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Tiligada E, Gafarov D, Zaimi M, Vitte J, Levi-Schaffer F. Novel Immunopharmacological Drugs for the Treatment of Allergic Diseases. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2024; 64:481-506. [PMID: 37722722 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-051623-091038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
The exponential rise in the prevalence of allergic diseases since the mid-twentieth century has led to a genuine public health emergency and has also fostered major progress in research on the underlying mechanisms and potential treatments. The management of allergic diseases benefits from the biological revolution, with an array of novel immunomodulatory therapeutic and investigational tools targeting players of allergic inflammation at distinct pathophysiological steps. Prominent examples include therapeutic monoclonal antibodies against cytokines, alarmins, and their receptors, as well as small-molecule modifiers of signal transduction mainly mediated by Janus kinases and Bruton's tyrosine kinases. However, the first-line therapeutic options have yet to switch from symptomatic to disease-modifying interventions. Here we present an overview of available drugs in the context of our current understanding of allergy pathophysiology, identify potential therapeutic targets, and conclude by providing a selection of candidate immunopharmacological molecules under investigation for potential future use in allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterini Tiligada
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Unit, School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel;
| | - Daria Gafarov
- Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Unit, School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel;
| | - Maria Zaimi
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Joana Vitte
- Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Unit, School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel;
- Desbrest Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Montpellier, INSERM
- Montpellier, France
| | - Francesca Levi-Schaffer
- Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Unit, School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel;
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Gaur P, Seaf M, Trabelsi N, Marcu O, Gafarov D, Schueler-Furman O, Mandelboim O, Ben-Zimra M, Levi-Schaffer F. 2B4: A potential target in Staphylococcus aureus associated allergic inflammation. Clin Exp Immunol 2024; 215:37-46. [PMID: 37583293 PMCID: PMC10776246 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxad089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (SA) and its exotoxins activate eosinophils (Eos) and mast cells (MCs) via CD48, a GPI-anchored receptor belonging to the signaling lymphocytes activation molecules (SLAM) family. 2B4 (CD244), an immuno-regulatory transmembrane receptor also belonging to the SLAM family, is the high-affinity ligand for CD48. 2B4 is expressed on several leukocytes including NK cells, T cells, basophils, monocytes, dendritic cells (DCs), and Eos. In the Eos and MCs crosstalk carried out by physical and soluble interactions (named the 'allergic effector unit', AEU), 2B4-CD48 binding plays a central role. As CD48 and 2B4 share some structural characteristics and SA colonization accompanies most of the allergic diseases, we hypothesized that SA exotoxins (e.g. Staphylococcus enterotoxin B, SEB) can also bind and activate 2B4 and thereby possibly further aggravate inflammation. To check our hypothesis, we used in vitro, in silico, and in vivo methods. By enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), flow cytometry (FC), fluorescence microscopy, and microscale thermophoresis, we have shown that SEB can bind specifically to 2B4. By Eos short- and long-term activation assays, we confirmed the functionality of the SEB-2B4 interaction. Using computational modeling, we identified possible SEB-binding sites on human and mouse 2B4. Finally, in vivo, in an SEB-induced peritonitis model, 2B4-KO mice showed a significant reduction of inflammatory features compared with WT mice. Altogether, the results of this study confirm that 2B4 is an important receptor in SEB-mediated inflammation, and therefore a role is suggested for 2B4 in SA associated inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratibha Gaur
- Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Unit, School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Mansour Seaf
- Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Unit, School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nirit Trabelsi
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Orly Marcu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Daria Gafarov
- Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Unit, School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ora Schueler-Furman
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ofer Mandelboim
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, IMRIC, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Micha Ben-Zimra
- Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Unit, School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Francesca Levi-Schaffer
- Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Unit, School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
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Treco E, Huan E, Varzavand A, Fairley JA, Messingham K. Elevated levels of sCD48 are inversely correlated with markers of disease activity in bullous pemphigoid. Exp Dermatol 2023; 32:85-90. [PMID: 36134505 PMCID: PMC9912975 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
sCD48 is elevated in diseases characterized by IgE and eosinophilia. Thus, serum levels sCD48 were evaluated in relation to clinical characteristics of Bullous pemphigoid (BP) patients. sCD48 levels were determined by ELISA in sera from 26 patients with classic BP and 26 healthy controls. Disease severity scores, differential blood counts, and circulating autoantibody levels were obtained. A correlation analysis was performed to establish relationships between sCD48 and clinical and laboratory markers of disease severity. Overall, circulating levels of sCD48 were significantly elevated in BP patients; however, when stratified based on disease severity, patients with mild-moderate disease had higher levels of sCD48 than those with severe disease. A Spearman's correlation analysis identified an inverse relationship between sCD48 and disease activity, serum BP180 IgE and peripheral eosinophil numbers. Further studies are needed to determine the pathologic relevance of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Treco
- Department of Dermatology University of Iowa Iowa City Iowa USA
| | - Eunice Huan
- Department of Dermatology University of Iowa Iowa City Iowa USA
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Zhou B, Li J, Liu R, Zhu L, Peng C. The Role of Crosstalk of Immune Cells in Pathogenesis of Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria. Front Immunol 2022; 13:879754. [PMID: 35711438 PMCID: PMC9193815 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.879754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) is defined as recurrent episodes of spontaneous wheal development and/or angioedema for more than six weeks and at least twice a week. The core link in the pathogenesis of CSU is the activation of mast cells, T cells, eosinophils, and other immune cells infiltrating around the small venules of the lesion. Increased vascular permeability, vasodilatation, and recruitment of inflammatory cells directly depend on mast cell mediators’ release. Complex regulatory systems tightly influence the critical roles of mast cells in the local microenvironment. The bias toward Th2 inflammation and autoantibodies derived from B cells, histamine expressed by basophils, and initiation of the extrinsic coagulation pathway by eosinophils or monocytes exerts powerful modulatory influences on mast cells. Cell-to-cell interactions between mast cells and eosinophils/T cells also are regulators of their function and may involve CSU’s pathomechanism. This review summarizes up-to-date knowledge regarding the crosstalk between mast cells and other immune cells, providing the impetus to develop new research concepts and treatment strategies for CSU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingjing Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Personalized Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Personalized Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Runqiu Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Personalized Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Personalized Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Cong Peng
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Personalized Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Cong Peng,
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Ceulemans M, Jacobs I, Wauters L, Vanuytsel T. Immune Activation in Functional Dyspepsia: Bystander Becoming the Suspect. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:831761. [PMID: 35557605 PMCID: PMC9087267 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.831761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Disorders of gut-brain interaction (DGBI), formerly termed functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGID), are highly prevalent although exact pathophysiological mechanisms remain unclear. Intestinal immune activation has been recognized, but increasing evidence supports a pivotal role for an active inflammatory state in these disorders. In functional dyspepsia (FD), marked eosinophil and mast cell infiltration has been repeatedly demonstrated and associations with symptoms emphasize the relevance of an eosinophil-mast cell axis in FD pathophysiology. In this Review, we highlight the importance of immune activation in DGBI with a focus on FD. We summarize eosinophil biology in both homeostasis and inflammatory processes. The evidence for immune activation in FD is outlined with attention to alterations on both cellular and molecular level, and how these may contribute to FD symptomatology. As DGBI are complex and multifactorial conditions, we shed light on factors associated to, and potentially influencing immune activation, including bidirectional gut-brain interaction, allergy and the microbiota. Crucial studies reveal a therapeutic benefit of treatments targeting immune activation, suggesting that specific anti-inflammatory therapies could offer renewed hope for at least a subset of DGBI patients. Lastly, we explore the future directions for DGBI research that could advance the field. Taken together, emerging evidence supports the recognition of FD as an immune-mediated organic-based disorder, challenging the paradigm of a strictly functional nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Ceulemans
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Inge Jacobs
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lucas Wauters
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tim Vanuytsel
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Tim Vanuytsel,
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Reply to "The allergic effector unit: From basic science to drug-targetable mast cell-eosinophil interactions in patients". THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE 2021; 9:3846-3847. [PMID: 34627542 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2021.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Pahima H, Puzzovio PG, Levi-Schaffer F. A novel mast cell-dependent allergic peritonitis model. Clin Exp Immunol 2021; 205:306-315. [PMID: 33999404 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Typical murine models of allergic inflammation are induced by the combination of ovalbumin and aluminum hydroxide. However, accumulating evidence indicates that, in models of asthma and atopic dermatitis, allergic inflammation can be generated in the absence of aluminum hydroxide. Moreover, co-administration of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B with ovalbumin can enhance inflammation. The objective of this study was to establish a rapid and mast cell-dependent murine model of allergic inflammation by inducing allergic peritonitis using ovalbumin and S. aureus enterotoxin B. Allergic peritonitis was induced in C57BL/6 mice by subcutaneous sensitization and intraperitoneal challenge with ovalbumin and S. aureus enterotoxin B. Disease characteristics were assessed by flow cytometry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), trypan blue exclusion and colorimetric assays. The time-course of the allergic peritonitis revealed a peak of peritoneal inflammation 48 h after challenge, as assessed by total cells and eosinophil counts. The decrease of cell numbers started 96 h post-challenge, with complete clearance within 168 h. Moreover, significantly higher levels of tryptase and increased vascular permeability were found 30 min following challenge. Allergic inflammation induction by ovalbumin and S. aureus enterotoxin B was impaired in mast cell-deficient mice and partially restored by mice reconstitution with bone marrow-derived mast cells, indicating the mast cell role in this model. We present a novel model of allergic peritonitis that is mast cell-dependent, simple and robust. Moreover, the use of S. aureus enterotoxin B better resembles human allergic inflammation, which is known to be characterized by the colonization of S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadas Pahima
- Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Unit, School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Pier Giorgio Puzzovio
- Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Unit, School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Francesca Levi-Schaffer
- Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Unit, School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Mast cells have previously been thought to function solely as effector cells in asthma but more recent studies have indicated that mast cells may play a more central role in propagating and regulating lower airway inflammation in asthma. RECENT FINDINGS Initial studies have found increased numbers of mast cell progenitors (MCPs) in the peripheral blood of patients with asthma and these cells could contribute to the increased number of progenitors identified in the airways of patients with asthma. There are unique subpopulations of mast cells within the asthmatic airway, which are characterized by their physical location and distinguished by their expression profile of mast cell proteases. Intraepithelial mast cells are tightly associated with type-2 (T2) inflammation but additional studies have suggested a role for anti-mast cell therapies as a treatment for T2-low asthma. Mast cells have recently been shown to closely communicate with the airway epithelium and airway smooth muscle to regulate lower airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness. SUMMARY Recent studies have better illuminated the central role of mast cells in regulating lower airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C. Murphy
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine
- Center for Lung Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Teal S. Hallstrand
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine
- Center for Lung Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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Abstract
Mast cells and eosinophils are the key effector cells of allergy [1]. In general, allergic reactions are composed of two phases, namely an early phase and a late phase, and after that resolution occurs. If the allergic reactions fail to resolve after the late phase, allergic inflammation (AI) can evolve into a chronic phase mainly involving mast cells and eosinophils that abundantly coexist in the inflamed tissue in the late and chronic phases and cross-talk in a bidirectional manner. We defined these bidirectional interactions between MCs and Eos, as the "allergic effector unit." This cross talk is mediated by both physical cell-cell contacts through cell surface receptors such as CD48, 2B4, and respective ligands and through released mediators such as various specific granular mediators, arachidonic acid metabolites, cytokines, and chemokines [2, 3]. The allergic effector unit can be studied in vitro in a customized co-culture system using mast cells and eosinophils derived from either mouse or human sources.
