the newborn population, has led to the development of systematic approaches for their understanding. In this article, we have systematically reviewed the ways in which experimentation with different animal and cell model systems has improved our knowledge of NCPs, and how these advances might contribute to the development of better diagnostic and therapeutic tools for the treatment of these pathologies. This article is categorized under: Congenital Diseases > Genetics/Genomics/Epigenetics Congenital Diseases > Stem Cells and Development Congenital Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Neurological Diseases > Genetics/Genomics/Epigenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Cerrizuela
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO, CONICET-UNT), Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Guillermo A Vega-Lopez
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO, CONICET-UNT), Tucumán, Argentina.,Instituto de Biología "Dr. Francisco D. Barbieri", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Karla Méndez-Maldonado
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular - Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico.,Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Iván Velasco
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular - Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico.,Laboratorio de Reprogramación Celular del Instituto de Fisiología Celular, UNAM en el Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suárez", Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Manuel J Aybar
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO, CONICET-UNT), Tucumán, Argentina.,Instituto de Biología "Dr. Francisco D. Barbieri", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
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20
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Cappuccio G, Brunetti-Pierri N, Clift P, Learn C, Dykes JC, Mercer CL, Callewaert B, Meerschaut I, Spinelli AM, Bruno I, Gillespie MJ, Dorfman AT, Grimberg A, Lindsay ME, Lin AE. Expanded cardiovascular phenotype of Myhre syndrome includes tetralogy of Fallot suggesting a role for SMAD4 in human neural crest defects. Am J Med Genet A 2022; 188:1384-1395. [PMID: 35025139 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Tetralogy of Fallot (ToF) can be associated with a wide range of extracardiac anomalies, with an underlying etiology identified in approximately 10% of cases. Individuals affected with Myhre syndrome due to recurrent SMAD4 mutations frequently have cardiovascular anomalies, including congenital heart defects. In addition to two patients in the literature with ToF, we describe five additional individuals with Myhre syndrome and classic ToF, ToF with pulmonary atresia and multiple aorto-pulmonary collaterals, and ToF with absent pulmonary valve. Aorta hypoplasia was documented in one patient and suspected in another two. In half of these individuals, postoperative cardiac dysfunction was thought to be more severe than classic postoperative ToF repair. There may be an increase in right ventricular pressure, and right ventricular dysfunction due to free pulmonic regurgitation. Noncardiac developmental abnormalities in our series and the literature, including corectopia, heterochromia iridis, and congenital miosis suggest an underlying defect of neural crest cell migration in Myhre syndrome. We advise clinicians that Myhre syndrome should be considered in the genetic evaluation of a child with ToF, short stature, unusual facial features, and developmental delay, as these children may be at risk for increased postoperative morbidity. Additional research is needed to investigate the hypothesis that postoperative hemodynamics in these patients may be consistent with restrictive myocardial physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerarda Cappuccio
- Department of Translational Medicine, Section of Pediatrics, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.,Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli (Naples), Italy
| | - Nicola Brunetti-Pierri
- Department of Translational Medicine, Section of Pediatrics, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.,Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli (Naples), Italy
| | - Paul Clift
- Adult Congenital Heart Disease Unit, University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Christopher Learn
- Adult Congenital Heart Disease Program, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John C Dykes
- Departments of Pediatrics, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Catherine L Mercer
- Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Princess Anne Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Bert Callewaert
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ilse Meerschaut
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Irene Bruno
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | - Matthew J Gillespie
- Division of Cardiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Aaron T Dorfman
- Division of Cardiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Adda Grimberg
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mark E Lindsay
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Angela E Lin
- Genetics Unit, Department of Pediatrics, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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21
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Men M, Chen DN, Li JD, Wang X, Zeng W, Jiang F, Zheng R, Dai W. Analysis of PLXNA1, NRP1, and NRP2 variants in a cohort of patients with isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2021; 9:e1816. [PMID: 34636164 PMCID: PMC8606218 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) is a clinical syndrome described by failure of gonadal function secondary to defects on the synthesis, secretion, or action of the gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH). The secreted glycoprotein SEMA3A binds its receptors NRP1 or NRP2 and PLXNA to participate in axonal projection, dendritic branching, synaptic formation, and neuronal migration. Deficiency in SEMA3A, NRP1, NRP2, and PLXNA1 have been related to abnormal GnRH neuron development in mice and IHH in humans. Methods The aim of this study was to examine the genotypic and phenotypic spectra of the NRP1, NRP2, and PLXNA1 genes in a large cohort of IHH probands from China. We screened NRP1, NRP2, and PLXNA1 variants in Chinese IHH patients by whole exome sequencing and pedigree analysis. Results We identified 10 heterozygous missense variants in PLXNA1, five heterozygous missense variants in NRP1, and two heterozygous missense variants in NRP2. NRP1 variants were found only in IHH patients with defective olfaction (i.e., Kallmann syndrome, KS). In addition, 85% (17/20) of patients harbored variants in other IHH‐associated genes. Conclusion Our study greatly enriched the genotypic and phenotypic spectra of PLXNA1, NRP1, and NRP2 in IHH. It may be conducive to the genetic counseling, diagnosis, and treatment of IHH with mutations in the PLXNA1, NRP1, and NRP2 genes. Furthermore, our results indicated that NRP1 were strongly linked to hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meichao Men
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Zhuzhou Hospital Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Zhuzhou, Hunan, China.,Health Management Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Dan-Na Chen
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, China
| | - Jia-Da Li
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xinying Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wang Zeng
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Fang Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ruizhi Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology, The People's Hospital of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Wenting Dai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Zhuzhou Hospital Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Zhuzhou, Hunan, China
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22
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Oleari R, Massa V, Cariboni A, Lettieri A. The Differential Roles for Neurodevelopmental and Neuroendocrine Genes in Shaping GnRH Neuron Physiology and Deficiency. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9425. [PMID: 34502334 PMCID: PMC8431607 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons are hypothalamic neuroendocrine cells that control sexual reproduction. During embryonic development, GnRH neurons migrate from the nose to the hypothalamus, where they receive inputs from several afferent neurons, following the axonal scaffold patterned by nasal nerves. Each step of GnRH neuron development depends on the orchestrated action of several molecules exerting specific biological functions. Mutations in genes encoding for these essential molecules may cause Congenital Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism (CHH), a rare disorder characterized by GnRH deficiency, delayed puberty and infertility. Depending on their action in the GnRH neuronal system, CHH causative genes can be divided into neurodevelopmental and neuroendocrine genes. The CHH genetic complexity, combined with multiple inheritance patterns, results in an extreme phenotypic variability of CHH patients. In this review, we aim at providing a comprehensive and updated description of the genes thus far associated with CHH, by dissecting their biological relevance in the GnRH system and their functional relevance underlying CHH pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Oleari
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milano, Italy;
| | - Valentina Massa
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20142 Milano, Italy;
- CRC Aldo Ravelli for Neurotechnology and Experimental Brain Therapeutics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20142 Milano, Italy
| | - Anna Cariboni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milano, Italy;
| | - Antonella Lettieri
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20142 Milano, Italy;
- CRC Aldo Ravelli for Neurotechnology and Experimental Brain Therapeutics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20142 Milano, Italy
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23
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Abstract
STUDY DESIGN A case-control association study. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate whether CHD7 was associated with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in Chinese Han population and to further explore the functional role of CHD7 in the development of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Several studies have explored the association of CHD7 with scoliosis in patients of European descent, while the results were inconsistent. There was a lack of study investigating the association of CHD7 with AIS in Chinese Han population. METHODS Variants within CHD7 were genotyped in 965 AIS patients and 976 healthy controls. Whole exome sequencing was performed in 96 AIS patients. Paraspinal muscles of 43AIS patients and 38 lumbar disc herniation patients were collected for the evaluation of the gene expression. Intergroup comparison was performed with the χ2 test for genotyping data or Student t test for tissue expression. The relationship of CHD7 expression with clinical phenotypes was determined by the Pearson correlation. RESULT Variant rs121434341 of CHD7 was significantly associated with AIS. AIS patients were found to have a remarkable higher frequency of allele G when compared with healthy controls (2.89% vs. 1.57%, P = 0.0018), with an odds ratio value of 1.89. A pathogenic mutation affecting normal splicing was identified in a patient. Moreover, the expression level of CHD7 in AIS patients was significantly lower than in the controls (0.0008437 ± 0.00004583 vs. 0.001129 ± 0.00003773, P < 0.001), and CHD7 expression was positively correlated with bone mineral contents (P = 0.036, r = 0.32). CONCLUSION Genetic variants of CHD7 were significantly associated with AIS. Moreover, the decreased expression of CHD7 may be involved in the abnormal bone mass of AIS patients. Further studies are warranted to investigate the functional role of CHD7 in the pathogenesis of AIS.Level of Evidence: 3.
