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Bosi A, Banfi D, Bistoletti M, Catizzone LM, Chiaravalli AM, Moretto P, Moro E, Karousou E, Viola M, Giron MC, Crema F, Rossetti C, Binelli G, Passi A, Vigetti D, Giaroni C, Baj A. Hyaluronan Regulates Neuronal and Immune Function in the Rat Small Intestine and Colonic Microbiota after Ischemic/Reperfusion Injury. Cells 2022; 11:3370. [PMID: 36359764 PMCID: PMC9657036 DOI: 10.3390/cells11213370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal ischemia and reperfusion (IRI) injury induces acute and long-lasting damage to the neuromuscular compartment and dysmotility. This study aims to evaluate the pathogenetic role of hyaluronan (HA), a glycosaminoglycan component of the extracellular matrix, as a modulator of the enteric neuronal and immune function and of the colonic microbiota during in vivo IRI in the rat small intestine. METHODS mesenteric ischemia was induced in anesthetized adult male rats for 60 min, followed by 24 h reperfusion. Injured, sham-operated and non-injured animals were treated with the HA synthesis inhibitor, 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU 25 mg/kg). Fecal microbiota composition was evaluated by Next Generation Sequencing. Neutrophil infiltration, HA homeostasis and toll like receptor (TLR2 and TLR4) expression in the small intestine were evaluated by immunohistochemical and biomolecular approaches (qRT-PCR and Western blotting). Neuromuscular responses were studied in vitro, in the absence and presence of the selective TLR2/4 inhibitor, Sparstolonin B (SsnB 10, 30 µM). RESULTS 4-MU significantly reduced IRI-induced enhancement of potentially harmful Escherichia and Enterococcus bacteria. After IRI, HA levels, neutrophil infiltration, and TLR2 and TLR4 expression were significantly enhanced in the muscularis propria, and were significantly reduced to baseline levels by 4-MU. In the injured, but not in the non-injured and sham-operated groups, SsnB reduced both electrical field-stimulated (EFS, 0.1-40 Hz) contractions and EFS-induced (10 Hz) non-cholinergic non-adrenergic relaxations. CONCLUSIONS enhanced HA levels after intestinal IRI favors harmful bacteria overgrowth, increases neutrophil infiltration and promotes the upregulation of bacterial target receptors, TLR2 and TLR4, in the muscularis propria, inducing a pro-inflammatory state. TLR2 and TLR4 activation may, however, underlay a provisional benefit on excitatory and inhibitory neuronal pathways underlying peristalsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Bosi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Davide Banfi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Michela Bistoletti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | | | | | - Paola Moretto
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Moro
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Section of Pharmacology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Evgenia Karousou
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Manuela Viola
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Maria Cecilia Giron
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Francesca Crema
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Section of Pharmacology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Carlo Rossetti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Giorgio Binelli
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Alberto Passi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Davide Vigetti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Cristina Giaroni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Andreina Baj
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
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2
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Ricardo-da-Silva FY, Fantozzi ET, Rodrigues-Garbin S, Domingos HV, Oliveira-Filho RM, Vargaftig BB, Riffo-Vasquez Y, Breithaupt-Faloppa AC, Tavares-de-Lima W. Estradiol prevented intestinal ischemia and reperfusion-induced changes in intestinal permeability and motility in male rats. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2021; 76:e2683. [PMID: 33909827 PMCID: PMC8050597 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2021/e2683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) in the intestine could lead to severe endothelial injury, compromising intestinal motility. Reportedly, estradiol can control local and systemic inflammation induced by I/R injury. Thus, we investigated the effects of estradiol treatment on local repercussions in an intestinal I/R model. METHODS Rats were subjected to ischemia via the occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery (45 min) followed by reperfusion (2h). Thirty minutes after ischemia induction (E30), 17β-estradiol (E2) was administered as a single dose (280 μg/kg, intravenous). Sham-operated animals were used as controls. RESULTS I/R injury decreased intestinal motility and increased intestinal permeability, accompanied by reduced mesenteric endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and endothelin (ET) protein expression. Additionally, the levels of serum injury markers and inflammatory mediators were elevated. Estradiol treatment improved intestinal motility, reduced intestinal permeability, and increased eNOS and ET expression. Levels of injury markers and inflammatory mediators were also reduced following estradiol treatment. CONCLUSION Collectively, our findings indicate that estradiol treatment can modulate the deleterious intestinal effects of I/R injury. Thus, estradiol mediates the improvement in gut barrier functions and prevents intestinal dysfunction, which may reduce the systemic inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Yamamoto Ricardo-da-Silva
- Laboratorio de Cirurgia Cardiovascular e Fisiopatologia da Circulacao (LIM-11), Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Evelyn Thaís Fantozzi
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Sara Rodrigues-Garbin
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Helori Vanni Domingos
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | | | - Bernardo Boris Vargaftig
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Yanira Riffo-Vasquez
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ana Cristina Breithaupt-Faloppa
- Laboratorio de Cirurgia Cardiovascular e Fisiopatologia da Circulacao (LIM-11), Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
- *Corresponding author. E-mail:
| | - Wothan Tavares-de-Lima
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
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Bistoletti M, Bosi A, Caon I, Chiaravalli AM, Moretto P, Genoni A, Moro E, Karousou E, Viola M, Crema F, Baj A, Passi A, Vigetti D, Giaroni C. Involvement of hyaluronan in the adaptive changes of the rat small intestine neuromuscular function after ischemia/reperfusion injury. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11521. [PMID: 32661417 PMCID: PMC7359366 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67876-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury has severe consequences on myenteric neurons, which can be irreversibly compromised resulting in slowing of transit and hindered food digestion. Myenteric neurons synthesize hyaluronan (HA) to form a well-structured perineuronal net, which undergoes derangement when myenteric ganglia homeostasis is perturbed, i.e. during inflammation. In this study we evaluated HA involvement in rat small intestine myenteric plexus after in vivo I/R injury induced by clamping a branch of the superior mesenteric artery for 60 min, followed by 24 h of reperfusion. In some experiments, 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU, 25 mg/kg), a HA synthesis inhibitor, was intraperitoneally administered to normal (CTR), sham-operated (SH) and I/R animals for 24 h. In longitudinal muscle myenteric plexus (LMMP) whole-mount preparations, HA binding protein staining as well as HA levels were significantly higher in the I/R group, and were reduced after 4-MU treatment. HA synthase 1 and 2 (HAS1 and HAS2) labelled myenteric neurons and mRNA levels in LMMPs increased in the I/R group with respect to CTR, and were reduced by 4-MU. The efficiency of the gastrointestinal transit was significantly reduced in I/R and 4-MU-treated I/R groups with respect to CTR and SH groups. In the 4-MU-treated I/R group gastric emptying was reduced with respect to the CTR, SH and I/R groups. Carbachol (CCh) and electrical field (EFS, 0.1–40 Hz) stimulated contractions and EFS-induced (10 Hz) NANC relaxations were reduced in the I/R group with respect to both CTR and SH groups. After I/R, 4-MU treatment increased EFS contractions towards control values, but did not affect CCh-induced contractions. NANC on-relaxations after I/R were not influenced by 4-MU treatment. Main alterations in the neurochemical coding of both excitatory (tachykinergic) and inhibitory pathways (iNOS, VIPergic) were also observed after I/R, and were influenced by 4-MU administration. Overall, our data suggest that, after an intestinal I/R damage, changes of HA homeostasis in specific myenteric neuron populations may influence the efficiency of the gastrointestinal transit. We cannot exclude that modulation of HA synthesis in these conditions may ameliorate derangement of the enteric motor function preventing, at least in part, the development of dysmotility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Bistoletti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, via H. Dunant 5, Varese, Italy
| | - Annalisa Bosi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, via H. Dunant 5, Varese, Italy
| | - Ilaria Caon
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, via H. Dunant 5, Varese, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Chiaravalli
- Department of Pathology, ASST-Sette Laghi, Ospedale di Circolo Viale L. Borri 57, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Paola Moretto
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, via H. Dunant 5, Varese, Italy
| | - Angelo Genoni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, via H. Dunant 5, Varese, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Moro
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Section of Pharmacology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Evgenia Karousou
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, via H. Dunant 5, Varese, Italy
| | - Manuela Viola
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, via H. Dunant 5, Varese, Italy
| | - Francesca Crema
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Section of Pharmacology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Andreina Baj
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, via H. Dunant 5, Varese, Italy
| | - Alberto Passi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, via H. Dunant 5, Varese, Italy
| | - Davide Vigetti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, via H. Dunant 5, Varese, Italy.
| | - Cristina Giaroni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, via H. Dunant 5, Varese, Italy.
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4
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Young PY, Mueller TF, Sis B, Churchill TA, Khadaroo RG. Oncostatin M Plays a Critical Role in Survival after Acute Intestinal Ischemia: Reperfusion Injury. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2020; 21:799-806. [PMID: 32379547 DOI: 10.1089/sur.2019.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Acute intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury (AIIRI) is a devastating clinical condition relevant to multiple diseases processes, including sepsis, trauma, transplantation, and burns. An AIIRI is a contributor to the development of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). Oncostatin M (OSM)/oncostatin M receptor (OSMR) signaling is an unrecognized and novel candidate pathway for the mediation of MODS. In this study, we hypothesized that OSM mediates the injury mechanism of AIIRI leading to MODS. Methods: Wild-type (WT) and OSMR-knockout (OSMR-/-) C57BL/6 mice underwent AIIRI using a well-established model of selective occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA). Serum cytokine concentrations were measured using a multiplex detection system. Further tissue analysis was conducted with polymerase chain reaction, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Western blots, and histologic review. Results: Survival was significantly higher in WT than in OSMR-/- groups at 30 minutes of ischemia with 2 hours of reperfusion (100% versus 42.9%; P = 0.015). No significant differences in the degree of local intestinal injury was seen in the two groups. In contrast, the degree of lung injury, as evidenced by myeloperixodase activity, was lower in OSMR-/- animals in the early AIIRI groups. There was a greater degree of renal dysfunction in OSMR-/- mice. Oncostatin M mediated interleukin (IL)-10 upregulation, with WT animals having significantly lower IL-10 concentrations (52.04 ± 23.06 pg/mL versus 324.37 ± 140.35 pg/mL; P = 0.046). Conclusion: Oncostatin M signalling is essential during acute intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury. An OSMR deficiency results in decreased early lung injury but increased renal dysfunction. There was a significantly increased mortality rate after AIIRI in mice with OSMR deficiency. Augmentation of OSM may be a novel immunomodulatory strategy for AIIRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pang Y Young
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Thomas F Mueller
- Department of Medicine, and Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Banu Sis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology and Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Thomas A Churchill
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rachel G Khadaroo
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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5
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Neuronal Nitric Oxide Mediates the Anti-inflammatory Effects of Intestinal Ischemic Preconditioning. J Surg Res 2019; 244:241-250. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2019.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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6
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7