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Vitallé J, Terrén I, Orrantia A, Bilbao A, Gamboa PM, Borrego F, Zenarruzabeitia O. The Expression and Function of CD300 Molecules in the Main Players of Allergic Responses: Mast Cells, Basophils and Eosinophils. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093173. [PMID: 32365988 PMCID: PMC7247439 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Allergy is the host immune response against non-infectious substances called allergens. The prevalence of allergic diseases is increasing worldwide. However, while some drugs counteract the symptomatology caused by allergic reactions, no completely effective treatments for allergic diseases have been developed yet. In this sense, the ability of surface activating and inhibitory receptors to modulate the function of the main effector cells of allergic responses makes these molecules potential pharmacological targets. The CD300 receptor family consists of members with activating and inhibitory capabilities mainly expressed on the surface of immune cells. Multiple studies in the last few years have highlighted the importance of CD300 molecules in several pathological conditions. This review summarizes the literature on CD300 receptor expression, regulation and function in mast cells, basophils and eosinophils, the main players of allergic responses. Moreover, we review the involvement of CD300 receptors in the pathogenesis of certain allergic diseases, as well as their prospective use as therapeutic targets for the treatment of IgE-dependent allergic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Vitallé
- Immunopathology Group, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain; (J.V.); (I.T.); (A.O.); (A.B.); (P.M.G.); (F.B.)
| | - Iñigo Terrén
- Immunopathology Group, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain; (J.V.); (I.T.); (A.O.); (A.B.); (P.M.G.); (F.B.)
| | - Ane Orrantia
- Immunopathology Group, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain; (J.V.); (I.T.); (A.O.); (A.B.); (P.M.G.); (F.B.)
| | - Agurtzane Bilbao
- Immunopathology Group, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain; (J.V.); (I.T.); (A.O.); (A.B.); (P.M.G.); (F.B.)
- Pediatrics Service, Cruces University Hospital, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Pedro M. Gamboa
- Immunopathology Group, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain; (J.V.); (I.T.); (A.O.); (A.B.); (P.M.G.); (F.B.)
- Allergology Service, Cruces University Hospital, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Francisco Borrego
- Immunopathology Group, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain; (J.V.); (I.T.); (A.O.); (A.B.); (P.M.G.); (F.B.)
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Olatz Zenarruzabeitia
- Immunopathology Group, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain; (J.V.); (I.T.); (A.O.); (A.B.); (P.M.G.); (F.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-699-227-735
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Gastrointestinal Manifestations of Hypereosinophilic Syndromes and Mast Cell Disorders: a Comprehensive Review. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2020; 57:194-212. [PMID: 30003499 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-018-8695-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hypereosinophilic syndrome and mastocytosis are relatively rare proliferative diseases encountered in the general population. However, allergists frequently consider these disorders in the differential of patients presenting with gastrointestinal, pulmonary, cutaneous, and allergic symptoms. Gastrointestinal symptoms are some of the most frequent and/or debilitating aspects of both disease states and in many cases lead to poor quality of life and functional limitation for the patient. They are the third most common clinical manifestation in hypereosinophilic syndrome and have been found to be the most distressful aspect of the disorder in those with systemic mastocytosis. Both eosinophils and mast cells play integral parts in normal gut physiology, but when and how exactly their effector functionality translates into clinically significant disease remains unclear, and the available literature regarding their pathophysiology remains sparse. Eosinophils and mast cells even, in fact, may not necessarily function in isolation from each other but can participate in bidirectional crosstalk. Both are affected by similar mediators and can also influence one another in a paracrine fashion. Their interactions include both production of soluble mediators for specific eosinophil and mast cell receptors (for example, eosinophil recruitment and activation by mast cells releasing histamine and eotaxin) as well as direct physical contact. The mechanistic relationship between clonal forms of hypereosinophilia and systemic mastocytosis has also been explored. The nature of gastrointestinal symptomatology in the setting of both hypereosinophilic syndrome and mast cell disease is frequently manifold, heterogeneous, and the lack of better targeted therapy makes diagnosis and management challenging, especially when faced with a substantial differential. Currently, the management of these gastrointestinal symptoms relies on the treatment of the overall disease process. In hypereosinophilia patients, systemic corticosteroids are mainstay, although steroid-sparing agents such as hydroxyurea, IFN-α, methotrexate, cyclosporine, imatinib, and mepolizumab have been utilized with varying success. In mastocytosis patients, anti-mediator therapy with antihistamines and mast cell stabilization with cromolyn sodium can be considered treatments of choice, followed by other therapies yet to be thoroughly studied, including the role of the low-histamine diet, corticosteroids, and treatment of associated IBS symptoms. Given that both eosinophils and mast cells may have joint pathophysiologic roles, they have the potential to be a combined target for therapeutic intervention in disease states exhibiting eosinophil or mast cell involvement.
