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Kotsyuba E, Dyachuk V. Effects of Chronic Exposure to Low Doses of Rotenone on Dopaminergic and Cholinergic Neurons in the CNS of Hemigrapsus sanguineus. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7159. [PMID: 39000265 PMCID: PMC11241242 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Rotenone, as a common pesticide and insecticide frequently found in environmental samples, may be present in aquatic habitats worldwide. Exposure to low concentrations of this compound may cause alterations in the nervous system, thus contributing to Parkinsonian motor symptoms in both vertebrates and invertebrates. However, the effects of chronic exposure to low doses of rotenone on the activity of neurotransmitters that govern motor functions and on the specific molecular mechanisms leading to movement morbidity remain largely unknown for many aquatic invertebrates. In this study, we analyzed the effects that rotenone poisoning exerts on the activity of dopamine (DA) and acetylcholine (ACh) synthesis enzymes in the central nervous system (CNS) of Asian shore crab, Hemigrapsus sanguineus (de Haan, 1835), and elucidated the association of its locomotor behavior with Parkinson's-like symptoms. An immunocytochemistry analysis showed a reduction in tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in the median brain and the ventral nerve cord (VNC), which correlated with the subsequent decrease in the locomotor activity of shore crabs. We also observed a variation in cholinergic neurons' activity, mostly in the ventral regions of the VNC. Moreover, the rotenone-treated crabs showed signs of damage to ChAT-lir neurons in the VNC. These data suggest that chronic treatment with low doses of rotenone decreases the DA level in the VNC and the ACh level in the brain and leads to progressive and irreversible reductions in the crab's locomotor activity, life span, and changes in behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Kotsyuba
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Vyacheslav Dyachuk
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia
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2
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Kotsyuba E, Pahlevaniane A, Maslennikov S, Dyachuk V. Development of Serotonergic and Dopaminergic Neuronal Networks of the Central Nervous System in King Crab, Paralithodes camtschaticus. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:35. [PMID: 38248466 PMCID: PMC10813508 DOI: 10.3390/biology13010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
This article presents recent findings as regards distribution of cells producing serotonin and dopamine in the larval central nervous system at different developmental stages, including four pelagic larval stages (zoea I-IV), a semibenthic postlarval stage glaucothoe (megalopa), benthic juveniles, and adult red king crabs, Paralithodes camtschaticus, made by using immunocytochemistry and confocal laser scanning microscopy. We have shown that the serotonergic and dopaminergic neurons are present long before the onset of metamorphosis. In the red king crab b larval nervous system, the changes become particularly pronounced during the first metamorphosis from zoea IV to glaucothoe, which may be related to the development of the segmental appendages and maturation of motor behaviors in decapods. This work presents the distribution and dynamics of the development of serotonergic and dopaminergic neuronal networks in king crab show, the potential roles of serotonin and dopamine in the modulation of olfactory and visual processing in the early stages of larval development, and also the mechanosensory and chemosensory processing in the glaucothoe stage during settlement and in their transition from a pelagic to benthic lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Vyacheslav Dyachuk
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690041, Russia; (E.K.); (A.P.); (S.M.)
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3
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Raspe S, Kümmerlen K, Harzsch S. Immunolocalization of SIFamide-like neuropeptides in the adult and developing central nervous system of the amphipod Parhyale hawaiensis (Malacostraca, Peracarida, Amphipoda). ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2023; 77:101309. [PMID: 37879171 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2023.101309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Immunohistochemical analyses on the distribution of neuropeptides in the pancrustacean brain in the past have focussed mostly on representatives of the decapod ("ten-legged") pancrustaceans whereas other taxa are understudied in this respect. The current report examines the post-embryogenic and adult brain and ventral nerve cord of the amphipod pancrustacean Parhyale hawaiensis (Dana. 1853; Peracarida, Amphipoda, Hyalide), a subtropical species with a body size of 1.5 cm and a direct post-embryonic development using immunohistochemistry to label the neuropeptide SIFamide and synaptic proteins (synapsins). We found strong SIFamide-like labelling in proto-, deuto- and tritocerebrum, especially in the lamina, the lateral protocerebrum, lateral assessory lobe, the central body, olfactory lobe, medial antenna 1 neuropil and antenna 2 neuropil. Out of a total of 28 ± 5 (N = 12) SIFamide-positive neurons in the central brain of adult P. hawaiensis, we found three individually identifiable somata which were consistently present within the brain of adult and subadult animals. Additionally, the subesophageal and two adjacent thoracic ganglia were analysed in only adult animals and also showed a strong SIFamide-like immunoreactivity. We compare our findings to other pancrustaceans including hexapods and discuss them in an evolutionary context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Raspe
- University of Greifswald, Zoological Institute and Museum, Department of Cytology and Evolutionary Biology, Soldmannstrasse 23, D-17498 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Katja Kümmerlen
- University of Greifswald, Zoological Institute and Museum, Department of Cytology and Evolutionary Biology, Soldmannstrasse 23, D-17498 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Steffen Harzsch
- University of Greifswald, Zoological Institute and Museum, Department of Cytology and Evolutionary Biology, Soldmannstrasse 23, D-17498 Greifswald, Germany.
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4
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Glendinning S, Fitzgibbon QP, Smith GG, Ventura T. Unravelling the neuropeptidome of the ornate spiny lobster Panulirus ornatus: A focus on peptide hormones and their processing enzymes expressed in the reproductive tissues. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2023; 332:114183. [PMID: 36471526 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2022.114183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptides are commonly produced in the neural tissues yet can have effects on far-reaching targets, with varied biological responses. We describe here the neuropeptidome of the ornate spiny lobster, Panulirus ornatus, a species of emerging importance to closed-system aquaculture, with a focus on peptide hormones produced by the reproductive tissues. Transcripts for a precursor to one neuropeptide, adipokinetic hormone/corazonin-related peptide (ACP) were identified in high numbers in the sperm duct of adult spiny lobsters suggesting a role for ACP in the reproduction of this species. Neuropeptide production in the sperm duct may be linked with physiological control of spermatophore production in the male, or alternatively may function in signalling to the female. The enzymes which process nascent neuropeptide precursors into their mature, active forms have seldom been studied in decapods, and never before at the multi-tissue level. We have identified transcripts for multiple members of the proprotein convertase subtisilin/kexin family in the ornate spiny lobster, with some enzymes showing specificity to certain tissues. In addition, other enzyme transcripts involved with neuropeptide processing are identified along with their tissue and life stage expression patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Glendinning
- Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD, Australia; School of Science and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD, Australia.
| | - Quinn P Fitzgibbon
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, Private Bag 49, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Gregory G Smith
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, Private Bag 49, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Tomer Ventura
- Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD, Australia; School of Science and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD, Australia
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Stein W, DeMaegd ML, Benson AM, Roy RS, Vidal-Gadea AG. Combining Old and New Tricks: The Study of Genes, Neurons, and Behavior in Crayfish. Front Physiol 2022; 13:947598. [PMID: 35874546 PMCID: PMC9297122 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.947598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
For over a century the nervous system of decapod crustaceans has been a workhorse for the neurobiology community. Many fundamental discoveries including the identification of electrical and inhibitory synapses, lateral and pre-synaptic inhibition, and the Na+/K+-pump were made using lobsters, crabs, or crayfish. Key among many advantages of crustaceans for neurobiological research is the unique access to large, accessible, and identifiable neurons, and the many distinct and complex behaviors that can be observed in lab settings. Despite these advantages, recent decades have seen work on crustaceans hindered by the lack of molecular and genetic tools required for unveiling the cellular processes contributing to neurophysiology and behavior. In this perspective paper, we argue that the recently sequenced marbled crayfish, Procambarus virginalis, is suited to become a genetic model system for crustacean neuroscience. P. virginalis are parthenogenetic and produce genetically identical offspring, suggesting that germline transformation creates transgenic animal strains that are easy to maintain across generations. Like other decapod crustaceans, marbled crayfish possess large neurons in well-studied circuits such as the giant tail flip neurons and central pattern generating neurons in the stomatogastric ganglion. We provide initial data demonstrating that marbled crayfish neurons are accessible through standard physiological and molecular techniques, including single-cell electrophysiology, gene expression measurements, and RNA-interference. We discuss progress in CRISPR-mediated manipulations of the germline to knock-out target genes using the ‘Receptor-mediated ovary transduction of cargo’ (ReMOT) method. Finally, we consider the impact these approaches will have for neurophysiology research in decapod crustaceans and more broadly across invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Stein
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, United States
- Stiftung Alfried Krupp Kolleg Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- *Correspondence: Wolfgang Stein, ; Andrés G. Vidal-Gadea,
| | - Margaret L. DeMaegd
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, United States
- Center for Neural Sciences, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Abigail M. Benson
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, United States
| | - Rajit S. Roy
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, United States
| | - Andrés G. Vidal-Gadea
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, United States
- *Correspondence: Wolfgang Stein, ; Andrés G. Vidal-Gadea,
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Kotsyuba E, Dyachuk V. Immunocytochemical Localization of Enzymes Involved in Dopamine, Serotonin, and Acetylcholine Synthesis in the Optic Neuropils and Neuroendocrine System of Eyestalks of Paralithodes camtschaticus. Front Neuroanat 2022; 16:844654. [PMID: 35464134 PMCID: PMC9024244 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2022.844654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying the neurotransmitters secreted by specific neurons in crustacean eyestalks is crucial to understanding their physiological roles. Here, we combined immunocytochemistry with confocal microscopy and identified the neurotransmitters dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT), and acetylcholine (ACh) in the optic neuropils and X-organ sinus gland (XO-SG) complex of the eyestalks of Paralithodes camtschaticus (red king crab). The distribution of Ach neurons was studied by choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunohistochemistry and compared with that of DA neurons examined in the same or adjacent sections by tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunohistochemistry. We detected 5-HT, TH, and ChAT in columnar, amacrine, and tangential neurons in the optic neuropils and established the presence of immunoreactive fibers and neurons in the terminal medulla in the XO region of the lateral protocerebrum. Additionally, we detected ChAT and 5-HT in the endogenous cells of the SG of P. camtschaticus for the first time. Furthermore, localization of 5-HT- and ChAT-positive cells in the SG indicated that these neurotransmitters locally modulate the secretion of neurohormones that are synthesized in the XO. These findings establish the presence of several neurotransmitters in the XO-SG complex of P. camtschaticus.
