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Ma F, Wang S, Sang W, Ma K. Spatial Pattern of Living Woody and Coarse Woody Debris in Warm-Temperate Broad-Leaved Secondary Forest in North China. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:2339. [PMID: 39204775 PMCID: PMC11360155 DOI: 10.3390/plants13162339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2024] [Revised: 08/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
The investigation into the spatial distribution of living woody (LWD) and coarse woody debris (CWD) within forests represents a fundamental methodology for probing the inherent mechanisms governing coexistence and mortality within forest ecosystems. Here, a complete spatial randomness (CSR) null model was employed to scrutinize the spatial pattern, while canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) and the Torus-translation test (TTT) were utilized to elucidate the distribution patterns of LWD and CWD within warm-temperate deciduous broadleaf secondary forests in Dongling Mountains plot, northern China. The results reveal that both LWD and CWD exhibit an aggregated distribution as the predominant pattern in the Dongling Mountains plot, with the proportion and intensity of aggregation diminishing as spatial scale increases. Specifically, the aggregation intensity g0-10 demonstrates a significant negative correlation with abundance and maximum diameter at breast height (DBH). Notably, the g0-10 of LWD manifests a stronger correlation with the maximum DBH, whereas the g0-10 of CWD exhibits a greater association with the mortality rate. CCA outcomes suggest that elevation, convexity, and aspect significantly impact LWD distribution, whereas CWD distribution shows substantial negative correlations with elevation, convexity, slope, and aspect. TTT findings indicate that ecosystems characterized by a substantial presence of LWD also display a notable prevalence of CWD. Additionally, the majority of species exhibit no habitat preference, displaying neutral habitat connections and low ecological niche differentiation within the sampled plot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Shunzhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Weiguo Sang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, #27 Zhongguancun South Avenue, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Keming Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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2
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Wang L, Wu J, Chai Y, Sun J, Yu X, Feng Z, Chen F. Phylogenetic indices and temporal and spatial scales shape the neighborhood effect on seedling survival in a mid-mountain moist evergreen broad-leaved forest, Gaoligong Mountains, Southwestern China. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11675. [PMID: 38975261 PMCID: PMC11227910 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Density dependence and habitat filtering have been proposed to aid in understanding community assembly and species coexistence. Phylogenetic relatedness between neighbors was used as a proxy for assessing the degree of ecological similarity among species. There are different conclusions regarding the neighborhood effect in previous studies with different phylogenetic indices or at different spatiotemporal scales. However, the effects of density dependence, neighbor phylogenetic relatedness, and habitat filtering on seedling survival with different phylogenetic indices or at different temporal and spatial scales are poorly understood. We monitored 916 seedlings representing 56 woody plant species within a 4-ha forest dynamics plot for 4 years (from 2020 to 2023) in a subtropical mid-mountain moist evergreen broad-leaved forest in the Gaoligong Mountains, Southwestern China. Using generalized linear mixed models, we tested whether and how four phylogenetic indices: total phylogenetic distance (TOTPd), average phylogenetic distance (AVEPd), relative average phylogenetic distance (APd'), and relative nearest taxon phylogenetic distance (NTPd'), three temporals (1, 2, and 3 years), and spatial scales (1, 2, and 4 ha) affect the effect of density dependence, phylogenetic density dependence, and habitat filtering on seedling survival. We found evidence of the effect of phylogenetic density dependence in the 4-ha forest dynamics plot. The effects of density dependence, phylogenetic density dependence, and habitat filtering on seedling survival were influenced by phylogenetic indices and temporal and spatial scales. The effects of phylogenetic density dependence and habitat filtering on seedling survival were more conspicuous only at 1-year intervals, compared with those at 2- and 3-year intervals. We did not detect any effects of neighborhood or habitat factors on seedling survival at small scales (1 and 2 ha), although these effects were more evident at the largest spatial scale (4 ha). These findings highlight that the effects of local neighborhoods and habitats on seedling survival are affected by phylogenetic indices as well as temporal and spatial scales. Our study suggested that phylogenetic index APd', shortest time scale (1 year), and largest spatial scales (4 ha) were suitable for neighborhood studies in a mid-mountain moist evergreen broad-leaved forest in Gaoligong Mountains. Phylogenetic indices and spatiotemporal scales have important impacts on the results of the neighborhood studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Wang
- College of Agriculture and Biological ScienceDali UniversityDaliYunnanChina
| | - Junjie Wu
- College of Agriculture and Biological ScienceDali UniversityDaliYunnanChina
| | - Yong Chai
- Yunnan Academy of Forestry and GrasslandKunmingChina
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Biodiversity of Gaoligong MountainKunmingChina
- Gaoligong Mountain Forest Ecosystem Observation and Research Station of Yunnan ProvinceKunmingChina
| | - Jiwen Sun
- College of Agriculture and Biological ScienceDali UniversityDaliYunnanChina
| | - Xiaoli Yu
- College of Agriculture and Biological ScienceDali UniversityDaliYunnanChina
| | - Zhe Feng
- College of Agriculture and Biological ScienceDali UniversityDaliYunnanChina
| | - Fengxian Chen
- College of Agriculture and Biological ScienceDali UniversityDaliYunnanChina
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3
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Magee LJ, LaManna JA, Wolf AT, Howe RW, Lu Y, Valle D, Smith DJB, Bagchi R, Bauman D, Johnson DJ. The unexpected influence of legacy conspecific density dependence. Ecol Lett 2024; 27:e14449. [PMID: 38857318 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
When plants die, neighbours escape competition. Living conspecifics could disproportionately benefit because they are freed from negative intraspecific processes; however, if the negative effects of past conspecific neighbours persist, other species might be advantaged, and diversity might be maintained through legacy effects. We examined legacy effects in a mapped forest by modelling the survival of 37,212 trees of 23 species using four neighbourhood properties: living conspecific, living heterospecific, legacy conspecific (dead conspecifics) and legacy heterospecific densities. Legacy conspecific effects proved nearly four times stronger than living conspecific effects; changes in annual survival associated with legacy conspecific density were 1.5% greater than living conspecific effects. Over 90% of species were negatively impacted by legacy conspecific density, compared to 47% by living conspecific density. Our results emphasize that legacies of trees alter community dynamics, revealing that prior research may have underestimated the strength of density dependent interactions by not considering legacy effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas J Magee
- School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Joseph A LaManna
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Amy T Wolf
- Department of Biology and Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Green Bay, Green Bay, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Robert W Howe
- Department of Biology and Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Green Bay, Green Bay, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Yuanming Lu
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Denis Valle
- School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Daniel J B Smith
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Robert Bagchi
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - David Bauman
- AMAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, IRAE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Daniel J Johnson
- School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Ma F, Wang S, Sang W, Zhang S, Ma K. Spatial Distribution and Sustainable Development of Living Woody and Coarse Woody Debris in Warm-Temperate Deciduous Broadleaved Secondary Forests in China. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:638. [PMID: 38475484 DOI: 10.3390/plants13050638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
The investigation into the spatial patterns of living woody (LWD) and coarse woody debris (CWD) in warm-temperate deciduous broadleaved secondary forests serves as a foundational exploration of the mechanisms governing coexistence and mortality in forest ecosystems. The complete spatial randomness null model (CSR) was employed to analyze spatial distribution patterns, with the independent component null model (IC) and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) utilized to elucidate spatial correlations and topographic influences. All three models were applied to LWD and CWD across various size classes within a 20-hectare plot in the Dongling Mountains. The study's findings indicate that both LWD and CWD predominantly exhibited aggregated patterns, transitioning to a random distribution as the size class increased. Both increasing abundance and maximum diameter at breast height (DBH) also have a significant influence on the distribution of species. Notably, rare species exhibited higher aggregation compared to common and abundant species. The spatial correlation results between LWD and CWD across various size classes predominantly showed positive correlations and uncorrelated patterns within the sampled plots. CCA analysis further revealed that elevation, convexity, slope, and aspect significantly influenced the spatial patterns of LWD and CWD across different size classes. Within the sample site, trees display a tendency to grow and die in clusters. Biotic factors have a more significant influence on species distribution than abiotic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Shunzhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Weiguo Sang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, #27 Zhongguancun South Avenue, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Keming Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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Ren J, Fang S, Wang QW, Liu H, Lin F, Ye J, Hao Z, Wang X, Fortunel C. Ontogeny influences tree growth response to soil fertility and neighbourhood crowding in an old-growth temperate forest. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 131:1061-1072. [PMID: 36454654 PMCID: PMC10457036 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Abiotic and biotic factors simultaneously affect tree growth and thus shape community structure and dynamics. In particular, trees of different size classes show different growth responses to soil nutrients and neighbourhood crowding, but our understanding of how species' joint responses to these factors vary between size classes remains limited in multi-storied temperate forests. Here, we investigated size class differences in tree growth response to soil gradients and neighbourhood crowding in an old-growth temperate forest. METHODS We combined growth data over 15 years from 38 902 individuals of 42 tree species with trait data in a 25-ha temperate forest plot in northeast China. We built hierarchical Bayesian models of tree growth to examine the effects of soil gradients and neighbourhood crowding between size classes and canopy types. KEY RESULTS We found that soil and neighbours mainly acted separately in shaping tree growth in small and large trees. Soil total nitrogen and phosphorus increased tree growth in small trees, in particular of understorey species, but not in large trees. Neighbours reduced tree growth in both tree size classes, with stronger effects on large than small trees, and on canopy than understorey species. Furthermore, small trees with higher specific leaf area grew faster in fertile soils, and small trees with less seed mass grew faster in crowded environments. Large trees with higher specific leaf area, specific root length and less seed mass grew faster in crowded environments, while these traits had limited influence on tree growth response to soil gradients. CONCLUSIONS Our study highlights the importance of size class in modulating the response of tree growth to soil and neighbours, and the differential role of species canopy types and functional traits in capturing these effects in large vs. small trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ren
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Shuai Fang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Qing-Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Hongyan Liu
- College of Urban and Environmental Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Lin
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Ji Ye
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Zhanqing Hao
- School of Ecological and Environmental, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Xugao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- Key Laboratory of Terrestrial Ecosystem Carbon Neutrality, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Claire Fortunel
- AMAP (Botanique et Modélisation de l’Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations), Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, France
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Pak U, Guo Q, Liu Z, Wang X, Liu Y, Jin G. Spatial Distribution of Pinus koraiensis Trees and Community-Level Spatial Associations in Broad-Leaved Korean Pine Mixed Forests in Northeastern China. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2906. [PMID: 37631117 PMCID: PMC10459911 DOI: 10.3390/plants12162906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Investigating the spatial distributions and associations of tree populations provides better insights into the dynamics and processes that shape the forest community. Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) is one of the most important tree species in broad-leaved Korean pine mixed forests (BKMFs), and little is known about the spatial point patterns of and associations between Korean pine and community-level woody species groups such as coniferous and deciduous trees in different developmental stages. This study investigated the spatial patterns of Korean pine (KP) trees and then analyzed how the spatial associations between KP trees and other tree species at the community level vary in different BKMFs. Extensive data collected from five relatively large sample plots, covering a substantial area within the natural distribution range of KP in northeastern China, were utilized. Uni- and bivariate pair correlation functions and mark correlation functions were applied to analyze spatial distribution patterns and spatial associations. The DBH (diameter at breast height) histogram of KP trees in northeastern China revealed that the regeneration process was very poor in the Changbai Mountain (CBS) plot, while the other four plots exhibited moderate or expanding population structures. KP trees were significantly aggregated at scales up to 10 m under the HPP null model, and the aggregation scales decreased with the increase in size classes. Positive or negative spatial associations were observed among different life stages of KP trees in different plots. The life history stages of the coniferous tree group showed positive spatial associations with KP saplings and juvenile trees at small scales, and spatial independence or negative correlations with larger KP trees at greater scales. All broad-leaved tree groups (canopy, middle, and understory layers) exhibited only slightly positive associations with KP trees at small scales, and dominant negative associations were observed at most scales. Our results demonstrate that mature KP trees have strong importance in the spatial patterns of KP populations, and site heterogeneity, limited seed dispersal, and interspecific competition characterize the spatial patterns of KP trees and community-level spatial associations with respect to KP trees, which can serve as a theoretical basis for the management and restoration of BKMFs in northeastern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Unil Pak
- Center for Ecological Research, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (U.P.); (Q.G.); (Z.L.)