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24
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Parodi C, Di Fede E, Peron A, Viganò I, Grazioli P, Castiglioni S, Finnell RH, Gervasini C, Vignoli A, Massa V. Chromatin Imbalance as the Vertex Between Fetal Valproate Syndrome and Chromatinopathies. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:654467. [PMID: 33959609 PMCID: PMC8093873 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.654467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenatal exposure to valproate (VPA), an antiepileptic drug, has been associated with fetal valproate spectrum disorders (FVSD), a clinical condition including congenital malformations, developmental delay, intellectual disability as well as autism spectrum disorder, together with a distinctive facial appearance. VPA is a known inhibitor of histone deacetylase which regulates the chromatin state. Interestingly, perturbations of this epigenetic balance are associated with chromatinopathies, a heterogeneous group of Mendelian disorders arising from mutations in components of the epigenetic machinery. Patients affected from these disorders display a plethora of clinical signs, mainly neurological deficits and intellectual disability, together with distinctive craniofacial dysmorphisms. Remarkably, critically examining the phenotype of FVSD and chromatinopathies, they shared several overlapping features that can be observed despite the different etiologies of these disorders, suggesting the possible existence of a common perturbed mechanism(s) during embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Parodi
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Di Fede
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Angela Peron
- Human Pathology and Medical Genetics, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Milan, Italy.,Child Neuropsychiatry Unit-Epilepsy Center, Department of Health Sciences, San Paolo Hospital, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Ilaria Viganò
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Grazioli
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Castiglioni
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Richard H Finnell
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Molecular and Human Genetics and Medicine, Center for Precision Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Cristina Gervasini
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,"Aldo Ravelli" Center for Neurotechnology and Experimental Brain Therapeutics, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Aglaia Vignoli
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Massa
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,"Aldo Ravelli" Center for Neurotechnology and Experimental Brain Therapeutics, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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25
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De Luca C, Picone S, Cassina M, Marziali S, Morlino S, Camerota L, Tamburrini G, Castori M, Paolillo P, Salviati L, Brancati F. Craniosynostosis is a feature of CHD7-related CHARGE syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2021; 185:2160-2163. [PMID: 33844462 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
CHARGE syndrome is a rare genetic multiple-malformation disorder characterized by wide phenotypic variability. It is often caused by heterozygous variants in CHD7 and, more rarely, SEMA3E. Although craniofacial alterations are frequent in this condition, to date craniosynostosis is not considered part of the clinical spectrum. Here, we report bi-coronal craniosynostosis in a newborn affected by CHARGE syndrome caused by the de novo heterozygous c.6157C>T, p.(Arg2053*) CHD7 variant. We found two additional subjects in the literature with different craniosynostoses and distinct CHD7 alterations. The inclusion of CHD7-related CHARGE syndrome in the group of rare causes of syndromic craniosynostoses is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara De Luca
- Human Genetics, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Simonetta Picone
- Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care, Policlinico Casilino Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Cassina
- Clinical Genetics, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Simone Marziali
- Division of Neuroradiology, Policlinico Casilino Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Morlino
- Division of Medical Genetics, Fondazione IRCCS-Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Letizia Camerota
- Human Genetics, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Gianpiero Tamburrini
- Pediatric Neurosurgery, Institute of Neurosurgery, Fondazione Policlinico Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Castori
- Division of Medical Genetics, Fondazione IRCCS-Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Piermichele Paolillo
- Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care, Policlinico Casilino Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Leonardo Salviati
- Clinical Genetics, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Francesco Brancati
- Human Genetics, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.,Division of Human Functional Genomics, San Raffaele Pisana IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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26
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Lettieri A, Oleari R, Paganoni AJJ, Gervasini C, Massa V, Fantin A, Cariboni A. Semaphorin Regulation by the Chromatin Remodeler CHD7: An Emerging Genetic Interaction Shaping Neural Cells and Neural Crest in Development and Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:638674. [PMID: 33869187 PMCID: PMC8047133 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.638674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
CHD7 is a chromatin remodeler protein that controls gene expression via the formation of multi-protein complexes with specific transcription factors. During development, CHD7 controls several differentiation programs, mainly by acting on neural progenitors and neural crest (NC) cells. Thus, its roles range from the central nervous system to the peripheral nervous system and the organs colonized by NC cells, including the heart. Accordingly, mutated CHD7 is linked to CHARGE syndrome, which is characterized by several neuronal dysfunctions and by malformations of NC-derived/populated organs. Altered CHD7 has also been associated with different neoplastic transformations. Interestingly, recent evidence revealed that semaphorins, a class of molecules involved in developmental and pathological processes similar to those controlled by CHD7, are regulated by CHD7 in a context-specific manner. In this article, we will review the recent insights that support the existence of genetic interactions between these pathways, both during developmental processes and cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Lettieri
- CRC Aldo Ravelli for Neurotechnology and Experimental Brain Therapeutics, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Oleari
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alyssa J J Paganoni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Gervasini
- CRC Aldo Ravelli for Neurotechnology and Experimental Brain Therapeutics, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Massa
- CRC Aldo Ravelli for Neurotechnology and Experimental Brain Therapeutics, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Fantin
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Cariboni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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27
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Fan X, Masamsetti VP, Sun JQ, Engholm-Keller K, Osteil P, Studdert J, Graham ME, Fossat N, Tam PP. TWIST1 and chromatin regulatory proteins interact to guide neural crest cell differentiation. eLife 2021; 10:62873. [PMID: 33554859 PMCID: PMC7968925 DOI: 10.7554/elife.62873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein interaction is critical molecular regulatory activity underlining cellular functions and precise cell fate choices. Using TWIST1 BioID-proximity-labeling and network propagation analyses, we discovered and characterized a TWIST-chromatin regulatory module (TWIST1-CRM) in the neural crest cells (NCC). Combinatorial perturbation of core members of TWIST1-CRM: TWIST1, CHD7, CHD8, and WHSC1 in cell models and mouse embryos revealed that loss of the function of the regulatory module resulted in abnormal differentiation of NCCs and compromised craniofacial tissue patterning. Following NCC delamination, low level of TWIST1-CRM activity is instrumental to stabilize the early NCC signatures and migratory potential by repressing the neural stem cell programs. High level of TWIST1 module activity at later phases commits the cells to the ectomesenchyme. Our study further revealed the functional interdependency of TWIST1 and potential neurocristopathy factors in NCC development. Shaping the head and face during development relies on a complex ballet of molecular signals that orchestrates the movement and specialization of various groups of cells. In animals with a backbone for example, neural crest cells (NCCs for short) can march long distances from the developing spine to become some of the tissues that form the skull and cartilage but also the pigment cells and nervous system. NCCs mature into specific cell types thanks to a complex array of factors which trigger a precise sequence of binary fate decisions at the right time and place. Amongst these factors, the protein TWIST1 can set up a cascade of genetic events that control how NCCs will ultimately form tissues in the head. To do so, the TWIST1 protein interacts with many other molecular actors, many of which are still unknown. To find some of these partners, Fan et al. studied TWIST1 in the NCCs of mice and cells grown in the lab. The experiments showed that TWIST1 interacted with CHD7, CHD8 and WHSC1, three proteins that help to switch genes on and off, and which contribute to NCCs moving across the head during development. Further work by Fan et al. then revealed that together, these molecular actors are critical for NCCs to form cells that will form facial bones and cartilage, as opposed to becoming neurons. This result helps to show that there is a trade-off between NCCs forming the face or being part of the nervous system. One in three babies born with a birth defect shows anomalies of the head and face: understanding the exact mechanisms by which NCCs contribute to these structures may help to better predict risks for parents, or to develop new approaches for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Fan