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Benton JL, Li E, Weisbach E, Fukumura Y, Quinan VC, Chaves da Silva PG, Edwards AJ, Beltz BS. Adult neurogenesis in crayfish: Identity and regulation of neural progenitors produced by the immune system. iScience 2022; 25:103993. [PMID: 35340434 PMCID: PMC8941203 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.103993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne L. Benton
- Neuroscience Department, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA 02481, USA
| | - Emmy Li
- Neuroscience Department, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA 02481, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Emily Weisbach
- Neuroscience Department, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA 02481, USA
- Rhode Island Hospital, 593 Eddy Street, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Yuriko Fukumura
- Neuroscience Department, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA 02481, USA
| | | | | | - Alex J. Edwards
- Neuroscience Department, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA 02481, USA
| | - Barbara S. Beltz
- Neuroscience Department, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA 02481, USA
- Corresponding author
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Passantino A, Elwood RW, Coluccio P. Why Protect Decapod Crustaceans Used as Models in Biomedical Research and in Ecotoxicology? Ethical and Legislative Considerations. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11010073. [PMID: 33401555 PMCID: PMC7823715 DOI: 10.3390/ani11010073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Current European legislation that protects animals used for scientific purposes excludes decapod crustaceans (for example, lobster, crab and crayfish) on the grounds that they are non-sentient and, therefore, incapable of suffering. However, recent work suggests that this view requires substantial revision. Our current understanding of the nervous systems and behavior of decapods suggests an urgent need to amend and update all relevant legislation. This paper examines recent experiments that suggest sentience and how that work has changed current opinion. It reflects on the use of decapods as models in biomedical research and in ecotoxicology, and it recommends that these animals should be included in the European protection legislation. Abstract Decapod crustaceans are widely used as experimental models, due to their biology, their sensitivity to pollutants and/or their convenience of collection and use. Decapods have been viewed as being non-sentient, and are not covered by current legislation from the European Parliament. However, recent studies suggest it is likely that they experience pain and may have the capacity to suffer. Accordingly, there is ethical concern regarding their continued use in research in the absence of protective measures. We argue that their welfare should be taken into account and included in ethical review processes that include the assessment of welfare and the minimization or alleviation of potential pain. We review the current use of these animals in research and the recent experiments that suggest sentience in this group. We also review recent changes in the views of scientists, veterinary scientists and animal charity groups, and their conclusion that these animals are likely to be sentient, and that changes in legislation are needed to protect them. A precautionary approach should be adopted to safeguard these animals from possible pain and suffering. Finally, we recommend that decapods be included in the European legislation concerning the welfare of animals used in experimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Passantino
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina-Polo Universitario Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Robert William Elwood
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University, Belfast BT9 5DL, Northern Ireland, UK;
| | - Paolo Coluccio
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Firenze, Italy;
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Kotsyuba E, Dyachuk V. Localization of neurons expressing choline acetyltransferase, serotonin and/or FMRFamide in the central nervous system of the decapod shore crab Hemigrapsus sanguineus. Cell Tissue Res 2020; 383:959-977. [PMID: 33237479 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03309-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Although it is now established that neurons in crustacea contain multiple transmitter substances, little is know about patterns of expression and co-expression or about the functional effects of such co-transmission. The present study was designed to characterize the distributions and potential colocalization of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), serotonin (5-HT) and neuropeptide H-Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH2 (FMRFamide) in the central nervous system (CNS) of the Asian shore crab, Hemigrapsus sanguineus using immunohistochemical analyses in combination with laser scanning confocal microscopy. ChAT was found to be expressed by small, medium-sized, and large neurons in all regions of the brain and ventral nerve cord (VNC). For the most part, ChAT, FMRFamide, and 5-HT are expressed in different neurons, although some colocalization of ChAT- with FMRFamide- or 5-HT-LIR is observed in small and medium-sized cells, mostly neurons that immunostain only weakly. In the brain, such double immunolabeling is observed primarily in neurons of the protocerebrum and, to a particularly great extent, in local olfactory interneurons of the deutocerebrum. The clusters of neurons in the VNC that stain most intensely for ChAT, FMRFamide, and 5-HT, with colocalization in some cases, are located in the subesophageal ganglia. This colocalization appears to be related to function, since it is present in regions of the CNS characterized by multiple afferent projections and outputs to a variety of functionally related centers involved in various physiological and behavioral processes. Further elucidation of the functional significance of these neurons and of the widespread process of co-transmission in the crustaceans should provide fascinating new insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Kotsyuba
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 690041, Russia
| | - Vyacheslav Dyachuk
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 690041, Russia.
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Hyde CJ, Nguyen T, Fitzgibbon QP, Elizur A, Smith GG, Ventura T. Neural remodelling in spiny lobster larvae is characterized by broad neuropeptide suppression. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 294:113496. [PMID: 32360560 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Neuropeptides are ancient endocrine components which have evolved to regulate many aspects of biology across the animal kingdom including behaviour, development and metabolism. To supplement current knowledge, we have utilized a transcriptome series describing larval development in the ornate spiny lobster, Panulirus ornatus. The biology of this animal has been leveraged to provide insights into the roles of molting, metamorphosis and metabolism across the neuropeptide family. We report an extensive list of neuropeptides across three distinct life phases of the animal. We show distinct groups of neuropeptides with differential expression between larval phases, indicating phase-specific roles for these peptides. For selected neuropeptides, we describe and discuss expression profiles throughout larval development and report predicted peptide cleavage sites and mature peptide sequences. We also report the neuropeptide nesfatin for the first time in a crustacean, and report secondary peptide products with a level of evolutionary conservation similar to the conventional mature peptide nesfatin-1, indicating a conserved role in these secondary products which are widely regarded as biologically inactive. In addition, we report a trend of downregulation in the neuropeptides as the animal undergoes extensive neural remodelling in fulfillment of metamorphosis. We suggest that this downregulation in neuropeptides relates to the brief, yet dramatic changes in morphology experienced by the central nervous system in the process of metamorphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron J Hyde
- Genecology Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD 4556 Australia
| | - Tuan Nguyen
- Genecology Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD 4556 Australia
| | - Quinn P Fitzgibbon
- Institute for Marine & Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, Private Bag 49, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Abigail Elizur
- Genecology Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD 4556 Australia
| | - Gregory G Smith
- Institute for Marine & Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, Private Bag 49, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Tomer Ventura
- Genecology Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD 4556 Australia.
