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Hashimi M, Sebrell TA, Hedges JF, Snyder D, Lyon KN, Byrum SD, Mackintosh SG, Crowley D, Cherne MD, Skwarchuk D, Robison A, Sidar B, Kunze A, Loveday EK, Taylor MP, Chang CB, Wilking JN, Walk ST, Schountz T, Jutila MA, Bimczok D. Antiviral responses in a Jamaican fruit bat intestinal organoid model of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6882. [PMID: 37898615 PMCID: PMC10613288 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42610-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Bats are natural reservoirs for several zoonotic viruses, potentially due to an enhanced capacity to control viral infection. However, the mechanisms of antiviral responses in bats are poorly defined. Here we established a Jamaican fruit bat (JFB, Artibeus jamaicensis) intestinal organoid model of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Upon infection with SARS-CoV-2, increased viral RNA and subgenomic RNA was detected, but no infectious virus was released, indicating that JFB organoids support only limited viral replication but not viral reproduction. SARS-CoV-2 replication was associated with significantly increased gene expression of type I interferons and inflammatory cytokines. Interestingly, SARS-CoV-2 also caused enhanced formation and growth of JFB organoids. Proteomics revealed an increase in inflammatory signaling, cell turnover, cell repair, and SARS-CoV-2 infection pathways. Collectively, our findings suggest that primary JFB intestinal epithelial cells mount successful antiviral interferon responses and that SARS-CoV-2 infection in JFB cells induces protective regenerative pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marziah Hashimi
- Montana State University, Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - T Andrew Sebrell
- Montana State University, Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Jodi F Hedges
- Montana State University, Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Deann Snyder
- Montana State University, Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Katrina N Lyon
- Montana State University, Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Stephanie D Byrum
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Little Rock, AR, USA
- Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Samuel G Mackintosh
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Dan Crowley
- Montana State University, Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Bozeman, MT, USA
- Department of Public & Ecosystem Health, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Michelle D Cherne
- Montana State University, Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - David Skwarchuk
- Montana State University, Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Amanda Robison
- Montana State University, Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Barkan Sidar
- Montana State University, Chemical and Biological Engineering Department, Bozeman, MT, USA
- Center for Biofilm Engineering, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Anja Kunze
- Montana State University, Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Emma K Loveday
- Montana State University, Chemical and Biological Engineering Department, Bozeman, MT, USA
- Center for Biofilm Engineering, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Matthew P Taylor
- Montana State University, Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Connie B Chang
- Montana State University, Chemical and Biological Engineering Department, Bozeman, MT, USA
- Center for Biofilm Engineering, Bozeman, MT, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - James N Wilking
- Montana State University, Chemical and Biological Engineering Department, Bozeman, MT, USA
- Center for Biofilm Engineering, Bozeman, MT, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Seth T Walk
- Montana State University, Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Tony Schountz
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology and Center of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Colorado State University, Fort, Collins, CO, USA
| | - Mark A Jutila
- Montana State University, Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Diane Bimczok
- Montana State University, Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Bozeman, MT, USA.
- Center for Biofilm Engineering, Bozeman, MT, USA.
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2
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Hashimi M, Sebrell T, Hedges J, Snyder D, Lyon K, Byrum S, Mackintosh SG, Cherne M, Skwarchuk D, Crowley D, Robison A, Sidar B, Kunze A, Loveday E, Taylor M, Chang C, Wilking J, Walk S, Schountz T, Jutila M, Bimczok D. Antiviral response mechanisms in a Jamaican Fruit Bat intestinal organoid model of SARS-CoV-2 infection. RESEARCH SQUARE 2022:rs.3.rs-2340919. [PMID: 36561186 PMCID: PMC9774215 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2340919/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Bats are natural reservoirs for several zoonotic viruses, potentially due to an enhanced capacity to control viral infection. However, the mechanisms of antiviral responses in bats are poorly defined. Here we established a Jamaican fruit bat (JFB) intestinal organoid model of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. JFB organoids were susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection, with increased viral RNA and subgenomic RNA detected in cell lysates and supernatants. Gene expression of type I interferons and inflammatory cytokines was induced in response to SARS-CoV-2 but not in response to TLR agonists. Interestingly, SARS-CoV-2 did not lead to cytopathic effects in JFB organoids but caused enhanced organoid growth. Proteomic analyses revealed an increase in inflammatory signaling, cell turnover, cell repair, and SARS-CoV-2 infection pathways. Collectively, our findings suggest that primary JFB intestinal epithelial cells can mount a successful antiviral interferon response and that SARS-CoV-2 infection in JFB cells induces protective regenerative pathways.