- Embryology Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,The University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, Australia
| | - V Pragathi Masamsetti
- Embryology Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jane Qj Sun
- Embryology Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kasper Engholm-Keller
- Synapse Proteomics Group, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Pierre Osteil
- Embryology Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Joshua Studdert
- Embryology Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mark E Graham
- Synapse Proteomics Group, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nicolas Fossat
- Embryology Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,The University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, Australia
| | - Patrick Pl Tam
- Embryology Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,The University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, Australia
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28
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Fazio M, van Rooijen E, Dang M, van de Hoek G, Ablain J, Mito JK, Yang S, Thomas A, Michael J, Fabo T, Modhurima R, Pessina P, Kaufman CK, Zhou Y, White RM, Zon LI. SATB2 induction of a neural crest mesenchyme-like program drives melanoma invasion and drug resistance. eLife 2021; 10:64370. [PMID: 33527896 PMCID: PMC7880683 DOI: 10.7554/elife.64370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent genomic and scRNA-seq analyses of melanoma demonstrated a lack of recurrent genetic drivers of metastasis, while identifying common transcriptional states correlating with invasion or drug resistance. To test whether transcriptional adaptation can drive melanoma progression, we made use of a zebrafish mitfa:BRAFV600E;tp53-/- model, in which malignant progression is characterized by minimal genetic evolution. We undertook an overexpression-screen of 80 epigenetic/transcriptional regulators and found neural crest-mesenchyme developmental regulator SATB2 to accelerate aggressive melanoma development. Its overexpression induces invadopodia formation and invasion in zebrafish tumors and human melanoma cell lines. SATB2 binds and activates neural crest-regulators, including pdgfab and snai2. The transcriptional program induced by SATB2 overlaps with known MITFlowAXLhigh and AQP1+NGFR1high drug-resistant states and functionally drives enhanced tumor propagation and resistance to Vemurafenib in vivo. In summary, we show that melanoma transcriptional rewiring by SATB2 to a neural crest mesenchyme-like program can drive invasion and drug resistance in autochthonous tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Fazio
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stem Cell Program and the Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, United States
| | - Ellen van Rooijen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stem Cell Program and the Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, United States
| | - Michelle Dang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stem Cell Program and the Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, United States
| | - Glenn van de Hoek
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stem Cell Program and the Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Julien Ablain
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stem Cell Program and the Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, United States
| | - Jeffrey K Mito
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stem Cell Program and the Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Pathology, Boston, United States
| | - Song Yang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stem Cell Program and the Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Andrew Thomas
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stem Cell Program and the Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Jonathan Michael
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stem Cell Program and the Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Tania Fabo
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stem Cell Program and the Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, United States
| | - Rodsy Modhurima
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stem Cell Program and the Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, United States
| | - Patrizia Pessina
- Stem Cell Program and the Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Charles K Kaufman
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, United States.,Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, United States
| | - Yi Zhou
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stem Cell Program and the Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, United States
| | - Richard M White
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill-Cornell Medical College, New York, United States
| | - Leonard I Zon
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stem Cell Program and the Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, United States
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29
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Abstract
Cardiac neural crest (CNC) cells are pluripotent cells derived from the dorsal neural tube that migrate and contribute to the remodeling of pharyngeal arch arteries and septation of the cardiac outflow tract (OFT). Numerous molecular cascades regulate the induction, specification, delamination, and migration of the CNC. Extensive analyses of the CNC ranging from chick ablation models to molecular biology studies have explored the mechanisms of heart development and disease, particularly involving the OFT and aortic arch (AA) system. Recent studies focus more on reciprocal signaling between the CNC and cells originated from the second heart field (SHF), which are essential for the development of the OFT myocardium, providing new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying congenital heart diseases (CHDs) and some human syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Yamagishi
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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30
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Gileta AF, Helgeson ML, Leonard JMM, Pyle LC, Subramanian HP, Arndt K, Hawkes CP, Del Gaudio D. Further delineation of a recognizable type of syndromic short stature caused by biallelic SEMA3A loss-of-function variants. Am J Med Genet A 2020; 185:889-893. [PMID: 33369061 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The semaphorin protein family is a diverse set of extracellular signaling proteins that perform fundamental roles in the development and operation of numerous biological systems, notably the nervous, musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, endocrine, and reproductive systems. Recently, recessive loss-of-function (LoF) variants in SEMA3A (semaphorin 3A) have been shown to result in a recognizable syndrome characterized by short stature, skeletal abnormalities, congenital heart defects, and variable additional anomalies. Here, we describe the clinical and molecular characterization of a female patient presenting with skeletal dysplasia, hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH), and anosmia who harbors a nonsense variant c.1633C>T (p.Arg555*) and a deletion of exons 15, 16, and 17 in SEMA3A in the compound heterozygous state. These variants were identified through next-generation sequencing analysis of a panel of 26 genes known to be associated with HH/Kallmann syndrome. Our findings further substantiate the notion that biallelic LoF SEMA3A variants cause a syndromic form of short stature and expand the phenotypic spectrum associated with this condition to include features of Kallmann syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander F Gileta
- Department of Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Maria L Helgeson
- Department of Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jacqueline M M Leonard
- Division of Human Genetics and Roberts Individualized Medical Genetics Center, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Louise C Pyle
- Division of Human Genetics and Roberts Individualized Medical Genetics Center, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hari P Subramanian
- Department of Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kelly Arndt
- Department of Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Colin P Hawkes
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Daniela Del Gaudio
- Department of Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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31