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Krieger J, Hörnig MK, Sandeman RE, Sandeman DC, Harzsch S. Masters of communication: The brain of the banded cleaner shrimp Stenopus hispidus (Olivier, 1811) with an emphasis on sensory processing areas. J Comp Neurol 2019; 528:1561-1587. [PMID: 31792962 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The pan-tropic cleaner shrimp Stenopus hispidus (Crustacea, Stenopodidea) is famous for its specific cleaning behavior in association with client fish and an exclusively monogamous life-style. Cleaner shrimps feature a broad communicative repertoire, which is considered to depend on superb motor skills and the underlying mechanosensory circuits in combination with sensory organs. Their most prominent head appendages are the two pairs of very long biramous antennules and antennae, which are used both for attracting client fish and for intraspecific communication. Here, we studied the brain anatomy of several specimens of S. hispidus using histological sections, immunohistochemical labeling as well as X-ray microtomography in combination with 3D reconstructions. Furthermore, we investigated the morphology of antennules and antennae using fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy. Our analyses show that in addition to the complex organization of the multimodal processing centers, especially chemomechanosensory neuropils associated with the antennule and antenna are markedly pronounced when compared to the other neuropils of the central brain. We suggest that in their brains, three topographic maps are present corresponding to the sensory appendages. The brain areas which provide the neuronal substrate for these maps share distinct structural similarities to a unique extent in decapods, such as size and characteristic striated and perpendicular layering. We discuss our findings with respect to the sensory landscape within animal's habitat. In an evolutionary perspective, the cleaner shrimp's brain is an excellent example of how sensory potential and functional demands shape the architecture of primary chemomechanosensory processing areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Krieger
- University of Greifswald, Zoological Institute and Museum, Cytology and Evolutionary Biology, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Marie K Hörnig
- University of Greifswald, Zoological Institute and Museum, Cytology and Evolutionary Biology, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Renate E Sandeman
- University of Greifswald, Zoological Institute and Museum, Cytology and Evolutionary Biology, Greifswald, Germany
| | - David C Sandeman
- University of Greifswald, Zoological Institute and Museum, Cytology and Evolutionary Biology, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Steffen Harzsch
- University of Greifswald, Zoological Institute and Museum, Cytology and Evolutionary Biology, Greifswald, Germany
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12
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Strausfeld NJ, Sayre ME. Mushroom bodies in Reptantia reflect a major transition in crustacean brain evolution. J Comp Neurol 2019; 528:261-282. [PMID: 31376285 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Brain centers possessing a suite of neuroanatomical characters that define mushroom bodies of dicondylic insects have been identified in mantis shrimps, which are basal malacostracan crustaceans. Recent studies of the caridean shrimp Lebbeus groenlandicus further demonstrate the existence of mushroom bodies in Malacostraca. Nevertheless, received opinion promulgates the hypothesis that domed centers called hemiellipsoid bodies typifying reptantian crustaceans, such as lobsters and crayfish, represent the malacostracan cerebral ground pattern. Here, we provide evidence from the marine hermit crab Pagurus hirsutiusculus that refutes this view. P. hirsutiusculus, which is a member of the infraorder Anomura, reveals a chimeric morphology that incorporates features of a domed hemiellipsoid body and a columnar mushroom body. These attributes indicate that a mushroom body morphology is the ancestral ground pattern, from which the domed hemiellipsoid body derives and that the "standard" reptantian hemiellipsoid bodies that typify Astacidea and Achelata are extreme examples of divergence from this ground pattern. This interpretation is underpinned by comparing the lateral protocerebrum of Pagurus with that of the crayfish Procambarus clarkii and Orconectes immunis, members of the reptantian infraorder Astacidea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Strausfeld
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Mind, Brain and Behavior, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Marcel E Sayre
- Lund Vision Group, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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13
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Machon J, Krieger J, Meth R, Zbinden M, Ravaux J, Montagné N, Chertemps T, Harzsch S. Neuroanatomy of a hydrothermal vent shrimp provides insights into the evolution of crustacean integrative brain centers. eLife 2019; 8:e47550. [PMID: 31383255 PMCID: PMC6684273 DOI: 10.7554/elife.47550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alvinocaridid shrimps are emblematic representatives of the deep hydrothermal vent fauna at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. They are adapted to a mostly aphotic habitat with extreme physicochemical conditions in the vicinity of the hydrothermal fluid emissions. Here, we investigated the brain architecture of the vent shrimp Rimicaris exoculata to understand possible adaptations of its nervous system to the hydrothermal sensory landscape. Its brain is modified from the crustacean brain ground pattern by featuring relatively small visual and olfactory neuropils that contrast with well-developed higher integrative centers, the hemiellipsoid bodies. We propose that these structures in vent shrimps may fulfill functions in addition to higher order sensory processing and suggest a role in place memory. Our study promotes vent shrimps as fascinating models to gain insights into sensory adaptations to peculiar environmental conditions, and the evolutionary transformation of specific brain areas in Crustacea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Machon
- Sorbonne Université, UMR CNRS MNHN 7208 Biologie des organismes et écosystèmes aquatiques (BOREA), Equipe Adaptation aux Milieux ExtrêmesParisFrance
| | - Jakob Krieger
- Department of Cytology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of Greifswald, Zoological Institute and MuseumGreifswaldGermany
| | - Rebecca Meth
- Department of Cytology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of Greifswald, Zoological Institute and MuseumGreifswaldGermany
| | - Magali Zbinden
- Sorbonne Université, UMR CNRS MNHN 7208 Biologie des organismes et écosystèmes aquatiques (BOREA), Equipe Adaptation aux Milieux ExtrêmesParisFrance
| | - Juliette Ravaux
- Sorbonne Université, UMR CNRS MNHN 7208 Biologie des organismes et écosystèmes aquatiques (BOREA), Equipe Adaptation aux Milieux ExtrêmesParisFrance
| | - Nicolas Montagné
- Sorbonne Université, UPEC, Univ Paris Diderot, CNRS, INRA, IRD, Institute of Ecology & Environmental Sciences of Paris (iEES-Paris)ParisFrance
| | - Thomas Chertemps
- Sorbonne Université, UPEC, Univ Paris Diderot, CNRS, INRA, IRD, Institute of Ecology & Environmental Sciences of Paris (iEES-Paris)ParisFrance
| | - Steffen Harzsch
- Department of Cytology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of Greifswald, Zoological Institute and MuseumGreifswaldGermany
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14
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Jackson C, van Staaden M. Characterization of locomotor response to psychostimulants in the parthenogenetic marbled crayfish (Procambarus fallax forma virginalis): A promising model for studying the neural and molecular mechanisms of drug addiction. Behav Brain Res 2019; 361:131-138. [PMID: 30550950 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Although scientific research using mammalian models has made great strides in uncovering the enigmatic neural and molecular mechanisms orchestrating the state of drug addiction, a complete understanding has thus far eluded researchers. The complexity of the task has led to the use of invertebrate model systems to complement the research of drug-induced reward in mammalian systems. Invertebrates, such as crayfish, offer excellent model systems to help reveal the underlying mechanisms of drug addiction as they retain the ancestral neural reward circuit that is evolutionarily conserved across taxa, and they possess relatively few, large neurons, laid out in an accessible, modularly organized nervous system. Crayfish offer the benefits of delineated developmental life stages, a large body size suitable for a variety of experimental methods, and stereotyped behaviors. Unique among crayfish is the parthenogenetic marbled crayfish (Procambarus fallax forma virginalis), a species of asexually reproducing, genetically identical clones. With the benefits of reduced individual variation, high fecundity, and easy lab husbandry, the marbled crayfish would make a particularly powerful addition to the animal model repertoire. Here we characterize the locomotor response of juvenile P. f. f. virginalis exposed to the psychostimulant, d-amphetamine sulfate. Custom video-tracking software was used to record the movement patterns of juveniles exposed to water infused with varying concentrations of d-amphetamine sulfate. ANOVA demonstrated that crayfish locomotion was significantly impacted by drug concentration. These psychostimulant effects provide the foundation of P. f. f. virginalis as a model for parsing the neural and molecular mechanisms of drug addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedric Jackson
- J.P. Scott Center for Neuroscience, Mind & Behavior, and Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA
| | - Moira van Staaden
- J.P. Scott Center for Neuroscience, Mind & Behavior, and Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA.
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15
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Blitz DM, Christie AE, Cook AP, Dickinson PS, Nusbaum MP. Similarities and differences in circuit responses to applied Gly 1-SIFamide and peptidergic (Gly 1-SIFamide) neuron stimulation. J Neurophysiol 2019; 121:950-972. [PMID: 30649961 PMCID: PMC6520624 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00567.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microcircuit modulation by peptides is well established, but the cellular/synaptic mechanisms whereby identified neurons with identified peptide transmitters modulate microcircuits remain unknown for most systems. Here, we describe the distribution of GYRKPPFNGSIFamide (Gly1-SIFamide) immunoreactivity (Gly1-SIFamide-IR) in the stomatogastric nervous system (STNS) of the crab Cancer borealis and the Gly1-SIFamide actions on the two feeding-related circuits in the stomatogastric ganglion (STG). Gly1-SIFamide-IR localized to somata in the paired commissural ganglia (CoGs), two axons in the nerves connecting each CoG with the STG, and the CoG and STG neuropil. We identified one Gly1-SIFamide-IR projection neuron innervating the STG as the previously identified modulatory commissural neuron 5 (MCN5). Brief (~10 s) MCN5 stimulation excites some pyloric circuit neurons. We now find that bath applying Gly1-SIFamide to the isolated STG also enhanced pyloric rhythm activity and activated an imperfectly coordinated gastric mill rhythm that included unusually prolonged bursts in two circuit neurons [inferior cardiac (IC), lateral posterior gastric (LPG)]. Furthermore, longer duration (>30 s) MCN5 stimulation activated a Gly1-SIFamide-like gastric mill rhythm, including prolonged IC and LPG bursting. The prolonged LPG bursting decreased the coincidence of its activity with neurons to which it is electrically coupled. We also identified local circuit feedback onto the MCN5 axon terminals, which may contribute to some distinctions between the responses to MCN5 stimulation and Gly1-SIFamide application. Thus, MCN5 adds to the few identified projection neurons that modulate a well-defined circuit at least partly via an identified neuropeptide transmitter and provides an opportunity to study peptide regulation of electrical coupled neurons in a functional context. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Limited insight exists regarding how identified peptidergic neurons modulate microcircuits. We show that the modulatory projection neuron modulatory commissural neuron 5 (MCN5) is peptidergic, containing Gly1-SIFamide. MCN5 and Gly1-SIFamide elicit similar output from two well-defined motor circuits. Their distinct actions may result partly from circuit feedback onto the MCN5 axon terminals. Their similar actions include eliciting divergent activity patterns in normally coactive, electrically coupled neurons, providing an opportunity to examine peptide modulation of electrically coupled neurons in a functional context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn M Blitz