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Ogasawara H, Furuno M, Edamura K, Noguchi M. Peptides of major basic protein and eosinophil cationic protein activate human mast cells. Biochem Biophys Rep 2019; 21:100719. [PMID: 32072023 PMCID: PMC7016281 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2019.100719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The eosinophil granule proteins, major basic protein (MBP) and eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), activate mast cells during inflammation; however the mechanism responsible for this activity is poorly understood. We found that some theoretical tryptase-digested fragments of MBP and ECP induced degranulation of human cord blood-derived mast cells (HCMCs). The spectrum of activities of these peptides in HCMCs coincided with intracellular Ca2+ mobilization activities in Mas-related G-protein coupled receptor family member X2 (MRGPRX2)-expressing HEK293 cells. Two peptides corresponding to MBP residues 99–110 (MBP (99–110)) and ECP residues 29–45 (ECP (29–45)), respectively, induced degranulation of HCMCs and intracellular Ca2+ mobilization in MRGPRX2-expressing HEK293 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Stimulation with MBP (99–110) or ECP (29–45) induced the production of prostaglandin D2 by HCMCs. The activities of MBP (99–110) and ECP (29–45) in both HCMCs and MRGPRX2-expressing HEK293 cells were inhibited by MRGPRX2-specific antagonists. In conclusion, these results indicated that MBP and ECP fragments activate HCMCs, and it may occur via MRGPRX2. Our findings suggest that tryptase-digested fragments of eosinophil cationic proteins acting via the MRGPRX2 pathway may further our understanding of mast cell/eosinophil communication. Mast cell activators were found in tryptase-fragments from MBP and ECP. These fragments activated MRGPRX2-expressing cells. MRGPRX2 antagonists inhibited mast cell activation caused by active fragments. Active fragments may work as mediators in mast cell/eosinophil communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Ogasawara
- Pharmaceutical Frontier Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-13-2 Fukuura, Kanazawa-Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Masahiro Furuno
- Pharmaceutical Frontier Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-13-2 Fukuura, Kanazawa-Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Koji Edamura
- Pharmaceutical Frontier Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-13-2 Fukuura, Kanazawa-Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Masato Noguchi
- Pharmaceutical Frontier Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-13-2 Fukuura, Kanazawa-Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan
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Pelaia C, Paoletti G, Puggioni F, Racca F, Pelaia G, Canonica GW, Heffler E. Interleukin-5 in the Pathophysiology of Severe Asthma. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1514. [PMID: 31920718 PMCID: PMC6927944 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-5 (IL-5) exerts a central pathogenic role in differentiation, recruitment, survival, and degranulation of eosinophils. Indeed, during the last years, significant advances have been made in our understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the powerful actions of IL-5 finalized to the induction, maintenance, and amplification of eosinophilic inflammation. Therefore, IL-5 is a suitable target for add-on biological therapies based on either IL-5 inhibition (mepolizumab, reslizumab) or blockade of its receptor (benralizumab). These modern treatments can result in being definitely beneficial for patients with severe type 2 (T2)-high eosinophilic asthma, refractory to conventional anti-inflammatory drugs such as inhaled and even systemic corticosteroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corrado Pelaia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giovanni Paoletti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy.,Personalized Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Francesca Puggioni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy.,Personalized Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Francesca Racca
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy.,Personalized Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Girolamo Pelaia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giorgio Walter Canonica
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy.,Personalized Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Enrico Heffler
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy.,Personalized Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy
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Taki M, Oshima T, Li M, Sei H, Tozawa K, Tomita T, Fukui H, Watari J, Miwa H. Duodenal low-grade inflammation and expression of tight junction proteins in functional dyspepsia. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2019; 31:e13576. [PMID: 30790378 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Duodenal changes in functional dyspepsia (FD) might be related to the development of symptoms. However, relationships among low-grade inflammation, Helicobacter pylori infection, and protein expression by tight junctions (TJs) in the duodenum are unclear. We therefore aimed to determine whether duodenal inflammation and genes associated with TJ proteins are associated with FD. METHODS We evaluated inflammatory cell infiltration of the duodenum, H pylori infection, and genes associated with TJ proteins in duodenal biopsy specimens from 35 patients with FD according to the Rome III diagnostic questionnaire and from 31 asymptomatic controls without structural diseases. We immunohistochemically detected eosinophils and mast cells and counted them. The expression of claudins, occludin, and zonula occludens (ZO)-1 mRNA was evaluated using quantitative RT-PCR. Infection with H pylori was determined by measuring serum antibodies, rapid urease or urea breath tests, and endoscopic findings. RESULTS Sex, age, and H pyloriinfection rates did not differ between patients with FD and controls. The numbers of eosinophils and mast cells were significantly increased in patients with FD compared with controls and were significantly correlated. Inflammatory cell counts in the duodenum were not associated with H pylori infection status. Claudin-3 mRNA expression was increased in the patients with FD. CONCLUSIONS Subtle inflammation identified in the duodenum of patients with FD might be associated with the onset and persistence of dyspeptic symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Taki
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Tadayuki Oshima
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Min Li
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Hiroo Sei
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Tozawa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Tomita
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Fukui
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Jiro Watari
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Hiroto Miwa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
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15
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Sharma S, Tomar S, Dharne M, Ganesan V, Smith A, Yang Y, Waggoner L, Wang YH, Hogan SP. Deletion of ΔdblGata motif leads to increased predisposition and severity of IgE-mediated food-induced anaphylaxis response. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219375. [PMID: 31369572 PMCID: PMC6675080 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have revealed an important role for the transcription factor GATA-1 in mast cell maturation and degranulation. However, there have been conflicting reports with respect to the requirement of GATA-1 function in mast cell dependent inflammatory processes. Herein, we examine the requirement of GATA-1 signaling in mast cell effector function and IgE-mast cell-dependent anaphylaxis. OBJECTIVE To study the requirement of GATA-1 dependent signaling in the development and severity of IgE-mast cell-dependent anaphylaxis in mice. METHODS Wild type (Balb/c) and mutant ΔdblGata (Balb/c) mice were employed to study the role of GATA-1 signaling in in vitro IgE-mediated activation of bone marrow derived mast cells (BMMCs). Murine models of passive IgE-mediated and oral antigen-induced IgE-mediated anaphylaxis were employed in mice. Frequency of steady state mast cells in various tissues (duodenum, ear, and tongue), peritoneal cavity, and clinical symptoms (diarrhea, shock, and mast cell activation) and intestinal Type 2 immune cell analysis including CD4+ Th2 cells, type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2), and IL-9 secreting mucosal mast cells (MMC9) were assessed. RESULTS In vitro analysis revealed that ΔdblGata BMMCs exhibit a reduced maturation rate, decreased expression of FcεRIα, and degranulation capacity when compared to their wildtype (WT) counterparts. These in vitro differences did not impact tissue resident mast cell numbers, total IgE, and susceptibility to or severity of IgE-mediated passive anaphylaxis. Surprisingly, ΔdblGata mice were more susceptible to IgE-mast cell-mediated oral antigen induced anaphylaxis. The increased allergic response was associated with increased Type 2 immunity (antigen-specific IgE, and CD4+ TH2 cells), MMC9 cells and small intestine (SI) mast cell load. CONCLUSION Diminished GATA-1 activity results in reduced in vitro mast cell FcεRIα expression, proliferation, and degranulation activity. However, in vivo, diminished GATA-1 activity results in normal homeostatic tissue mast cell levels and increased antigen-induced CD4+ Th2 and iMMC9 cell levels and heightened IgE-mast cell mediated reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sribava Sharma
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- Immunobiology graduate program, Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Sunil Tomar
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- Mary H Weiser Food Allergy Center, Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Mayuri Dharne
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Varsha Ganesan
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- Mary H Weiser Food Allergy Center, Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Andrew Smith
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Yanfen Yang
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Lisa Waggoner
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Yui-Hsi Wang
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Simon P. Hogan
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- Mary H Weiser Food Allergy Center, Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
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16
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Loktionov A. Eosinophils in the gastrointestinal tract and their role in the pathogenesis of major colorectal disorders. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:3503-3526. [PMID: 31367153 PMCID: PMC6658389 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i27.3503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are currently regarded as versatile mobile cells controlling and regulating multiple biological pathways and responses in health and disease. These cells store in their specific granules numerous biologically active substances (cytotoxic cationic proteins, cytokines, growth factors, chemokines, enzymes) ready for rapid release. The human gut is the main destination of eosinophils that are produced and matured in the bone marrow and then transferred to target tissues through the circulation. In health the most important functions of gut-residing eosinophils comprise their participation in the maintenance of the protective mucosal barrier and interactions with other immune cells in providing immunity to microbiota of the gut lumen. Eosinophils are closely involved in the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), when their cytotoxic granule proteins cause damage to host tissues. However, their roles in Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis appear to follow different immune response patterns. Eosinophils in IBD are especially important in altering the structure and protective functions of the mucosal barrier and modulating massive neutrophil influx to the lamina propria followed by transepithelial migration to colorectal mucus. IBD-associated inflammatory process involving eosinophils then appears to expand to the mucus overlaying the internal gut surface. The author hypothesises that immune responses within colorectal mucus as well as ETosis exerted by both neutrophils and eosinophils on the both sides of the colonic epithelial barrier act as additional pathogenetic factors in IBD. Literature analysis also shows an association between elevated eosinophil levels and better colorectal cancer (CRC) prognosis, but mechanisms behind this effect remain to be elucidated. In conclusion, the author emphasises the importance of investigating colorectal mucus in IBD and CRC patients as a previously unexplored milieu of disease-related inflammatory responses.