| | - Qingxi Guo
- Center for Ecological Research, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (U.P.); (Q.G.); (Z.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Zhili Liu
- Center for Ecological Research, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (U.P.); (Q.G.); (Z.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- Northeast Asia Biodiversity Research Center, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Xugao Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110164, China;
| | - Yankun Liu
- Heilongjiang Forestry Engineering and Environment Institute, Harbin 150040, China;
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Forestry Ecological Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Guangze Jin
- Center for Ecological Research, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (U.P.); (Q.G.); (Z.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- Northeast Asia Biodiversity Research Center, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
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7
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Jiang X, Guo X, Lu H, Yang J, Li W, Hao Q. Distinct Community Assembly Mechanisms of Different Growth Stages in a Warm Temperate Forest. DIVERSITY 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/d15040507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Community phylogenetic structure and diversity analysis are useful complements to species-centric approaches in biodiversity studies by providing new insights into the processes that drive community assembly. In this study, we aimed to understand the differences in the relative importance of abiotic filtering, biotic interactions, and dispersal limitation on community assembly of trees at different vegetation growth stages. We also examined the influence of geographical distance, elevation, terrain, and soil. Thus, we examined the phylogenetic structures and β-diversities of saplings and adults along different abiotic gradients. The results of the net relatedness index (NRI) showed that, instead of being random, the phylogenetic structure of saplings tended to be convergent, whereas that of adults tended to be divergent. This result implies that the relative forces of abiotic filtering and biotic interactions change throughout vegetation growth. The results of generalized dissimilarity modelling (GDM) showed that dispersal limitation (geographical distance) and abiotic filtering influenced the community assembly of both adults and saplings. This result confirmed our hypothesis that both deterministic and stochastic processes were prevalent. The explanatory rates of geographic distance and environmental factor distance to phylogenetic β-diversity were quite different between adults and saplings, which meant that the relative force of dispersal limitation and abiotic filtering had also changed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Jiang
- School of Landscape Architecture and Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Xiao Guo
- School of Landscape Architecture and Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Huicui Lu
- School of Landscape Architecture and Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Jinming Yang
- School of Landscape Architecture and Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Wei Li
- School of Landscape Architecture and Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Qing Hao
- School of Landscape Architecture and Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
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Idbella M, Abd‐ElGawad AM, Mazzoleni S, Bonanomi G. Microclimate, soil chemistry, and microbiota fail to explain
Euphorbia dendroides
Janzen‐Connell
pattern in a shrubland. Ecosphere 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Idbella
- Department of Agricultural Sciences University of Naples Federico II Naples Italy
- Laboratory of Biosciences, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques Hassan II University Casablanca Morocco
| | - Ahmed M. Abd‐ElGawad
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Sciences Mansoura University Mansoura Egypt
- Plant Production Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Stefano Mazzoleni
- Department of Agricultural Sciences University of Naples Federico II Naples Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies University of Naples Federico II Naples Italy
| | - Giuliano Bonanomi
- Department of Agricultural Sciences University of Naples Federico II Naples Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies University of Naples Federico II Naples Italy
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Yang Z, Luo Y, Ye N, Yang L, Yin Q, Jia S, He C, Yuan Z, Hao Z, Ali A. Disentangling the effects of species interactions and environmental factors on the spatial pattern and coexistence of two congeneric Pinus species in a transitional climatic zone. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9275. [PMID: 36110869 PMCID: PMC9465400 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Congeneric species are critical for understanding the underlying ecological mechanisms of biodiversity maintenance. Ecological mechanisms such as conspecific negative density dependence, species differences in life-history stages related to habitat preference, and limiting similarity are known to influence plant fitness, thereby influencing species coexistence and biodiversity. However, our understanding of these phenomena as they apply to coexistence among coniferous species is limited. We studied two congeneric Pinus species, Pinus armandii (PA) and Pinus tabulaeformis (PT), both of which are common pioneer species typically succeeded by oaks (Quercus), in a 25-ha warm temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest. Here, we addressed the following questions: (1) How do population structures and distributions patterns of these two Pinus species vary with respect to different life-history stages? (2) Does intra- and interspecific competition vary with respect to three life-history stages? And (3) What are the relative contributions of topographic and soil variables to the spatial distributions of the species across the three life-history stages? In addressing these questions, we utilized the pair-correlation function g(r), redundancy analysis (RDA), variance partitioning (VP), and hierarchical partitioning (HP) to identify habitat preferences and conspecific negative density dependence at different life-history stages from small to large trees. The results revealed that in both Pinus species, individuals in different life-history stages were subject to significant habitat heterogeneity, with a tendency for small trees to be distributed at higher latitudes that may be represents climate-change-driven migration in both species. In addition, the effects of conspecific negative density dependence on PT were stronger than those on PA due to limited dispersal in PT. Furthermore, we found that interspecific competition was weak due to the species differences in resource utilization and preference for key habitats. Our study shows that congeneric Pinus species avoids competition by exploiting distinct habitats and provides insight into forest community structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichun Yang
