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Cooke NP, Murray M, Cassidy LM, Mattiangeli V, Okazaki K, Kasai K, Gakuhari T, Bradley DG, Nakagome S. Genomic imputation of ancient Asian populations contrasts local adaptation in pre- and post-agricultural Japan. iScience 2024; 27:110050. [PMID: 38883821 PMCID: PMC11176660 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Early modern humans lived as hunter-gatherers for millennia before agriculture, yet the genetic adaptations of these populations remain a mystery. Here, we investigate selection in the ancient hunter-gatherer-fisher Jomon and contrast pre- and post-agricultural adaptation in the Japanese archipelago. Building on the successful validation of imputation with ancient Asian genomes, we identify selection signatures in the Jomon, particularly robust signals from KITLG variants, which may have influenced dark pigmentation evolution. The Jomon lacks well-known adaptive variants (EDAR, ADH1B, and ALDH2), marking their emergence after the advent of farming in the archipelago. Notably, the EDAR and ADH1B variants were prevalent in the archipelago 1,300 years ago, whereas the ALDH2 variant could have emerged later due to its absence in other ancient genomes. Overall, our study underpins local adaptation unique to the Jomon population, which in turn sheds light on post-farming selection that continues to shape contemporary Asian populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niall P Cooke
- School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Lara M Cassidy
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Kenji Okazaki
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Kenji Kasai
- Toyama Prefectural Center for Archaeological Operations, Toyama, Japan
| | - Takashi Gakuhari
- Institute for the Study of Ancient Civilizations and Cultural Resources, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Daniel G Bradley
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Shigeki Nakagome
- School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Institute for the Study of Ancient Civilizations and Cultural Resources, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
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2
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Duan S, Wang M, Wang Z, Liu Y, Jiang X, Su H, Cai Y, Sun Q, Sun Y, Li X, Chen J, Zhang Y, Yan J, Nie S, Hu L, Tang R, Yun L, Wang CC, Liu C, Yang J, He G. Malaria resistance-related biological adaptation and complex evolutionary footprints inferred from one integrative Tai-Kadai-related genomic resource. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29235. [PMID: 38665582 PMCID: PMC11043949 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Pathogen‒host adaptative interactions and complex population demographical processes, including admixture, drift, and Darwen selection, have considerably shaped the Neolithic-to-Modern Western Eurasian population structure and genetic susceptibility to modern human diseases. However, the genetic footprints of evolutionary events in East Asia remain unknown due to the underrepresentation of genomic diversity and the design of large-scale population studies. We reported one aggregated database of genome-wide SNP variations from 796 Tai-Kadai (TK) genomes, including that of Bouyei first reported here, to explore the genetic history, population structure, and biological adaptative features of TK people from southern China and Southeast Asia. We found geography-related population substructure among TK people using the state-of-the-art population genetic structure reconstruction techniques based on the allele frequency spectrum and haplotype-resolved phased fragments. We found that the northern TK people from Guizhou harbored one TK-dominant ancestry maximized in the Bouyei people, and the southern TK people from Thailand were more influenced by Southeast Asians and indigenous people. We reconstructed fitted admixture models and demographic graphs, which showed that TK people received gene flow from ancient southern rice farmer-related lineages related to the Hmong-Mien and Austroasiatic people and from northern millet farmers associated with the Sino-Tibetan people. Biological adaptation focused on our identified unique TK lineages related to Bouyei, which showed many adaptive signatures conferring Malaria resistance and low-rate lipid metabolism. Further gene enrichment, the allele frequency distribution of derived alleles, and their correlation with the incidence of Malaria further confirmed that CR1 played an essential role in the resistance of Malaria in the ancient "Baiyue" tribes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhan Duan
- Institute of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College and Center for Genetics and Prenatal Diagnosis, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, 637007, China
- Institute of Rare Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, China
| | - Mengge Wang
- Institute of Rare Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, China
- Center for Archaeological Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, China
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Institute of Rare Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, China
- School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Institute of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College and Center for Genetics and Prenatal Diagnosis, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, 637007, China
- Institute of Rare Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, China
| | - Xiucheng Jiang
- Institute of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College and Center for Genetics and Prenatal Diagnosis, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, 637007, China
- Institute of Rare Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, China
| | - Haoran Su
- Institute of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College and Center for Genetics and Prenatal Diagnosis, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, 637007, China
- Institute of Rare Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, China
| | - Yan Cai
- Institute of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College and Center for Genetics and Prenatal Diagnosis, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, 637007, China
- Research Center for Genomic Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637100, China
| | - Qiuxia Sun
- Institute of Rare Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, China
- Department of Forensic Medicine, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400331, China
| | - Yuntao Sun
- Institute of Rare Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, China
- West China School of Basic Science & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiangping Li
- Institute of Rare Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, China
- School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Institute of Rare Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, China
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong, 030001, China
| | - Yijiu Zhang
- Institute of Rare Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, China
- Department of Forensic Medicine, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400331, China
| | - Jiangwei Yan
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong, 030001, China
| | - Shengjie Nie
- School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Liping Hu