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Mahdieh Z, Cherne MD, Fredrikson JP, Sidar B, Sanchez HS, Chang CB, Bimczok D, Wilking JN. Granular Matrigel: restructuring a trusted extracellular matrix material for improved permeability. Biomed Mater 2022; 17. [PMID: 35609584 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ac7306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Matrigel is a polymeric extracellular matrix material produced by mouse cancer cells. Over the past four decades, Matrigel has been shown to support a wide variety of two- and three-dimensional cell and tissue culture applications including organoids. Despite widespread use, transport of molecules, cells, and colloidal particles through Matrigel can be limited. These limitations restrict cell growth, viability, and function and limit Matrigel applications. A strategy to improve transport through a hydrogel without modifying the chemistry or composition of the gel is to physically restructure the material into microscopic microgels and then pack them together to form a porous material. These 'granular' hydrogels have been created using a variety of synthetic hydrogels, but granular hydrogels composed of Matrigel have not yet been reported. Here we present a drop-based microfluidics approach for structuring Matrigel into a three-dimensional, mesoporous material composed of packed Matrigel microgels, which we call granular Matrigel. We show that restructuring Matrigel in this manner enhances the transport of colloidal particles and human dendritic cells (DCs) through the gel while providing sufficient mechanical support for culture of human gastric organoids (HGOs) and co-culture of human DCs with HGOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Mahdieh
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States of America.,Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States of America
| | - Michelle D Cherne
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States of America
| | - Jacob P Fredrikson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States of America.,Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States of America
| | - Barkan Sidar
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States of America.,Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States of America
| | - Humberto S Sanchez
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States of America.,Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States of America
| | - Connie B Chang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States of America.,Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States of America
| | - Diane Bimczok
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States of America
| | - James N Wilking
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States of America.,Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States of America
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4
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Rapid establishment of murine gastrointestinal organoids using mechanical isolation method. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 608:30-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.03.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Aguilar C, Alves da Silva M, Saraiva M, Neyazi M, Olsson IAS, Bartfeld S. Organoids as host models for infection biology - a review of methods. Exp Mol Med 2021; 53:1471-1482. [PMID: 34663936 PMCID: PMC8521091 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-021-00629-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases are a major threat worldwide. With the alarming rise of antimicrobial resistance and emergence of new potential pathogens, a better understanding of the infection process is urgently needed. Over the last century, the development of in vitro and in vivo models has led to remarkable contributions to the current knowledge in the field of infection biology. However, applying recent advances in organoid culture technology to research infectious diseases is now taking the field to a higher level of complexity. Here, we describe the current methods available for the study of infectious diseases using organoid cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Aguilar
- grid.8379.50000 0001 1958 8658Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, Julius Maximilians Universität Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Marta Alves da Silva
- grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal ,grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226IBMC- Instituto de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Margarida Saraiva
- grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal ,grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226IBMC- Instituto de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mastura Neyazi
- grid.8379.50000 0001 1958 8658Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, Julius Maximilians Universität Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - I. Anna S. Olsson
- grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal ,grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226IBMC- Instituto de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sina Bartfeld
- grid.8379.50000 0001 1958 8658Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, Julius Maximilians Universität Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
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6
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Cherne MD, Sidar B, Sebrell TA, Sanchez HS, Heaton K, Kassama FJ, Roe MM, Gentry AB, Chang CB, Walk ST, Jutila M, Wilking JN, Bimczok D. A Synthetic Hydrogel, VitroGel ® ORGANOID-3, Improves Immune Cell-Epithelial Interactions in a Tissue Chip Co-Culture Model of Human Gastric Organoids and Dendritic Cells. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:707891. [PMID: 34552484 PMCID: PMC8450338 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.707891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunosurveillance of the gastrointestinal epithelium by mononuclear phagocytes (MNPs) is essential for maintaining gut health. However, studying the complex interplay between the human gastrointestinal epithelium and MNPs such as dendritic cells (DCs) is difficult, since traditional cell culture systems lack complexity, and animal models may not adequately represent human tissues. Microphysiological systems, or tissue chips, are an attractive alternative for these investigations, because they model functional features of specific tissues or organs using microscale culture platforms that recreate physiological tissue microenvironments. However, successful integration of multiple of tissue types on a tissue chip platform to reproduce physiological cell-cell interactions remains a challenge. We previously developed a tissue chip system, the gut organoid flow chip (GOFlowChip), for long term culture of 3-D pluripotent stem cell-derived human intestinal organoids. Here, we optimized the GOFlowChip platform to build a complex microphysiological immune-cell-epithelial cell co-culture model in order to study DC-epithelial interactions in human stomach. We first tested different tubing materials and chip configurations to optimize DC loading onto the GOFlowChip and demonstrated that DC culture on the GOFlowChip for up to 20 h did not impact DC activation status or viability. However, Transwell chemotaxis assays and live confocal imaging revealed that Matrigel, the extracellular matrix (ECM) material commonly used for organoid culture, prevented DC migration towards the organoids and the establishment of direct MNP-epithelial contacts. Therefore, we next evaluated DC chemotaxis through alternative ECM materials including Matrigel-collagen mixtures and synthetic hydrogels. A polysaccharide-based synthetic hydrogel, VitroGel®-ORGANOID-3 (V-ORG-3), enabled significantly increased DC chemotaxis through the matrix, supported organoid survival and growth, and did not significantly alter DC activation or viability. On the GOFlowChip, DCs that were flowed into the chip migrated rapidly through the V-ORG matrix and reached organoids embedded deep within the chip, with increased interactions between DCs and gastric organoids. The successful integration of DCs and V-ORG-3 embedded gastric organoids into the GOFlowChip platform now permits real-time imaging of MNP-epithelial interactions and other investigations of the complex interplay between gastrointestinal MNPs and epithelial cells in their response to pathogens, candidate drugs and mucosal vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle D Cherne
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - Barkan Sidar
- Chemical and Biological Engineering Department and Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - T Andrew Sebrell
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - Humberto S Sanchez
- Chemical and Biological Engineering Department and Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - Kody Heaton
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - Francis J Kassama
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, ME, United States
| | - Mandi M Roe
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - Andrew B Gentry
- Bozeman GI Clinic, Deaconess Hospital, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - Connie B Chang
- Chemical and Biological Engineering Department and Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - Seth T Walk
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - Mark Jutila
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - James N Wilking
- Chemical and Biological Engineering Department and Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - Diane Bimczok
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
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7
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Goodman C, Lyon KN, Scotto A, Smith C, Sebrell TA, Gentry AB, Bala G, Stoner GD, Bimczok D. A High-Throughput Metabolic Microarray Assay Reveals Antibacterial Effects of Black and Red Raspberries and Blackberries against Helicobacter pylori Infection. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:845. [PMID: 34356766 PMCID: PMC8300682 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10070845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection is commonly treated with a combination of antibiotics and proton pump inhibitors. However, since H. pylori is becoming increasingly resistant to standard antibiotic regimens, novel treatment strategies are needed. Previous studies have demonstrated that black and red berries may have antibacterial properties. Therefore, we analyzed the antibacterial effects of black and red raspberries and blackberries on H. pylori. Freeze-dried powders and organic extracts from black and red raspberries and blackberries were prepared, and high-performance liquid chromatography was used to measure the concentrations of anthocyanins, which are considered the major active ingredients. To monitor antibiotic effects of the berry preparations on H. pylori, a high-throughput metabolic growth assay based on the Biolog system was developed and validated with the antibiotic metronidazole. Biocompatibility was analyzed using human gastric organoids. All berry preparations tested had significant bactericidal effects in vitro, with MIC90 values ranging from 0.49 to 4.17%. Antimicrobial activity was higher for extracts than powders and appeared to be independent of the anthocyanin concentration. Importantly, human gastric epithelial cell viability was not negatively impacted by black raspberry extract applied at the concentration required for complete bacterial growth inhibition. Our data suggest that black and red raspberry and blackberry extracts may have potential applications in the treatment and prevention of H. pylori infection but differ widely in their MICs. Moreover, we demonstrate that the Biolog metabolic assay is suitable for high-throughput antimicrobial susceptibility screening of H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candace Goodman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; (C.G.); (G.B.)
| | - Katrina N. Lyon
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; (K.N.L.); (A.S.); (C.S.); (T.A.S.); (G.D.S.)
| | - Aitana Scotto
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; (K.N.L.); (A.S.); (C.S.); (T.A.S.); (G.D.S.)
| | - Cyra Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; (K.N.L.); (A.S.); (C.S.); (T.A.S.); (G.D.S.)
| | - Thomas A. Sebrell
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; (K.N.L.); (A.S.); (C.S.); (T.A.S.); (G.D.S.)
| | - Andrew B. Gentry
- Bozeman Health GI Clinic, Bozeman Health Deaconess Hospital, Bozeman, MT 59715, USA;
| | - Ganesh Bala
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; (C.G.); (G.B.)
| | - Gary D. Stoner
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; (K.N.L.); (A.S.); (C.S.); (T.A.S.); (G.D.S.)
| | - Diane Bimczok
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; (K.N.L.); (A.S.); (C.S.); (T.A.S.); (G.D.S.)