- School of Ecology and EnvironmentNorthwestern Polytechnical UniversityShaanxiChina
| | - Ying Luo
- School of Ecology and EnvironmentNorthwestern Polytechnical UniversityShaanxiChina
| | - Nan Ye
- School of Ecology and EnvironmentNorthwestern Polytechnical UniversityShaanxiChina
| | - Lishunan Yang
- School of Ecology and EnvironmentNorthwestern Polytechnical UniversityShaanxiChina
| | - Qiulong Yin
- School of Ecology and EnvironmentNorthwestern Polytechnical UniversityShaanxiChina
| | - Shihong Jia
- School of Ecology and EnvironmentNorthwestern Polytechnical UniversityShaanxiChina
| | - Chunmei He
- School of Ecology and EnvironmentNorthwestern Polytechnical UniversityShaanxiChina
| | - Zuoqiang Yuan
- School of Ecology and EnvironmentNorthwestern Polytechnical UniversityShaanxiChina
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied EcologyChinese Academy of SciencesLiaoningChina
| | - Zhanqing Hao
- School of Ecology and EnvironmentNorthwestern Polytechnical UniversityShaanxiChina
| | - Arshad Ali
- Forest Ecology Research Group, College of Life SciencesHebei UniversityBaodingHebeiChina
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10
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Tree mycorrhizal type mediates conspecific negative density dependence effects on seedling herbivory, growth, and survival. Oecologia 2022; 199:907-918. [PMID: 35920917 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-022-05224-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Tree mycorrhizal type plays an important role in promoting plant species diversity and coexistence, via its mediating role in conspecific negative density dependence (CNDD), i.e., the process by which an individual's performance is impaired by the density of conspecific plants. Previous findings suggest that ectomycorrhizal (EM) tree species are generally less susceptible to CNDD than arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) tree species, due to the chemical and physical protection that EM fungi provide their host with. We examined how CNDD effects on leaf herbivory, seedling growth, and survival differ between AM and EM seedlings of ten tree species collected over 3 years in an old-growth temperate forest in northeastern China. We found that AM and EM seedlings differed in how conspecific density affected their leaf herbivory, seedling growth, and survival. Specifically, AM seedlings leaf herbivory rates significantly increased with increasing conspecific seedling and adult density, and their growth and survival rates decreased with increasing conspecific adult density, these patterns were, however, absent in EM seedlings. Our work suggests that AM seedlings have a performance disadvantage relative to EM seedlings related to the negative effects from conspecific neighbors. We highlight the importance of integrating information on seedling leaf herbivory, seedling growth, to provide further understanding on potential mechanisms driving differences in CNDD between AM and EM tree seedlings.
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11
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Negative Density Restricts the Coexistence and Spatial Distribution of Dominant Species in Subtropical Evergreen Broad-Leaved Forests in China. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13081227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Negative densification affects the spatial distribution of species in secondary evergreen broad-leaved forests and is a key mechanism governing species coexistence. We investigated the effects of habitat heterogeneity and density on the spatial distribution of populations of dominant woody species in a secondary evergreen broad-leaved forest in Wuchaoshan using spatial univariate point pattern analyses. This 6 ha forest dynamic monitoring sample area in Hangzhou, China is a typical secondary subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest. We found (1) a strong effect of habitat heterogeneity that led to the spatial aggregation of dominant species in the plot. Habitat heterogeneity had a strong impact on mature individuals at different life history stages and of different species on a large scale. (2) Negative density dependence (NDD) generally affected spatial distributions of most dominant species and decreased in magnitude with age class. Therefore, different species of subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests in China have formed unique spatial structures due to their habitat preferences but are generally subjected to density-dependent effects.
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12
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Effects of Habitat Filtering on Tree Growth and Mortality across Life Stages in an Old-Growth Temperate Forest. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13060923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A demographic (growth and mortality) trade-off plays a central role in the assembly and dynamics of ecological communities and contributes to tree species’ coexistence. On the basis of field investigation data from the 2010 and 2015 censuses, we evaluated the degrees to which the relative growth rate (RGR) and mortality rate (MR) of saplings and large trees were related to habitat filtering for temperate tree species from a 9 ha forest dynamics plot. The results showed that the relationship between RGR and MR was stronger in saplings than that in large trees. In saplings, the total P (TP) and organic C (OC) of the soil had a significantly positive correlation with RGR. In large trees, volumetric water content had a significantly negative correlation with RGR. In saplings, the bulk density and available P had a significantly positive correlation with MR. In large trees, MR showed a significantly negative correlation with aspect and a significantly positive correlation with TP and OC. Principal component analysis showed that species–habitat association status significantly affected the demographic parameters. A linear regression analysis revealed that the process of habitat filtering contributed to the ontogenetic variation that controlled RGR and MR as the community transitioned from saplings to large trees. Moreover, water availability for large trees played a key role in this process in an old-growth temperate forest.