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17
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Kuo CHS, Pavlidis S, Zhu J, Loza M, Baribaud F, Rowe A, Pandis I, Gibeon D, Hoda U, Sousa A, Wilson SJ, Howarth P, Shaw D, Fowler S, Dahlen B, Chanez P, Krug N, Sandstrom T, Fleming L, Corfield J, Auffray C, Djukanovic R, Sterk PJ, Guo Y, Adcock IM, Chung KF. Contribution of airway eosinophils in airway wall remodeling in asthma: Role of MMP-10 and MET. Allergy 2019; 74:1102-1112. [PMID: 30667542 DOI: 10.1111/all.13727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eosinophils play an important role in the pathophysiology of asthma being implicated in airway epithelial damage and airway wall remodeling. We determined the genes associated with airway remodeling and eosinophilic inflammation in patients with asthma. METHODS We analyzed the transcriptomic data from bronchial biopsies of 81 patients with moderate-to-severe asthma of the U-BIOPRED cohort. Expression profiling was performed using Affymetrix arrays on total RNA. Transcription binding site analysis used the PRIMA algorithm. Localization of proteins was by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Using stringent false discovery rate analysis, MMP-10 and MET were significantly overexpressed in biopsies with high mucosal eosinophils (HE) compared to low mucosal eosinophil (LE) numbers. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed increased expression of MMP-10 and MET in bronchial epithelial cells and in subepithelial inflammatory and resident cells in asthmatic biopsies. Using less-stringent conditions (raw P-value < 0.05, log2 fold change > 0.5), we defined a 73-gene set characteristic of the HE compared to the LE group. Thirty-three of 73 genes drove the pathway annotation that included extracellular matrix (ECM) organization, mast cell activation, CC-chemokine receptor binding, circulating immunoglobulin complex, serine protease inhibitors, and microtubule bundle formation pathways. Genes including MET and MMP10 involved in ECM organization correlated positively with submucosal thickness. Transcription factor binding site analysis identified two transcription factors, ETS-1 and SOX family proteins, that showed positive correlation with MMP10 and MET expression. CONCLUSION Pathways of airway remodeling and cellular inflammation are associated with submucosal eosinophilia. MET and MMP-10 likely play an important role in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hsi S. Kuo
- Airways Disease; National Heart & Lung Institute; Imperial College; London UK
- Biomedical Research Unit; Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Trust; London UK
- Department of Computing & Data Science Institute; Imperial College; London UK
| | - Stelios Pavlidis
- Department of Computing & Data Science Institute; Imperial College; London UK
- Janssen Research and Development; High Wycombe UK
| | - Jie Zhu
- Airways Disease; National Heart & Lung Institute; Imperial College; London UK
| | - Matthew Loza
- Janssen Research and Development; High Wycombe UK
| | | | - Anthony Rowe
- Janssen Research and Development; High Wycombe UK
| | - Ioannis Pandis
- Airways Disease; National Heart & Lung Institute; Imperial College; London UK
- Biomedical Research Unit; Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Trust; London UK
| | - David Gibeon
- Airways Disease; National Heart & Lung Institute; Imperial College; London UK
- Biomedical Research Unit; Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Trust; London UK
| | - Uruj Hoda
- Department of Computing & Data Science Institute; Imperial College; London UK
| | - Ana Sousa
- Respiratory Therapeutic Unit; GlaxoSmithKline; Stockley Park UK
| | - Susan J. Wilson
- Faculty of Medicine; Southampton University; Southampton UK
- NIHR Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit; University Hospital Southampton; Southampton UK
| | - Peter Howarth
- Faculty of Medicine; Southampton University; Southampton UK
- NIHR Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit; University Hospital Southampton; Southampton UK
| | - Dominick Shaw
- Respiratory Research Unit; University of Nottingham; Nottingham UK
| | - Stephen Fowler
- Centre for Respiratory Medicine and Allergy; The University of Manchester; Manchester UK
| | - Barbro Dahlen
- The Centre for Allergy Research; The Institute of Environmental Medicine; Karolinska Institute; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Pascal Chanez
- Laboratoire d'immunologie; Département des Maladies Respiratoires; Aix Marseille Université Marseille; Marseille France
| | - Norbert Krug
- Immunology, Allergology and Clinical Inhalation; Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine; Hannover Germany
| | - Thomas Sandstrom
- Department of Medicine, Respiratory and Allergy unit; University Hospital; Umeå Sweden
| | - Louise Fleming
- Department of Computing & Data Science Institute; Imperial College; London UK
| | - Julie Corfield
- AstraZeneca R & D; Molndal Sweden
- Areteva R & D; Nottingham UK
| | - Charles Auffray
- European Institute for Systems Biology and Medicine; CNRS-ENS-UCBL; Université de Lyon; Lyon France
| | - Ratko Djukanovic
- Faculty of Medicine; Southampton University; Southampton UK
- NIHR Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit; University Hospital Southampton; Southampton UK
| | - Peter J. Sterk
- Faculty of Medicine; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherland
| | - Yike Guo
- Department of Computing & Data Science Institute; Imperial College; London UK
| | - Ian M. Adcock
- Airways Disease; National Heart & Lung Institute; Imperial College; London UK
- Biomedical Research Unit; Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Trust; London UK
| | - Kian Fan Chung
- Airways Disease; National Heart & Lung Institute; Imperial College; London UK
- Biomedical Research Unit; Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Trust; London UK
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18
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Simon SCS, Utikal J, Umansky V. Opposing roles of eosinophils in cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2019; 68:823-833. [PMID: 30302498 PMCID: PMC11028063 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-018-2255-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophils are a subset of granulocytes mostly known for their ability to combat parasites and induce allergy. Although they were described to be related to cancer more than 100 years ago, their role in tumors is still undefined. Recent observations revealed that they display regulatory functions towards other immune cell subsets in the tumor microenvironment or direct cytotoxic functions against tumor cells, leading to either antitumor or protumor effects. This paradoxical role of eosinophils was suggested to be dependent on the different factors in the TME. In addition, the clinical relevance of these cells has been recently addressed. In most cases, the accumulation of eosinophils both in the tumor tissue, called tumor-associated tissue eosinophilia, and in the peripheral blood were reported to be prognostic markers for a better outcome of cancer patients. In immunotherapy of cancer, particularly in therapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors, eosinophils were even shown to be a potential predictive marker for a beneficial clinical response. A better understanding of their role in cancer progression will help to establish them as prognostic and predictive markers and to design strategies for targeting eosinophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja C S Simon
- Skin Cancer Unit, Clinical Cooperation Unit Dermato-Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jochen Utikal
- Skin Cancer Unit, Clinical Cooperation Unit Dermato-Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Viktor Umansky
- Skin Cancer Unit, Clinical Cooperation Unit Dermato-Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
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19
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Stassen M, Hartmann AK, Delgado SJ, Dehmel S, Braun A. Mast cells within cellular networks. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 144:S46-S54. [PMID: 30731122 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells are highly versatile in terms of their mode of activation by a host of stimuli and their ability to flexibly release a plethora of biologically highly active mediators. Within the immune system, mast cells can best be designated as an active nexus interlinking innate and adaptive immunity. Here we try to draw an arc from initiation of acute inflammatory reactions to microbial pathogens to development of adaptive immunity and allergies. This multifaceted nature of mast cells is made possible by interaction with multiple cell types of immunologic and nonimmunologic origin. Examples for the former include neutrophils, eosinophils, T cells, and professional antigen-presenting cells. These interactions allow mast cells to orchestrate inflammatory innate reactions and complex adaptive immunity, including the pathogenesis of allergies. Important partners of nonimmunologic origin include cells of the sensory neuronal system. The intimate association between mast cells and sensory nerve fibers allows bidirectional communication, leading to neurogenic inflammation. Evidence is accumulating that this mast cell/nerve crosstalk is of pathophysiologic relevance in patients with allergic diseases, such as asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Stassen
- Institute for Immunology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Ann-Kathrin Hartmann
- Institute for Immunology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sharon Jiménez Delgado
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH) research network, Member of the Cluster of Excellence Regenerative Biology to Reconstructive Therapy (REBIRTH), Hannover, Germany; Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Susann Dehmel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH) research network, Member of the Cluster of Excellence Regenerative Biology to Reconstructive Therapy (REBIRTH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Armin Braun
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH) research network, Member of the Cluster of Excellence Regenerative Biology to Reconstructive Therapy (REBIRTH), Hannover, Germany; Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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20
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Robida PA, Puzzovio PG, Pahima H, Levi-Schaffer F, Bochner BS. Human eosinophils and mast cells: Birds of a feather flock together. Immunol Rev 2019; 282:151-167. [PMID: 29431215 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
While the origin of the phrase "birds of a feather flock together" is unclear, it has been in use for centuries and is typically employed to describe the phenomenon that people with similar tastes or interests tend to seek each other out and congregate together. In this review, we have co-opted this phrase to compare innate immune cells of related origin, the eosinophil and mast cell, because they very often accumulate together in tissue sites under both homeostatic and inflammatory conditions. To highlight overlapping yet distinct features, their hematopoietic development, cell surface phenotype, mediator release profiles and roles in diseases have been compared and contrasted. What emerges is a sense that these two cell types often interact with each other and their tissue environment to provide synergistic contributions to a variety of normal and pathologic immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piper A Robida
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Pier Giorgio Puzzovio
- Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Unit, School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hadas Pahima
- Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Unit, School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Francesca Levi-Schaffer
- Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Unit, School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Bruce S Bochner
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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21
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Abstract
Eosinophils are a minority circulating granulocyte classically viewed as being involved in host defense against parasites and promoting allergic reactions. However, a series of new regulatory functions for these cells have been identified in the past decade. During homeostasis, eosinophils develop in the bone marrow and migrate from the blood into target tissues following an eotaxin gradient, with interleukin-5 being a key cytokine for eosinophil proliferation, survival, and priming. In multiple target tissues, eosinophils actively regulate a variety of immune functions through their vast arsenal of granule products and cytokines, as well as direct cellular interaction with cells in proximity. The immunologic regulation of eosinophils extends from innate immunity to adaptive immunity and also involves non-immune cells. Herein, we summarize recent findings regarding novel roles of murine and human eosinophils, focusing on interactions with other hematopoietic cells. We also review new experimental tools available and remaining questions to uncover a greater understanding of this enigmatic cell.