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Hoang QT, Nuzzo A, Louedec L, Delbosc S, Andreata F, Khallou-Laschet J, Assadi M, Montravers P, Longrois D, Corcos O, Caligiuri G, Nicoletti A, Michel JB, Tran-Dinh A. Peptide binding to cleaved CD31 dampens ischemia/reperfusion-induced intestinal injury. Intensive Care Med Exp 2018; 6:27. [PMID: 30112663 PMCID: PMC6093833 DOI: 10.1186/s40635-018-0192-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD31 is a key transmembrane neutrophil immunoregulatory receptor. Mesenteric ischemia/reperfusion-induced neutrophil activation leads to a massive cleavage and shedding of the most extracellular domains of CD31 into plasma, enhancing the deleterious effect of neutrophil activation. We have evaluated the preventive therapeutic potential of an engineered synthetic octapeptide (P8RI), which restores the inhibitory intracellular signaling of cleaved CD31, in an experimental model of acute mesenteric ischemia/reperfusion. METHODS In a randomized, controlled, and experimenter-blinded preclinical study, mesenteric ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) was induced in Wistar rats by superior mesenteric artery occlusion for 30 min followed by 4 h of reperfusion. Three groups of rats were compared: I/R + saline perfusion (I/R controls group, n = 7), I/R + preventive P8RI perfusion (P8RI group, n = 7), and sham-operated rats + saline perfusion (sham group, n = 7). RESULTS Compared with I/R controls, P8RI perfusion significantly decreased intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury (Chiu's score, P = 0.01; epithelial area, P = 0.001) and bacterial translocation (plasma Escherichia coli DNA, P = 0.04) and could limit intestinal bleeding (P = 0.09). P8RI decreased neutrophil activation assessed by matrix metalloproteinase-9 release in plasma (P < 0.001) and in the intestinal wall, albeit without statistical significance (P = 0.06 and P = 0.058 for myeloperoxydase). Inhibition of CD31 cleavage from neutrophils could play a major role in the protective effects of P8RI (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Preventive administration of P8RI, a CD31-agonist peptide, could decrease I/R-induced intestinal injury by potentially limiting neutrophil activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quoc Thang Hoang
- INSERM LVTS U1148, Paris-Diderot, Université Sorbonne, Paris, France.,Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical Critical Care, Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Alexandre Nuzzo
- INSERM LVTS U1148, Paris-Diderot, Université Sorbonne, Paris, France.,Structure d'URgences Vasculaires Intestinales (SURVI), CHU Beaujon, Clichy, France
| | - Liliane Louedec
- INSERM LVTS U1148, Paris-Diderot, Université Sorbonne, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Delbosc
- INSERM LVTS U1148, Paris-Diderot, Université Sorbonne, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Maksud Assadi
- INSERM LVTS U1148, Paris-Diderot, Université Sorbonne, Paris, France.,Département d'anesthésie-réanimation, CHU Bichat-Claude Bernard, 46, rue Henri Huchard, 75877, Paris Cedex 18, France
| | - Philippe Montravers
- Département d'anesthésie-réanimation, CHU Bichat-Claude Bernard, 46, rue Henri Huchard, 75877, Paris Cedex 18, France.,INSERM UMR 1152, Paris-Diderot, Université Sorbonne, Paris, France
| | - Dan Longrois
- INSERM LVTS U1148, Paris-Diderot, Université Sorbonne, Paris, France.,Département d'anesthésie-réanimation, CHU Bichat-Claude Bernard, 46, rue Henri Huchard, 75877, Paris Cedex 18, France
| | - Olivier Corcos
- INSERM LVTS U1148, Paris-Diderot, Université Sorbonne, Paris, France.,Structure d'URgences Vasculaires Intestinales (SURVI), CHU Beaujon, Clichy, France
| | | | | | | | - Alexy Tran-Dinh
- INSERM LVTS U1148, Paris-Diderot, Université Sorbonne, Paris, France. .,Département d'anesthésie-réanimation, CHU Bichat-Claude Bernard, 46, rue Henri Huchard, 75877, Paris Cedex 18, France.
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8
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Peoc’h K, Nuzzo A, Guedj K, Paugam C, Corcos O. Diagnosis biomarkers in acute intestinal ischemic injury: so close, yet so far. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 56:373-385. [DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2017-0291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Acute intestinal ischemic injury (i3) is a life-threatening condition with disastrous prognosis, which is currently difficult to diagnose at the early stages of the disease; a rapid diagnosis is mandatory to avoid irreversible ischemia, extensive bowel resection, sepsis and death. The overlapping protein expression of liver and gut related to the complex physiopathology of the disease, the heterogeneity of the disease and its relative rarity could explain the lack of a useful early biochemical marker of i3. Apart from non-specific biological markers of thrombosis, hypoxia inflammation, and infection, several more specific biomarkers in relation with the gut barrier dysfunction, the villi injury and the enterocyte mass have been used in the diagnosis of acute i3. It includes particularly D-lactate, intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (FABP) and citrulline. Herein, we will discuss leading publications concerning these historical markers that point out the main limitations reagrding their use in routine clinical practice. We will also introduce the first and limited results arising from omic studies, underlying the remaining effort that needs to be done in the field of acute i3 biological diagnosis, which remains a challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katell Peoc’h
- Biochimie Clinique, Hôpital Beaujon , Université Paris Diderot, UFR de Médecine Xavier Bichat and APHP, HUPNVS, DHU Unity , Clichy , France
- INSERM, UMRs 1149, CRI , Université Paris Diderot , Paris , France , Phone: +33 (0)1 40 87 54 36
| | - Alexandre Nuzzo
- SURVI, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP, HUPNVS, DHU Unity , Clichy , France
- Gastroenterologie, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP, HUPNVS , Clichy , France
| | - Kevin Guedj
- SURVI, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP, HUPNVS, DHU Unity , Clichy , France
- INSERM, UMRs 1148, LVTS , Paris , France
| | - Catherine Paugam
- Anesthésie Réanimation, Hôpital Beaujon , Université Paris Diderot, UFR de Médecine Xavier Bichat and APHP, HUPNVS , Clichy , France
| | - Olivier Corcos
- SURVI, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP, HUPNVS, DHU Unity , Clichy , France
- Gastroenterologie, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP, HUPNVS , Clichy , France
- INSERM, UMRs 1148, LVTS , Paris , France
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9
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Lipid-rich enteral nutrition controls intestinal inflammation, improves intestinal motility and mucosal barrier damage in a rat model of intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury. J Surg Res 2017; 213:75-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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10
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Filpa V, Carpanese E, Marchet S, Pirrone C, Conti A, Rainero A, Moro E, Chiaravalli AM, Zucchi I, Moriondo A, Negrini D, Crema F, Frigo G, Giaroni C, Porta G. Nitric oxide regulates homeoprotein OTX1 and OTX2 expression in the rat myenteric plexus after intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2017; 312:G374-G389. [PMID: 28154013 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00386.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal and inducible nitric oxide synthase (nNOS and iNOS) play a protective and damaging role, respectively, on the intestinal neuromuscular function after ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. To uncover the molecular pathways underlying this dichotomy we investigated their possible correlation with the orthodenticle homeobox proteins OTX1 and OTX2 in the rat small intestine myenteric plexus after in vivo I/R. Homeobox genes are fundamental for the regulation of the gut wall homeostasis both during development and in pathological conditions (inflammation, cancer). I/R injury was induced by temporary clamping the superior mesenteric artery under anesthesia, followed by 24 and 48 h of reperfusion. At 48 h after I/R intestinal transit decreased and was further reduced by Nω-propyl-l-arginine hydrochloride (NPLA), a nNOS-selective inhibitor. By contrast this parameter was restored to control values by 1400W, an iNOS-selective inhibitor. In longitudinal muscle myenteric plexus (LMMP) preparations, iNOS, OTX1, and OTX2 mRNA and protein levels increased at 24 and 48 h after I/R. At both time periods, the number of iNOS- and OTX-immunopositive myenteric neurons increased. nNOS mRNA, protein levels, and neurons were unchanged. In LMMPs, OTX1 and OTX2 mRNA and protein upregulation was reduced by 1400W and NPLA, respectively. In myenteric ganglia, OTX1 and OTX2 staining was superimposed with that of iNOS and nNOS, respectively. Thus in myenteric ganglia iNOS- and nNOS-derived NO may promote OTX1 and OTX2 upregulation, respectively. We hypothesize that the neurodamaging and neuroprotective roles of iNOS and nNOS during I/R injury in the gut may involve corresponding activation of molecular pathways downstream of OTX1 and OTX2.