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Liu Y, Dabrowska C, Mavousian A, Strauss B, Meng F, Mazzaglia C, Ouaras K, Macintosh C, Terentjev E, Lee J, Huang YYS. Bio-assembling Macro-Scale, Lumenized Airway Tubes of Defined Shape via Multi-Organoid Patterning and Fusion. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2003332. [PMID: 33977046 PMCID: PMC8097322 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202003332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial, stem-cell derived organoids are ideal building blocks for tissue engineering, however, scalable and shape-controlled bio-assembly of epithelial organoids into larger and anatomical structures is yet to be achieved. Here, a robust organoid engineering approach, Multi-Organoid Patterning and Fusion (MOrPF), is presented to assemble individual airway organoids of different sizes into upscaled, scaffold-free airway tubes with predefined shapes. Multi-Organoid Aggregates (MOAs) undergo accelerated fusion in a matrix-depleted, free-floating environment, possess a continuous lumen, and maintain prescribed shapes without an exogenous scaffold interface. MOAs in the floating culture exhibit a well-defined three-stage process of inter-organoid surface integration, luminal material clearance, and lumina connection. The observed shape stability of patterned MOAs is confirmed by theoretical modelling based on organoid morphology and the physical forces involved in organoid fusion. Immunofluorescent characterization shows that fused MOA tubes possess an unstratified epithelium consisting mainly of tracheal basal stem cells. By generating large, shape-controllable organ tubes, MOrPF enables upscaled organoid engineering towards integrated organoid devices and structurally complex organ tubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Liu
- Department of EngineeringUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 1PZUK
| | - Catherine Dabrowska
- Wellcome – MRC Cambridge Stem Cell InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 0AWUK
- Department of PhysiologyDevelopment and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 3EGUK
| | - Antranik Mavousian
- Wellcome – MRC Cambridge Stem Cell InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 0AWUK
| | - Bernhard Strauss
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 1QWUK
| | - Fanlong Meng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Theoretical PhysicsInstitute of Theoretical PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
| | - Corrado Mazzaglia
- Department of EngineeringUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 1PZUK
- MRC Cancer UnitUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 0XZUK
| | - Karim Ouaras
- Department of EngineeringUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 1PZUK
- The Nanoscience CentreUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB30FFUK
| | - Callum Macintosh
- Department of EngineeringUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 1PZUK
| | | | - Joo‐Hyeon Lee
- Wellcome – MRC Cambridge Stem Cell InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 0AWUK
- Department of PhysiologyDevelopment and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 3EGUK
| | - Yan Yan Shery Huang
- Department of EngineeringUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 1PZUK
- The Nanoscience CentreUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB30FFUK
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9
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Hof L, Moreth T, Koch M, Liebisch T, Kurtz M, Tarnick J, Lissek SM, Verstegen MMA, van der Laan LJW, Huch M, Matthäus F, Stelzer EHK, Pampaloni F. Long-term live imaging and multiscale analysis identify heterogeneity and core principles of epithelial organoid morphogenesis. BMC Biol 2021; 19:37. [PMID: 33627108 PMCID: PMC7903752 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-00958-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organoids are morphologically heterogeneous three-dimensional cell culture systems and serve as an ideal model for understanding the principles of collective cell behaviour in mammalian organs during development, homeostasis, regeneration, and pathogenesis. To investigate the underlying cell organisation principles of organoids, we imaged hundreds of pancreas and cholangiocarcinoma organoids in parallel using light sheet and bright-field microscopy for up to 7 days. RESULTS We quantified organoid behaviour at single-cell (microscale), individual-organoid (mesoscale), and entire-culture (macroscale) levels. At single-cell resolution, we monitored formation, monolayer polarisation, and degeneration and identified diverse behaviours, including lumen expansion and decline (size oscillation), migration, rotation, and multi-organoid fusion. Detailed individual organoid quantifications lead to a mechanical 3D agent-based model. A derived scaling law and simulations support the hypotheses that size oscillations depend on organoid properties and cell division dynamics, which is confirmed by bright-field microscopy analysis of entire cultures. CONCLUSION Our multiscale analysis provides a systematic picture of the diversity of cell organisation in organoids by identifying and quantifying the core regulatory principles of organoid morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotta Hof
- Physical Biology Group, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Till Moreth
- Physical Biology Group, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Michael Koch
- Physical Biology Group, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Tim Liebisch
- Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies and Faculty of Biological Sciences, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Marina Kurtz
- Department of Physics, Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Julia Tarnick
- Deanery of Biomedical Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Susanna M Lissek
- Experimental Medicine and Therapy Research, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Monique M A Verstegen
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC - University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J W van der Laan
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC - University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Meritxell Huch
- The Wellcome Trust/CRUK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Present address: Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Franziska Matthäus
- Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies and Faculty of Biological Sciences, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ernst H K Stelzer
- Physical Biology Group, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Francesco Pampaloni