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Schwenty-Lara J, Pauli S, Borchers A. Using Xenopus to analyze neurocristopathies like Kabuki syndrome. Genesis 2020; 59:e23404. [PMID: 33351273 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Neurocristopathies are human congenital syndromes that arise from defects in neural crest (NC) development and are typically associated with malformations of the craniofacial skeleton. Genetic analyses have been very successful in identifying pathogenic mutations, however, model organisms are required to characterize how these mutations affect embryonic development thereby leading to complex clinical conditions. The African clawed frog Xenopus laevis provides a broad range of in vivo and in vitro tools allowing for a detailed characterization of NC development. Due to the conserved nature of craniofacial morphogenesis in vertebrates, Xenopus is an efficient and versatile system to dissect the morphological and cellular phenotypes as well as the signaling events leading to NC defects. Here, we review a set of techniques and resources how Xenopus can be used as a disease model to investigate the pathogenesis of Kabuki syndrome and neurocristopathies in a wider sense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Schwenty-Lara
- Department of Biology, Molecular Embryology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Silke Pauli
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Annette Borchers
- Department of Biology, Molecular Embryology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,DFG Research Training Group, Membrane Plasticity in Tissue Development and Remodeling, GRK 2213, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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32
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Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) is one of the most common combined malformations of microtia. There is currently no specific study that investigates the relationship between microtia and CHD. METHODS This study collected microtia inpatients admitted from May 1, 2015 to July 31, 2016. The diagnosis of CHD was based on patient's symptoms, past history, and echocardiography. Pearson χ test was used to analyze the correlation between CHD and microtia. RESULTS A total of 30 cases (3.35%) were documented with CHD, including atrial septal defect (12/40.00%), ventricular septal defect (7/23.30%), patent ductus arteriosus (2/6.70%), complex congenital heart disease (3/10.00%), combined CHD (2/6.70%) and other malformations (4/13.30%). Analysis showed no statistically significant relation between CHD and the side of affected ear or gender. CONCLUSIONS The occurrence of CHD in microtia patients was higher than that in the general population. The relationship between them was explored mainly from the etiological perspective. Microtia and CHD were often combined in syndromes such as Goldenhar syndrome, 22q11 deletion syndrome, and CHARGE syndrome. Absence of genes or abnormal embryo development associated with these syndromes leads to the occurrence of both.
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33
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Simpson BN, Khattar D, Saal H, Prada CE, Choo D, Marcheschi L, Wiley S, Hopkin RJ. CHARGE syndrome in the era of molecular diagnosis: Similar outcomes in those without coloboma or choanal atresia. Eur J Med Genet 2020; 64:104103. [PMID: 33189935 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2020.104103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
CHARGE syndrome (OMIM 214800) is a condition characterized by multisystem involvement with CHD7 pathogenic mutations leading to disease in the majority of patients. Discovery of the molecular cause of CHARGE unmasked a larger phenotypic spectrum than was previously appreciated. Within our interdisciplinary CHARGE syndrome program, we sought to characterize our CHD7-positive CHARGE cohort without coloboma or choanal atresia, highlighting complications and outcomes. We describe 18 individuals with CHD7-confirmed diagnosis from 15 families. The most sensitive finding in the cohort was temporal bone malformations, present in 13/15 individuals. Individuals had an average of 1.6 major features and 3.3 minor features defined by the Blake et al. guidelines. Despite lack of major features or major malformations, the majority of individuals continued to have difficulties with pneumonia, aspiration, secretion management and motility issues that greatly impacted their lives. Our findings illustrate the need for molecular testing and timely recognition given that the major co-morbidities are frequently experienced by patients with the mildest clinical spectrum of CHARGE syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany N Simpson
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center: Division of Human Genetics, United States; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center: Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, United States.
| | - Divya Khattar
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center: Division of Human Genetics, United States; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center: Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, United States
| | - Howard Saal
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center: Division of Human Genetics, United States; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center: Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, United States
| | - Carlos E Prada
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center: Division of Human Genetics, United States; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center: Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, United States
| | - Daniel Choo
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, United States
| | - Lucy Marcheschi
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center: Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, United States
| | - Susan Wiley
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center: Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, United States
| | - Robert J Hopkin
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center: Division of Human Genetics, United States; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center: Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, United States
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34
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Weigele J, Bohnsack BL. Genetics Underlying the Interactions between Neural Crest Cells and Eye Development. J Dev Biol 2020; 8:jdb8040026. [PMID: 33182738 PMCID: PMC7712190 DOI: 10.3390/jdb8040026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural crest is a unique, transient stem cell population that is critical for craniofacial and ocular development. Understanding the genetics underlying the steps of neural crest development is essential for gaining insight into the pathogenesis of congenital eye diseases. The neural crest cells play an under-appreciated key role in patterning the neural epithelial-derived optic cup. These interactions between neural crest cells within the periocular mesenchyme and the optic cup, while not well-studied, are critical for optic cup morphogenesis and ocular fissure closure. As a result, microphthalmia and coloboma are common phenotypes in human disease and animal models in which neural crest cell specification and early migration are disrupted. In addition, neural crest cells directly contribute to numerous ocular structures including the cornea, iris, sclera, ciliary body, trabecular meshwork, and aqueous outflow tracts. Defects in later neural crest cell migration and differentiation cause a constellation of well-recognized ocular anterior segment anomalies such as Axenfeld–Rieger Syndrome and Peters Anomaly. This review will focus on the genetics of the neural crest cells within the context of how these complex processes specifically affect overall ocular development and can lead to congenital eye diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Weigele
- Division of Ophthalmology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, 225 E. Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA;
- Department of Ophthalmology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 645 N. Michigan Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Brenda L. Bohnsack
- Division of Ophthalmology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, 225 E. Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA;
- Department of Ophthalmology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 645 N. Michigan Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-312-227-6180; Fax: +1-312-227-9411
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Yao H, Hannum DF, Zhai Y, Hill SF, Albanus RD'O, Lou W, Skidmore JM, Sanchez G, Saiakhova A, Bielas SL, Scacheri P, Ljungman M, Parker SCJ, Martin DM. CHD7 promotes neural progenitor differentiation in embryonic stem cells via altered chromatin accessibility and nascent gene expression. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17445. [PMID: 33060836 PMCID: PMC7562747 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74537-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
CHARGE syndrome, a rare multiple congenital anomaly condition, is caused by haploinsufficiency of the chromatin remodeling protein gene CHD7 (Chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 7). Brain abnormalities and intellectual disability are commonly observed in individuals with CHARGE, and neuronal differentiation is reduced in CHARGE patient-derived iPSCs and conditional knockout mouse brains. However, the mechanisms of CHD7 function in nervous system development are not well understood. In this study, we asked whether CHD7 promotes gene transcription in neural progenitor cells via changes in chromatin accessibility. We used Chd7 null embryonic stem cells (ESCs) derived from Chd7 mutant mouse blastocysts as a tool to investigate roles of CHD7 in neuronal and glial differentiation. Loss of Chd7 significantly reduced neuronal and glial differentiation. Sholl analysis showed that loss of Chd7 impaired neuronal complexity and neurite length in differentiated neurons. Genome-wide studies demonstrated that loss of Chd7 leads to modified chromatin accessibility (ATAC-seq) and differential nascent expression (Bru-Seq) of neural-specific genes. These results suggest that CHD7 acts preferentially to alter chromatin accessibility of key genes during the transition of NPCs to neurons to promote differentiation. Our results form a basis for understanding the cell stage-specific roles for CHD7-mediated chromatin remodeling during cell lineage acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yao