- Department of Biology, Miami University , Oxford, Ohio
| | - Andrew E Christie
- Békésy Laboratory of Neurobiology, Pacific Biosciences Research Center, School of Ocean & Earth Science & Technology, University of Hawaii at Manoa , Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Aaron P Cook
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Michael P Nusbaum
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Lismont E, Mortelmans N, Verlinden H, Vanden Broeck J. Molecular cloning and characterization of the SIFamide precursor and receptor in a hymenopteran insect, Bombus terrestris. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2018; 258:39-52. [PMID: 29127004 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
SIFamides (SIFa) are a family of neuropeptides that are highly conserved among arthropods. In insects, this peptide is mainly expressed in four medial interneurons in the pars intercerebralis and affects sexual behavior, sleep regulation and pupal mortality. Furthermore, an influence on the hatching rate has been observed. The first SIFa receptor (SIFR) was pharmacologically characterized in Drosophila melanogaster and is homologous to the vertebrate gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH) receptor (NPFFR). In this study, we pharmacologically characterized the SIFR of the buff-tailed bumblebee Bombus terrestris. We demonstrated an intracellular increase in calcium ions and cyclic AMP (cAMP) upon ligand binding with an EC50 value in the picomolar and nanomolar range, respectively. In addition, we studied the agonistic properties of a range of related and modified peptides. By means of quantitative real time PCR (qPCR), we examined the relative transcript levels of Bomte-SIFa and Bomte-SIFR in a variety of tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Els Lismont
- Molecular Developmental Physiology and Signal Transduction, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 59 box 2465, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Nele Mortelmans
- Molecular Developmental Physiology and Signal Transduction, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 59 box 2465, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Heleen Verlinden
- Molecular Developmental Physiology and Signal Transduction, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 59 box 2465, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Jozef Vanden Broeck
- Molecular Developmental Physiology and Signal Transduction, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 59 box 2465, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Context-dependent memory traces in the crab's mushroom bodies: Functional support for a common origin of high-order memory centers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E7957-E7965. [PMID: 27856766 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1612418113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothesis of a common origin for the high-order memory centers in bilateral animals is based on the evidence that several key features, including gene expression and neuronal network patterns, are shared across several phyla. Central to this hypothesis is the assumption that the arthropods' higher order neuropils of the forebrain [the mushroom bodies (MBs) of insects and the hemiellipsoid bodies (HBs) of crustaceans] are homologous structures. However, even though involvement in memory processes has been repeatedly demonstrated for the MBs, direct proof of such a role in HBs is lacking. Here, through neuroanatomical and immunohistochemical analysis, we identified, in the crab Neohelice granulata, HBs that resemble the calyxless MBs found in several insects. Using in vivo calcium imaging, we revealed training-dependent changes in neuronal responses of vertical and medial lobes of the HBs. These changes were stimulus-specific, and, like in the hippocampus and MBs, the changes reflected the context attribute of the memory trace, which has been envisioned as an essential feature for the HBs. The present study constitutes functional evidence in favor of a role for the HBs in memory processes, and provides key physiological evidence supporting a common origin of the arthropods' high-order memory centers.
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18
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Krieger J, Braun P, Rivera NT, Schubart CD, Müller CH, Harzsch S. Comparative analyses of olfactory systems in terrestrial crabs (Brachyura): evidence for aerial olfaction? PeerJ 2015; 3:e1433. [PMID: 26713228 PMCID: PMC4690415 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptations to a terrestrial lifestyle occurred convergently multiple times during the evolution of the arthropods. This holds also true for the "true crabs" (Brachyura), a taxon that includes several lineages that invaded land independently. During an evolutionary transition from sea to land, animals have to develop a variety of physiological and anatomical adaptations to a terrestrial life style related to respiration, reproduction, development, circulation, ion and water balance. In addition, sensory systems that function in air instead of in water are essential for an animal's life on land. Besides vision and mechanosensory systems, on land, the chemical senses have to be modified substantially in comparison to their function in water. Among arthropods, insects are the most successful ones to evolve aerial olfaction. Various aspects of terrestrial adaptation have also been analyzed in those crustacean lineages that evolved terrestrial representatives including the taxa Anomala, Brachyura, Amphipoda, and Isopoda. We are interested in how the chemical senses of terrestrial crustaceans are modified to function in air. Therefore, in this study, we analyzed the brains and more specifically the structure of the olfactory system of representatives of brachyuran crabs that display different degrees of terrestriality, from exclusively marine to mainly terrestrial. The methods we used included immunohistochemistry, detection of autofluorescence- and confocal microscopy, as well as three-dimensional reconstruction and morphometry. Our comparative approach shows that both the peripheral and central olfactory pathways are reduced in terrestrial members in comparison to their marine relatives, suggesting a limited function of their olfactory system on land. We conclude that for arthropod lineages that invaded land, evolving aerial olfaction is no trivial task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Krieger
- Zoological Institute and Museum, Department of Cytology and Evolutionary Biology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt Universität Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Philipp Braun
- Zoological Institute and Museum, Department of Cytology and Evolutionary Biology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt Universität Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nicole T. Rivera
- Institute for Zoology, Department of Zoology & Evolution, Universität Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christoph D. Schubart
- Institute for Zoology, Department of Zoology & Evolution, Universität Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Carsten H.G. Müller
- Zoological Institute and Museum, Department of General and Systematic Zoology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt Universität Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Steffen Harzsch
- Zoological Institute and Museum, Department of Cytology and Evolutionary Biology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt Universität Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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19
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Zhang Y, Buchberger A, Muthuvel G, Li L. Expression and distribution of neuropeptides in the nervous system of the crab Carcinus maenas and their roles in environmental stress. Proteomics 2015; 15:3969-79. [PMID: 26475201 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201500256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Environmental fluctuations, such as salinity, impose serious challenges to marine animal survival. Neuropeptides, signaling molecules involved in the regulation process, and the dynamic changes of their full complement in the stress response have yet to be investigated. Here, a MALDI-MS-based stable isotope labeling quantitation strategy was used to investigate the relationship between neuropeptide expression and adaptability of Carcinus maenas to various salinity levels, including high (60 parts per thousand [p.p.t.]) and low (0 p.p.t.) salinity, in both the crustacean pericardial organ (PO) and brain. Moreover, a high salinity stress time course study was conducted. MS imaging (MSI) of neuropeptide localization in C. maenas PO was also performed. As a result of salinity stress, multiple neuropeptide families exhibited changes in their relative abundances, including RFamides (e.g. APQGNFLRFamide), RYamides (e.g. SSFRVGGSRYamide), B-type allatostatins (AST-B; e.g. VPNDWAHFRGSWamide), and orcokinins (e.g. NFDEIDRSSFGFV). The MSI data revealed distribution differences in several neuropeptides (e.g. SGFYANRYamide) between color morphs, but salinity stress appeared to not have a major effect on the localization of the neuropeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhuo Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Amanda Buchberger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Lingjun Li
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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20
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Neuroanatomy of the optic ganglia and central brain of the water flea Daphnia magna (Crustacea, Cladocera). Cell Tissue Res 2015; 363:649-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-015-2279-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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21
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Gellerer A, Franke A, Neupert S, Predel R, Zhou X, Liu S, Reiher W, Wegener C, Homberg U. Identification and distribution of SIFamide in the nervous system of the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria. J Comp Neurol 2015; 523:108-25. [PMID: 25185792 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
SIFamides are a family of highly conserved arthropod neuropeptides. To date, nine orthocopies from different arthropods, most of them insects, have been identified, all consisting of 11-12 amino acid residues. The striking conservation in sequence is mirrored by highly similar morphologies of SIFamide-immunoreactive neurons: immunolabeling in various insect species revealed four immunopositive neurons with somata in the pars intercerebralis and arborizations extending throughout the brain and ventral nervous system. In contrast, the functional role of these neurons and their neuropeptide SIFamide is largely obscure. To provide an additional basis for functional analysis, we identified, by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry, a SIFamide peptide in the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria and studied its distribution throughout the nervous system. Identification was supported by analysis of transcriptomic data obtained from another grasshopper, Stenobothrus lineatus. Scg-SIFamide, unlike all SIFamides identified so far, is a pentadecapeptide with an extended and highly modified N-terminus (AAATFRRPPFNGSIFamide). As in other insects, pairs of descending neurons with somata in the pars intercerebralis and ramifications in most areas of the nervous system are SIFamide-immunoreactive. In addition, a small number of local interneurons in the brain and ventral ganglia were immunostained. Double-label experiments showed that the SIFamide-immunoreactive descending neurons are identical to previously characterized primary commissure pioneer (PNP) neurons of the locust brain that pioneer the first commissure in the brain. The data suggest that the descending SIFamide-immunoreactive neurons play a developmental role in organizing the insect central nervous system. J. Comp. Neurol. 523:108-125, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Gellerer