- School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Renkuan Tang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400331, China
| | - Libing Yun
- West China School of Basic Science & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Chuan-Chao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, National Institute for Data Science in Health and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Anti-Drug Technology Center of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510230, China
| | - Junbao Yang
- Institute of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College and Center for Genetics and Prenatal Diagnosis, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, 637007, China
- Research Center for Genomic Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637100, China
| | - Guanglin He
- Institute of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College and Center for Genetics and Prenatal Diagnosis, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, 637007, China
- Institute of Rare Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, China
- Research Center for Genomic Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637100, China
- Center for Archaeological Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, China
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Sun Q, Wang M, Lu T, Duan S, Liu Y, Chen J, Wang Z, Sun Y, Li X, Wang S, Lu L, Hu L, Yun L, Yang J, Yan J, Nie S, Zhu Y, Chen G, Wang CC, Liu C, He G, Tang R. Differentiated adaptative genetic architecture and language-related demographical history in South China inferred from 619 genomes from 56 populations. BMC Biol 2024; 22:55. [PMID: 38448908 PMCID: PMC10918984 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-024-01854-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The underrepresentation of human genomic resources from Southern Chinese populations limited their health equality in the precision medicine era and complete understanding of their genetic formation, admixture, and adaptive features. Besides, linguistical and genetic evidence supported the controversial hypothesis of their origin processes. One hotspot case was from the Chinese Guangxi Pinghua Han people (GPH), whose language was significantly similar to Southern Chinese dialects but whose uniparental gene pool was phylogenetically associated with the indigenous Tai-Kadai (TK) people. Here, we analyzed genome-wide SNP data in 619 people from four language families and 56 geographically different populations, in which 261 people from 21 geographically distinct populations were first reported here. RESULTS We identified significant population stratification among ethnolinguistically diverse Guangxi populations, suggesting their differentiated genetic origin and admixture processes. GPH shared more alleles related to Zhuang than Southern Han Chinese but received more northern ancestry relative to Zhuang. Admixture models and estimates of genetic distances showed that GPH had a close genetic relationship with geographically close TK compared to Northern Han Chinese, supporting their admixture origin hypothesis. Further admixture time and demographic history reconstruction supported GPH was formed via admixture between Northern Han Chinese and Southern TK people. We identified robust signatures associated with lipid metabolisms, such as fatty acid desaturases (FADS) and medically relevant loci associated with Mendelian disorder (GJB2) and complex diseases. We also explored the shared and unique selection signatures of ethnically different but linguistically related Guangxi lineages and found some shared signals related to immune and malaria resistance. CONCLUSIONS Our genetic analysis illuminated the language-related fine-scale genetic structure and provided robust genetic evidence to support the admixture hypothesis that can explain the pattern of observed genetic diversity and formation of GPH. This work presented one comprehensive analysis focused on the population history and demographical adaptative process, which provided genetic evidence for personal health management and disease risk prediction models from Guangxi people. Further large-scale whole-genome sequencing projects would provide the entire landscape of southern Chinese genomic diversity and their contributions to human health and disease traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuxia Sun
- Department of Forensic Medicine, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400331, China
- Institute of Rare Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, China
| | - Mengge Wang
- Institute of Rare Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, China.
- Center for Archaeological Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, China.
| | - Tao Lu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400331, China
| | - Shuhan Duan
- Institute of Rare Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637100, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Institute of Rare Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637100, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Institute of Rare Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, China
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong, 030001, China
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Institute of Rare Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, China
- School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Yuntao Sun
- Institute of Rare Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, China
- West China School of Basic Science & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiangping Li
- Institute of Rare Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, China
- School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Shaomei Wang
- Institute of Rare Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, China
- Department of Public Health, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500, China
| | - Liuyi Lu
- Institute of Rare Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, China
- School of Clinical Medical Sciences, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637100, China
| | - Liping Hu
- School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Libing Yun
- West China School of Basic Science & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Junbao Yang
- School of Clinical Medical Sciences, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637100, China
| | - Jiangwei Yan
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong, 030001, China
| | - Shengjie Nie
- School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Yanfeng Zhu
- Department of Public Health, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Hunan Key Lab of Bioinformatics, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410075, China
| | - Chuan-Chao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, National Institute for Data Science in Health and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Faculty of Forensic Medicine, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
- Guangzhou Forensic Science Institute, Guangzhou, 510055, China
- Anti-Drug Technology Center of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510230, China
| | - Guanglin He
- Institute of Rare Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, China.
- Center for Archaeological Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, China.
| | - Renkuan Tang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400331, China.