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, 8220C MSRB III, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5652, USA
| | - Douglas F Hannum
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yiwen Zhai
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, 8220C MSRB III, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5652, USA.,Center of Genetic and Prenatal Diagnosis, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Sophie F Hill
- College of Literature, Science, and the Arts, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Wenjia Lou
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, 8220C MSRB III, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5652, USA
| | - Jennifer M Skidmore
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, 8220C MSRB III, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5652, USA
| | - Gilson Sanchez
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, 8220C MSRB III, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5652, USA
| | - Alina Saiakhova
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Stephanie L Bielas
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Peter Scacheri
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Mats Ljungman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Stephen C J Parker
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Donna M Martin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, 8220C MSRB III, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5652, USA. .,Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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36
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Aleo S, Cinnante C, Avignone S, Prada E, Scuvera G, Ajmone PF, Selicorni A, Costantino MA, Triulzi F, Marchisio P, Gervasini C, Milani D. Olfactory Malformations in Mendelian Disorders of the Epigenetic Machinery. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:710. [PMID: 32850830 PMCID: PMC7417603 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Usually overlooked by physicians, olfactory abnormalities are not uncommon. Olfactory malformations have recently been reported in an emerging group of genetic disorders called Mendelian Disorders of the Epigenetic Machinery (MDEM). This study aims to determine the prevalence of olfactory malformations in a heterogeneous group of subjects with MDEM. We reviewed the clinical data of 35 patients, 20 females and 15 males, with a mean age of 9.52 years (SD 4.99). All patients had a MDEM and an already available high-resolution brain MRI scan. Two experienced neuroradiologists reviewed the MR images, noting abnormalities and classifying olfactory malformations. Main findings included Corpus Callosum, Cerebellar vermis, and olfactory defects. The latter were found in 11/35 cases (31.4%), of which 7/11 had Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome (RSTS), 2/11 had CHARGE syndrome, 1/11 had Kleefstra syndrome (KLFS), and 1/11 had Weaver syndrome (WVS). The irregularities mainly concerned the olfactory bulbs and were bilateral in 9/11 patients. With over 30% of our sample having an olfactory malformation, this study reveals a possible new diagnostic marker for MDEM and links the epigenetic machinery to the development of the olfactory bulbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiano Aleo
- Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Cinnante
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neuroradiology Unit, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Sabrina Avignone
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neuroradiology Unit, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Prada
- Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulietta Scuvera
- Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Francesca Ajmone
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatric Service (UONPIA), Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Maria Antonella Costantino
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatric Service (UONPIA), Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Triulzi
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neuroradiology Unit, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Marchisio
- Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Gervasini
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Donatella Milani
- Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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37
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Yoon KH, Fox SC, Dicipulo R, Lehmann OJ, Waskiewicz AJ. Ocular coloboma: Genetic variants reveal a dynamic model of eye development. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2020; 184:590-610. [PMID: 32852110 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ocular coloboma is a congenital disorder of the eye where a gap exists in the inferior retina, lens, iris, or optic nerve tissue. With a prevalence of 2-19 per 100,000 live births, coloboma, and microphthalmia, an associated ocular disorder, represent up to 10% of childhood blindness. It manifests due to the failure of choroid fissure closure during eye development, and it is a part of a spectrum of ocular disorders that include microphthalmia and anophthalmia. Use of genetic approaches from classical pedigree analyses to next generation sequencing has identified more than 40 loci that are associated with the causality of ocular coloboma. As we have expanded studies to include singleton cases, hereditability has been very challenging to prove. As such, researchers over the past 20 years, have unraveled the complex interrelationship amongst these 40 genes using vertebrate model organisms. Such research has greatly increased our understanding of eye development. These genes function to regulate initial specification of the eye field, migration of retinal precursors, patterning of the retina, neural crest cell biology, and activity of head mesoderm. This review will discuss the discovery of loci using patient data, their investigations in animal models, and the recent advances stemming from animal models that shed new light in patient diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin H Yoon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Women & Children's Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Sabrina C Fox
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Women & Children's Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Renée Dicipulo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Women & Children's Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Ordan J Lehmann
- Women & Children's Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Andrew J Waskiewicz
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Women & Children's Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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38
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Schwenty-Lara J, Nehl D, Borchers A. The histone methyltransferase KMT2D, mutated in Kabuki syndrome patients, is required for neural crest cell formation and migration. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 29:305-319. [PMID: 31813957 PMCID: PMC7003132 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Kabuki syndrome is an autosomal dominant developmental disorder with high similarities to CHARGE syndrome. It is characterized by a typical facial gestalt in combination with short stature, intellectual disability, skeletal findings and additional features like cardiac and urogenital malformations, cleft palate, hearing loss and ophthalmological anomalies. The major cause of Kabuki syndrome are mutations in KMT2D, a gene encoding a histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4) methyltransferase belonging to the group of chromatin modifiers. Here we provide evidence that Kabuki syndrome is a neurocrestopathy, by showing that Kmt2d loss-of-function inhibits specific steps of neural crest (NC) development. Using the Xenopus model system, we find that Kmt2d loss-of-function recapitulates major features of Kabuki syndrome including severe craniofacial malformations. A detailed marker analysis revealed defects in NC formation as well as migration. Transplantation experiments confirm that Kmt2d function is required in NC cells. Furthermore, analyzing in vivo and in vitro NC migration behavior demonstrates that Kmt2d is necessary for cell dispersion but not protrusion formation of migrating NC cells. Importantly, Kmt2d knockdown correlates with a decrease in H3K4 monomethylation and H3K27 acetylation supporting a role of Kmt2d in the transcriptional activation of target genes. Consistently, using a candidate approach, we find that Kmt2d loss-of-function inhibits Xenopus Sema3F expression, and overexpression of Sema3F can partially rescue Kmt2d loss-of-function defects. Taken together, our data reveal novel functions of Kmt2d in multiple steps of NC development and support the hypothesis that major features of Kabuki syndrome are caused by defects in NC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Schwenty-Lara
- Department of Biology, Molecular Embryology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg 35043, Germany