- Faculty of Biology, Animal Physiology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35032, Marburg, Germany
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22
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Suwansa-ard S, Thongbuakaew T, Wang T, Zhao M, Elizur A, Hanna PJ, Sretarugsa P, Cummins SF, Sobhon P. In silico Neuropeptidome of Female Macrobrachium rosenbergii Based on Transcriptome and Peptide Mining of Eyestalk, Central Nervous System and Ovary. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123848. [PMID: 26023789 PMCID: PMC4449106 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrobrachium rosenbergii is the most economically important of the cultured freshwater crustacean species, yet there is currently a deficiency in genomic and transcriptomic information for research requirements. In this study, we present an in silico analysis of neuropeptide genes within the female M. rosenbergii eyestalk, central nervous system, and ovary. We could confidently predict 37 preproneuropeptide transcripts, including those that encode bursicons, crustacean cardioactive peptide, crustacean hyperglycemic hormones, eclosion hormone, pigment-dispersing hormones, diuretic hormones, neuropeptide F, neuroparsins, SIFamide, and sulfakinin. These transcripts are most prominent within the eyestalk and central nervous system. Transcript tissue distribution as determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction revealed the presence of selected neuropeptide genes of interest mainly in the nervous tissues while others were additionally present in the non-nervous tissues. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of eyestalk peptides confirmed the presence of the crustacean hyperglycemic hormone precursor. This data set provides a strong foundation for further studies into the functional roles of neuropeptides in M. rosenbergii, and will be especially helpful for developing methods to improve crustacean aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saowaros Suwansa-ard
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tipsuda Thongbuakaew
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tianfang Wang
- Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Queensland, Australia
| | - Min Zhao
- Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Queensland, Australia
| | - Abigail Elizur
- Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Queensland, Australia
| | - Peter J. Hanna
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Pro Vice-Chancellor’s Office, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Prapee Sretarugsa
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Scott F. Cummins
- Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail: (SFC); (P. Sobhon)
| | - Prasert Sobhon
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- * E-mail: (SFC); (P. Sobhon)
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Binzer M, Heuer CM, Kollmann M, Kahnt J, Hauser F, Grimmelikhuijzen CJP, Schachtner J. Neuropeptidome of Tribolium castaneum antennal lobes and mushroom bodies. J Comp Neurol 2014; 522:337-57. [PMID: 23818034 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptides are a highly diverse group of signaling molecules that affect a broad range of biological processes in insects, including development, metabolism, behavior, and reproduction. In the central nervous system, neuropeptides are usually considered to act as neuromodulators and cotransmitters that modify the effect of "classical" transmitters at the synapse. The present study analyzes the neuropeptide repertoire of higher cerebral neuropils in the brain of the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum. We focus on two integrative neuropils of the olfactory pathway, the antennal lobes and the mushroom bodies. Using the technique of direct peptide profiling by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry, we demonstrate that these neuropils can be characterized by their specific neuropeptide expression profiles. Complementary immunohistological analyses of selected neuropeptides revealed neuropeptide distribution patterns within the antennal lobes and the mushroom bodies. Both approaches revealed consistent differences between the neuropils, underlining that direct peptide profiling by mass spectrometry is a fast and reliable method to identify neuropeptide content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Binzer
- Philipps-University Marburg, Department of Biology, Animal Physiology, 35043, Marburg, Germany
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24
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Chen T, Zhang LP, Wong NK, Zhong M, Ren CH, Hu CQ. Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) vitellogenesis-inhibiting hormone (VIH) is predominantly expressed in the brain and negatively regulates hepatopancreatic vitellogenin (VTG) gene expression. Biol Reprod 2014; 90:47. [PMID: 24451988 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.113.115030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian maturation in crustaceans is temporally orchestrated by two processes: oogenesis and vitellogenesis. The peptide hormone vitellogenesis-inhibiting hormone (VIH), by far the most potent negative regulator of crustacean reproduction known, critically modulates crustacean ovarian maturation by suppressing vitellogenin (VTG) synthesis. In this study, cDNA encoding VIH was cloned from the eyestalk of Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, a highly significant commercial culture species. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that L. vannamei VIH (lvVIH) can be classified as a member of the type II crustacean hyperglycemic hormone family. Northern blot and RT-PCR results reveal that both the brain and eyestalk were the major sources for lvVIH mRNA expression. In in vitro experiments on primary culture of shrimp hepatopancreatic cells, it was confirmed that some endogenous inhibitory factors existed in L. vannamei hemolymph, brain, and eyestalk that suppressed hepatopancreatic VTG gene expression. Purified recombinant lvVIH protein was effective in inhibiting VTG mRNA expression in both in vitro primary hepatopancreatic cell culture and in vivo injection experiments. Injection of recombinant VIH could also reverse ovarian growth induced by eyestalk ablation. Furthermore, unilateral eyestalk ablation reduced the mRNA level of lvVIH in the brain but not in the remaining contralateral eyestalk. Our study, as a whole, provides new insights on VIH regulation of shrimp reproduction: 1) the brain and eyestalk are both important sites of VIH expression and therefore possible coregulators of hepatopancreatic VTG mRNA expression and 2) eyestalk ablation could increase hepatopancreatic VTG expression by transcriptionally abolishing eyestalk-derived VIH and diminishing brain-derived VIH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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25
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Kim YF, Sandeman DC, Benton JL, Beltz BS. Birth, survival and differentiation of neurons in an adult crustacean brain. Dev Neurobiol 2013; 74:602-15. [PMID: 24339155 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Life-long neurogenesis is a characteristic feature of many vertebrate and invertebrate species. In decapod crustaceans, new neurons are added throughout life to two cell clusters containing local (cluster 9) and projection (cluster 10) interneurons in the olfactory pathway. Adult-born neurons in clusters 9 and 10 in crayfish have the anatomical properties and chemistry of mature neurons by 6 months after birth. Here we use 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation to pulse label mitotically active cells in these cell clusters, followed by a survival time of up to 8 months, during which crayfish (Cherax destructor) were sacrificed at intervals and the numbers of BrdU-labeled cells quantified. We find a decrease in the numbers of BrdU-labeled cells in cell cluster 10 between the first and second weeks following BrdU exposure, suggesting a period of cell death shortly after proliferation. Additional delayed cell divisions in both cell clusters are indicated by increases in labeled cells long after the BrdU clearing time. The differentiation time of these cells into neurons was defined by detection of the first immunoreactivity for the transmitter SIFamide in cluster 10 BrdU-labeled cells, which begins at 4 weeks after BrdU labeling; the numbers of SIFamide-labeled cells continues to increase over the following month. Experiments testing whether proliferation and survival of Cluster 10 cells are influenced by locomotor activity provided no evidence of a correlation between activity levels and cell proliferation, but suggest a strong influence of locomotor activity on cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngmi Faith Kim
- Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts, 02481
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Yan XC, Chen ZF, Sun J, Matsumura K, Wu RSS, Qian PY. Transcriptomic analysis of neuropeptides and peptide hormones in the barnacle Balanus amphitrite: evidence of roles in larval settlement. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46513. [PMID: 23056329 PMCID: PMC3462748 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The barnacle Balanus amphitrite is a globally distributed marine crustacean and has been used as a model species for intertidal ecology and biofouling studies. Its life cycle consists of seven planktonic larval stages followed by a sessile juvenile/adult stage. The transitional processes between larval stages and juveniles are crucial for barnacle development and recruitment. Although some studies have been conducted on the neuroanatomy and neuroactive substances of the barnacle, a comprehensive understanding of neuropeptides and peptide hormones remains lacking. To better characterize barnacle neuropeptidome and its potential roles in larval settlement, an in silico identification of putative transcripts encoding neuropeptides/peptide hormones was performed, based on transcriptome of the barnacle B. amphitrite that has been recently sequenced. Potential cleavage sites andstructure of mature peptides were predicted through homology search of known arthropod peptides. In total, 16 neuropeptide families/subfamilies were predicted from the barnacle transcriptome, and 14 of them were confirmed as genuine neuropeptides by Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends. Analysis of peptide precursor structures and mature sequences showed that some neuropeptides of B. amphitrite are novel isoforms and shared similar characteristics with their homologs from insects. The expression profiling of predicted neuropeptide genes revealed that pigment dispersing hormone, SIFamide, calcitonin, and B-type allatostatin had the highest expression level in cypris stage, while tachykinin-related peptide was down regulated in both cyprids and juveniles. Furthermore, an inhibitor of proprotein convertase related to peptide maturation effectively delayed larval metamorphosis. Combination of real-time PCR results and bioassay indicated that certain neuropeptides may play an important role in cypris settlement. Overall, new insight into neuropeptides/peptide hormones characterized in this study shall provide a platform for unraveling peptidergic control of barnacle larval behavior and settlement process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Cheng Yan