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Could routine forensic STR genotyping data leak personal phenotypic information? Forensic Sci Int 2022; 335:111311. [PMID: 35468577 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2022.111311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The application of forensic genetic markers must comply with privacy rights and legal policies on a premise that the markers do not expose phenotypic information. The most widely-used short tandem repeats (STRs) are generally viewed as 'junk' DNA because most STRs are located in non-coding regions and therefore refrain from leaking phenotypic traits. But with a deepening understanding of phenotypes and underlying genetic structure, whether STRs could potentially reflect any phenotypic information may need re-examining. Therefore, we performed the following analyses. First, we analyzed the association between 15 STRs and three facial characteristics (single or double eyelid, with or without epicanthus, unattached or attached earlobe) on 721 unrelated Han Chinese individuals. Then, we collected 27199 individuals' STRs and geographic data from the literature to investigate the association between STRs and bio-geographic information, and predict geographic information by STRs on additional 1993 unrelated individuals. We found that there was scarcely any association between STRs with studied facial characteristics. Although allele19 in D2S1338 and allele 18 in FGA (P = 0.0032, P = 0.0030, respectively after Bonferroni correction) showed statistical significance, the prediction effectiveness was very low. For the STRs and bio-geographic information, the principal component analysis showed the first three components could explain 87.7% of the variance, but the prediction accuracy only reached 25.2%. We demonstrated that the forensic phenotypes are usually complex traits, it is hardly possible to uncover phenotypic information by testing only dozens of STR loci.
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Pan Y, Zhang C, Lu Y, Ning Z, Lu D, Gao Y, Zhao X, Yang Y, Guan Y, Mamatyusupu D, Xu S. Genomic diversity and post-admixture adaptation in the Uyghurs. Natl Sci Rev 2022; 9:nwab124. [PMID: 35350227 PMCID: PMC8953455 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwab124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Population admixture results in genome-wide combinations of genetic variants derived from different ancestral populations of distinct ancestry, thus providing a unique opportunity for understanding the genetic determinants of phenotypic variation in humans. Here, we used whole-genome sequencing of 92 individuals with high coverage (30–60×) to systematically investigate genomic diversity in the Uyghurs living in Xinjiang, China (XJU), an admixed population of both European-like and East-Asian-like ancestry. The XJU population shows greater genetic diversity, especially a higher proportion of rare variants, compared with their ancestral source populations, corresponding to greater phenotypic diversity of XJU. Admixture-induced functional variants in EDAR were associated with the diversity of facial morphology in XJU. Interestingly, the interaction of functional variants between SLC24A5 and OCA2 likely influences the diversity of skin pigmentation. Notably, selection has seemingly been relaxed or canceled in several genes with significantly biased ancestry, such as HERC2–OCA2. Moreover, signatures of post-admixture adaptation in XJU were identified, including genes related to metabolism (e.g. CYP2D6), digestion (e.g. COL11A1), olfactory perception (e.g. ANO2) and immunity (e.g. HLA). Our results demonstrated population admixture as a driving force, locally or globally, in shaping human genetic and phenotypic diversity as well as in adaptive evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwen Pan
- Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University , Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Zhilin Ning
- Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Dongsheng Lu
- Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200031, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University , Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Xiaohan Zhao
- Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University , Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yajun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University , Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yaqun Guan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Preclinical Medicine College, Xinjiang Medical University , Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Dolikun Mamatyusupu
- College of the Life Sciences and Technology, Xinjiang University , Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Shuhua Xu
- Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200031, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University , Shanghai 200438, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University , Shanghai 201210, China
- Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University , Shanghai 201203, China
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming 650223, China
- Henan Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450052, China
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Grine FE, Gonzalvo E, Rossouw L, Holt S, Black W, Braga J. Variation in Middle Stone Age mandibular molar enamel-dentine junction topography at Klasies River Main Site assessed by diffeomorphic surface matching. J Hum Evol 2021; 161:103079. [PMID: 34739985 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.103079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The morphology and variability of the Middle Stone Age (MSA) hominin fossils from Klasies River Main Site have been the focus of investigation for more than four decades. The mandibular remains have figured prominently in discussions relating to robusticity, size dimorphism, and symphyseal morphology. Variation in corpus size between the robust SAM-AP 6223 and the diminutive SAM-AP 6225 mandibles is particularly impressive, and the difference between the buccolingual diameters of their M2s significantly exceeds recent human sample variation. SAM-AP 6223 and SAM-AP 6225 are the only Klasies specimens with homologous teeth (M2 and M3) that permit comparisons of crown morphology. While the differences in dental trait expression at the outer enamel surfaces of these molars are slight, diffeomorphic surface analyses of their underlying enamel-dentine junction (EDJ) topographies reveal differences that are well beyond the means of pairwise differences among comparative samples of Later Stone Age (LSA) Khoesan and recent African homologues. The EDJs of both SAM-AP 6225 molars and the SAM-AP 6223 M3 fall outside the envelopes that define the morphospace of these two samples. Although the radiocarbon dated LSA individuals examined here differ by a maximum of some 7000 years, and the two Klasies jaws may differ by perhaps as much as 18,000 years, it is difficult to ascribe their differences to time alone. With reference to the morphoscopic traits by which the SAM-AP 6223 and SAM-AP 6225 EDJs differ, the most striking is the expression of the protoconid cingulum. This is very weakly developed on the SAM-AP 6223 molars and distinct in SAM-AP 6225. As such, this diminutive fossil exhibits a more pronounced manifestation of what is likely a plesiomorphic feature, thus adding to the morphological mosaicism that is evident in the Klasies hominin assemblage. Several possible explanations for the variation and mosaicism in this MSA sample are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick E Grine
- Department of Anthropology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-4364, USA; Department of Anatomical Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-4364, USA.