- Physical Biology Group, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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10
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Park AJ, Wright MA, Roach EJ, Khursigara CM. Imaging host-pathogen interactions using epithelial and bacterial cell infection models. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:134/5/jcs250647. [PMID: 33622798 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.250647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The age-old saying, seeing is believing, could not be truer when we think about the value of imaging interactions between epithelial cells and bacterial pathogens. Imaging and culturing techniques have vastly improved over the years, and the breadth and depth of these methods is ever increasing. These technical advances have benefited researchers greatly; however, due to the large number of potential model systems and microscopy techniques to choose from, it can be overwhelming to select the most appropriate tools for your research question. This Review discusses a variety of available epithelial culturing methods and quality control experiments that can be performed, and outlines various options commonly used to fluorescently label bacterial and mammalian cell components. Both light- and electron-microscopy techniques are reviewed, with descriptions of both technical aspects and common applications. Several examples of imaging bacterial pathogens and their interactions with epithelial cells are discussed to provide researchers with an idea of the types of biological questions that can be successfully answered by using microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber J Park
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Madison A Wright
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Elyse J Roach
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada.,Molecular and Cellular Imaging Facility, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Cezar M Khursigara
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada .,Molecular and Cellular Imaging Facility, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
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11
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Sayed IM, Sahan AZ, Venkova T, Chakraborty A, Mukhopadhyay D, Bimczok D, Beswick EJ, Reyes VE, Pinchuk I, Sahoo D, Ghosh P, Hazra TK, Das S. Helicobacter pylori infection downregulates the DNA glycosylase NEIL2, resulting in increased genome damage and inflammation in gastric epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:11082-11098. [PMID: 32518160 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.009981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with the Gram-negative, microaerophilic bacterium Helicobacter pylori induces an inflammatory response and oxidative DNA damage in gastric epithelial cells that can lead to gastric cancer (GC). However, the underlying pathogenic mechanism is largely unclear. Here, we report that the suppression of Nei-like DNA glycosylase 2 (NEIL2), a mammalian DNA glycosylase that specifically removes oxidized bases, is one mechanism through which H. pylori infection may fuel the accumulation of DNA damage leading to GC. Using cultured cell lines, gastric biopsy specimens, primary cells, and human enteroid-derived monolayers from healthy human stomach, we show that H. pylori infection greatly reduces NEIL2 expression. The H. pylori infection-induced downregulation of NEIL2 was specific, as Campylobacter jejuni had no such effect. Using gastric organoids isolated from the murine stomach in coculture experiments with live bacteria mimicking the infected stomach lining, we found that H. pylori infection is associated with the production of various inflammatory cytokines. This response was more pronounced in Neil2 knockout (KO) mouse cells than in WT cells, suggesting that NEIL2 suppresses inflammation under physiological conditions. Notably, the H. pylori-infected Neil2-KO murine stomach exhibited more DNA damage than the WT. Furthermore, H. pylori-infected Neil2-KO mice had greater inflammation and more epithelial cell damage. Computational analysis of gene expression profiles of DNA glycosylases in gastric specimens linked the reduced Neil2 level to GC progression. Our results suggest that NEIL2 downregulation is a plausible mechanism by which H. pylori infection impairs DNA damage repair, amplifies the inflammatory response, and initiates GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim M Sayed
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Ayse Z Sahan
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Tatiana Venkova
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Anirban Chakraborty
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Diane Bimczok
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
| | - Ellen J Beswick
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Victor E Reyes
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Irina Pinchuk
- College of Medicine, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Debashis Sahoo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jacob's School of Engineering, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Pradipta Ghosh
- Department of Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, John and Rebecca Moore Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Tapas K Hazra
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Soumita Das
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
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12
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Functional Properties of Helicobacter pylori VacA Toxin m1 and m2 Variants. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00032-20. [PMID: 32284370 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00032-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori colonizes the gastric mucosa and secretes a pore-forming toxin (VacA). Two main types of VacA, m1 and m2, can be distinguished by phylogenetic analysis. Type m1 forms of VacA have been extensively studied, but there has been relatively little study of m2 forms. In this study, we generated H. pylori strains producing chimeric proteins in which VacA m1 segments of a parental strain were replaced by corresponding m2 sequences. In comparison to the parental m1 VacA protein, a chimeric protein (designated m2/m1) containing m2 sequences in the N-terminal portion of the m region was less potent in causing vacuolation of HeLa cells, AGS gastric cells, and AZ-521 duodenal cells and had reduced capacity to cause membrane depolarization or death of AZ-521 cells. Consistent with the observed differences in activity, the chimeric m2/m1 VacA protein bound to cells at reduced levels compared to the binding levels of the parental m1 protein. The presence of two strain-specific insertions or deletions within or adjacent to the m region did not influence toxin activity. Experiments with human gastric organoids grown as monolayers indicated that m1 and m2/m1 forms of VacA had similar cell-vacuolating activities. Interestingly, both forms of VacA bound preferentially to the basolateral surface of organoid monolayers and caused increased cell vacuolation when interacting with the basolateral surface compared to the apical surface. These data provide insights into functional correlates of sequence variation in the VacA midregion (m region).