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhang-Fan Chen
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jin Sun
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kiyotaka Matsumura
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Rudolf S. S. Wu
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Pei-Yuan Qian
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Polanska MA, Tuchina O, Agricola H, Hansson BS, Harzsch S. Neuropeptide complexity in the crustacean central olfactory pathway: immunolocalization of A-type allatostatins and RFamide-like peptides in the brain of a terrestrial hermit crab. Mol Brain 2012; 5:29. [PMID: 22967845 PMCID: PMC3523048 DOI: 10.1186/1756-6606-5-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the olfactory system of malacostracan crustaceans, axonal input from olfactory receptor neurons associated with aesthetascs on the animal's first pair of antennae target primary processing centers in the median brain, the olfactory lobes. The olfactory lobes are divided into cone-shaped synaptic areas, the olfactory glomeruli where afferents interact with local olfactory interneurons and olfactory projection neurons. The local olfactory interneurons display a large diversity of neurotransmitter phenotypes including biogenic amines and neuropeptides. Furthermore, the malacostracan olfactory glomeruli are regionalized into cap, subcap, and base regions and these compartments are defined by the projection patterns of the afferent olfactory receptor neurons, the local olfactory interneurons, and the olfactory projection neurons. We wanted to know how neurons expressing A-type allatostatins (A-ASTs; synonym dip-allatostatins) integrate into this system, a large family of neuropeptides that share the C-terminal motif -YXFGLamide. RESULTS We used an antiserum that was raised against the A-type Diploptera punctata (Dip)-allatostatin I to analyse the distribution of this peptide in the brain of a terrestrial hermit crab, Coenobita clypeatus (Anomura, Coenobitidae). Allatostatin A-like immunoreactivity (ASTir) was widely distributed in the animal's brain, including the visual system, central complex and olfactory system. We focussed our analysis on the central olfactory pathway in which ASTir was abundant in the primary processing centers, the olfactory lobes, and also in the secondary centers, the hemiellipsoid bodies. In the olfactory lobes, we further explored the spatial relationship of olfactory interneurons with ASTir to interneurons that synthesize RFamide-like peptides. We found that these two peptides are present in distinct populations of local olfactory interneurons and that their synaptic fields within the olfactory glomeruli are also mostly distinct. CONCLUSIONS We discuss our findings against the background of the known neurotransmitter complexity in the crustacean olfactory pathway and summarize what is now about the neuronal connectivity in the olfactory glomeruli. A-type allatostatins, in addition to their localization in protocerebral brain areas, seem to be involved in modulating the olfactory signal at the level of the deutocerebrum. They contribute to the complex local circuits within the crustacean olfactory glomeruli the connectivity within which as yet is completely unclear. Because the glomeruli of C. clypeatus display a distinct pattern of regionalization, their olfactory systems form an ideal model to explore the functional relevance of glomerular compartments and diversity of local olfactory interneurons for olfactory processing in crustaceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta A Polanska
- Department of Animal Physiology, Zoological Institute, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 1 Miecznikowa Street, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
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Stemme T, Iliffe TM, Bicker G, Harzsch S, Koenemann S. Serotonin immunoreactive interneurons in the brain of the Remipedia: new insights into the phylogenetic affinities of an enigmatic crustacean taxon. BMC Evol Biol 2012; 12:168. [PMID: 22947030 PMCID: PMC3497878 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-12-168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Remipedia, a group of homonomously segmented, cave-dwelling, eyeless arthropods have been regarded as basal crustaceans in most early morphological and taxonomic studies. However, molecular sequence information together with the discovery of a highly differentiated brain led to a reconsideration of their phylogenetic position. Various conflicting hypotheses have been proposed including the claim for a basal position of Remipedia up to a close relationship with Malacostraca or Hexapoda. To provide new morphological characters that may allow phylogenetic insights, we have analyzed the architecture of the remipede brain in more detail using immunocytochemistry (serotonin, acetylated α-tubulin, synapsin) combined with confocal laser-scanning microscopy and image reconstruction techniques. This approach allows for a comprehensive neuroanatomical comparison with other crustacean and hexapod taxa. RESULTS The dominant structures of the brain are the deutocerebral olfactory neuropils, which are linked by the olfactory globular tracts to the protocerebral hemiellipsoid bodies. The olfactory globular tracts form a characteristic chiasm in the center of the brain. In Speleonectes tulumensis, each brain hemisphere contains about 120 serotonin immunoreactive neurons, which are distributed in distinct cell groups supplying fine, profusely branching neurites to 16 neuropilar domains. The olfactory neuropil comprises more than 300 spherical olfactory glomeruli arranged in sublobes. Eight serotonin immunoreactive neurons homogeneously innervate the olfactory glomeruli. In the protocerebrum, serotonin immunoreactivity revealed several structures, which, based on their position and connectivity resemble a central complex comprising a central body, a protocerebral bridge, W-, X-, Y-, Z-tracts, and lateral accessory lobes. CONCLUSIONS The brain of Remipedia shows several plesiomorphic features shared with other Mandibulata, such as deutocerebral olfactory neuropils with a glomerular organization, innervations by serotonin immunoreactive interneurons, and connections to protocerebral neuropils. Also, we provided tentative evidence for W-, X-, Y-, Z-tracts in the remipedian central complex like in the brain of Malacostraca, and Hexapoda. Furthermore, Remipedia display several synapomorphies with Malacostraca supporting a sister group relationship between both taxa. These homologies include a chiasm of the olfactory globular tract, which connects the olfactory neuropils with the lateral protocerebrum and the presence of hemiellipsoid bodies. Even though a growing number of molecular investigations unites Remipedia and Cephalocarida, our neuroanatomical comparison does not provide support for such a sister group relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torben Stemme
- Division of Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Alteration of c-Fos mRNA in the accessory lobe of crayfish is associated with a conditioned-cocaine induced reward. Neurosci Res 2012; 72:243-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2011.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2011] [Revised: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Neupert S, Fusca D, Schachtner J, Kloppenburg P, Predel R. Toward a single-cell-based analysis of neuropeptide expression in Periplaneta americana antennal lobe neurons. J Comp Neurol 2012; 520:694-716. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.22745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Sintoni S, Benton JL, Beltz BS, Hansson BS, Harzsch S. Neurogenesis in the central olfactory pathway of adult decapod crustaceans: development of the neurogenic niche in the brains of procambarid crayfish. Neural Dev 2012; 7:1. [PMID: 22225949 PMCID: PMC3266201 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8104-7-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the decapod crustacean brain, neurogenesis persists throughout the animal's life. After embryogenesis, the central olfactory pathway integrates newborn olfactory local and projection interneurons that replace old neurons or expand the existing population. In crayfish, these neurons are the descendants of precursor cells residing in a neurogenic niche. In this paper, the development of the niche was documented by monitoring proliferating cells with S-phase-specific markers combined with immunohistochemical, dye-injection and pulse-chase experiments. Results Between the end of embryogenesis and throughout the first post-embryonic stage (POI), a defined transverse band of mitotically active cells (which we will term 'the deutocerebral proliferative system' (DPS) appears. Just prior to hatching and in parallel with the formation of the DPS, the anlagen of the niche appears, closely associated with the vasculature. When the hatchling molts to the second post-embryonic stage (POII), the DPS differentiates into the lateral (LPZ) and medial (MPZ) proliferative zones. The LPZ and MPZ are characterized by a high number of mitotically active cells from the beginning of post-embryonic life; in contrast, the developing niche contains only very few dividing cells, a characteristic that persists in the adult organism. Conclusions Our data suggest that the LPZ and MPZ are largely responsible for the production of new neurons in the early post-embryonic stages, and that the neurogenic niche in the beginning plays a subordinate role. However, as the neuroblasts in the proliferation zones disappear during early post-embryonic life, the neuronal precursors in the niche gradually become the dominant and only mechanism for the generation of new neurons in the adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Sintoni
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
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Food odor, visual danger stimulus, and retrieval of an aversive memory trigger heat shock protein HSP70 expression in the olfactory lobe of the crab Chasmagnathus granulatus. Neuroscience 2011; 201:239-51. [PMID: 22100787 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Revised: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Although some of the neuronal substrates that support memory process have been shown in optic ganglia, the brain areas activated by memory process are still unknown in crustaceans. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are synthesized in the CNS not only in response to traumas but also after changes in metabolic activity triggered by the processing of different types of sensory information. Indeed, the expression of citosolic/nuclear forms of HSP70 (HSC/HSP70) has been repeatedly used as a marker for increases in neural metabolic activity in several processes, including psychophysiological stress, fear conditioning, and spatial learning in vertebrates. Previously, we have shown that, in the crab Chasmagnathus, two different environmental challenges, water deprivation and heat shock, trigger a rise in the number of glomeruli of the olfactory lobes (OLs) expressing HSC/HSP70. In this study, we initially performed a morphometric analysis and identified a total of 154 glomeruli in each OL of Chasmagnathus. Here, we found that crabs exposed to food odor stimuli also showed a significant rise in the number of olfactory glomeruli expressing HSC/HSP70. In the crab Chasmagnathus, a powerful memory paradigm based on a change in its defensive strategy against a visual danger stimulus (VDS) has been extensively studied. Remarkably, the iterative presentation of a VDS caused an increase as well. This increase was triggered in animals visually stimulated using protocols that either build up a long-term memory or generate only short-term habituation. Besides, memory reactivation was sufficient to trigger the increase in HSC/HSP70 expression in the OL. Present and previous results strongly suggest that, directly or indirectly, an increase in arousal is a sufficient condition to bring about an increase in HSC/HSP70 expression in the OL of Chasmagnathus.