| | - Elsa Gonzalvo
- Centre d'Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, Faculté de Médecine Purpan, 37 Allées Jules Guesde, Toulouse, France
| | - Lloyd Rossouw
- Florisbad Quaternary Research Department, The National Museum, 36 Aliwal Street, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Sharon Holt
- Florisbad Quaternary Research Department, The National Museum, 36 Aliwal Street, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Wendy Black
- Archaeology Unit, Research and Exhibitions Department, Iziko Museums of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - José Braga
- Centre d'Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, Faculté de Médecine Purpan, 37 Allées Jules Guesde, Toulouse, France; Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa
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7
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Coletta DK, Hlusko LJ, Scott GR, Garcia LA, Vachon CM, Norman AD, Funk JL, Shaibi GQ, Hernandez V, De Filippis E, Mandarino LJ. Association of EDARV370A with breast density and metabolic syndrome in Latinos. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258212. [PMID: 34618839 PMCID: PMC8496850 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The ectodysplasin receptor (EDAR) is a tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNF) superfamily member. A substitution in an exon of EDAR at position 370 (EDARV370A) creates a gain of function mutant present at high frequencies in Asian and Indigenous American populations but absent in others. Its frequency is intermediate in populations of Mexican ancestry. EDAR regulates the development of ectodermal tissues, including mammary ducts. Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus are prevalent in people with Indigenous and Latino ancestry. Latino patients also have altered prevalence and presentation of breast cancer. It is unknown whether EDARV370A might connect these phenomena. The goals of this study were to determine 1) whether EDARV370A is associated with metabolic phenotypes and 2) if there is altered breast anatomy in women carrying EDARV370A. Participants were from two Latino cohorts, the Arizona Insulin Resistance (AIR) registry and Sangre por Salud (SPS) biobank. The frequency of EDARV370A was 47% in the Latino cohorts. In the AIR registry, carriers of EDARV370A (GG homozygous) had significantly (p < 0.05) higher plasma triglycerides, VLDL, ALT, 2-hour post-challenge glucose, and a higher prevalence of prediabetes/diabetes. In a subset of the AIR registry, serum levels of ectodysplasin A2 (EDA-A2) also were associated with HbA1c and prediabetes (p < 0.05). For the SPS biobank, participants that were carriers of EDARV370A had lower breast density and higher HbA1c (both p < 0.05). The significant associations with measures of glycemia remained when the cohorts were combined. We conclude that EDARV370A is associated with characteristics of the metabolic syndrome and breast density in Latinos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn K. Coletta
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- Center for Disparities in Diabetes Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Leslea J. Hlusko
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana, Burgos, Spain
| | - G. Richard Scott
- Department of Anthropology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Luis A. Garcia
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- Center for Disparities in Diabetes Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Celine M. Vachon
- Division of Epidemiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Aaron D. Norman
- Division of Epidemiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Janet L. Funk
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Gabriel Q. Shaibi
- Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | | | - Eleanna De Filippis
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Lawrence J. Mandarino
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- Center for Disparities in Diabetes Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
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8
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Paul KS, Stojanowski CM, Hughes T, Brook A, Townsend GC. The genetic architecture of anterior tooth morphology in a longitudinal sample of Australian twins and families. Arch Oral Biol 2021; 129:105168. [PMID: 34174590 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2021.105168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study presents a quantitative genetic analysis of human anterior dental morphology in a longitudinal sample of known genealogy. The primary aim of this work is to generate a suite of genetic correlations within and between deciduous and permanent characters to access patterns of integration across the diphyodont dental complex. DESIGN Data were recorded from casted tooth crowns representing participants of a long-term Australian twin and family study (deciduous n = 290, permanent n = 339). Morphological trait expression was observed and scored following Arizona State University Dental Anthropology System standards. Bivariate genetic correlations were estimated using maximum likelihood variance decomposition models in SOLAR v.8.1.1. RESULTS Genetic correlation estimates indicate high levels of integration between antimeres but low to moderate levels among traits within a tooth row. Only 9% of deciduous model comparisons were significant, while pleiotropy was indicated for one third of permanent trait pairs. Canine characters stood out as strongly integrated, especially in the deciduous dentition. For homologous characters across dentitions (e.g., deciduous i1 shoveling and permanent I1 shoveling), ∼70% of model comparisons yielded significant genetic correlations. CONCLUSIONS Patterns of genetic correlation suggest a morphological canine module that spans the primary and secondary dentition. Results also point to the existence of a genetic mechanism conserving morphology across the diphyodont dental complex, such that paired deciduous and permanent traits are more strongly integrated than characters within individual tooth rows/teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen S Paul
- Department of Anthropology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, United States.