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury induces relevant alterations in myenteric neurons leading to dismotility. Nitrergic neurons seem to be selectively involved. In the present study the inference that both neuronal and inducible nitric oxide synthase (nNOS and iNOS) expressing myenteric neurons may undergo important changes sustaining derangements of motor function is reinforced. In addition, we provide data to suggest that NO produced by iNOS and nNOS regulates the expression of the vital transcription factors orthodenticle homeobox protein 1 and 2 during an I/R damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Filpa
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Elisa Carpanese
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Silvia Marchet
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Cristina Pirrone
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Andrea Conti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Alessia Rainero
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Moro
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Section of Pharmacology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Ileana Zucchi
- ITB Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Moriondo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Daniela Negrini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Francesca Crema
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Section of Pharmacology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Gianmario Frigo
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Section of Pharmacology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Cristina Giaroni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Porta
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
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11
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Nikiforou M, Willburger C, de Jong AE, Kloosterboer N, Jellema RK, Ophelders DRMG, Steinbusch HWM, Kramer BW, Wolfs TGAM. Global hypoxia-ischemia induced inflammation and structural changes in the preterm ovine gut which were not ameliorated by mesenchymal stem cell treatment. Mol Med 2016; 22:244-257. [PMID: 27257938 PMCID: PMC5023518 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2015.00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Perinatal asphyxia, a condition of impaired gas exchange during birth, leads to fetal hypoxia-ischemia (HI) and is associated with postnatal adverse outcomes including intestinal dysmotility and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Evidence from adult animal models of transient, locally-induced intestinal HI has shown that inflammation is essential in HI-induced injury of the gut. Importantly, mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) treatment prevented this HI-induced intestinal damage. We therefore assessed whether fetal global HI induced inflammation, injury and developmental changes in the gut and whether intravenous MSC administration ameliorated these HI-induced adverse intestinal effects. In a preclinical ovine model, fetuses were subjected to umbilical cord occlusion (UCO), with or without MSC treatment, and sacrificed 7 days after UCO. Global HI increased the number of myeloperoxidase positive cells in the mucosa, upregulated mRNA levels of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-17 in gut tissue and caused T-cell invasion in the intestinal muscle layer. Intestinal inflammation following global HI was associated with increased Ki67+ cells in the muscularis and subsequent muscle hyperplasia. Global HI caused distortion of glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactivity in the enteric glial cells and increased synaptophysin and serotonin expression in the myenteric ganglia. Intravenous MSC treatment did not ameliorate these HI-induced adverse intestinal events. Global HI resulted in intestinal inflammation and enteric nervous system abnormalities which are clinically associated with postnatal complications including feeding intolerance, altered gastrointestinal transit and NEC. The intestinal histopathological changes were not prevented by intravenous MSC treatment directly after HI, indicating that alternative treatment regimens for cell-based therapies should be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Nikiforou
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Carolin Willburger
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Anja E de Jong
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Nico Kloosterboer
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Reint K Jellema
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Daan RMG Ophelders
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Harry WM Steinbusch
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Boris W Kramer
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- School of Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Tim GAM Wolfs
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- School of Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Resveratrol Reduces Morphologic Changes in the Myenteric Plexus and Oxidative Stress in the Ileum in Rats with Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. Dig Dis Sci 2015; 60:3252-63. [PMID: 26077974 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-015-3742-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury can be caused by surgical procedures and inflammatory bowel disease. It is normally associated with the increased production of free radicals and changes in the enteric nervous system. AIMS Given the antioxidant and neuroprotective properties of resveratrol, the present study assessed its influence on oxidative stress in the intestinal wall and the morphology of myenteric neurons in the ileum of rats subjected to ischemia/reperfusion. METHODS Resveratrol was orally administered daily at a dose of 10 mg/kg for 5 days. Changes in the ileum response to ischemia after 45 min were investigated followed by 3 h reperfusion. Lipoperoxide and carbonylated protein levels, and the activity of the antioxidant enzymes glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were measured following ischemia/reperfusion injury. RESULTS The density and morphometry of the general neuronal population, nitrergic neurons and glial cells, and morphometry of VIP varicosities in the ileum were also studied. Lipoperoxide and carbonylated protein levels were 171 and 40% higher during the ischemia/reperfusion, respectively, compared to control cohorts, and resveratrol attenuated these values. The glutathione ratio was 64% lower during ischemia/reperfusion, compared to control cohorts. Resveratrol increased the reduced/oxidized glutathione ratio, attenuated the changes in the activity of the antioxidant enzymes and the detrimental morphologic changes caused by ischemia/reperfusion in the general neuronal population and nitrergic neurons. CONCLUSIONS Oral treatment with resveratrol reduced the oxidative stress in the ileum and attenuated the morphologic changes that occurred in the myenteric plexus of the ileum in rats subjected to ischemia/reperfusion.