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13
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Britton TG, Brodribb TJ, Richards SA, Ridley C, Hovenden MJ. Canopy damage during a natural drought depends on species identity, physiology and stand composition. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:2058-2070. [PMID: 34850394 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Vulnerability to xylem cavitation is a strong predictor of drought-induced damage in forest communities. However, biotic features of the community itself can influence water availability at the individual tree-level, thereby modifying patterns of drought damage. Using an experimental forest in Tasmania, Australia, we determined the vulnerability to cavitation (leaf P50 ) of four tree species and assessed the drought-induced canopy damage of 2944 6-yr-old trees after an extreme natural drought episode. We examined how individual damage was related to their size and the density and species identity of neighbouring trees. The two co-occurring dominant tree species, Eucalyptus delegatensis and Eucalyptus regnans, were the most vulnerable to drought-induced xylem cavitation and both species suffered significantly greater damage than neighbouring, subdominant species Pomaderris apetala and Acacia dealbata. While the two eucalypts had similar leaf P50 values, E. delegatensis suffered significantly greater damage, which was strongly related to the density of neighbouring P. apetala. Damage in E. regnans was less impacted by neighbouring plants and smaller trees of both eucalypts sustained significantly more damage than larger trees. Our findings demonstrate that natural drought damage is influenced by individual plant physiology as well as the composition, physiology and density of the surrounding stand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis G Britton
- Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas., 7001, Australia
- ARC Training Centre for Forest Value, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas., 7001, Australia
| | - Timothy J Brodribb
- Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas., 7001, Australia
| | - Shane A Richards
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas., 7001, Australia
| | - Chantelle Ridley
- Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas., 7001, Australia
| | - Mark J Hovenden
- Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas., 7001, Australia
- ARC Training Centre for Forest Value, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas., 7001, Australia
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14
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He Y, Liu H, Yang Q, Cao Y, Yin H, Zhou Z, Yu Q, Wang X. Neighborhood Effects on Tree Mortality Depend on Life Stage of Neighbors. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:838046. [PMID: 35273630 PMCID: PMC8902350 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.838046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Neighborhood effects are a crucial ecological processes that allow species to coexist in a forest. Conspecific and heterospecific neighbors, as major group classifications, affect tree mortality through various mechanisms associated with neighbor life stages. However, the influence of neighbor life stages on neighborhood effects and by what mechanisms remains a knowledge gap. Here we censused the mortality of 82,202 trees belonging to 30 species in a 20-ha subtropical forest and classified their neighbors into the following life stages: earlier, same and later. Next, we implemented generalized linear mixed models to estimate the effect of neighbors at different life stages on tree mortality. Our results showed that conspecific later stage neighbors had a positive effect on tree mortality overall, while conspecific earlier stage neighbors had a negative effect on tree mortality. Furthermore, these opposing effects appear to offset each other so that the overall effect of conspecific neighbors on tree mortality is weakened. In contrast, heterospecific neighbors had a decreasing effect on tree mortality overall. These effects are consistent with those of later stage heterospecific neighbors. Our findings demonstrate that neighbors strongly impact tree mortality, and their specific effects are closely related to neighbor life stages. Further, any single effect from one neighbor life stage may disturb or dominate the total effects of the neighbors. Therefore, the neighbors must be divided into different life stages to best explain the neighborhood effect on forest dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heming Liu
- Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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15
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Huang T, Huang C, Lin Y, Sun I. Seedling survival simultaneously determined by conspecific, heterospecific, and phylogenetically related neighbors and habitat heterogeneity in a subtropical forest in Taiwan. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8525. [PMID: 35136563 PMCID: PMC8809428 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Density dependence and habitat heterogeneity have been recognized as important driving mechanisms that shape the patterns of seedling survival and promote species coexistence in species-rich forests. In this study, we evaluated the relative importance of density dependence by conspecific, heterospecific, and phylogenetically related neighbors and habitat heterogeneity on seedling survival in the Lienhuachih (LHC) Forest, a subtropical, evergreen forest in central Taiwan. Age-specific effects of different variables were also studied. We monitored the fates of 1,642 newly recruited seedlings of woody plants within a 25-ha Forest Dynamics Plot for 2 years. The effects of conspecific, heterospecific, and phylogenetically related neighbors and habitat heterogeneity on seedling survival were analyzed by generalized linear mixed models. Our results indicated that conspecific negative density dependence (CNDD) had a strong impact on seedling survival, and the effects of CNDD increased with seedling age. Heterospecific positive density dependence (HPDD) and phylogenetic positive density dependence (PPDD) had a significant influence on the survival of seedlings, and stronger HPDD and PPDD effects were detected for older seedlings. Furthermore, seedling survival differed among habitats significantly. Seedling survival was significantly higher in the plateau, high-slope, and low-slope habitats than in the valley. Overall, our results suggested that the effects of CNDD, HPDD, PPDD, and habitat heterogeneity influenced seedling survival simultaneously in the LHC subtropical forest, but their relative importance varied with seedling age. Such findings from our subtropical forest were slightly different from tropical forests, and these contrasting patterns may be attributed to differences in abiotic environments. These findings highlight the importance to incorporate phylogenetic relatedness, seedling age, and habitat heterogeneity when investigating the impacts of density dependence on seedling survival that may contribute to species coexistence in seedling communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng‐He Huang
- Department of Life ScienceTunghai UniversityTaichungTaiwan
| | - Chun‐Lin Huang
- Department of BiologyNational Museum of Natural ScienceTaichungTaiwan
| | - Yi‐Ching Lin
- Department of Life ScienceTunghai UniversityTaichungTaiwan
| | - I‐Fang Sun
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental StudiesNational Dong Hwa UniversityHualienTaiwan
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16