| | - Christopher M Stojanowski
- Center for Bioarchaeological Research, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, United States
| | - Toby Hughes
- Adelaide Dental School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Alan Brook
- Adelaide Dental School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; Barts and the London Dental Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1, UK
| | - Grant C Townsend
- Adelaide Dental School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
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9
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Kataoka K, Fujita H, Isa M, Gotoh S, Arasaki A, Ishida H, Kimura R. The human EDAR 370V/A polymorphism affects tooth root morphology potentially through the modification of a reaction-diffusion system. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5143. [PMID: 33664401 PMCID: PMC7933414 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84653-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Morphological variations in human teeth have long been recognized and, in particular, the spatial and temporal distribution of two patterns of dental features in Asia, i.e., Sinodonty and Sundadonty, have contributed to our understanding of the human migration history. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying such dental variations have not yet been completely elucidated. Recent studies have clarified that a nonsynonymous variant in the ectodysplasin A receptor gene (EDAR 370V/A; rs3827760) contributes to crown traits related to Sinodonty. In this study, we examined the association between the EDAR polymorphism and tooth root traits by using computed tomography images and identified that the effects of the EDAR variant on the number and shape of roots differed depending on the tooth type. In addition, to better understand tooth root morphogenesis, a computational analysis for patterns of tooth roots was performed, assuming a reaction-diffusion system. The computational study suggested that the complicated effects of the EDAR polymorphism could be explained when it is considered that EDAR modifies the syntheses of multiple related molecules working in the reaction-diffusion dynamics. In this study, we shed light on the molecular mechanisms of tooth root morphogenesis, which are less understood in comparison to those of tooth crown morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Kataoka
- Department of Human Biology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, 903-0215, Japan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Functional Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Hironori Fujita
- Astrobiology Center, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
- National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate School for Advanced Studies), Aichi, Japan
| | - Mutsumi Isa
- Department of Human Biology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, 903-0215, Japan
| | - Shimpei Gotoh
- Department of Human Biology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, 903-0215, Japan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Functional Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Akira Arasaki
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Functional Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Hajime Ishida
- Department of Human Biology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, 903-0215, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Kimura
- Department of Human Biology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, 903-0215, Japan.
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10
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Testing the utility of dental morphological trait combinations for inferring human neutral genetic variation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:10769-10777. [PMID: 32376635 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1914330117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Researchers commonly rely on human dental morphological features in order to reconstruct genetic affinities among past individuals and populations, particularly since teeth are often the best preserved part of a human skeleton. Tooth form is considered to be highly heritable and selectively neutral and, therefore, to be an excellent proxy for DNA when none is available. However, until today, it remains poorly understood whether certain dental traits or trait combinations preserve neutral genomic signatures to a greater degree than others. Here, we address this long-standing research gap by systematically testing the utility of 27 common dental traits and >134 million possible trait combinations in reflecting neutral genomic variation in a worldwide sample of modern human populations. Our analyses reveal that not all traits are equally well-suited for reconstructing population affinities. Whereas some traits largely reflect neutral variation and therefore evolved primarily as a result of genetic drift, others can be linked to nonstochastic processes such as natural selection or hominin admixture. We also demonstrate that reconstructions of population affinity based on many traits are not necessarily more reliable than those based on only a few traits. Importantly, we find a set of highly diagnostic trait combinations that preserve neutral genetic signals best (up to [Formula: see text] r = 0.580; 95% r range = 0.293 to 0.758; P = 0.001). We propose that these trait combinations should be prioritized in future research, as they allow for more accurate inferences about past human population dynamics when using dental morphology as a proxy for DNA.
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11
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Wu S, Zhang M, Yang X, Peng F, Zhang J, Tan J, Yang Y, Wang L, Hu Y, Peng Q, Li J, Liu Y, Guan Y, Chen C, Hamer MA, Nijsten T, Zeng C, Adhikari K, Gallo C, Poletti G, Schuler-Faccini L, Bortolini MC, Canizales-Quinteros S, Rothhammer F, Bedoya G, González-José R, Li H, Krutmann J, Liu F, Kayser M, Ruiz-Linares A, Tang K, Xu S, Zhang L, Jin L, Wang S. Genome-wide association studies and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing identify regulatory variants influencing eyebrow thickness in humans. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007640. [PMID: 30248107 PMCID: PMC6171961 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hair plays an important role in primates and is clearly subject to adaptive selection. While humans have lost most facial hair, eyebrows are a notable exception. Eyebrow thickness is heritable and widely believed to be subject to sexual selection. Nevertheless, few genomic studies have explored its genetic basis. Here, we performed a genome-wide scan for eyebrow thickness in 2961 Han Chinese. We identified two new loci of genome-wide significance, at 3q26.33 near SOX2 (rs1345417: P = 6.51×10(-10)) and at 5q13.2 near FOXD1 (rs12651896: P = 1.73×10(-8)). We further replicated our findings in the Uyghurs, a population from China characterized by East Asian-European admixture (N = 721), the CANDELA cohort from five Latin American countries (N = 2301), and the Rotterdam Study cohort of Dutch Europeans (N = 4411). A meta-analysis combining the full GWAS results from the three cohorts of full or partial Asian descent (Han Chinese, Uyghur and Latin Americans, N = 5983) highlighted a third signal of genome-wide significance at 2q12.3 (rs1866188: P = 5.81×10(-11)) near EDAR. We performed fine-mapping and prioritized four variants for further experimental verification. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing provided evidence that rs1345417 and rs12651896 affect the transcriptional activity of the nearby SOX2 and FOXD1 genes, which are both involved in hair development. Finally, suitable statistical analyses revealed that none of the associated variants showed clear signals of selection in any of the populations tested. Contrary to popular speculation, we found no evidence that eyebrow thickness is subject to strong selective pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijie Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Manfei Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, 825 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinzhou Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- SIBS (Institute of Health Sciences) Changzheng Hospital Joint Center for Translational Research, Institutes for Translational Research (CAS-SMMU), Shanghai, China
| | - Fuduan Peng