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Wu S, Zhu X, Jin Z, Tong X, Zhu L, Hong X, Zhu X, Liu P, Shen W. The protective role of montelukast against intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15787. [PMID: 26497763 PMCID: PMC4620564 DOI: 10.1038/srep15787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Several drugs are effective in attenuating intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI); however little is known about the effect of montelukast. Fifty rats were randomly assigned to 3 groups: model group (operation with clamping), sham group (operation without clamping), and study group (operation with clamping and 0.2, 2 and 20 mg/kg montelukast pretreatment). Intestinal ischemia-reperfusion was performed by occlusion (clamping) of the arteria mesenterica anterior for 45 min, followed by 24 h reperfusion. Intestinal IRI in the model group led to severe damage of the intestinal mucosa, liver and kidney. The Chiu scores of the intestines from the study group (2 and 20 mg/kg) were lower than that of the model group. Intestinal IRI induced a marked increase in CysLTR1, Caspase-8 and -9 expression in intestine, liver and kidney, which were markedly reduced by preconditioning with 2 mg/kg montelukast. Preconditioning with 2 g/kg montelukast significantly attenuated hepatic tissue injury and kidney damage, and decreased plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels in plasma after intestinal IRI. In conclusion, preconditioning with montelukast could attenuate intestinal IRI and the subsequent systemic inflammatory response in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenbao Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Affiliated Yiwu Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, Yiwu 322000, PR China
| | - Xuxing Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Affiliated Yiwu Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, Yiwu 322000, PR China
| | - Zhonghai Jin
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Affiliated Yiwu Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, Yiwu 322000, PR China
| | - Xiuping Tong
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Affiliated Yiwu Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, Yiwu 322000, PR China
| | - Liqin Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Affiliated Yiwu Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, Yiwu 322000, PR China
| | - Xiaofei Hong
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Affiliated Yiwu Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, Yiwu 322000, PR China
| | - Xianfei Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Affiliated Yiwu Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, Yiwu 322000, PR China
| | - Pengfei Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Affiliated Jiangyin Hospital of Nantong University Medical School, Jiangyin 214400, PR China
| | - Weidong Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Affiliated Jiangyin Hospital of Nantong University Medical School, Jiangyin 214400, PR China
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Poole DP, Lieu T, Pelayo JC, Eriksson EM, Veldhuis NA, Bunnett NW. Inflammation-induced abnormalities in the subcellular localization and trafficking of the neurokinin 1 receptor in the enteric nervous system. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2015; 309:G248-59. [PMID: 26138465 PMCID: PMC4537929 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00118.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Activated G protein-coupled receptors traffic to endosomes and are sorted to recycling or degradative pathways. Endosomes are also a site of receptor signaling of sustained and pathophysiologically important processes, including inflammation. However, the mechanisms of endosomal sorting of receptors and the impact of disease on trafficking have not been fully defined. We examined the effects of inflammation on the subcellular distribution and trafficking of the substance P (SP) neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R) in enteric neurons. We studied NK1R trafficking in enteric neurons of the mouse colon using immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy. The impact of inflammation was studied in IL10(-/-)-piroxicam and trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid colitis models. NK1R was localized to the plasma membrane of myenteric and submucosal neurons of the uninflamed colon. SP evoked NK1R endocytosis and recycling. Deletion of β-arrestin2, which associates with the activated NK1R, accelerated recycling. Inhibition of endothelin-converting enzyme-1 (ECE-1), which degrades endosomal SP, prevented recycling. Inflammation was associated with NK1R endocytosis in myenteric but not submucosal neurons. Whereas the NK1R in uninflamed neurons recycled within 60 min, NK1R recycling in inflamed neurons was delayed for >120 min, suggesting defective recycling machinery. Inflammation was associated with β-arrestin2 upregulation and ECE-1 downregulation, which may contribute to the defective NK1R recycling. We conclude that inflammation evokes redistribution of NK1R from the plasma membrane to endosomes of myenteric neurons through enhanced SP release and defective NK1R recycling. Defective recycling may be secondary to upregulation of β-arrestin2 and downregulation of ECE-1. Internalized NK1R may generate sustained proinflammatory signals that disrupt normal neuronal functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P. Poole
- 1Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; ,2Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; ,3ARC Center of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash University, Victoria, Australia;
| | - TinaMarie Lieu
- 1Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia;
| | - Juan Carlos Pelayo
- 4Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California;
| | - Emily M. Eriksson
- 6Department of Laboratory Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; ,5Population Health & Immunity, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; and
| | - Nicholas A. Veldhuis
- 1Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; ,7Department of Genetics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; ,3ARC Center of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash University, Victoria, Australia;
| | - Nigel W. Bunnett
- 1Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; ,8Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; ,3ARC Center of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash University, Victoria, Australia; ,9Department of Anaesthesia and Peri-operative Medicine, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
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15
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Ozban M, Aydin C, Cevahir N, Yenisey C, Birsen O, Gumrukcu G, Aydin B, Berber I. The effect of melatonin on bacterial translocation following ischemia/reperfusion injury in a rat model of superior mesenteric artery occlusion. BMC Surg 2015; 15:18. [PMID: 25884520 PMCID: PMC4355544 DOI: 10.1186/s12893-015-0003-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute mesenteric ischemia is a life-threatening vascular emergency resulting in tissue destruction due to ischemia-reperfusion injury. Melatonin, the primary hormone of the pineal gland, is a powerful scavenger of reactive oxygen species (ROS), including the hydroxyl and peroxyl radicals, as well as singlet oxygen, and nitric oxide. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether melatonin prevents harmful effects of superior mesenteric ischemia-reperfusion on intestinal tissues in rats. METHODS Rats were randomly divided into three groups, each having 10 animals. In group I, the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) was isolated but not occluded. In group II and group III, the SMA was occluded immediately distal to the aorta for 60 minutes. After that, the clamp was removed and the reperfusion period began. In group III, 30 minutes before the start of reperfusion, 10 mg/kg melatonin was administered intraperitonally. All animals were sacrified 24 hours after reperfusion. Tissue samples were collected to evaluate the I/R-induced intestinal injury and bacterial translocation (BT). RESULTS There was a statistically significant increase in myeloperoxidase activity, malondialdehyde levels and in the incidence of bacterial translocation in group II, along with a decrease in glutathione levels. These investigated parameters were found to be normalized in melatonin treated animals (group III). CONCLUSION We conclude that melatonin prevents bacterial translocation while precluding the harmful effects of ischemia/reperfusion injury on intestinal tissues in a rat model of superior mesenteric artery occlusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Ozban
- />Department of General Surgery, School of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Cagatay Aydin
- />Department of General Surgery, School of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Nural Cevahir
- />Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Cigdem Yenisey
- />Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Onur Birsen
- />Department of General Surgery, School of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Gulistan Gumrukcu
- />Department of Pathology, Haydarpasa Numune Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Berrin Aydin
- />Department of Emergency Medicine, Denizli State Hospital, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Berber
- />Department of Transplantation, International Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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Evennett N, Cerigioni E, Hall NJ, Pierro A, Eaton S. Smooth muscle actin as a novel serologic marker of severe intestinal damage in rat intestinal ischemia–reperfusion and human necrotising enterocolitis. J Surg Res 2014; 191:323-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2014.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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17
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Maretta M, Tóth Š, Jonecová Z, Veselá J. Impact of alanyl-glutamine dipeptide on proliferative and inflammatory changes in jejunal mucosa after acute mesenteric ischemia. J Pediatr Surg 2014; 49:1385-9. [PMID: 25148743 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2014.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of our study was to determinate the impact of dipeptide (alanyl-glutamine) administration on inflammatory and proliferative changes in jejunal mucosa after acute mesenteric ischemia. METHODS Male Wistar rats (n=30) were divided into three groups: ischemia/reperfusion (IR) group which undergoes 60min of mesenteric ischemia and 1 or 24h of reperfusion (IR1, IR24, n=12). Groups with dipeptide administration (D+IR1, D+IR24, Dipeptiven con inf., i.v., 0.75 g/kg) prior to IR injury were followed by 1 and 24h of reperfusion. At the end of reperfusion period jejunal bioptic samples were obtained for histological (H&E), histochemical (Alcian blue) and immunohistochemical (anti-PCNA, anti-MPO) evaluations. RESULTS Our results pointed out a significant (p<0.001) increase of histopathological injury score in IR1 group compared to D+IR1 group. Immunohistochemical evaluation showed that MPO-positivity was significantly increased in IR groups after 1 (p<0.001) as well as 24h of reperfusion (p<0.01) compared to dipeptide pretreated groups. Proliferative/reparatory rate was assessed using anti-PCNA antibody and showed a significant increase (p<0.01) in PCNA cell positivity in lamina propria in dipeptide treated group compared to IR group. CONCLUSION In conclusion we may suggest that administration of alanyl-glutamine dipeptide prior to IR injury may help to protect small intestine and its mucous membrane integrity against insult such as intestinal ischemic/reperfusion injury presents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Maretta
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Šrobárova 2, Košice, Slovak Republic.