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Lawrence EH, Springer CJ, Helliker BR, Scott Poethig R. MicroRNA156-mediated changes in leaf composition lead to altered photosynthetic traits during vegetative phase change. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:1008-1022. [PMID: 33064860 PMCID: PMC8299463 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Plant morphology and physiology change with growth and development. Some of these changes are due to change in plant size and some are the result of genetically programmed developmental transitions. In this study we investigate the role of the developmental transition, vegetative phase change (VPC), on morphological and photosynthetic changes. We used overexpression of microRNA156, the master regulator of VPC, to modulate the timing of VPC in Populus tremula × alba, Zea mays, and Arabidopsis thaliana to determine its role in trait variation independent of changes in size and overall age. Here, we find that juvenile and adult leaves in all three species photosynthesize at different rates and that these differences are due to phase-dependent changes in specific leaf area (SLA) and leaf N but not photosynthetic biochemistry. Further, we found juvenile leaves with high SLA were associated with better photosynthetic performance at low light levels. This study establishes a role for VPC in leaf composition and photosynthetic performance across diverse species and environments. Variation in leaf traits due to VPC are likely to provide distinct benefits under specific environments; as a result, selection on the timing of this transition could be a mechanism for environmental adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica H. Lawrence
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, 433 South University Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Clint J. Springer
- Department of Biology, Saint Joseph’s University, 5600 City Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19131, USA
| | - Brent R. Helliker
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, 433 South University Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - R. Scott Poethig
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, 433 South University Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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17
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Barry KE, Schnitzer SA. Are we missing the forest for the trees? Conspecific negative density dependence in a temperate deciduous forest. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245639. [PMID: 34264937 PMCID: PMC8282035 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the central goals of ecology is to determine the mechanisms that enable coexistence among species. Evidence is accruing that conspecific negative density dependence (CNDD), the process by which plant seedlings are unable to survive in the area surrounding adults of their same species, is a major contributor to tree species coexistence. However, for CNDD to maintain community-level diversity, three conditions must be met. First, CNDD must maintain diversity for the majority of the woody plant community (rather than merely specific groups). Second, the pattern of repelled recruitment must increase in with plant size. Third, CNDD should extend to the majority of plant life history strategies. These three conditions are rarely tested simultaneously. In this study, we simultaneously test all three conditions in a woody plant community in a North American temperate forest. We examined whether understory and canopy woody species across height categories and dispersal syndromes were overdispersed-a spatial pattern indicative of CNDD-using spatial point pattern analysis across life history stages and strategies. We found that there was a strong signal of overdispersal at the community level. Across the whole community, larger individuals were more overdispersed than smaller individuals. The overdispersion of large individuals, however, was driven by canopy trees. By contrast, understory woody species were not overdispersed as adults. This finding indicates that the focus on trees for the vast majority of CNDD studies may have biased the perception of the prevalence of CNDD as a dominant mechanism that maintains community-level diversity when, according to our data, CNDD may be restricted largely to trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E. Barry
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Biodiversity Working Group, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Stefan A. Schnitzer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, United States of America
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18
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Jiang F, Cadotte MW, Jin G. Individual-level leaf trait variation and correlation across biological and spatial scales. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:5344-5354. [PMID: 34026011 PMCID: PMC8131770 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Even with increasing interest in the ecological importance of intraspecific trait variation (ITV) for better understanding ecological processes, few studies have quantified ITV in seedlings and assessed constraints imposed by trade-offs and correlations among individual-level leaf traits. Estimating the amount and role of ITV in seedlings is important to understand tree recruitment and long-term forest dynamics. We measured ten different size, economics, and whole leaf traits (lamina and petiole) for more than 2,800 seedlings (height ≥ 10 cm and diameter at breast height < 1 cm) in 283 seedling plots and then quantified the amount of ITV and trait correlations across two biological (intraspecific and interspecific) and spatial (within and among plots) scales. Finally, we explored the effects of trait variance and sample size on the strength of trait correlations. We found about 40% (6%-63%) variation in leaf-level traits was explained by ITV across all traits. Lamina and petiole traits were correlated across biological and spatial scales, whereas leaf size traits (e.g., lamina area) were weakly correlated with economics traits (e.g., specific lamina area); lamina mass ratio was strongly related to the petiole length. Trait correlations varied among species, plots, and different scales but there was no evidence that the strength of trait relationships was stronger at broader than finer biological and spatial scales. While larger trait variance increased the strength of correlations, the sample size was the most important factor that was negatively related to the strength of trait correlations. Our results showed that a large amount of trait variation was explained by ITV, which highlighted the importance of considering ITV when using trait-based approaches in seedling ecology. In addition, sample size was an important factor that influenced the strength of trait correlations, which suggests that comparing trait correlations across studies should consider the differences in sample size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Jiang
- Center for Ecological ResearchNortheast Forestry UniversityHarbinChina
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Toronto ScarboroughTorontoONCanada
| | - Marc W. Cadotte
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Toronto ScarboroughTorontoONCanada
- Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada
| | - Guangze Jin
- Center for Ecological ResearchNortheast Forestry UniversityHarbinChina
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management‐Ministry of EducationNortheast Forestry UniversityHarbinChina
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19
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Zang L, Xu H, Li Y, Zang R. Conspecific negative density dependence of trees varies with plant functional traits and environmental conditions across scales in a 60‐ha tropical rainforest dynamics plot. Biotropica 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lipeng Zang