- Key laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Fudan-Taizhou Institute of Health Sciences, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingze Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yajun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Fudan-Taizhou Institute of Health Sciences, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lina Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanan Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qianqian Peng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinxi Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaqun Guan
- Department of Biochemistry, Preclinical Medicine College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Stomatology, Chang Zheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Merel A. Hamer
- Department of Dermatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tamar Nijsten
- Department of Dermatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Changqing Zeng
- Key laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kaustubh Adhikari
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, and UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carla Gallo
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Giovanni Poletti
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Maria-Cátira Bortolini
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre Brasil
| | - Samuel Canizales-Quinteros
- Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Facultad de Química, UNAM-Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, México City, México
| | | | - Gabriel Bedoya
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular (GENMOL), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Rolando González-José
- Instituto Patagónico de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas, Centro Nacional Patagónico, CONICET, Puerto Madryn, Argentina
| | - Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jean Krutmann
- IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Fan Liu
- Key laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Genetic Identification, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Manfred Kayser
- Department of Genetic Identification, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andres Ruiz-Linares
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, and UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kun Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuhua Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming China
| | - Liang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- SIBS (Institute of Health Sciences) Changzheng Hospital Joint Center for Translational Research, Institutes for Translational Research (CAS-SMMU), Shanghai, China
| | - Li Jin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, 825 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Sijia Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, 825 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, China
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming China
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12
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Stojanowski CM, Paul KS, Seidel AC, Duncan WN, Guatelli‐Steinberg D. Heritability and genetic integration of anterior tooth crown variants in the South Carolina Gullah. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2018; 167:124-143. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M. Stojanowski
- Center for Bioarchaeological ResearchSchool of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State UniversityTempe Arizona 85287
| | - Kathleen S. Paul
- Center for Bioarchaeological ResearchSchool of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State UniversityTempe Arizona 85287
| | - Andrew C. Seidel
- Center for Bioarchaeological ResearchSchool of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State UniversityTempe Arizona 85287
| | - William N. Duncan
- Department of Sociology and AnthropologyEast Tennessee State UniversityJohnson City Tennessee 37614
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13
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Westgate GE, Ginger RS, Green MR. The biology and genetics of curly hair. Exp Dermatol 2018; 26:483-490. [PMID: 28370528 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Hair fibres show wide diversity across and within all human populations, suggesting that hair fibre form and colour have been subject to much adaptive pressure over thousands of years. All human hair fibres typically have the same basic structure. However, the three-dimensional shape of the entire fibre varies considerably depending on ethnicity and geography, with examples from very straight hair with no rotational turn about the long axis, to the tightly sprung coils of African races. The creation of the highly complex biomaterials in hair follicle and how these confer mechanical functions on the fibre so formed is a topic that remains relatively unexplained thus far. We review the current understanding on how hair fibres are formed into a nonlinear coiled form and which genetic and biological factors are thought to be responsible for hair shape. We report on a new GWAS comparing low and high curl individuals in South Africa, revealing strong links to polymorphic variation in trichohyalin, a copper transporter protein CUTC and the inner root sheath component keratin 74. This builds onto the growing knowledge base describing the control of curly hair formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian E Westgate
- Centre for Skin Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Rebecca S Ginger
- Unilever R&D Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, UK
| | - Martin R Green
- Unilever R&D Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, UK
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14
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Environmental selection during the last ice age on the mother-to-infant transmission of vitamin D and fatty acids through breast milk. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E4426-E4432. [PMID: 29686092 PMCID: PMC5948952 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1711788115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The frequency of the human-specific EDAR V370A isoform is highly elevated in North and East Asian populations. The gene is known to have several pleiotropic effects, among which are sweat gland density and ductal branching in the mammary gland. The former has led some geneticists to argue that the near-fixation of this allele was caused by selection for modulation of thermoregulatory sweating. We provide an alternative hypothesis, that selection instead acted on the allele’s effect of increasing ductal branching in the mammary gland, thereby amplifying the transfer of critical nutrients to infants via mother’s milk. This is likely to have occurred during the Last Glacial Maximum when a human population was genetically isolated in the high-latitude environment of the Beringia. Because of the ubiquitous adaptability of our material culture, some human populations have occupied extreme environments that intensified selection on existing genomic variation. By 32,000 years ago, people were living in Arctic Beringia, and during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM; 28,000–18,000 y ago), they likely persisted in the Beringian refugium. Such high latitudes provide only very low levels of UV radiation, and can thereby lead to dangerously low levels of biosynthesized vitamin D. The physiological effects of vitamin D deficiency range from reduced dietary absorption of calcium to a compromised immune system and modified adipose tissue function. The ectodysplasin A receptor (EDAR) gene has a range of pleiotropic effects, including sweat gland density, incisor shoveling, and mammary gland ductal branching. The frequency of the human-specific EDAR V370A allele appears to be uniquely elevated in North and East Asian and New World populations due to a bout of positive selection likely to have occurred circa 20,000 y ago. The dental pleiotropic effects of this allele suggest an even higher occurrence among indigenous people in the Western Hemisphere before European colonization. We hypothesize that selection on EDAR V370A occurred in the Beringian refugium because it increases mammary ductal branching, and thereby may amplify the transfer of critical nutrients in vitamin D-deficient conditions to infants via mothers’ milk. This hypothesized selective context for EDAR V370A was likely intertwined with selection on the fatty acid desaturase (FADS) gene cluster because it is known to modulate lipid profiles transmitted to milk from a vitamin D-rich diet high in omega-3 fatty acids.