| | - Štefan Tóth
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Šrobárova 2, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Zuzana Jonecová
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Šrobárova 2, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Jarmila Veselá
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Šrobárova 2, Košice, Slovak Republic
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18
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Wu SB, Zhu XX, Jin ZH, Tong XP, Hong XF, Shen WD. Role of cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 in intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2014; 22:3089-3094. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v22.i21.3089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To explore the role of cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 (CysLTsR1) in intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury.
METHODS: Forty rats were divided into 5 groups: a control group, a model group and low-, medium- and high-dose montelukast groups. After treatment, the water content of the small bowel was determined, and the histological changes in the intestinal tissues were assessed by HE staining. Immunohistochemical assessment of the expression of CysLTR1 and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) was also performed.
RESULTS: Intestinal I/R, small bowel water content (model group 78.13 g ± 1.35 g vs normal group 78.13 g ± 1.35 g, P < 0.05), and CysLTR1 protein and mRNA expression significantly increased in the model group compared with the control group. Application of montelukast decreased intestinal water content (low-, medium-, and high-dose groups 76.47 g ± 1.48 g, 72.67 g ± 5.35 g and 75.39 g ± 3.66 g vs model group 78.13 g ± 1.35 g, P < 0.05), relieved the intestinal tissue injury, and reduced CysLTR1 protein and mRNA expression in intestinal tissues (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: CysLTR1 participates in the pathogenesis of intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury, and may be a target for treatment of I/R injury.
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Tappenbeck K, Hoppe S, Reichert C, Feige K, Huber K. In vitro effects of lidocaine on contractility of circular and longitudinal equine intestinal smooth muscle. Vet J 2013; 198:170-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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20
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Jonecová Z, Tóth Š, Varga J, Staško P, Kovalčinová B, Maretta M, Veselá J. The immediate response of jejunal mucosa to small bowel heterotopic allotransplatation in rats. Tissue Cell 2013; 46:21-6. [PMID: 24079856 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The course of histopathological alterations within jejunal graft architecture during the initial adaptation phase in the host body was investigated. Graft tissues were compared to the intestinal tissues of the recipients. This study demonstrates: (1) renewal of intestinal epithelial lining in the graft biopsies during initial hours after transplantation is more likely caused by migration and extension of remaining epithelial cells than by their increased mitotic division. (2) Distinct decrease in histopathological injury was observed in transplanted grafts after 6h, but the morphometrical parameters, particularly villus height and wall thickness, remained altered. (3) Significant decrease in apoptotic cell death in the epithelial lining within 6h of graft recirculation was accompanied by no effect on apoptosis levels of the cells in lamina propria connective tissue. (4) Although the apoptosis level in the connective tissue cells was not modulated in the grafts within the first hour after transplantation, caspase-3 dependent apoptosis was decreased significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Jonecová
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Šrobárova 2, 041 80 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Š Tóth
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Šrobárova 2, 041 80 Košice, Slovakia.
| | - J Varga
- 2(nd) Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Rastislavova 73, 041 90 Košice, Slovakia
| | - P Staško
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Trieda SNP 1, 040 11 Košice, Slovakia
| | - B Kovalčinová
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Šrobárova 2, 041 80 Košice, Slovakia
| | - M Maretta
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Šrobárova 2, 041 80 Košice, Slovakia
| | - J Veselá
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Šrobárova 2, 041 80 Košice, Slovakia
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Bertoletto PR, Ikejiri AT, Somaio Neto F, Chaves JC, Teruya R, Bertoletto ER, Taha MO, Fagundes DJ. Oxidative stress gene expression profile in inbred mouse after ischemia/reperfusion small bowel injury. Acta Cir Bras 2013; 27:773-82. [PMID: 23117609 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-86502012001100006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the profile of gene expressions associated with oxidative stress and thereby contribute to establish parameters about the role of enzyme clusters related to the ischemia/reperfusion intestinal injury. METHODS Twelve male inbred mice (C57BL/6) were randomly assigned: Control Group (CG) submitted to anesthesia, laparotomy and observed by 120 min; Ischemia/reperfusion Group (IRG) submitted to anesthesia, laparotomy, 60 min of small bowel ischemia and 60 min of reperfusion. A pool of six samples was submitted to the qPCR-RT protocol (six clusters) for mouse oxidative stress and antioxidant defense pathways. RESULTS On the 84 genes investigated, 64 (76.2%) had statistic significant expression and 20 (23.8%) showed no statistical difference to the control group. From these 64 significantly expressed genes, 60 (93.7%) were up-regulated and 04 (6.3%) were down-regulated. From the group with no statistical significantly expression, 12 genes were up-regulated and 8 genes were down-regulated. Surprisingly, 37 (44.04%) showed a higher than threefold up-regulation and then arbitrarily the values was considered as a very significant. Thus, 37 genes (44.04%) were expressed very significantly up-regulated. The remained 47 (55.9%) genes were up-regulated less than three folds (35 genes - 41.6%) or down-regulated less than three folds (12 genes - 14.3%). CONCLUSION The intestinal ischemia and reperfusion promote a global hyper-expression profile of six different clusters genes related to antioxidant defense and oxidative stress.