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Vogt G. Marmorkrebs: natural crayfish clone as emerging model for various biological disciplines. J Biosci 2011; 36:377-82. [PMID: 21654090 DOI: 10.1007/s12038-011-9070-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Günter Vogt
- Faculty of Biosciences, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Christie AE, Nolan DH, Ohno P, Hartline N, Lenz PH. Identification of chelicerate neuropeptides using bioinformatics of publicly accessible expressed sequence tags. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2011; 170:144-55. [PMID: 20888826 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2010.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Revised: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 09/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
While numerous investigations have focused on the identification of neuropeptides in arthropods, most have been conducted on members of the Hexapoda or Crustacea, and little is currently known about those in the Chelicerata. Here, publicly accessible expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were mined for putative chelicerate neuropeptide-encoding transcripts; the peptides encoded by the ESTs were deduced using on-line peptide prediction programs and homology to known isoforms. Fifty-eight ESTs representing eight peptide families/subfamilies were identified using this strategy. Of note was the prediction of the first authentic chelicerate C-type allatostatin, pQIRYHQCYFNPISCF, from the mite Tetranychus urticae, as well as the prediction a novel allatostatin CC peptide, GEGKMFWRCYFNAVSCF, from both the tick Amblyomma variegatum and the scorpion Mesobuthus gibbosus. Also identified from T. urticae were authentic crustacean cardioactive peptide (CCAP), several peptides belonging to the crustacean hyperglycemic hormone/ion transport peptide superfamily, members of the calcitonin-like diuretic hormone/diuretic hormone 31 family, and several FMRFamide-like peptides, specifically members of the neuropeptide F (NPF) and short neuropeptide F subfamilies. To the best of our knowledge the identifications of CCAP and NPF in T. urticae are the first for the Chelicerata. In addition, several novel orcokinins were identified from the scorpion Scorpiops jendeki and the spider Loxosceles laeta; in S. jendeki previously unknown isoforms of SIFamide, ESRNPPLNGSMFamide and ESKNPPLNGSMFamide, were also predicted. Taken collectively, the data presented in our study expand the catalog of known chelicerate neuropeptides and provide a foundation for future physiological studies of them in these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew E Christie
- John W and Jean C Boylan Center for Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Salisbury Cove, ME 04672, USA.
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Christie AE, Stemmler EA, Dickinson PS. Crustacean neuropeptides. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:4135-69. [PMID: 20725764 PMCID: PMC11115526 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0482-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2010] [Revised: 07/09/2010] [Accepted: 07/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Crustaceans have long been used for peptide research. For example, the process of neurosecretion was first formally demonstrated in the crustacean X-organ-sinus gland system, and the first fully characterized invertebrate neuropeptide was from a shrimp. Moreover, the crustacean stomatogastric and cardiac nervous systems have long served as models for understanding the general principles governing neural circuit functioning, including modulation by peptides. Here, we review the basic biology of crustacean neuropeptides, discuss methodologies currently driving their discovery, provide an overview of the known families, and summarize recent data on their control of physiology and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew E Christie
- Program in Neuroscience, John W. and Jean C. Boylan Center for Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Old Bar Harbor Road, P.O. Box 35, Salisbury Cove, ME 04672, USA.
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Krieger J, Sandeman RE, Sandeman DC, Hansson BS, Harzsch S. Brain architecture of the largest living land arthropod, the Giant Robber Crab Birgus latro (Crustacea, Anomura, Coenobitidae): evidence for a prominent central olfactory pathway? Front Zool 2010; 7:25. [PMID: 20831795 PMCID: PMC2945339 DOI: 10.1186/1742-9994-7-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several lineages within the Crustacea conquered land independently during evolution, thereby requiring physiological adaptations for a semi-terrestrial or even a fully terrestrial lifestyle. Birgus latro Linnaeus, 1767, the giant robber crab or coconut crab (Anomura, Coenobitidae), is the largest land-living arthropod and inhabits Indo-Pacific islands such as Christmas Island. B. latro has served as a model in numerous studies of physiological aspects related to the conquest of land by crustaceans. From an olfactory point of view, a transition from sea to land means that molecules need to be detected in gas phase instead of in water solution. Previous studies have provided physiological evidence that terrestrial hermit crabs (Coenobitidae) such as B. latro have a sensitive and well differentiated sense of smell. Here we analyze the brain, in particular the olfactory processing areas of B. latro, by morphological analysis followed by 3 D reconstruction and immunocytochemical studies of synaptic proteins and a neuropeptide. RESULTS The primary and secondary olfactory centers dominate the brain of B. latro and together account for ca. 40% of the neuropil volume in its brain. The paired olfactory neuropils are tripartite and composed of more than 1,000 columnar olfactory glomeruli, which are radially arranged around the periphery of the olfactory neuropils. The glomeruli are innervated ca. 90,000 local interneurons and ca. 160,000 projection neurons per side. The secondary olfactory centers, the paired hemiellipsoid neuropils, are targeted by the axons of these olfactory projection neurons. The projection neuron axonal branches make contact to ca. 250.000 interneurons (per side) associated with the hemiellipsoid neuropils. The hemiellipsoid body neuropil is organized into parallel neuropil lamellae, a design that is quite unusual for decapod crustaceans. The architecture of the optic neuropils and areas associated with antenna two suggest that B. latro has visual and mechanosensory skills that are comparable to those of marine Crustacea. CONCLUSIONS In parallel to previous behavioral findings that B. latro has aerial olfaction, our results indicate that their central olfactory pathway is indeed most prominent. Similar findings from the closely related terrestrial hermit crab Coenobita clypeatus suggest that in Coenobitidae, olfaction is a major sensory modality processed by the brain, and that for these animals, exploring the olfactory landscape is vital for survival in their terrestrial habitat. Future studies on terrestrial members of other crustacean taxa such as Isopoda, Amphipoda, Astacida, and Brachyura will shed light on how frequently the establishment of an aerial sense of olfaction evolved in Crustacea during the transition from sea to land. Amounting to ca. 1,000,000, the numbers of interneurons that analyse the olfactory input in B. latro brains surpasses that in other terrestrial arthropods, as e.g. the honeybee Apis mellifera or the moth Manduca sexta, by two orders of magnitude suggesting that B. latro in fact is a land-living arthropod that has devoted a substantial amount of nervous tissue to the sense of smell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Krieger
- Institute of Zoology, Department of Cytology and Evolution, University of Greifswald, Johann-Sebastian-Bach-Straße 11/12, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Renate E Sandeman
- Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Fachbereich 06 Psychologie und Sportwissenschaft, Abteilung für Entwicklungspsychologie, Otto-Behaghel-Strasse 10F, D-35394 Giessen, Germany
| | - David C Sandeman
- Wellesley College, 106 Central Street, Wellesley College, Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley, MA 02481-8203, USA
| | - Bill S Hansson
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Beutenberg Campus, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Steffen Harzsch
- Institute of Zoology, Department of Cytology and Evolution, University of Greifswald, Johann-Sebastian-Bach-Straße 11/12, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Beutenberg Campus, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
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Frenkel L, Dimant B, Portiansky EL, Imboden H, Maldonado H, Delorenzi A. Neuroanatomical distribution of angiotensin-II-like neuropeptide within the central nervous system of the crab Chasmagnathus; physiological changes triggered by water deprivation. Cell Tissue Res 2010; 341:181-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-010-0990-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2009] [Accepted: 05/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Chen R, Cape SS, Sturm RM, Li L. Mass spectrometric imaging of neuropeptides in decapod crustacean neuronal tissues. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 656:451-463. [PMID: 20680607 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-746-4_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The emerging technology mass spectrometric imaging (MSI) provides an attractive opportunity to detect and probe the molecular content of tissues in an anatomical context. This powerful methodology has been applied extensively to the localization of proteins, peptides, pharmaceuticals, metabolites, lipids, and other biological and chemical compounds in tissues. Herein, we present a method developed specifically for mapping neuropeptides in crustacean neuronal tissues. Both cryostat tissue sectioning and whole-mount tissue blotting techniques are highlighted. Careful sample preparation is essential for obtaining sufficient analyte/matrix mixing while retaining the spatial localization of the neuropeptides. Several matrix application apparatus and techniques are described and compared. Furthermore, three-dimensional (3D) imaging has been developed to provide detailed information about the distribution of neuropeptides within 3D structure of a crustacean brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruibing Chen
- School of Pharmacy and Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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Vázquez-Acevedo N, Rivera NM, Torres-González AM, Rullan-Matheu Y, Ruíz-Rodríguez EA, Sosa MA. GYRKPPFNGSIFamide (Gly-SIFamide) modulates aggression in the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2009; 217:313-26. [PMID: 20040755 PMCID: PMC2892311 DOI: 10.1086/bblv217n3p313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii is a tropical crustacean with characteristics similar to those of lobsters and crayfish. Adult males develop through three morphological types-small (SC), yellow (YC), and blue claws (BC)-with each representing a level in the dominance hierarchy of a group, BC males being the most dominant. We are interested in understanding the role played by neuropeptides in the mechanisms underlying aggressive behavior and the establishment of dominance hierarchies in this type of prawn. SIFamides are a family of arthropod peptides recently identified in the central nervous system of insects and crustaceans, where it has been linked to olfaction, sexual behavior, and gut endocrine functions. One of the six SIFamide isoforms, GYRKPPFNGSIFamide (Gly-SIFamide), is highly conserved among decapod crustaceans such as crabs and crayfish. We wanted to determine whether Gly-SIFamide plays a role in modulating aggression and dominant behavior in the prawn. To do this, we performed behavioral experiments in which interactions between BC/YC pairs were recorded and quantified before and after injecting Gly-SIFamide directly into the circulating hemolymph of the living animal. Behavioral data showed that aggression among interacting BC/YC prawns was enhanced by injection of Gly-SIFamide, suggesting that this neuropeptide does have a modulatory role for this type of behavior in the prawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nietzell Vázquez-Acevedo
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, PO Box 365067, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936-5067
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Chen R, Hui L, Sturm RM, Li L. Three dimensional mapping of neuropeptides and lipids in crustacean brain by mass spectral imaging. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2009; 20:1068-77. [PMID: 19264504 PMCID: PMC2756544 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2009.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2008] [Revised: 01/23/2009] [Accepted: 01/23/2009] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Imaging mass spectrometry is emerging as a powerful tool that has been applied extensively for the localization of proteins, peptides, pharmaceutical compounds, metabolites, and lipids in biological tissues. In this article, a three-dimensional mass spectral imaging (3D MSI) technique was developed to examine distribution patterns of multiple neuropeptide families and lipids in the brain of the crab Cancer borealis. Different matrix/solvent combinations were compared for preferential extraction and detection of neuropeptides and lipids. Combined with morphological information, the distribution of numerous neuropeptides throughout the 3D structure of brain was determined using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/TOF MS). Different localization patterns were observed for different neuropeptide families, and isoforms displaying unique distribution patterns that were distinct from the common family distribution trends were also detected. In addition, multiple lipids were identified and mapped from brain tissue slices. To confirm their identities, MS/MS fragmentation was performed. Different lipid species displayed distinct localization patterns, suggesting their potential different functional roles in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lingjun Li
- Address reprint requests to Lingjun Li, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705-2222. Phone: (608)265-8491, Fax: (608)262-5345.