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13
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Sierra JC, Piazuelo MB, Luis PB, Barry DP, Allaman MM, Asim M, Sebrell TA, Finley JL, Rose KL, Hill S, Holshouser SL, Casero RA, Cleveland JL, Woster PM, Schey KL, Bimczok D, Schneider C, Gobert AP, Wilson KT. Spermine oxidase mediates Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric inflammation, DNA damage, and carcinogenic signaling. Oncogene 2020; 39:4465-4474. [PMID: 32350444 PMCID: PMC7260102 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-1304-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection is the main risk factor for the development of gastric cancer, the third leading cause of cancer death worldwide. H. pylori colonizes the human gastric mucosa and persists for decades. The inflammatory response is ineffective in clearing the infection, leading to disease progression that may result in gastric adenocarcinoma. We have shown that polyamines are regulators of the host response to H. pylori, and that spermine oxidase (SMOX), which metabolizes the polyamine spermine into spermidine plus H2O2, is associated with increased human gastric cancer risk. We now used a molecular approach to directly address the role of SMOX, and demonstrate that Smox-deficient mice exhibit significant reductions of gastric spermidine levels and H. pylori-induced inflammation. Proteomic analysis revealed that cancer was the most significantly altered functional pathway in Smox-/- gastric organoids. Moreover, there was also less DNA damage and β-catenin activation in H. pylori-infected Smox-/- mice or gastric organoids, compared to infected wild-type animals or gastroids. The link between SMOX and β-catenin activation was confirmed in human gastric organoids that were treated with a novel SMOX inhibitor. These findings indicate that SMOX promotes H. pylori-induced carcinogenesis by causing inflammation, DNA damage, and activation of β-catenin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna C Sierra
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Center for Mucosal Inflammation and Cancer, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - M Blanca Piazuelo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Center for Mucosal Inflammation and Cancer, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Paula B Luis
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Daniel P Barry
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Margaret M Allaman
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Mohammad Asim
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Thomas A Sebrell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA
| | - Jordan L Finley
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Kristie L Rose
- Department of Biochemistry, Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Salisha Hill
- Department of Biochemistry, Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Steven L Holshouser
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Robert A Casero
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - John L Cleveland
- Department of Tumor Biology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Patrick M Woster
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Kevin L Schey
- Department of Biochemistry, Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Diane Bimczok
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA
| | - Claus Schneider
- Center for Mucosal Inflammation and Cancer, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Alain P Gobert
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Center for Mucosal Inflammation and Cancer, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Keith T Wilson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
- Center for Mucosal Inflammation and Cancer, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
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14
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Sidar B, Jenkins BR, Huang S, Spence JR, Walk ST, Wilking JN. Long-term flow through human intestinal organoids with the gut organoid flow chip (GOFlowChip). LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:3552-3562. [PMID: 31556415 PMCID: PMC8327675 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00653b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Human intestinal organoids (HIOs) are millimeter-scale models of the human intestinal epithelium and hold tremendous potential for advancing fundamental and applied biomedical research. HIOs resemble the native gut in that they consist of a fluid-filled lumen surrounded by a polarized epithelium and associated mesenchyme; however, their topologically-closed, spherical shape prevents flow through the interior luminal space, making the system less physiological and leading to the buildup of cellular and metabolic waste. These factors ultimately limit experimentation inside the HIOs. Here, we present a millifluidic device called the gut organoid flow chip (GOFlowChip), which we use to "port" HIOs and establish steady-state liquid flow through the lumen for multiple days. This long-term flow is enabled by the use of laser-cut silicone gaskets, which allow liquid in the device to be slightly pressurized, suppressing bubble formation. To demonstrate the utility of the device, we establish separate luminal and extraluminal flow and use luminal flow to remove accumulated waste. This represents the first demonstration of established liquid flow through the luminal space of a gastrointestinal organoid over physiologically relevant time scales. Flow cytometry results reveal that HIO cell viability is unaffected by long-term porting and luminal flow. We expect the real-time, long-term control over luminal and extraluminal contents provided by the GOFlowChip will enable a wide variety of studies including intestinal secretion, absorption, transport, and co-culture with intestinal microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barkan Sidar
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA.