| | - Denise Nehl
- Department of Biology, Molecular Embryology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg 35043, Germany
| | - Annette Borchers
- Department of Biology, Molecular Embryology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg 35043, Germany
- DFG Research Training Group, Membrane Plasticity in Tissue Development and Remodeling, GRK 2213, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg 35043, Germany
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39
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Gervais L, van den Beek M, Josserand M, Sallé J, Stefanutti M, Perdigoto CN, Skorski P, Mazouni K, Marshall OJ, Brand AH, Schweisguth F, Bardin AJ. Stem Cell Proliferation Is Kept in Check by the Chromatin Regulators Kismet/CHD7/CHD8 and Trr/MLL3/4. Dev Cell 2020; 49:556-573.e6. [PMID: 31112698 PMCID: PMC6547167 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chromatin remodeling accompanies differentiation, however, its role in self-renewal is less well understood. We report that in Drosophila, the chromatin remodeler Kismet/CHD7/CHD8 limits intestinal stem cell (ISC) number and proliferation without affecting differentiation. Stem-cell-specific whole-genome profiling of Kismet revealed its enrichment at transcriptionally active regions bound by RNA polymerase II and Brahma, its recruitment to the transcription start site of activated genes and developmental enhancers and its depletion from regions bound by Polycomb, Histone H1, and heterochromatin Protein 1. We demonstrate that the Trithorax-related/MLL3/4 chromatin modifier regulates ISC proliferation, colocalizes extensively with Kismet throughout the ISC genome, and co-regulates genes in ISCs, including Cbl, a negative regulator of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR). Loss of kismet or trr leads to elevated levels of EGFR protein and signaling, thereby promoting ISC self-renewal. We propose that Kismet with Trr establishes a chromatin state that limits EGFR proliferative signaling, preventing tumor-like stem cell overgrowths. Chromatin modifiers Kismet and Trr limit intestinal stem cell proliferation Kismet and Trr colocalize at transcriptionally active regions and co-regulate genes EGFR negative regulator Cbl is a target gene of Kismet and Trr Kismet and Trr limit EGFR signaling in ISCs, preventing tumor-like ISC accumulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Gervais
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, Stem Cells and Tissue Homeostasis Group, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 6, Paris, France.
| | - Marius van den Beek
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, Stem Cells and Tissue Homeostasis Group, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - Manon Josserand
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, Stem Cells and Tissue Homeostasis Group, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - Jérémy Sallé
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, Stem Cells and Tissue Homeostasis Group, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - Marine Stefanutti
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, Stem Cells and Tissue Homeostasis Group, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - Carolina N Perdigoto
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, Stem Cells and Tissue Homeostasis Group, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - Patricia Skorski
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, Stem Cells and Tissue Homeostasis Group, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - Khallil Mazouni
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Paris 75015, France; CNRS, URA2578, Rue du Dr Roux, Paris 75015, France
| | - Owen J Marshall
- The Gurdon Institute and Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK; Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, 17 Liverpool Street Hobart, Tasmania, 7000, Australia
| | - Andrea H Brand
- The Gurdon Institute and Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - François Schweisguth
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Paris 75015, France; CNRS, URA2578, Rue du Dr Roux, Paris 75015, France
| | - Allison J Bardin
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, Stem Cells and Tissue Homeostasis Group, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 6, Paris, France.
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40
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Meisner JK, Martin DM. Congenital heart defects in CHARGE: The molecular role of CHD7 and effects on cardiac phenotype and clinical outcomes. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2019; 184:81-89. [PMID: 31833191 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CHARGE syndrome is characterized by a pattern of congenital anomalies (Coloboma of the eye, Heart defects, Atresia of the choanae, Retardation of growth, Genital abnormalities, and Ear abnormalities). De novo mutations of chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 7 (CHD7) are the primary cause of CHARGE syndrome. The clinical phenotype is highly variable including a wide spectrum of congenital heart defects. Here, we review the range of congenital heart defects and the molecular effects of CHD7 on cardiovascular development that lead to an over-representation of atrioventricular septal, conotruncal, and aortic arch defects in CHARGE syndrome. Further, we review the overlap of cardiovascular and noncardiovascular comorbidities present in CHARGE and their impact on the peri-operative morbidity and mortality in individuals with CHARGE syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua K Meisner
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Donna M Martin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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41
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Williams RM, Candido-Ferreira I, Repapi E, Gavriouchkina D, Senanayake U, Ling ITC, Telenius J, Taylor S, Hughes J, Sauka-Spengler T. Reconstruction of the Global Neural Crest Gene Regulatory Network In Vivo. Dev Cell 2019; 51:255-276.e7. [PMID: 31639368 PMCID: PMC6838682 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Precise control of developmental processes is encoded in the genome in the form of gene regulatory networks (GRNs). Such multi-factorial systems are difficult to decode in vertebrates owing to their complex gene hierarchies and dynamic molecular interactions. Here we present a genome-wide in vivo reconstruction of the GRN underlying development of the multipotent neural crest (NC) embryonic cell population. By coupling NC-specific epigenomic and transcriptional profiling at population and single-cell levels with genome/epigenome engineering in vivo, we identify multiple regulatory layers governing NC ontogeny, including NC-specific enhancers and super-enhancers, novel trans-factors, and cis-signatures allowing reverse engineering of the NC-GRN at unprecedented resolution. Furthermore, identification and dissection of divergent upstream combinatorial regulatory codes has afforded new insights into opposing gene circuits that define canonical and neural NC fates early during NC ontogeny. Our integrated approach, allowing dissection of cell-type-specific regulatory circuits in vivo, has broad implications for GRN discovery and investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth M Williams
- University of Oxford, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Ivan Candido-Ferreira
- University of Oxford, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Emmanouela Repapi
- University of Oxford, MRC Centre for Computational Biology, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Daria Gavriouchkina
- University of Oxford, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Upeka Senanayake
- University of Oxford, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Irving T C Ling
- University of Oxford, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK; University of Oxford, Department of Paediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jelena Telenius
- University of Oxford, MRC Centre for Computational Biology, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK; University of Oxford, MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Stephen Taylor
- University of Oxford, MRC Centre for Computational Biology, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Jim Hughes
- University of Oxford, MRC Centre for Computational Biology, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK; University of Oxford, MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Tatjana Sauka-Spengler
- University of Oxford, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.
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42
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Wnt Signaling in Neural Crest Ontogenesis and Oncogenesis. Cells 2019; 8:cells8101173. [PMID: 31569501 PMCID: PMC6829301 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural crest (NC) cells are a temporary population of multipotent stem cells that generate a diverse array of cell types, including craniofacial bone and cartilage, smooth muscle cells, melanocytes, and peripheral neurons and glia during embryonic development. Defective neural crest development can cause severe and common structural birth defects, such as craniofacial anomalies and congenital heart disease. In the early vertebrate embryos, NC cells emerge from the dorsal edge of the neural tube during neurulation and then migrate extensively throughout the anterior-posterior body axis to generate numerous derivatives. Wnt signaling plays essential roles in embryonic development and cancer. This review summarizes current understanding of Wnt signaling in NC cell induction, delamination, migration, multipotency, and fate determination, as well as in NC-derived cancers.