- Center of Forest Ecology College of Forestry Guizhou University Guiyang China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection Chinese Academy of Forestry Beijing China
- Co‐Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing China
| | - Han Xu
- Institute of Tropical Forestry Chinese Academy of Forestry Guangzhou China
| | - Yide Li
- Institute of Tropical Forestry Chinese Academy of Forestry Guangzhou China
| | - Runguo Zang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection Chinese Academy of Forestry Beijing China
- Co‐Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing China
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20
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Jiang F, Lutz JA, Guo Q, Hao Z, Wang X, Gilbert GS, Mao Z, Orwig DA, Parker GG, Sang W, Liu Y, Tian S, Cadotte MW, Jin G. Mycorrhizal type influences plant density dependence and species richness across 15 temperate forests. Ecology 2020; 102:e03259. [PMID: 33226634 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that the mycorrhizal type associated with tree species is an important trait influencing ecological processes such as response to environmental conditions and conspecific negative density dependence (CNDD). However, we lack a general understanding of how tree mycorrhizal type influences CNDD strength and the resulting patterns of species abundance and richness at larger spatial scales. We assessed 305 species across 15 large, stem-mapped, temperate forest dynamics plots in Northeastern China and North America to explore the relationships between tree mycorrhizal type and CNDD, species abundance, and species richness at a regional scale. Tree species associated with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi showed a stronger CNDD and a more positive relationship with species abundance than did tree species associated with ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi. For each plot, both basal area and stem abundance of AM tree species was lower than that of ECM tree species, suggesting that AM tree species were rarer than ECM tree species. Finally, ECM tree dominance showed a negative effect on plant richness across plots. These results provide evidence that tree mycorrhizal type plays an important role in influencing CNDD and species richness, highlighting this trait as an important factor in structuring plant communities in temperate forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Jiang
- Center for Ecological Research, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - James A Lutz
- Wildland Resources Department, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, UT 84322, USA
| | - Qingxi Guo
- Center for Ecological Research, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.,Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Zhanqing Hao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110164, China
| | - Xugao Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110164, China
| | - Gregory S Gilbert
- Environmental Studies Department, University of California, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California, 95064, USA
| | - Zikun Mao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110164, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - David A Orwig
- Harvard Forest, Harvard University, Petersham, Massachusetts, MA 01366, USA
| | - Geoffrey G Parker
- Forest Ecology Group, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, Maryland, MD 21037, USA
| | - Weiguo Sang
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Yankun Liu
- Heilongjiang Forestry Engineering and Environment Institute, Harbin, 150040, China.,Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Forestry Ecological Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, China
| | - Songyan Tian
- Heilongjiang Forestry Engineering and Environment Institute, Harbin, 150040, China.,National Positioning observation Station of Mudanjiang Forest Ecosystem in Heilongjiang Province, Mudanjiang, Muling, 157500, China
| | - Marc W Cadotte
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada.,Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Guangze Jin
- Center for Ecological Research, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.,Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
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21
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Alcántara JM, Garrido JL, Rey PJ. Plant species abundance and phylogeny explain the structure of recruitment networks. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 223:366-376. [PMID: 30843205 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Established plants can affect the recruitment of young plants, filtering out some and allowing the recruitment of others, with profound effects on plant community dynamics. Recruitment networks (RNs) depict which species recruit under which others. We investigated whether species abundance and phylogenetic distance explain the structure of RNs across communities. We estimated the frequency of canopy-recruit interactions among woody plants in 10 forest assemblages to describe their RNs. For each RN, we determined the functional form (linear, power or exponential) best describing the relationship of interaction frequency with three predictors: canopy species abundance, recruit species abundance and phylogenetic distance. We fitted models with all combinations of predictor variables, from which we simulated RNs. The best functional form of each predictor was the same in most communities (linear for canopy species abundance, power for recruit species abundance and exponential for phylogenetic distance). The model including all predictor variables was consistently the best in explaining interaction frequency and showed the best performance in predicting RN structure. Our results suggest that mechanisms related to species abundance are necessary but insufficient to explain the assembly of RNs. Evolutionary processes affecting phylogenetic divergence are critical determinants of RN structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio M Alcántara
- Department of Animal and Plant Biology and Ecology, University of Jaén, Jaén, 23071, Spain
| | - José L Garrido
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Sevilla, 41092, Spain
| | - Pedro J Rey
- Department of Animal and Plant Biology and Ecology, University of Jaén, Jaén, 23071, Spain
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22
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Patterns of local species richness and their associations with functional traits in a 60‐ha tropical forest dynamics plot. Ecosphere 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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23
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Żywiec M, Fedriani JM, Kurek P, Holeksa J. Non‐trophic plant–animal interactions mediate positive density dependence among conspecific saplings. OIKOS 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.06071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Żywiec
- Centre for Applied Ecology ‘Prof. Baeta Neves’ (CEABN‐InBIO), Inst. Superior of Agronomy, Univ. of Lisbon Lisboa Portugal
- W. Szafer Inst. of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences Lubicz 46, 31 512 Kraków Poland
| | - José M. Fedriani
- Centre for Applied Ecology ‘Prof. Baeta Neves’ (CEABN‐InBIO), Inst. Superior of Agronomy, Univ. of Lisbon Lisboa Portugal
- Dept of Conservation Biology, Estacion Biologica de Doñana (EBD – CSIC) Seville Spain
| | - Przemysław Kurek
- Dept of Plant Ecology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz Univ Poznań Poland
| | - Jan Holeksa
- Dept of Plant Ecology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz Univ Poznań Poland
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24