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15
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Swain SD, Grifka-Walk HN, Gripentrog J, Lehmann M, Deuling B, Jenkins B, Liss H, Blaseg N, Bimczok D, Kominsky DJ. Slug and Snail have differential effects in directing colonic epithelial wound healing and partially mediate the restitutive effects of butyrate. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2019; 317:G531-G544. [PMID: 31393789 PMCID: PMC6842986 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00071.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Restitution of wounds in colonic epithelium is essential in the maintenance of health. Microbial products, such as the short-chain fatty acid butyrate, can have positive effects on wound healing. We used an in vitro model of T84 colonic epithelial cells to determine if the Snail genes Slug (SNAI2) and Snail (SNAI1), implemented in keratinocyte monolayer healing, are involved in butyrate-enhanced colonic epithelial wound healing. Using shRNA-mediated Slug/Snail knockdown, we found that knockdown of Slug (Slug-KD), but not Snail (Snail-KD), impairs wound healing in scratch assays with and without butyrate. Slug and Snail had differential effects on T84 monolayer barrier integrity, measured by transepithelial resistance, as Snail-KD impaired the barrier (with or without butyrate), whereas Slug-KD enhanced the barrier, again with or without butyrate. Targeted transcriptional analysis demonstrated differential expression of several tight junction genes, as well as focal adhesion genes. This included altered regulation of Annexin A2 and ITGB1 in Slug-KD, which was reflected in confocal microscopy, showing increased accumulation of B1-integrin protein in Slug-KD cells, which was previously shown to impair wound healing. Transcriptional analysis also indicated altered expression of genes associated with epithelial terminal differentiation, such that Slug-KD cells skewed toward overexpression of secretory cell pathway-associated genes. This included trefoil factors TFF1 and TFF3, which were expressed at lower than control levels in Snail-KD cells. Since TFFs can enhance the barrier in epithelial cells, this points to a potential mechanism of differential modulation by Snail genes. Although Snail genes are crucial in epithelial wound restitution, butyrate responses are mediated by other pathways as well.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Although butyrate can promote colonic mucosal healing, not all of its downstream pathways are understood. We show that the Snail genes Snail and Slug are mediators of butyrate responses. Furthermore, these genes, and Slug in particular, are necessary for efficient restitution of wounds and barriers in T84 epithelial cells even in the absence of butyrate. These effects are achieved in part through effects on regulation of β1 integrin and cellular differentiation state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve D. Swain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana
| | | | - Jeannie Gripentrog
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana
| | - Margaret Lehmann
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana
| | - Benjamin Deuling
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana
| | - Brittany Jenkins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana
| | - Hailey Liss
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana
| | - Nathan Blaseg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana
| | - Diane Bimczok
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana
| | - Douglas J. Kominsky
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana
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16
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Sebrell TA, Hashimi M, Sidar B, Wilkinson RA, Kirpotina L, Quinn MT, Malkoç Z, Taylor PJ, Wilking JN, Bimczok D. A Novel Gastric Spheroid Co-culture Model Reveals Chemokine-Dependent Recruitment of Human Dendritic Cells to the Gastric Epithelium. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 8:157-171.e3. [PMID: 30878664 PMCID: PMC6599165 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Gastric dendritic cells (DCs) control the adaptive response to infection with Helicobacter pylori, a major risk factor for peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer. We hypothesize that DC interactions with the gastric epithelium position gastric DCs for uptake of luminal H pylori and promote DC responses to epithelial-derived mediators. The aim of this study was to determine whether the gastric epithelium actively recruits DCs using a novel co-culture model of human gastric epithelial spheroids and monocyte-derived DCs. METHODS Spheroid cultures of primary gastric epithelial cells were infected with H pylori by microinjection. Co-cultures were established by adding human monocyte-derived DCs to the spheroid cultures and were analyzed for DC recruitment and antigen uptake by confocal microscopy. Protein array, gene expression polymerase chain reaction array, and chemotaxis assays were used to identify epithelial-derived chemotactic factors that attract DCs. Data from the co-culture model were confirmed using human gastric tissue samples. RESULTS Human monocyte-derived DCs co-cultured with gastric spheroids spontaneously migrated to the gastric epithelium, established tight interactions with the epithelial cells, and phagocytosed luminally applied H pylori. DC recruitment was increased upon H pylori infection of the spheroids and involved the activity of multiple chemokines including CXCL1, CXCL16, CXCL17, and CCL20. Enhanced chemokine expression and DC recruitment to the gastric epithelium also was observed in H pylori-infected human gastric tissue samples. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that the gastric epithelium actively recruits DCs for immunosurveillance and pathogen sampling through chemokine-dependent mechanisms, with increased recruitment upon active H pylori infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Sebrell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana
| | - Marziah Hashimi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana
| | - Barkan Sidar
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana
| | - Royce A Wilkinson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana
| | - Liliya Kirpotina
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana
| | - Mark T Quinn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana
| | - Zeynep Malkoç
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana
| | | | - James N Wilking
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana
| | - Diane Bimczok
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana.
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17
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Pierzchalska M, Panek M, Grabacka M. The migration and fusion events related to ROCK activity strongly influence the morphology of chicken embryo intestinal organoids. PROTOPLASMA 2019; 256:575-581. [PMID: 30327884 PMCID: PMC6514079 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-018-1312-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The method of organoid culture has become a tool widely used in gastrointestinal research, but so far, the migration of organoids derived from gut epithelium and formed in 3D Matrigel matrix has not been reported and studied. The intestinal epithelial tissue derived from 19-day-old chicken embryo was cultured in Matrigel and the dynamic properties of the forming organoids were analyzed by time-lapse image analysis. It was observed that about one in ten organoids actively moved through the matrix, at a speed of 10-20 μm/h. Moreover, rotation was observed in the majority of organoids that did not migrate long distances. The fusion events took place between organoids, which collided during the movement or growth. In our previous paper, we showed that the presence of Toll-like receptor 4 ligand, Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 1 μg/ml), increased the mean organoid diameter. Here, we confirm this result and demonstrate that the Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) inhibitor Y-27632 (10 μM) did not completely abolish organoid migration, but prevented the fusion events, in both LPS-treated and untreated cultures. In consequence, in the presence of Y-27632, the differences between cultures incubated with and without LPS were not visible. We conclude that migration and fusion of organoids may influence their morphology and suggest that these phenomena should be taken into account during the design of experimental settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Pierzchalska
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Faculty of Food Technology, The University of Agriculture in Kraków, Balicka 122, 30-149, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Panek
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Faculty of Food Technology, The University of Agriculture in Kraków, Balicka 122, 30-149, Kraków, Poland
| | - Maja Grabacka
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Faculty of Food Technology, The University of Agriculture in Kraków, Balicka 122, 30-149, Kraków, Poland
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18
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Mittal R, Woo FW, Castro CS, Cohen MA, Karanxha J, Mittal J, Chhibber T, Jhaveri VM. Organ‐on‐chip models: Implications in drug discovery and clinical applications. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:8352-8380. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Mittal
- Department of Otolaryngology University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami Florida
| | - Frank W. Woo
- Department of Otolaryngology University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami Florida
| | - Carlo S. Castro
- Department of Otolaryngology University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami Florida
| | - Madeline A. Cohen
- Department of Otolaryngology University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami Florida
| | - Joana Karanxha
- Department of Otolaryngology University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami Florida
| | - Jeenu Mittal
- Department of Otolaryngology University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami Florida
| | - Tanya Chhibber
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Studies, Panjab University Chandigarh India
| | - Vasanti M. Jhaveri
- Department of Otolaryngology University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami Florida
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