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Verleyen P, Huybrechts J, Schoofs L. SIFamide illustrates the rapid evolution in Arthropod neuropeptide research. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2009; 162:27-35. [PMID: 19014945 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2008.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2008] [Revised: 09/28/2008] [Accepted: 10/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This review is focussed on SIFamide. This neuropeptide was discovered as a result of an extensive purification process, typical for 20th century physiology, of an extract of 350,000 flesh flies. Our knowledge of SIFamide greatly expanded since the first publication in 1996. Describing the minor and major findings on this peptide is our lead to summarise a number of innovations that recently became common in research on Arthropods. Mass spectrometry, nanoLC, whole mount immunocytochemistry, genome sequencing, deorphanizing receptors and functional gene knock downs are aspects that dramatically improved and changed peptide research. Some of the techniques mentioned in this review were of course applied before 1996, but they were not widespread. Although the focus of the review is on insects we incorporated the data of SIFamide in Crustaceans as well. SIFamide illustrates that crustaceans and insects might have more in common than was previously anticipated. Today, six isoforms of SIFamide are discovered in many crustaceans, several insects and a tick. The sequence of SIFamide is extremely conserved among these species. Deorphanizing its receptor in Drosophila, learned that both the ligand and receptor are impressively conserved, pointing at a crucial function. Immunohistochemistry and mass spectrometry data reveal that SIFamide is present in the crustacean brain and gut, but restricted to four neurons in the insect pars intercerebralis. The immunoreactive patterns in the brain refer to a neuromodulatory role in combining visual, tactile and olfactory input. Eventually, targeted cell ablation and RNAi revealed that SIFamide modulates sexual behaviour in fruit flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Verleyen
- K.U. Leuven, Zoological Institute, Research Group of Functional Genomics and Proteomics, Naamsestraat 59, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Engrailed-like immunoreactivity in the embryonic ventral nerve cord of the Marbled Crayfish (Marmorkrebs). INVERTEBRATE NEUROSCIENCE 2008; 8:177-97. [PMID: 19005710 DOI: 10.1007/s10158-008-0081-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2008] [Accepted: 10/27/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The homeobox transcription factor Engrailed is involved in controlling segmentation during arthropod germ band formation but also in establishing individual neuronal identities during later embryogenesis. In Crustacea, most studies analysing the expression of Engrailed so far have focussed on its function as segment polarity gene. In continuation to these previous studies, we analysed the neuronal expression of the Engrailed protein by immunohistochemistry in the embryonic nerve cord of a parthenogenetic crustacean, the Marbled Crayfish (Marmorkrebs). We paid particular attention to the individual identification of Engrailed expressing putative neuroblasts in the crayfish embryos. Engrailed positive cells in the neuroectoderm were counted, measured and mapped from 38 to 65% of embryonic development. That way, several Engrailed positive putative neuroblasts and putative neurons were identified. Our findings are compared with earlier studies on Engrailed expression during germ band formation in Crustacea. Recent data on neurogenesis in an amphipod crustacean have provided compelling evidence for the homology of several identified neuroblasts between this amphipod and insects. The present report may serve as a basis to explore the question if during crustacean neurogenesis additional communalities with insects exist.
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Vogt G. The marbled crayfish: a new model organism for research on development, epigenetics and evolutionary biology. J Zool (1987) 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2008.00473.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Homberg U. Evolution of the central complex in the arthropod brain with respect to the visual system. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2008; 37:347-362. [PMID: 18502176 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2008.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2006] [Revised: 12/19/2007] [Accepted: 01/03/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Modular midline neuropils, termed arcuate body (Chelicerata, Onychophora) or central body (Myriapoda, Crustacea, Insecta), are a prominent feature of the arthropod brain. In insects and crayfish, the central body is connected to a second midline-spanning neuropil, the protocerebral bridge. Both structures are collectively termed central complex. While some investigators have assumed that central and arcuate bodies are homologous, others have questioned this view. Stimulated by recent evidence for a role of the central complex in polarization vision and object recognition, the architectures of midline neuropils and their associations with the visual system were compared across panarthropods. In chelicerates and onychophorans, second-order neuropils subserving the median eyes are associated with the arcuate body. The central complex of decapods and insects, instead, receives indirect input from the lateral (compound) eye visual system, and connections with median eye (ocellar) projections are present. Together with other characters these data are consistent with a common origin of arcuate bodies and central complexes from an ancestral modular midline neuropil but, depending on the choice of characters, the protocerebral bridge or the central body shows closer affinity with the arcuate body. A possible common role of midline neuropils in azimuth-dependent sensory and motor tasks is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Homberg
- Fachbereich Biologie, Tierphysiologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Strass8, D-35032 Marburg, Germany.
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Harzsch S, Hansson BS. Brain architecture in the terrestrial hermit crab Coenobita clypeatus (Anomura, Coenobitidae), a crustacean with a good aerial sense of smell. BMC Neurosci 2008; 9:58. [PMID: 18590553 PMCID: PMC2459186 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-9-58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2007] [Accepted: 06/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background During the evolutionary radiation of Crustacea, several lineages in this taxon convergently succeeded in meeting the physiological challenges connected to establishing a fully terrestrial life style. These physiological adaptations include the need for sensory organs of terrestrial species to function in air rather than in water. Previous behavioral and neuroethological studies have provided solid evidence that the land hermit crabs (Coenobitidae, Anomura) are a group of crustaceans that have evolved a good sense of aerial olfaction during the conquest of land. We wanted to study the central olfactory processing areas in the brains of these organisms and to that end analyzed the brain of Coenobita clypeatus (Herbst, 1791; Anomura, Coenobitidae), a fully terrestrial tropical hermit crab, by immunohistochemistry against synaptic proteins, serotonin, FMRFamide-related peptides, and glutamine synthetase. Results The primary olfactory centers in this species dominate the brain and are composed of many elongate olfactory glomeruli. The secondary olfactory centers that receive an input from olfactory projection neurons are almost equally large as the olfactory lobes and are organized into parallel neuropil lamellae. The architecture of the optic neuropils and those areas associated with antenna two suggest that C. clypeatus has visual and mechanosensory skills that are comparable to those of marine Crustacea. Conclusion In parallel to previous behavioral findings of a good sense of aerial olfaction in C. clypeatus, our results indicate that in fact their central olfactory pathway is most prominent, indicating that olfaction is a major sensory modality that these brains process. Interestingly, the secondary olfactory neuropils of insects, the mushroom bodies, also display a layered structure (vertical and medial lobes), superficially similar to the lamellae in the secondary olfactory centers of C. clypeatus. More detailed analyses with additional markers will be necessary to explore the question if these similarities have evolved convergently with the establishment of superb aerial olfactory abilities or if this design goes back to a shared principle in the common ancestor of Crustacea and Hexapoda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Harzsch
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Beutenberg Campus, Hans-Knöll-Str, 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
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Rieger V, Harzsch S. Embryonic development of the histaminergic system in the ventral nerve cord of the Marbled Crayfish (Marmorkrebs). Tissue Cell 2007; 40:113-26. [PMID: 18067933 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2007.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2007] [Revised: 10/22/2007] [Accepted: 10/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The embryonic development of neurotransmitter systems in crustaceans so far is poorly understood. Therefore, in the current study we monitored the ontogeny of histamine-immunoreactive neurons in the ventral nerve cord of the Marbled Crayfish, an emerging crustacean model system for developmental studies. The first histaminergic neurons arise around 60% of embryonic development, well after the primordial axonal scaffold of the ventral nerve cord has been established. This suggests that histaminergic neurons do not serve as pioneer neurons but that their axons follow well established axonal tracts. The developmental sequence of the different types of histaminergic neurons is charted in this study. The analysis of the histaminergic structures is also extended into adult specimens, showing a persistence of embryonic histaminergic neurons into adulthood. Our data are compared to the pattern of histaminergic neurons in other crustaceans and discussed with regard to our knowledge on other aspects of neurogenesis in Crustacea. Furthermore, the possible role of histaminergic neurons as characters in evolutionary considerations is evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Rieger
- Universität Ulm, Fakultät für Naturwissenschaften, Institut für Neurobiologie, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
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