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Giaroni C, Marchet S, Carpanese E, Prandoni V, Oldrini R, Bartolini B, Moro E, Vigetti D, Crema F, Lecchini S, Frigo G. Role of neuronal and inducible nitric oxide synthases in the guinea pig ileum myenteric plexus during in vitro ischemia and reperfusion. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2013; 25:e114-26. [PMID: 23279126 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury leads to abnormalities in motility, namely delay of transit, caused by damage to myenteric neurons. Alterations of the nitrergic transmission may occur in these conditions. This study investigated whether an in vitro I/R injury may affect nitric oxide (NO) production from the myenteric plexus of the guinea pig ileum and which NO synthase (NOS) isoform is involved. METHODS The distribution of the neuronal (n) and inducible (i) NOS was determined by immunohistochemistry during 60 min of glucose/oxygen deprivation (in vitro ischemia) followed by 60 min of reperfusion. The protein and mRNA levels of nNOS and iNOS were investigated by Western-immunoblotting and real time RT-PCR, respectively. NO levels were quantified as nitrite/nitrate. KEY RESULTS After in vitro I/R the proportion of nNOS-expressing neurons and protein levels remained unchanged. nNOS mRNA levels increased 60 min after inducing ischemia and in the following 5 min of reperfusion. iNOS-immunoreactive neurons, protein and mRNA levels were up-regulated during the whole I/R period. A significant increase of nitrite/nitrate levels was observed in the first 5 min after inducing I/R and was significantly reduced by N(ω) -propyl-l-arginine and 1400 W, selective inhibitors of nNOS and iNOS, respectively. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Our data demonstrate that both iNOS and nNOS represent sources for NO overproduction in ileal myenteric plexus during I/R, although iNOS undergoes more consistent changes suggesting a more relevant role for this isoform in the alterations occurring in myenteric neurons following I/R.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Giaroni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy.
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Abstract
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is one of the most common surgical diseases of preterm infants, with significant short- and long-term morbidity and mortality. Although the etiology of NEC remains elusive, multiple factors adversely affecting the intestinal mucosal integrity of preterm infants are known to be associated with NEC. Anemia and red blood cell (RBC) transfusion-related gut injury have been shown to have strong correlation with NEC. Anemia potentially compromises mucosal integrity with subsequent poor healing, and this injury may be augmented by yet unknown factors associated with RBC transfusions. Although convincing evidence is lacking, there is a need for guidelines to keep the hematocrit within clinically and physiologically relevant limits by appropriate interventions. Further investigations need to focus on assessing the interplay between anemia, chronically hypoxemic/hypoperfused intestines, and early iron therapy or other pharmacologic approaches for prevention/treatment of anemia and RBC transfusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachana Singh
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baystate Children's Hospital, The Western Campus of Tufts University School of Medicine, Springfield, MA 01199, USA.
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Saccani F, Anselmi L, Jaramillo I, Bertoni S, Barocelli E, Sternini C. Protective role of μ opioid receptor activation in intestinal inflammation induced by mesenteric ischemia/reperfusion in mice. J Neurosci Res 2012; 90:2146-53. [PMID: 22806643 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Revised: 05/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal ischemia is a clinical emergency with high morbidity and mortality. We investigated whether activation of μ opioid receptor (μOR) protects from the inflammation induced by intestinal ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) in mice. Ischemia was induced by occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery (45 min), followed by reperfusion (5 hr). Sham-operated (SO) and normal (N) mice served as controls. Each group received subcutaneously 1) saline solution, 2) the μOR selective agonist [D-Ala2, N-Me-Phe4, Gly5-ol]-enkephalin (DAMGO; 0.01 mg kg(-1) ), 3) DAMGO and the selective μOR antagonist [H-D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Arg-Thr-Pen-Thr-NH2] (CTAP; 0.1 mg kg(-1) ), or 4) CTAP alone. I/R induced intestinal inflammation as indicated by histological damage and the significant increase in myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, an index of tissue neutrophil accumulation. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) mRNA levels were also increased in I/R mice compared with SO. DAMGO significantly reduced tissue damage, MPO activity, and TNF-α mRNA levels in I/R, and these effects were reversed by CTAP. By contrast, DAMGO did not modify IL-10 mRNA levels or gastrointestinal transit. DAMGO's effects are receptor mediated and likely are due to activation of peripheral μORs, because it does not readily cross the blood-brain barrier. These findings suggest that activation of peripheral μOR protects from the inflammatory response induced by I/R through a pathway involving the proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α. Reduction of acute inflammation might prevent I/R complications, including motility impairment, which develop at a later stage of reperfusion and likely are due to inflammatory cell infiltrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Saccani
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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25
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Rivera LR, Pontell L, Cho HJ, Castelucci P, Thacker M, Poole DP, Frugier T, Furness JB. Knock out of neuronal nitric oxide synthase exacerbates intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice. Cell Tissue Res 2012; 349:565-76. [PMID: 22688956 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-012-1451-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Recent investigation of the intestine following ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) has revealed that nitric oxide synthase (NOS) neurons are more strongly affected than other neuron types. This implies that NO originating from NOS neurons contributes to neuronal damage. However, there is also evidence of the neuroprotective effects of NO. In this study, we compared the effects of I/R on the intestines of neuronal NOS knockout (nNOS(-/-)) mice and wild-type mice. I/R caused histological damage to the mucosa and muscle and infiltration of neutrophils into the external muscle layers. Damage to the mucosa and muscle was more severe and greater infiltration by neutrophils occurred in the first 24 h in nNOS(-/-) mice. Immunohistochemistry for the contractile protein, α-smooth muscle actin, was used to evaluate muscle damage. Smooth muscle actin occurred in the majority of smooth muscle cells in the external musculature of normal mice but was absent from most cells and was reduced in the cytoplasm of other cells following I/R. The loss was greater in nNOS(-/-) mice. Basal contractile activity of the longitudinal muscle and contractile responses to nerve stimulation or a muscarinic agonist were reduced in regions subjected to I/R and the effects were greater in nNOS(-/-) mice. Reductions in responsiveness also occurred in regions of operated mice not subjected to I/R. This is attributed to post-operative ileus that is not significantly affected by knockout of nNOS. The results indicate that deleterious effects are greater in regions subjected to I/R in mice lacking nNOS compared with normal mice, implying that NO produced by nNOS has protective effects that outweigh any damaging effect of this free radical produced by enteric neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leni R Rivera
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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Thacker M, Rivera LR, Cho HJ, Furness JB. The relationship between glial distortion and neuronal changes following intestinal ischemia and reperfusion. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2011; 23:e500-9. [PMID: 21410600 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2011.01696.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Damage to mucosal epithelial cells, muscle cells and enteric neurons has been extensively studied following intestinal ischemia and reperfusion (I/R). Interestingly, the effects of intestinal I/R on enteric glia remains unexplored, despite knowledge that glia contribute to neuronal maintenance. Here, we describe structural damage to enteric glia and associated changes in distribution and immunoreactivity of the neuronal protein Hu. METHODS The mouse small intestine was made ischemic for 3 h and reperfused from 1 to 12 h. Immunohistochemical localisation of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), Hu and TUNEL were used to evaluate changes. KEY RESULTS At all time points glial cells became distorted, which was evident by their altered GFAP immunoreactivity, including an unusual appearance of bright perinuclear GFAP staining and the presence of GFAP globules. The numbers of neurons per ganglion area were significantly fewer in ganglia that contained distorted glia when compared with ganglia that contained glia of normal appearance. The distribution of Hu immunoreactivity was altered at all reperfusion time points. The presence of vacuoles and Hu granules in neurons was evident and an increase in nuclear Hu, relative to cytoplasmic Hu, was observed in ganglia that contained both normal and distorted glial cells. A number of neurons appeared to lose their Hu immunoreactivity, most noticeably in ganglia that contained distorted glial cells. TUNEL reaction occurred in a minority of glial cells and neurons. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Structural damage to gliofilaments occurs following I/R and may be associated with damage to neighboring neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Thacker
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia.