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22
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Galdiero MR, Varricchi G, Seaf M, Marone G, Levi-Schaffer F, Marone G. Bidirectional Mast Cell-Eosinophil Interactions in Inflammatory Disorders and Cancer. Front Med (Lausanne) 2017; 4:103. [PMID: 28791287 PMCID: PMC5523083 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2017.00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human mast cells (MCs) and eosinophils were first described and named by Paul Ehrlich. These cells have distinct myeloid progenitors and differ morphologically, ultrastructurally, immunologically, biochemically, and pharmacologically. However, MCs and eosinophils play a pivotal role in several allergic disorders. In addition, these cells are involved in autoimmune disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. MCs are distributed throughout all normal human tissues, whereas eosinophils are present only in gastrointestinal tract, secondary lymphoid tissues, and adipose tissue, thymus, mammary gland, and uterus. However, in allergic disorders, MCs and eosinophils can form the "allergic effector unit." Moreover, in several tumors, MCs and eosinophils can be found in close proximity. Therefore, it is likely that MCs have the capacity to modulate eosinophil functions and vice versa. For example, interleukin 5, stem cell factor, histamine, platelet-activating factor (PAF), prostaglandin D2 (PGD2), cysteinyl leukotrienes, and vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs), produced by activated MCs, can modulate eosinophil functions through the engagement of specific receptors. In contrast, eosinophil cationic proteins such as eosinophil cationic protein and major basic protein (MBP), nerve growth factor, and VEGFs released by activated eosinophils can modulate MC functions. These bidirectional interactions between MCs and eosinophils might be relevant not only in allergic diseases but also in several inflammatory and neoplastic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rosaria Galdiero
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences (DiSMeT), Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Gilda Varricchi
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences (DiSMeT), Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Mansour Seaf
- Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Giancarlo Marone
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Monaldi Hospital Pharmacy, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Levi-Schaffer
- Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Gianni Marone
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences (DiSMeT), Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology “Gaetano Salvatore” (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy
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23
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Gangwar RS, Minai-Fleminger Y, Seaf M, Gutgold A, Shikotra A, Barber C, Chauhan A, Holgate S, Bradding P, Howarth P, Eliashar R, Berkman N, Levi-Schaffer F. CD48 on blood leukocytes and in serum of asthma patients varies with severity. Allergy 2017; 72:888-895. [PMID: 27859399 DOI: 10.1111/all.13082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD48 is a membrane receptor (mCD48) on eosinophils and mast cells and exists in a soluble form (sCD48). CD48 has a pivotal role in murine asthma and in the proinflammatory interactions of mast cells with eosinophils via its ligand CD244. Thus, CD48 might be important in human asthma. METHODS Therefore, two separate cohorts (IL and UK) comprising mild, moderate, and severe asthma and healthy volunteers were evaluated for blood leukocyte mCD48 expression and sCD48 in serum. Asthmatic bronchial biopsies were immunostained for CD48. sCD48 effect on CD244-dependent eosinophil activation was evaluated. RESULTS Eosinophil mCD48 expression was significantly elevated in moderate while downregulated in severe asthma. mCD48 expression on B, T, and NK cells and monocytes in severe asthma was significantly increased. sCD48 levels were significantly higher in mild while reduced in severe asthma. sCD48 optimal cutoff values for differentiating asthma from health were identified as >1482 pg/ml (IL) and >1619 pg/ml (UK). In asthmatic bronchial biopsies, mCD48 was expressed predominantly by eosinophils. sCD48 inhibited anti-CD244-induced eosinophil activation. CONCLUSIONS mCD48 and sCD48 are differentially expressed in the peripheral blood of asthma patients of varying severity. sCD48 inhibits CD244-mediated eosinophil activation. These findings suggest that CD48 may play an important role in human asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. S. Gangwar
- Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics Unit; Institute for Drug Research; School of Pharmacy; Faculty of Medicine; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Jerusalem Israel
| | - Y. Minai-Fleminger
- Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics Unit; Institute for Drug Research; School of Pharmacy; Faculty of Medicine; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Jerusalem Israel
| | - M. Seaf
- Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics Unit; Institute for Drug Research; School of Pharmacy; Faculty of Medicine; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Jerusalem Israel
| | - A. Gutgold
- Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics Unit; Institute for Drug Research; School of Pharmacy; Faculty of Medicine; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Jerusalem Israel
| | - A. Shikotra
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation; Institute for Lung Health; University of Leicester; Leicester UK
| | - C. Barber
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences; Faculty of Medicine; University of Southampton; Southampton UK
- NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit; Southampton General Hospital; Southampton UK
| | - A. Chauhan
- Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust; Portsmouth UK
| | - S. Holgate
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences; Faculty of Medicine; University of Southampton; Southampton UK
- NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit; Southampton General Hospital; Southampton UK
| | - P. Bradding
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation; Institute for Lung Health; University of Leicester; Leicester UK
| | - P. Howarth
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences; Faculty of Medicine; University of Southampton; Southampton UK
- NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit; Southampton General Hospital; Southampton UK
| | - R. Eliashar
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery; Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center; Jerusalem Israel
| | - N. Berkman
- Institute of Pulmonary Medicine; Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center; Jerusalem Israel
| | - F. Levi-Schaffer
- Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics Unit; Institute for Drug Research; School of Pharmacy; Faculty of Medicine; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Jerusalem Israel
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Gangwar RS, Landolina N, Arpinati L, Levi-Schaffer F. Mast cell and eosinophil surface receptors as targets for anti-allergic therapy. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 170:37-63. [PMID: 27773785 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roopesh Singh Gangwar
- Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics Unit, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nadine Landolina
- Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics Unit, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ludovica Arpinati
- Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics Unit, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Francesca Levi-Schaffer
- Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics Unit, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel.
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Gangwar RS, Friedman S, Seaf M, Levi-Schaffer F. Mast cells and eosinophils in allergy: Close friends or just neighbors. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 778:77-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Siad S, Byrne S, Mukamolova G, Stover C. Intracellular localisation of Mycobacterium marinum in mast cells. World J Immunol 2016; 6:83-95. [DOI: 10.5411/wji.v6.i1.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To study the bacteriocidal or bacteriostatic role of mast cells during infection with Mycobacterium.
METHODS: Mycobacterium marinum (M. marinum) (BAA-535/M strain) was investigated for its ability to grow at a temperature relevant to the mammalian host. Primary mast cells were differentiated from bone marrows of mice, a human mast cell line (HMC-1) and a human monocytic cell line (MonoMac6) were maintained in culture. Mice were stimulated by intraperitoneal injection of heat-killed M. marinum to study cytochemically the degranulation of peritoneal mast cells. HMC-1 cells were stimulated with M. marinum to analyse mRNA expression for inflammatory reactant genes, while HMC-1 and primary mouse mast cells were infected with M. marinum to establish in parallel cell viability (lactate dehydrogenase release and cell counts) and viable mycobacterial counts. Flow cytometry was used to assess intracellular presence of fluorescein isothiocyanate labelled M. marinum after trypan blue quenching and to measure the extent of infection-induced apoptosis or necrosis in HMC-1. A GFP expressing recombinant M. marinum strain was used to assess intracellular location by fluorescence microscopy. Light microscopy of osmium tetroxide and Gram Twort stained sections of 0.5 μm and transmission electron microscopy were undertaken as sensitive methods.
RESULTS: Since its isolation, M. marinum has adapted to grow at 37 °C. This study found that M. marinum infects HMC-1 cells and primary murine mast cells, where they survive, replicate, and cause dose dependent cell damage over the analysis period of up to 120 h. Amikacin was an effective aminoglycoside antibiotic to eliminate extracellular or membrane attached M. marinum in order to adequately quantify the intracellular bacterial loads. In vivo, intraperitoneal injection of heat-killed M. marinum led to the release of mast cell granules in mice. HMC-1 cells stimulated with M. marinum showed a biphasic pattern of increased mRNA expression for LL-37 and COX-2/TNF-α during 24 h of stimulation. In HMC-1, M. marinum localised to the cytoplasm whereas in primary mast cells, M. marinum were found in vacuoles.
CONCLUSION: The effector role of mast cells in infection with M. marinum can be studied in vitro and in vivo.
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NOD1 and NOD2 Interact with the Phagosome Cargo in Mast Cells: A Detailed Morphological Evidence. Inflammation 2016; 38:1113-25. [PMID: 25502289 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-014-0077-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells (MC) play a key role in triggering the inflammatory process and share some functions with professional phagocytes. It is not clear whether or not the phagocytic process in MC follows the same route and has the same meaning of that of professional phagocytes. Herein we analyze in detail the structure of the phagosome in rat peritoneal mast cells (RPMC). The ultrastructural analysis of the phagosome, containing either model particles or bacteria, reveals that these vacuoles are very tight, and in several areas, their membrane seems to have dissolved. RPMC express NOD1 and NOD2 proteins whose role is to recognize intracellular foreign components and induce the production of pro-inflammatory mediators. Following Escherichia coli ingestion, both these molecules are found on the phagosome membrane and on ingested pathogens, together with phagosome maturation markers. These findings suggest that in RPMC the ingested cargo can, through interruptions of the phagosome membrane, interact directly with NODs, which act as switches in the process of cytokine production.