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Liu ZZ, Guo J, Lu Y, Liu W, Fu X, Yao T, Zhou Y, Xu HA. Sema3E is required for migration of cranial neural crest cells in zebrafish: Implications for the pathogenesis of CHARGE syndrome. Int J Exp Pathol 2019; 100:234-243. [PMID: 31464029 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
CHARGE syndrome is a congenital disorder with multiple malformations in the craniofacial structures, and cardiovascular and genital systems, which are mainly affected by neural crest defects caused by loss-of-function mutations within chromodomain helicase DNA-binding protein 7 (CHD7). However, many patients with CHARGE syndrome test negative for CHD7. Semaphorin 3E (sema3E) is a gene reported to be mutated in patients with CHARGE syndrome. However, its role in the pathogenesis of CHARGE syndrome has not been verified experimentally. Here, we report that the knockdown of sema3E results in severe craniofacial malformations, including small eyes, defective cartilage and an abnormal number of otoliths in zebrafish embryos, which resemble the major features of CHARGE syndrome. Further analysis reveals that the migratory cranial neural crest cells are scattered in the region of the hindbrain, and the postmigratory neural crest cells are reduced in the pharyngeal arches upon sema3E knockdown. Notably, immunostaining and time-lapse imaging analyses of a neural crest cell-labelled transgenic fish line, sox10:EGFP, show that the migration of cranial neural crest cells is severely impaired, and many of these cells are misrouted upon sema3E knockdown. Furthermore, the sox10-expressing cranial neural crest cells are scattered in chd7 homozygous mutants, which phenocopied the phenotype in sema3E morphants. Overexpression of sema3E rescues the phenotype of scattered cranial neural crest cells in chd7 homozygotes, indicating that chd7 may control the expression of sema3E to regulate cranial neural crest cell migration. Collectively, our data demonstrate that sema3E is involved in the pathogenesis of CHARGE syndrome by modulating cranial neural crest cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Zhi Liu
- Lab of Neural Development and Diseases, Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular, Digestive and Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Nanchang, China
| | - Jingjing Guo
- The First Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yanli Lu
- Children's Hospital of Jiang Xi, Nanchang, China
| | - Wenfeng Liu
- Lab of Neural Development and Diseases, Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiaofeng Fu
- Lab of Neural Development and Diseases, Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Tianbing Yao
- Lab of Neural Development and Diseases, Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yanjun Zhou
- Lab of Neural Development and Diseases, Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Hong A Xu
- Lab of Neural Development and Diseases, Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular, Digestive and Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Nanchang, China
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Shiohama T, McDavid J, Levman J, Takahashi E. Quantitative brain morphological analysis in CHARGE syndrome. Neuroimage Clin 2019; 23:101866. [PMID: 31154243 PMCID: PMC6543177 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2019.101866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
CHARGE syndrome (CS) is a rare congenital syndrome characterized by coloboma, heart anomaly, choanal atresia, retardation of growth and development, and genital and ear anomalies. While several neuroimaging studies have revealed abnormalities such as hypoplasia of the semicircular canal, olfactory nerve, cerebellum, and brainstem, no quantitative analysis of brain morphology in CS has been reported. We quantitatively investigated brain morphology in CS participants using structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (N = 10, mean age 14.7 years old) and high-angular resolution diffusion MRI (HARDI) tractography (N = 8, mean age 19.4 years old) comparing with gender- and age-matched controls. Voxel-based analyses revealed decreased volume of the bilateral globus pallidus (left and right; p = 0.021 and 0.029), bilateral putamen (p = 0.016 and 0.011), left subthalamic nucleus (p = 0.012), bilateral cerebellum (p = 1.5 × 10-6 and 1.2 × 10-6), and brainstem (p = 0.031), and the enlargement of the lateral ventricles (p = 0.011 and 0.0031) bilaterally in CS. Surface-based analysis revealed asymmetrically increased cortical thickness in the right hemisphere (p = 0.013). The group-wise differences observed in global cortical volume, gyrification index, and left cortical thickness were not statistically significant. HARDI tractography revealed reduced volume, elongation, and higher ADC values in multiple fiber tracts in patients in CS compared to the controls, but FA values were not statistically significantly different between the two groups. Facial features are known to be asymmetric in CS, which has been recognized as an important symptom in CS. Our results revealed that the cortex in CS has an asymmetric appearance similar to the facial features. In addition, the signal pattern of high ADC with statistically unchanged FA values of tractography pathways indicated the presence of other pathogenesis than vasogenic edema or myelination dysfunction in developmental delay in CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Shiohama
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Chiba University Hospital, Inohana 1-8-1, Chiba-shi, Chiba 2608670, Japan.
| | - Jeremy McDavid
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jacob Levman
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, St. Francis Xavier University, 2323 Notre Dame Ave, Antigonish, Nova Scotia B2G 2W5, Canada
| | - Emi Takahashi
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Moore-Morris T, van Vliet PP, Andelfinger G, Puceat M. Role of Epigenetics in Cardiac Development and Congenital Diseases. Physiol Rev 2019; 98:2453-2475. [PMID: 30156497 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00048.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The heart is the first organ to be functional in the fetus. Heart formation is a complex morphogenetic process regulated by both genetic and epigenetic mechanisms. Congenital heart diseases (CHD) are the most prominent congenital diseases. Genetics is not sufficient to explain these diseases or the impact of them on patients. Epigenetics is more and more emerging as a basis for cardiac malformations. This review brings the essential knowledge on cardiac biology of development. It further provides a broad background on epigenetics with a focus on three-dimensional conformation of chromatin. Then, we summarize the current knowledge of the impact of epigenetics on cardiac cell fate decision. We further provide an update on the epigenetic anomalies in the genesis of CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Moore-Morris
- Université Aix-Marseille, INSERM UMR- 1251, Marseille , France ; Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Quebec , Canada ; Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec , Canada ; and Laboratoire International Associé INSERM, Marseille France-CHU Ste Justine, Quebec, Canada
| | - Patrick Piet van Vliet
- Université Aix-Marseille, INSERM UMR- 1251, Marseille , France ; Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Quebec , Canada ; Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec , Canada ; and Laboratoire International Associé INSERM, Marseille France-CHU Ste Justine, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gregor Andelfinger
- Université Aix-Marseille, INSERM UMR- 1251, Marseille , France ; Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Quebec , Canada ; Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec , Canada ; and Laboratoire International Associé INSERM, Marseille France-CHU Ste Justine, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michel Puceat
- Université Aix-Marseille, INSERM UMR- 1251, Marseille , France ; Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Quebec , Canada ; Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec , Canada ; and Laboratoire International Associé INSERM, Marseille France-CHU Ste Justine, Quebec, Canada
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Oleari R, Lettieri A, Paganoni A, Zanieri L, Cariboni A. Semaphorin Signaling in GnRH Neurons: From Development to Disease. Neuroendocrinology 2019; 109:193-199. [PMID: 30504719 DOI: 10.1159/000495916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, fertility critically depends on the pulsatile secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) by scattered hypothalamic neurons (GnRH neurons). During development, GnRH neurons originate in the nasal placode and migrate first into the nasal compartment and then through the nasal/forebrain junction, before they reach their final position in the hypothalamus. This neurodevelopmental process, which has been extensively studied in mouse models, is regulated by a plethora of factors that might control GnRH neuron migration or survival as well as the fasciculation/targeting of the olfactory/vomeronasal axons along which the GnRH neurons migrate. Defects in GnRH neuron development or release can lead to isolated GnRH deficiency, with the underlying genetic causes still being partially unknown. Recently, semaphorins and their receptors neuropilins and plexins, a large family of molecules implicated in neuronal development and plasticity, are emerging as key regulators of GnRH neuron biology and deficiency. Specifically, semaphorins have been shown to play different roles in GnRH neuron biology by regulating migration and survival during embryonic development as well as secretion in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Oleari