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Rivera LR, Poole DP, Thacker M, Furness JB. The involvement of nitric oxide synthase neurons in enteric neuropathies. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2011; 23:980-8. [PMID: 21895878 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2011.01780.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO), produced by the neural nitric oxide synthase enzyme (nNOS) is a transmitter of inhibitory neurons supplying the muscle of the gastrointestinal tract. Transmission from these neurons is necessary for sphincter relaxation that allows the passage of gut contents, and also for relaxation of muscle during propulsive activity in the colon. There are deficiencies of transmission from NOS neurons to the lower esophageal sphincter in esophageal achalasia, to the pyloric sphincter in hypertrophic pyloric stenosis and to the internal anal sphincter in colonic achalasia. Deficits in NOS neurons are observed in two disorders in which colonic propulsion fails, Hirschsprung's disease and Chagas' disease. In addition, damage to NOS neurons occurs when there is stress to cells, in diabetes, resulting in gastroparesis, and following ischemia and reperfusion. A number of factors may contribute to the propensity of NOS neurons to be involved in enteric neuropathies. One of these is the failure of the neurons to maintain Ca(2+) homeostasis. In neurons in general, stress can increase cytoplasmic Ca(2+), causing a Ca(2+) toxicity. NOS neurons face the additional problem that NOS is activated by Ca(2+). This is hypothesized to produce an excess of NO, whose free radical properties can cause cell damage, which is exacerbated by peroxynitrite formed when NO reacts with oxygen free radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- L R Rivera
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Jimenez JC, DeLano F, Wilson JM, Kokubun BA, Bennion RS, Thompson JE, Schmid-Schonbein G, Saltzman DJ. Analysis of exhaled volatile compounds following acute superior mesenteric artery occlusion in a pilot rat study. Ann Vasc Surg 2011; 25:1113-7. [PMID: 21945333 DOI: 10.1016/j.avsg.2011.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Revised: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prompt diagnosis and treatment of acute mesenteric ischemia (AMI) requires a high index of suspicion for timely management. Poor clinical outcomes and delays in surgical treatment are demonstrated even in modern clinical series. Recognition of exhaled volatile organic compounds (VOCs) specific to AMI may facilitate early detection and diagnosis and improve patient outcomes. METHODS Adult Wistar rats (n = 5) were intubated and anesthetized, and control tracheostomy breath samples were collected using Tedlar gas sample bags. Intestinal ischemia was induced by placing an occlusive clip across the superior mesenteric artery, and breath samples were collected after 1 hour of intestinal ischemia and after 15 minutes of intestinal reperfusion. Gas chromatography was used to identify and measure levels of VOCs obtained, and measured retention indices were compared with known values in the Kovats retention index database. RESULTS Multiple retention indices (n = 41) were noted on gas chromatography, representing a variety of VOCs detected. Z,Z-farnesol (C15H26O), an isoprenoid, was the only compound detected that was undetectable during the control phase (median = 0 cts/sec) but which significantly elevated during the ischemic (median = 34 cts/sec, range = 25-37) and reperfusion (median = 148 cts/sec, range = 42-246) phases. Three other isoprenoid compounds (E,E-alpha-farnesene, germacrene A, and Z,Z-4,6,8-megastigmatriene) were also detected in all five animals, but their levels did not differ significantly between control, ischemic, and reperfusion phases. CONCLUSIONS This pilot study demonstrates the feasibility of analyzing exhaled VOCs using a novel rat model for AMI. These findings may be useful for the development and identification of similar assays for the rapid diagnosis of AMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Jimenez
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 91342-1495, USA
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Bolekova A, Spakovska T, Kluchova D, Toth S, Vesela J. NADPH-diaphorase expression in the rat jejunum after intestinal ischemia/reperfusion. Eur J Histochem 2011; 55:e23. [PMID: 22073370 PMCID: PMC3203478 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2011.e23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to analyze the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate - diaphorase (NADPH-d) activity in the rat jejunum after a mesenteric ischemia/reperfusion injury. Nitric oxide, synthetised from L-arginine by the enzyme nitric oxide synthase, is a nonadrenergic noncholinergic relaxant neurotransmitter of the intestinal smooth muscle. It plays an important role in the process of plasticity after the ischemia/reperfusion injury. Experimental animals were divided in two groups: the control group and the ischemic/reperfusion group, with different period of the reperfusion. The NADPH-d histochemical method has been used as a marker for the nitric oxide synthase. NADPH-d activity has been rapidly decreased in the neurons of both enteric nervous systems in plexuses of the jejunum after 1 h mesenteric ischemia and 1 h reperfusion. Differences were predominantly detected in the myenteric plexus; they were seen in change of the neuronal shape, in the arrangement of neurons and in intensity of their staining. The NADPH-d positivity was absent in the intestinal crypts. After 1 h ischemia and 24 h reperfusion, the NADPH-d activity was gradually increased, but it was lower in comparison with the control group. On the 30th day following the ischemia/reperfusion there were no changes in NADPH-d positivity compared with the control animals. These results indicated that the jejunal ischemia/reperfusion has affected the neurons of the enteric nervous system of adult rats and resulted in the early decrease of NADPH-d positivity 1 h of the reperfusion insult. The gradual increasing of NADPH-d activity in 24 h following the reperfusion could be considered as a result of the plasticity process. On the 30th day after the ischemia/reperfusion all histochemical changes were returned to the control levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bolekova
- Department of Anatomy, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, Kosice, Slokav Republic.
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Rivera LR, Thacker M, Pontell L, Cho HJ, Furness JB. Deleterious effects of intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury in the mouse enteric nervous system are associated with protein nitrosylation. Cell Tissue Res 2011; 344:111-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-010-1126-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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