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Dichlberger A, Schlager S, Kovanen PT, Schneider WJ. Lipid droplets in activated mast cells - a significant source of triglyceride-derived arachidonic acid for eicosanoid production. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 785:59-69. [PMID: 26164793 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells are potent effectors of immune reactions and key players in various inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis, asthma, and rheumatoid arthritis. The cellular defense response of mast cells represents a unique and powerful system, where external signals can trigger cell activation resulting in a stimulus-specific and highly coordinated release of a plethora of bioactive mediators. The arsenal of mediators encompasses preformed molecules stored in cytoplasmic secretory granules, as well as newly synthesized proteinaceous and lipid mediators. The release of mediators occurs in strict chronological order and requires proper coordination between the endomembrane system and various enzymatic machineries. For the generation of lipid mediators, cytoplasmic lipid droplets have been shown to function as a major intracellular pool of arachidonic acid, the precursor for eicosanoid biosynthesis. Recent studies have revealed that not only phospholipids in mast cell membranes, but also triglycerides in mast cell lipid droplets are a substrate source for eicosanoid formation. The present review summarizes current knowledge about mast cell lipid droplet biology, and discusses expansions and challenges of traditional mechanistic models for eicosanoid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Dichlberger
- Wihuri Research Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki 1, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; Medical University of Vienna, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr. Bohrgasse 9/2, 1030 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Stefanie Schlager
- Medical University of Graz, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Harrachgasse 21, 8010 Graz, Austria; Medical University of Vienna, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr. Bohrgasse 9/2, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Petri T Kovanen
- Wihuri Research Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki 1, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; Medical University of Vienna, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr. Bohrgasse 9/2, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang J Schneider
- Wihuri Research Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki 1, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; Medical University of Graz, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Harrachgasse 21, 8010 Graz, Austria; Medical University of Vienna, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr. Bohrgasse 9/2, 1030 Vienna, Austria
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Landolina N, Gangwar RS, Levi-Schaffer F. Mast cells' integrated actions with eosinophils and fibroblasts in allergic inflammation: implications for therapy. Adv Immunol 2015; 125:41-85. [PMID: 25591464 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) and eosinophils (Eos) are the key players in the development of allergic inflammation (AI). Their cross-talk, named the Allergic Effector Unit (AEU), takes place through an array of soluble mediators and ligands/receptors interactions that enhance the functions of both the cells. One of the salient features of the AEU is the CD48/2B4 receptor/ligand binding complex. Furthermore, MCs and Eos have been demonstrated to play a role not only in AI but also in the modulation of its consequence, i.e., fibrosis/tissue remodeling, by directly influencing fibroblasts (FBs), the main target cells of these processes. In turn, FBs can regulate the survival, activity, and phenotype of both MCs and Eos. Therefore, a complex three players, MCs/Eos/FBs interaction, can take place in various stages of AI. The characterization of the soluble and physical mediated cross talk among these three cells might lead to the identification of both better and novel targets for the treatment of allergy and its tissue remodeling consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Landolina
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Roopesh Singh Gangwar
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Francesca Levi-Schaffer
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
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30
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Azouz NP, Hammel I, Sagi-Eisenberg R. Characterization of mast cell secretory granules and their cell biology. DNA Cell Biol 2014; 33:647-51. [PMID: 24988214 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2014.2543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Exocytosis and secretion of secretory granule (SG) contained inflammatory mediators is the primary mechanism by which mast cells exert their protective immune responses in host defense, as well as their pathological functions in allergic reactions and anaphylaxis. Despite their central role in mast cell function, the molecular mechanisms underlying the biogenesis and secretion of mast cell SGs remain largely unresolved. Early studies have established the lysosomal nature of the mast cell SGs and implicated SG homotypic fusion as an important step occurring during both their biogenesis and compound secretion. However, the molecular mechanisms that account for key features of this process largely remain to be defined. A novel high-resolution imaging based methodology allowed us to screen Rab GTPases for their phenotypic and functional impact and identify Rab networks that regulate mast cell secretion. This screen has identified Rab5 as a novel regulator of homotypic fusion of the mast cell SGs that thereby regulates their size and cargo composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurit Pereg Azouz
- 1 Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv, Israel
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31
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Fujisawa D, Kashiwakura JI, Kita H, Kikukawa Y, Fujitani Y, Sasaki-Sakamoto T, Kuroda K, Nunomura S, Hayama K, Terui T, Ra C, Okayama Y. Expression of Mas-related gene X2 on mast cells is upregulated in the skin of patients with severe chronic urticaria. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 134:622-633.e9. [PMID: 24954276 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wheal reactions to intradermally injected neuropeptides, such as substance P (SP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide, are significantly larger and longer lasting in patients with chronic urticaria (CU) than in nonatopic control (NC) subjects. Mas-related gene X2 (MrgX2) has been identified as a receptor for basic neuropeptides, such as SP and vasoactive intestinal peptide. Mast cell (MC) responsiveness to eosinophil mediators contributes to the late-phase reaction of allergy. OBJECTIVE We sought to compare the frequency of MrgX2 expression in skin MCs from patients with CU and NC subjects and to identify the receptor for basic eosinophil granule proteins on human skin MCs. METHODS MrgX2 expression was investigated by using immunofluorescence in skin tissues from NC subjects and patients with severe CU and on skin-derived cultured MCs. MrgX2 expression in human MCs was reduced by using a lentiviral small hairpin RNA silencing technique. Ca(2+) influx was measured in CHO cells transfected with MrgX2 in response to eosinophil granule proteins. Histamine and prostaglandin D2 levels were measured by using enzyme immunoassays. RESULTS The number of MrgX2(+) skin MCs and the percentage of MrgX2(+) MCs in all MCs in patients with CU were significantly greater than those in NC subjects. Eosinophil infiltration in urticarial lesions was observed in 7 of 9 patients with CU. SP, major basic protein, and eosinophil peroxidase, but not eosinophil-derived neurotoxin, induced histamine release from human skin MCs through MrgX2. CONCLUSION MrgX2 might be a new target molecule for the treatment of wheal reactions in patients with severe CU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Fujisawa
- Allergy and Immunology Group, Research Institute of Medical Science, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Dermatology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Kashiwakura
- Laboratory for Allergic Disease, RCAI, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS-RCAI), Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hirohito Kita
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
| | - Yusuke Kikukawa
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Yasushi Fujitani
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Tomomi Sasaki-Sakamoto
- Allergy and Immunology Group, Research Institute of Medical Science, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazumichi Kuroda
- Department of Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nunomura
- Allergy and Immunology Group, Research Institute of Medical Science, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Dermatology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koremasa Hayama
- Allergy and Immunology Group, Research Institute of Medical Science, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Dermatology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadashi Terui
- Department of Dermatology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chisei Ra
- Department of Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshimichi Okayama
- Allergy and Immunology Group, Research Institute of Medical Science, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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Gangwar RS, Levi-Schaffer F. Eosinophils interaction with mast cells: the allergic effector unit. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1178:231-249. [PMID: 24986621 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1016-8_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Mast cells (MC) and eosinophils are the key effector cells of allergy (Minai-Fleminger and Levi-Schaffer, Inflamm Res 58:631-638, 2009). In general, allergic reactions have two phases, namely, an early phase and a late phase. MC and eosinophils abundantly coexist in the inflamed tissue in the late and chronic phases and cross talk in a bidirectional manner. This bidirectional interaction between MC and eosinophils is mediated by both physical cell-cell contacts through cell surface receptors such as CD48 receptors CD48, 2B4 , 2B4 and soluble mediators through various specific granular mediators, arachidonic acid metabolites, cytokines cytokines , and chemokines, collectively termed the "Allergic Effector Unit" (AEU) (Elishmereni et al., Allergy 66:376-385, 2011; Minai-Fleminger et al., Cell Tissue Res 341:405-415, 2010). These bidirectional interactions can be studied in vitro in a customized coculture system of MC and eosinophils derived from either mouse or human source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roopesh Singh Gangwar
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 12065, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
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von Gunten S, Cortinas-Elizondo F, Kollarik M, Beisswenger C, Lepper PM. Mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets in allergic inflammation: recent insights. Allergy 2013; 68:1487-98. [PMID: 24215555 DOI: 10.1111/all.12312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Deeper insight into pathogenetic pathways and into the biological effects of immunomodulatory agents will help to optimize or adopt therapeutic strategies for atopic disorders. In this article, we highlight selected findings of potential therapeutic relevance that emerged from recent mechanistic studies with focus on molecular and cellular aspects of allergic inflammation. Furthermore, the often complex mechanisms of action of pleiotropic immunomodulatory agents, such as glucocorticoids, vitamin D, or intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), are discussed, as their dissection might reveal targets for novel therapeutics or lead to a more rational use of these compounds. Besides reporting novel evidence, this article points to areas of current debate or uncertainty and aims at stimulating scientific discussion and experimental work.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. von Gunten