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonella Lettieri
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Alyssa Paganoni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Zanieri
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Cariboni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy,
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Fitzpatrick NS, Bartley AC, Bekhit E, Berkowitz RG. Skull base anatomy and surgical safety in isolated and CHARGE-associated bilateral choanal atresia. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2018; 115:61-64. [PMID: 30368396 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bilateral choanal atresia (BCA) is associated with a high incidence of congenital abnormalities that include skull base anomalies and defects. Surgical repair of BCA is necessary in the early neonatal period and any altered anatomy of the adjacent skull base will heighten the risk of intracranial injury. This risk may be further increased in patients with CHARGE syndrome. OBJECTIVES To measure surgically relevant nasal and skull base dimensions in neonates with BCA in order to determine whether any difference exists between isolated and CHARGE syndrome associated subgroups, thereby optimizing the safety of surgical repair. METHODS A retrospective review of medical charts and computed tomography was undertaken at a tertiary pediatric hospital of all neonates diagnosed with BCA between 2004 and 2016. Isolated and CHARGE syndrome subgroups of BCA were identified from clinical records and CT data was analyzed and compared between the two. The skull base parameters measured were choanal width, choanal height, mid-nasal skull base height and skull base slope. RESULTS Of the 13 patients included, 3 had CHARGE syndrome and 10 had isolated BCA. Whilst the difference in mid-nasal height approached significance for the two groups, numbers were too small for a statistical difference to be identified. The mean value for choanal width in the isolated BCA group was significantly less the largest series of normative data available in the literature for comparison (p < 0.001). No skull base anomalies were noted in either group. CONCLUSION While this is a small study with limited numbers, it is the first that has attempted to identify and measure the posterior nasal and skull base anatomy most pertinent to avoiding skull base injury in the surgical management of BCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas S Fitzpatrick
- Department of Otolaryngology, Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Anthony C Bartley
- Medical Imaging Department, Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elhamy Bekhit
- Medical Imaging Department, Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert G Berkowitz
- Department of Otolaryngology, Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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48
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Durruthy-Durruthy R, Sperry ED, Bowen ME, Attardi LD, Heller S, Martin DM. Single Cell Transcriptomics Reveal Abnormalities in Neurosensory Patterning of the Chd7 Mutant Mouse Ear. Front Genet 2018; 9:473. [PMID: 30459807 PMCID: PMC6232929 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The chromatin remodeling protein CHD7 is critical for proper formation of the mammalian inner ear. Humans with heterozygous pathogenic variants in CHD7 exhibit CHARGE syndrome, characterized by hearing loss and inner ear dysplasia, including abnormalities of the semicircular canals and Mondini malformations. Chd7Gt/+ heterozygous null mutant mice also exhibit dysplastic semicircular canals and hearing loss. Prior studies have demonstrated that reduced Chd7 dosage in the ear disrupts expression of genes involved in morphogenesis and neurogenesis, yet the relationships between these changes in gene expression and otic patterning are not well understood. Here, we sought to define roles for CHD7 in global regulation of gene expression and patterning in the developing mouse ear. Using single-cell multiplex qRT-PCR, we analyzed expression of 192 genes in FAC sorted cells from Pax2Cre;mT/mGFP wild type and Chd7Gt/+ mutant microdissected mouse otocysts. We found that Chd7 haploinsufficient otocysts exhibit a relative enrichment of cells adopting a neuroblast (vs. otic) transcriptional identity compared with wild type. Additionally, we uncovered disruptions in pro-sensory and pro-neurogenic gene expression with Chd7 loss, including genes encoding proteins that function in Notch signaling. Our results suggest that Chd7 is required for early cell fate decisions in the developing ear that involve highly specific aspects of otic patterning and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Durruthy-Durruthy
- Departments of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Ethan D Sperry
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Margot E Bowen
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Laura D Attardi
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Stefan Heller
- Departments of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Donna M Martin
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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49
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Kurosaka H. Choanal atresia and stenosis: Development and diseases of the nasal cavity. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2018; 8:e336. [PMID: 30320458 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Proper craniofacial development in vertebrates depends on growth and fusion of the facial processes during embryogenesis. Failure of any step in this process could lead to craniofacial anomalies such as facial clefting, which has been well studied with regard to its molecular etiology and cellular pathogenesis. Nasal cavity invagination is also a critical event in proper craniofacial development, and is required for the formation of a functional nasal cavity and airway. The nasal cavity must connect the nasopharynx with the primitive choanae to complete an airway from the nostril to the nasopharynx. In contrast to orofacial clefts, defects in nasal cavity and airway formation, such as choanal atresia (CA), in which the connection between the nasal airway and nasopharynx is physically blocked, have largely been understudied. This is also true for a narrowed connection between the nasal cavity and the nasopharynx, which is known as choanal stenosis (CS). CA occurs in approximately 1 in 5,000 live births, and can present in isolation but typically arises as part of a syndrome. Despite the fact that CA and CS usually require immediate intervention, and substantially affect the quality of life of affected individuals, the etiology and pathogenesis of CA and CS have remained elusive. In this review I focus on the process of nasal cavity development with respect to forming a functional airway and discuss the cellular behavior and molecular networks governing this process. Additionally, the etiology of human CA is discussed using examples of disorders which involve CA or CS. This article is categorized under: Signaling Pathways > Cell Fate Signaling Comparative Development and Evolution > Model Systems Birth Defects > Craniofacial and Nervous System Anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kurosaka
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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50
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Merkuri F, Fish JL. Developmental processes regulate craniofacial variation in disease and evolution. Genesis 2018; 57:e23249. [PMID: 30207415 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Variation in development mediates phenotypic differences observed in evolution and disease. Although the mechanisms underlying phenotypic variation are still largely unknown, recent research suggests that variation in developmental processes may play a key role. Developmental processes mediate genotype-phenotype relationships and consequently play an important role regulating phenotypes. In this review, we provide an example of how shared and interacting developmental processes may explain convergence of phenotypes in spliceosomopathies and ribosomopathies. These data also suggest a shared pathway to disease treatment. We then discuss three major mechanisms that contribute to variation in developmental processes: genetic background (gene-gene interactions), gene-environment interactions, and developmental stochasticity. Finally, we comment on evolutionary alterations to developmental processes, and the evolution of disease buffering mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fjodor Merkuri
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts
| | - Jennifer L Fish
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts
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