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15
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Shaffer JR, Li J, Lee MK, Roosenboom J, Orlova E, Adhikari K, Gallo C, Poletti G, Schuler-Faccini L, Bortolini MC, Canizales-Quinteros S, Rothhammer F, Bedoya G, González-José R, Pfeffer PE, Wollenschlaeger CA, Hecht JT, Wehby GL, Moreno LM, Ding A, Jin L, Yang Y, Carlson JC, Leslie EJ, Feingold E, Marazita ML, Hinds DA, Cox TC, Wang S, Ruiz-Linares A, Weinberg SM. Multiethnic GWAS Reveals Polygenic Architecture of Earlobe Attachment. Am J Hum Genet 2017; 101:913-924. [PMID: 29198719 PMCID: PMC5812923 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The genetic basis of earlobe attachment has been a matter of debate since the early 20th century, such that geneticists argue both for and against polygenic inheritance. Recent genetic studies have identified a few loci associated with the trait, but large-scale analyses are still lacking. Here, we performed a genome-wide association study of lobe attachment in a multiethnic sample of 74,660 individuals from four cohorts (three with the trait scored by an expert rater and one with the trait self-reported). Meta-analysis of the three expert-rater-scored cohorts revealed six associated loci harboring numerous candidate genes, including EDAR, SP5, MRPS22, ADGRG6 (GPR126), KIAA1217, and PAX9. The large self-reported 23andMe cohort recapitulated each of these six loci. Moreover, meta-analysis across all four cohorts revealed a total of 49 significant (p < 5 × 10-8) loci. Annotation and enrichment analyses of these 49 loci showed strong evidence of genes involved in ear development and syndromes with auricular phenotypes. RNA sequencing data from both human fetal ear and mouse second branchial arch tissue confirmed that genes located among associated loci showed evidence of expression. These results provide strong evidence for the polygenic nature of earlobe attachment and offer insights into the biological basis of normal and abnormal ear development.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Shaffer
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Jinxi Li
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Myoung Keun Lee
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Jasmien Roosenboom
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Ekaterina Orlova
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Kaustabh Adhikari
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
| | - Carla Gallo
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, 430 Cercado de Lima, Peru
| | - Giovanni Poletti
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, 430 Cercado de Lima, Peru
| | - Lavinia Schuler-Faccini
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90040-060, Brazil
| | - Maria-Cátira Bortolini
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90040-060, Brazil
| | - Samuel Canizales-Quinteros
- Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City 4510, Mexico
| | - Francisco Rothhammer
- Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica, Chile; Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile
| | - Gabriel Bedoya
- Grupo Genética Molecular GENMOL, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín 050003, Colombia
| | - Rolando González-José
- Instituto Patagónico de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas, Centro Científico Tecnológico, Centro Nacional Patagónico, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Puerto Madryn U9120, Argentina
| | - Paige E Pfeffer
- Center for Advanced Dental Education, Orthodontics Program, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | | | - Jacqueline T Hecht
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - George L Wehby
- Department of Health Management and Policy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Lina M Moreno
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Anan Ding
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Li Jin
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yajun Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jenna C Carlson
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Leslie
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Eleanor Feingold
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Mary L Marazita
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; Clinical and Translational Science Institute, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - David A Hinds
- 23andMe Inc., 899 West Evelyn Avenue, Mountain View, CA 94041, USA
| | - Timothy C Cox
- Center for Developmental Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA; Craniofacial Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Anatomy & Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Sijia Wang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Andrés Ruiz-Linares
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Laboratory of Biocultural Anthropology, Law, Ethics, and Health, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Etablissement Français du Sang, UMR 7268, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille 13284, France
| | - Seth M Weinberg
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
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16