- Institute of Pharmacology; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | | | - M. Kollarik
- Department of Medicine; The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore MD USA
- Department of Pathophysiology; Jessenius Medical School; Martin Slovakia
| | - C. Beisswenger
- Department of Internal Medicine V; University Hospital of Saarland; Homburg Germany
| | - P. M. Lepper
- Department of Internal Medicine V; University Hospital of Saarland; Homburg Germany
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34
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Ben-Zimra M, Bachelet I, Seaf M, Gleich GJ, Levi-Schaffer F. Eosinophil major basic protein activates human cord blood mast cells primed with fibroblast membranes by integrin-β1. Allergy 2013; 68:1259-68. [PMID: 24112102 DOI: 10.1111/all.12232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mast cell (MC) - eosinophil (Eos) activating cross-talk might be critical for the severity and chronicity of allergy. Among soluble mediators, eosinophil major basic protein (MBP), a hallmark of allergy, is particularly important because it was shown to activate specific MC subtypes. We previously demonstrated that MBP activates IgE-desensitized rat MC and human lung and cord blood-derived MC (CBMC) after priming with fibroblast membranal stem cell factor. However, a distinct mechanism for this activation was missing. Therefore, we aimed to investigate it. METHODS Major basic protein-1 activation of CBMC primed with fibroblast-derived membranes (FBM) was measured by β-hexosaminidase and tryptase release. Chemical cross-linking followed by micrometric flow cytometry probed direct interactions. Antibodies neutralized integrin-β1 and recognized its active form. Pertussis toxin (Ptx) was used to decrease integrin-β1 active form expression. Hematopoietic cell kinase (Hck) was identified by immunoprecipitation (IP) and silenced by siRNA. RESULTS Major basic protein-1-induced CBMC activation is mediated partly by MBP1-integrin-β1 interaction on the MC surface. FBM prime CBMC via a G protein, as confirmed by Ptx, to shift integrin-β1 to its active form. Following MBP1 binding, integrin-β1 binds Hck that further transduces the activation signal. MC priming with FBM leads to up-regulation in Hck protein level. MC integrin-β1 neutralization inhibits MBP1-induced activation and uptake. Hck silencing results with reduced MBP1-induced activation. CONCLUSIONS Fibroblast-derived membranes, integrin-β1, and Hck are involved in MBP1-induced activation of CBMC and therefore represent a distinct mechanism for this activation. This finding might implicate integrin-β1 and Hck as targets for decreasing MC - Eos activating cross-talk in allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Ben-Zimra
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics; Institute for Drug Research; School of Pharmacy; Faculty of Medicine; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Jerusalem; Israel
| | - I. Bachelet
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics; Institute for Drug Research; School of Pharmacy; Faculty of Medicine; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Jerusalem; Israel
| | - M. Seaf
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics; Institute for Drug Research; School of Pharmacy; Faculty of Medicine; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Jerusalem; Israel
| | - G. J. Gleich
- Department of Dermatology; School of Medicine; The University of Utah; Salt Lake City; UT; USA
| | - F. Levi-Schaffer
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics; Institute for Drug Research; School of Pharmacy; Faculty of Medicine; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Jerusalem; Israel
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35
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Wang M, Zhang W, Shang J, Yang J, Zhang L, Bachert C. Immunomodulatory effects of IL-23 and IL-17 in a mouse model of allergic rhinitis. Clin Exp Allergy 2013; 43:956-66. [PMID: 23889249 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Revised: 03/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery; Beijing TongRen Hospital; Capital Medical University; Beijing China
- Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery (Ministry of Education of China); Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology; Beijing China
| | - W. Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery; Beijing TongRen Hospital; Capital Medical University; Beijing China
- Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery (Ministry of Education of China); Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology; Beijing China
| | - J. Shang
- Central laboratory; Beijing TongRen Hospital; Capital Medical University; Beijing China
| | - J. Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery; Beijing TongRen Hospital; Capital Medical University; Beijing China
| | - L. Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery; Beijing TongRen Hospital; Capital Medical University; Beijing China
- Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery (Ministry of Education of China); Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology; Beijing China
| | - C. Bachert
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory; Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology; Ghent University Hospital; Ghent Belgium
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Abstract
LDs (lipid droplets) are metabolically highly active intracellular organelles. The lipid and protein profiles of LDs are cell-type-specific, and they undergo dynamic variation upon changes in the physiological state of a cell. It is well known that the main function of the LDs in adipocytes is to ensure energy supply and to maintain lipid homoeostasis in the body. In contrast, LDs in inflammatory cells have been implicated in eicosanoid biosynthesis, particularly under inflammatory conditions, thereby enabling them to regulate immune responses. Human mast cells are potent effector cells of the innate immune system, and the triacylglycerol (triglyceride) stores of their cytoplasmic LDs have been shown to contain large amounts of arachidonic acid, the main precursor of pro-inflammatory eicosanoids. In the present review, we discuss the current knowledge about the formation and function of LDs in inflammatory cells with specific emphasis on arachidonic acid and eicosanoid metabolism. On the basis of findings reported previously and our new observations, we propose a model in which lipolysis of LD-triacylglycerols provides arachidonic acid for lipid mediator generation in human mast cells.
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Elishmereni M, Bachelet I, Nissim Ben-Efraim AH, Mankuta D, Levi-Schaffer F. Interacting mast cells and eosinophils acquire an enhanced activation state in vitro. Allergy 2013. [PMID: 23205534 DOI: 10.1111/all.12059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mast cells (MCs) and eosinophils (Eos), the key effector cells in allergy, are abundantly co-localized particularly in the late and chronic stages of allergic inflammation. Recent evidence has outlined a specialized 'allergic effector unit' in which MCs and Eos communicate via both soluble mediators and physical contact. However, the functional impact of this bi-directional crosstalk on the cells' effector activities has not yet been revealed. We aimed to investigate whether MC/eosinophil interactions can influence the immediate and late activation phenotypes of these cells. METHODS Human and murine MCs and Eos were co-cultured under various conditions for 1-2 h or 1-3 days, and in selected experiments cell-cell contact was blocked. Cell migration and mediator release were examined, and flow cytometry was applied to stain intracellular signaling molecules and surface receptors. RESULTS Eosinophils enhanced basal MCs mediator release and co-stimulated IgE-activated MCs through physical contact involving CD48-2B4 interactions. Reciprocally, resting and IgE-stimulated MCs led to eosinophil migration and activation through a paracrine-dependent mechanism. Increased phosphorylation of activation-associated signaling molecules, and enhanced release of tumor necrosis factor α, was observed in long-term co-cultures. Eosinophils also showed enhanced expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1, which depended on direct contact with MCs. CONCLUSIONS Our findings reveal a new role for MC/eosinophil interplay in augmenting short- and long-term activation in both cells, in a combined physical/paracrine manner. This enhanced functional activity may thus critically contribute to the perpetuation of the inflammatory response in allergic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Elishmereni
- Institute for Drug Research; Faculty of Medicine; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Israel
| | - I. Bachelet
- Institute for Drug Research; Faculty of Medicine; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Israel
| | - A. H. Nissim Ben-Efraim
- Institute for Drug Research; Faculty of Medicine; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Israel
| | - D. Mankuta
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Hadassah University Medical Center; Jerusalem; Israel
| | - F. Levi-Schaffer
- Institute for Drug Research; Faculty of Medicine; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Israel
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Nicoletti M, Maccauro G, Tripodi D, Saggini A, Potalivo G, Castellani M, Conti F, Rosati M, Tomato E, Caraffa A, Antinolfi P, Conti P, Theoharides T. Impact of IL-33 on PGD2 Generation by Activated Human Cord Blood-Derived Mast Cell: Lack of Effect on Tryptase Release. EUR J INFLAMM 2012. [DOI: 10.1177/1721727x1201000323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are important not only in allergic reactions, but also in inflammation and are involved in a variety of responses including the immediate release of potent inflammatory mediators after activation by cross-linking of FcεRI molecules. Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) is a major cyclooxygenase metabolite of arachidonic acid produced by mast cells and it is released following allergen challenge in allergic diseases. IL-33 is an iflammatory cytokine which is critically involved in the regulation of in vitro and in vivo cyclooxygenase production, providing a potential therapeutic target for inflammatory disorders. In this study, using human derived umbelical cord blood mast cells, we show that IL-33 (50 ng/ml), and calcium ionophore A 23187 (0.5 μg/ml), compound 48/80 (10−5 M) or anti-IgE (10 μg/ml), enhaced the production of PGD2 and this effect was inhibited by indomethacin. However, IL-33 was unable to induce tryptase release in these cells. These effects confirm the inflammatory property of IL-33 by stimulating PGD2 but not tryptase in human mast cells. The inhibitory effect of this new cytokine may have a potential therapeutic response in allergic and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Nicoletti
- Department of Neurosciences and Imaging, University of Chieti, Italy
| | - G. Maccauro
- Orthopedics Division, Catholic University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - D. Tripodi
- Dental School, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - A. Saggini