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Adhikari K, Fuentes-Guajardo M, Quinto-Sánchez M, Mendoza-Revilla J, Camilo Chacón-Duque J, Acuña-Alonzo V, Jaramillo C, Arias W, Lozano RB, Pérez GM, Gómez-Valdés J, Villamil-Ramírez H, Hunemeier T, Ramallo V, Silva de Cerqueira CC, Hurtado M, Villegas V, Granja V, Gallo C, Poletti G, Schuler-Faccini L, Salzano FM, Bortolini MC, Canizales-Quinteros S, Cheeseman M, Rosique J, Bedoya G, Rothhammer F, Headon D, González-José R, Balding D, Ruiz-Linares A. A genome-wide association scan implicates DCHS2, RUNX2, GLI3, PAX1 and EDAR in human facial variation. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11616. [PMID: 27193062 PMCID: PMC4874031 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a genome-wide association scan for facial features in ∼6,000 Latin Americans. We evaluated 14 traits on an ordinal scale and found significant association (P values<5 × 10−8) at single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in four genomic regions for three nose-related traits: columella inclination (4q31), nose bridge breadth (6p21) and nose wing breadth (7p13 and 20p11). In a subsample of ∼3,000 individuals we obtained quantitative traits related to 9 of the ordinal phenotypes and, also, a measure of nasion position. Quantitative analyses confirmed the ordinal-based associations, identified SNPs in 2q12 associated to chin protrusion, and replicated the reported association of nasion position with SNPs in PAX3. Strongest association in 2q12, 4q31, 6p21 and 7p13 was observed for SNPs in the EDAR, DCHS2, RUNX2 and GLI3 genes, respectively. Associated SNPs in 20p11 extend to PAX1. Consistent with the effect of EDAR on chin protrusion, we documented alterations of mandible length in mice with modified Edar funtion. Humans show great diversity in facial appearance and this variation is highly heritable. Here, Andres Ruiz-Linares and colleagues examined facial features in admixed Latin Americans and identify genome-wide associations for 14 facial traits, including four gene loci (RUNX2, GLI3, DCHS2 and PAX1) influencing nose morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaustubh Adhikari
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Macarena Fuentes-Guajardo
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.,Departamento de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica 1000009, Chile
| | - Mirsha Quinto-Sánchez
- Centro Nacional Patagónico, CONICET, Unidad de Diversidad, Sistematica y Evolucion, Puerto Madryn U912OACD, Argentina
| | - Javier Mendoza-Revilla
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.,Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 31, Perú
| | - Juan Camilo Chacón-Duque
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Victor Acuña-Alonzo
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.,Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Escuela Nacional de Antropologia e Historia, México City 14030, México
| | - Claudia Jaramillo
- GENMOL (Genética Molecular), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín 5001000, Colombia
| | - William Arias
- GENMOL (Genética Molecular), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín 5001000, Colombia
| | - Rodrigo Barquera Lozano
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Escuela Nacional de Antropologia e Historia, México City 14030, México.,Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Facultad de Química, UNAM-Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, México City 4510, México
| | - Gastón Macín Pérez
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Escuela Nacional de Antropologia e Historia, México City 14030, México.,Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Facultad de Química, UNAM-Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, México City 4510, México
| | - Jorge Gómez-Valdés
- Departamento de Anatomía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), México City 04510, México
| | - Hugo Villamil-Ramírez
- Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Facultad de Química, UNAM-Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, México City 4510, México
| | - Tábita Hunemeier
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brasil
| | - Virginia Ramallo
- Centro Nacional Patagónico, CONICET, Unidad de Diversidad, Sistematica y Evolucion, Puerto Madryn U912OACD, Argentina.,Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brasil
| | - Caio C Silva de Cerqueira
- Centro Nacional Patagónico, CONICET, Unidad de Diversidad, Sistematica y Evolucion, Puerto Madryn U912OACD, Argentina.,Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brasil
| | - Malena Hurtado
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 31, Perú
| | - Valeria Villegas
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 31, Perú
| | - Vanessa Granja
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 31, Perú
| | - Carla Gallo
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 31, Perú
| | - Giovanni Poletti
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 31, Perú
| | - Lavinia Schuler-Faccini
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brasil
| | - Francisco M Salzano
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brasil
| | - Maria-Cátira Bortolini
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brasil
| | - Samuel Canizales-Quinteros
- Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Facultad de Química, UNAM-Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, México City 4510, México
| | - Michael Cheeseman
- Division of Developmental Biology, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Javier Rosique
- Departamento de Antropología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín 5001000, Colombia
| | - Gabriel Bedoya
- GENMOL (Genética Molecular), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín 5001000, Colombia
| | | | - Denis Headon
- Division of Developmental Biology, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Rolando González-José
- Centro Nacional Patagónico, CONICET, Unidad de Diversidad, Sistematica y Evolucion, Puerto Madryn U912OACD, Argentina
| | - David Balding
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.,Schools of BioSciences and Mathematics and Statistics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Andrés Ruiz-Linares
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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