- Dermatology Department, University Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - G. Potalivo
- Orthopedics Division, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - M.L. Castellani
- Immunology Division, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - F. Conti
- Gynecology Division, “Santo Spirito” Hospital, Pescara, Italy
| | - M. Rosati
- Gynecology Division, “Santo Spirito” Hospital, Pescara, Italy
| | - E. Tomato
- Immunology Division, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - A. Caraffa
- Orthopedics Division, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - P. Antinolfi
- Orthopedics Division, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - P. Conti
- Immunology Division, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - T.C. Theoharides
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Tufts University School of Medicine, New England Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
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Gotlib J, Akin C. Mast cells and eosinophils in mastocytosis, chronic eosinophilic leukemia, and non-clonal disorders. Semin Hematol 2012; 49:128-37. [PMID: 22449623 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminhematol.2012.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells and eosinophils often travel in the same biologic circles. In non-clonal states, such as allergic and inflammatory conditions, cell-to-cell contact and the pleiotropic actions of multiple cytokines and chemokines, derived from local tissues or mast cells themselves, foster the co-recruitment of these cells to the same geographic cellular niche. While eosinophils and mast cells serve critical roles as part of the host immune response and in maintenance of normal homeostasis, these cell types can undergo neoplastic transformation due to the development of clonal molecular abnormalities that arise in early hematopoietic progenitors. The dysregulated tyrosine kinases, D816V KIT and FIP1L1-PDGFRA, are the prototypic oncogenic lesions resulting in systemic mastocytosis (SM) and chronic eosinophilic leukemia, respectively. We review the pathobiology of these myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) with a focus on the relationship between mast cells and eosinophils, and discuss murine models, which further elucidate how the phenotype of these diseases can be influenced by stem cell factor (SCF) and expression of the potent eosinophilopoietic cytokine, interleukin-5 (IL-5). Therapy of SM and FIP1L1-PDGFRA-positive disease and the prognostic relevance of increased peripheral blood and tissue mast cells in hematolymphoid malignancies will also be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Gotlib
- Stanford University School of Medicine/Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA, USA
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40
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Gri G, Frossi B, D'Inca F, Danelli L, Betto E, Mion F, Sibilano R, Pucillo C. Mast cell: an emerging partner in immune interaction. Front Immunol 2012; 3:120. [PMID: 22654879 PMCID: PMC3360165 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are currently recognized as effector cells in many settings of the immune response, including host defense, immune regulation, allergy, chronic inflammation, and autoimmune diseases. MC pleiotropic functions reflect their ability to secrete a wide spectrum of preformed or newly synthesized biologically active products with pro-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory and/or immunosuppressive properties, in response to multiple signals. Moreover, the modulation of MC effector phenotypes relies on the interaction of a wide variety of membrane molecules involved in cell–cell or cell-extracellular-matrix interaction. The delivery of co-stimulatory signals allows MC to specifically communicate with immune cells belonging to both innate and acquired immunity, as well as with non-immune tissue-specific cell types. This article reviews and discusses the evidence that MC membrane-expressed molecules play a central role in regulating MC priming and activation and in the modulation of innate and adaptive immune response not only against host injury, but also in peripheral tolerance and tumor-surveillance or -escape. The complex expression of MC surface molecules may be regarded as a measure of connectivity, with altered patterns of cell–cell interaction representing functionally distinct MC states. We will focalize our attention on roles and functions of recently discovered molecules involved in the cross-talk of MCs with other immune partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Gri
- Immunology Laboratory, Department of Medical and Biological Science, University of Udine Udine, Italy
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41
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Caruso RA, Fedele F, Parisi A, Paparo D, Bonanno A, Finocchiaro G, Branca G, Scardigno M, Rigoli L. Chronic Allergic-like Inflammation in the Tumor Stroma of Human Gastric Carcinomas: An Ultrastructural Study. Ultrastruct Pathol 2012; 36:139-44. [DOI: 10.3109/01913123.2012.656883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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42
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Dichlberger A, Schlager S, Lappalainen J, Käkelä R, Hattula K, Butcher SJ, Schneider WJ, Kovanen PT. Lipid body formation during maturation of human mast cells. J Lipid Res 2011; 52:2198-2208. [PMID: 21971714 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m019737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets, also called lipid bodies (LB) in inflammatory cells, are important cytoplasmic organelles. However, little is known about the molecular characteristics and functions of LBs in human mast cells (MC). Here, we have analyzed the genesis and components of LBs during differentiation of human peripheral blood-derived CD34(+) progenitors into connective tissue-type MCs. In our serum-free culture system, the maturing MCs, derived from 18 different donors, invariably developed triacylglycerol (TG)-rich LBs. Not known heretofore, the MCs transcribe the genes for perilipins (PLIN)1-4, but not PLIN5, and PLIN2 and PLIN3 display different degrees of LB association. Upon MC activation and ensuing degranulation, the LBs were not cosecreted with the cytoplasmic secretory granules. Exogenous arachidonic acid (AA) enhanced LB genesis in Triacsin C-sensitive fashion, and it was found to be preferentially incorporated into the TGs of LBs. The large TG-associated pool of AA in LBs likely is a major precursor for eicosanoid production by MCs. In summary, we demonstrate that cultured human MCs derived from CD34(+) progenitors in peripheral blood provide a new tool to study regulatory mechanisms involving LB functions, with particular emphasis on AA metabolism, eicosanoid biosynthesis, and subsequent release of proinflammatory lipid mediators from these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Reijo Käkelä
- Department of Biosciences, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland and
| | - Katarina Hattula
- Institute of Biotechnology, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland; and
| | - Sarah J Butcher
- Institute of Biotechnology, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland; and
| | - Wolfgang J Schneider
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria.
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Frossi B, D'Incà F, Crivellato E, Sibilano R, Gri G, Mongillo M, Danelli L, Maggi L, Pucillo CE. Single-cell dynamics of mast cell-CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cell interactions. Eur J Immunol 2011; 41:1872-82. [PMID: 21509780 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201041300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2010] [Revised: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The biological behavior of immune cells is determined by their intrinsic properties and interactions with other cell populations within their microenvironment. Several studies have confirmed the existence of tight spatial interactions between mast cells (MCs) and Tregs in different settings. For instance, we have recently identified the functional cross-talk between MCs and Tregs, through the OX40L-OX40 axis, as a new mechanism of reciprocal influence. However, there is scant information regarding the single-cell dynamics of this process. In this study, time-lapse video microscopy revealed direct interactions between Tregs and MCs in both murine and human cell co-cultures, resulting in the inhibition of the MC degranulation response. MCs incubated with WT, but not OX40-deficient, Tregs mediated numerous and long-lasting interactions and displayed different morphological features lacking the classical signs of exocytosis. MC degranulation and Ca2+ mobilization upon activation were inhibited by Tregs on a single-cell basis, without affecting overall cytokine secretion. Transmission electron microscopy showed ultrastructural evidence of vesicle-mediated secretion reconcilable with the morphological pattern of piecemeal degranulation. Our results suggest that MC morphological and functional changes following MC-Treg interactions can be ascribed to cell-cell contact and represent a transversal, non-species-specific mechanism of immune response regulation. Further research, looking at the molecular composition of this interaction will broaden our understanding of its contribution to immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Frossi
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, M.A.T.I. Centre of Excellence, University of Udine, Udine, Italy.
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Elishmereni M, Alenius HT, Bradding P, Mizrahi S, Shikotra A, Minai-Fleminger Y, Mankuta D, Eliashar R, Zabucchi G, Levi-Schaffer F. Physical interactions between mast cells and eosinophils: a novel mechanism enhancing eosinophil survival in vitro. Allergy 2011; 66:376-85. [PMID: 20977491 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2010.02494.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mast cells (MCs) and eosinophils (Eos) are the key effector cells of the allergic reaction. Although classically associated with different stages of the response, the cells co-exist in the inflamed tissue in the late and chronic phases in high numbers and are likely to cross-talk. While some mediators of MCs are known to affect Eos biology and vice versa, paracrine and physical interplay between the two cells has not been described yet. We aimed to investigate whether intercellular MC-Eos communication could take place in the allergic response and exert functional bidirectional changes on the cells. METHODS Tissue sections from various allergic disorders were specifically stained for both cells. Human cord blood-derived MCs and peripheral blood Eos, co-cultured under different conditions, were studied by advanced microscopy and flow cytometry. RESULTS Several co-localized MC-Eos pairs were detected in human nasal polyps and asthmatic bronchi, as well in mouse atopic dermatitis. In vitro, MCs and Eos formed stable conjugates at high rates, with clear membrane contact. In the presence of MCs, Eos were significantly more viable under several co-culture conditions and at both IgE-activated and steroid-inhibited settings. MC regulation of Eos survival required communication through soluble mediators but was even more dependent on physical cell-cell contact. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide the first evidence for a complex network of paracrine and membrane interactions between MCs and Eos. The prosurvival phenotype induced by this MC-Eos interplay may be critical for sustaining chronic allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Elishmereni
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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