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Krishnadas M, Beckman NG, Zuluaga JCP, Zhu Y, Whitacre J, Wenzel JW, Queenborough SA, Comita LS. Environment and past land use together predict functional diversity in a temperate forest. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2018; 28:2142-2152. [PMID: 30198191 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Environment and human land use both shape forest composition. Abiotic conditions sift tree species from a regional pool via functional traits that influence species' suitability to the local environment. In addition, human land use can modify species distributions and change functional diversity of forests. However, it is unclear how environment and land use simultaneously shape functional diversity of tree communities. Land-use legacies are especially prominent in temperate forest landscapes that have been extensively modified by humans in the last few centuries. Across a 900-ha temperate deciduous forest in the northeastern United States, comprising a mosaic of different-aged stands due to past human land use, we used four key functional traits-maximum height, rooting depth, wood density, and seed mass-to examine how multiple environmental and land-use variables influenced species distributions and functional diversity. We sampled ~40,000 trees >8 cm DBH within 485 plots totaling 137 ha. Species within plots were more functionally similar than expected by chance when we estimated functional diversity using all traits together (multi-trait), and to a lesser degree, with each trait separately. Multi-trait functional diversity was most strongly correlated with distance from the perennial stream, elevation, slope, and forest age. Environmental and land-use predictors varied in their correlation with functional diversities of the four individual traits. Landscape-wide change in abundances of individual species also correlated with both environment and land-use variables, but magnitudes of trait-environment interactions were generally stronger than trait interactions with land use. These findings can be applied for restoration and assisted regeneration of human-modified temperate forests by using traits to predict which tree species would establish well in relation to land-use history, topography, and soil conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghna Krishnadas
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, 195 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut, 06511, USA
| | - Noelle G Beckman
- Department of Biology and the Ecology Center, Utah State University, 5305 Old Main Hill, Logan, Utah, 84322, USA
| | - Juan Carlos Peñagos Zuluaga
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, 195 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut, 06511, USA
| | - Yan Zhu
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, 195 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut, 06511, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - James Whitacre
- Powdermill Nature Reserve, Carnegie Museum of Natural History, 1847 Route 381, Rector, Pennsylvania, 15677, USA
| | - John W Wenzel
- Powdermill Nature Reserve, Carnegie Museum of Natural History, 1847 Route 381, Rector, Pennsylvania, 15677, USA
| | - Simon A Queenborough
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, 195 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut, 06511, USA
| | - Liza S Comita
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, 195 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut, 06511, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Box 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, Panama
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25
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Liu Z, Jiang F, Zhu Y, Li F, Jin G. Spatial heterogeneity of leaf area index in a temperate old-growth forest: Spatial autocorrelation dominates over biotic and abiotic factors. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 634:287-295. [PMID: 29627552 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Leaf area index (LAI) controls many eco-physiological processes and can be widely used to scale-up leaf processes to ecosystem, landscape and regional levels. However, the macro-scale spatial heterogeneity of LAI and its controlling factors are not fully understood. We estimated annual maximum LAI using an LAI-2200 plant canopy analyzer in a 9-ha, old-growth, mixed broadleaved-Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) forest in China. We analyzed the spatial heterogeneity of LAI and mapped its distribution using geostatistical methods; then, through variance partitioning, we examined the influences of several biotic factors, abiotic factors and spatial autocorrelation on the LAI distribution. Variance partitioning showed that these factors altogether explained 59% of the variation in the distribution of LAI. Compared to biotic and abiotic factors, spatial autocorrelation controlled more spatial heterogeneity of LAI by explaining 51.4% of the total variation in LAI. For biotic and abiotic factors, the mean diameter at breast height (DBH) of large trees (DBH > 10 cm), elevation, soil temperature and soil mass moisture content significantly affected the LAI distribution (P < 0.01). Notably, spatial autocorrelation unexpectedly explained the most variation in the LAI values, and it also varies with cardinal direction and is a key descriptor of LAI spatial variability. These results suggest that the influence of spatial autocorrelation on LAI distribution should attract more attention and that both the relative importance of and interactions among different determining factors is helpful for better understanding the mechanistic determinants of LAI distributions in temperate mixed forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhili Liu
- Center for Ecological Research, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Feng Jiang
- Center for Ecological Research, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Yu Zhu
- Center for Ecological Research, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Fengri Li
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Guangze Jin
- Center for Ecological Research, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
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Liu Q, Bi L, Song G, Wang Q, Jin G. Species-habitat associations in an old-growth temperate forest in northeastern China. BMC Ecol 2018; 18:20. [PMID: 29986704 PMCID: PMC6038321 DOI: 10.1186/s12898-018-0177-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 03/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Species coexistence mechanisms and maintenance of biodiversity have long been considered important components of community ecology research. As one of the important mechanisms, species coexistence theory based on niche differentiation has received attention in past years. Thus, topography, through the formation of habitat heterogeneity, affects species distributions and coexistence. A 30-ha dynamic plot of mixed broadleaved-Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) forest is located in the Heilongjiang Fenglin National Nature Reserve. We examined species-habitat associations using the torus-translation method. We aim to understand the habitat associations of different species, life forms (shrubs, trees), and shade tolerance (light-demanding, midtolerant, shade-tolerant) across life stages (sapling, juvenile and mature), providing further evidence for the role of niche theory in temperate forests. RESULTS Of the 33 species we tested, 28 species (84.8%) were at least significantly associated with one habitat type. Positive associations were more frequent in the valley and slope (shady and sunny) and less frequent on the ridge. Thirty-four significant positive associations with the five habitats were detected at three life stages (11, 11 and 12 at the sapling stage, juvenile stage, and mature stage, respectively). The trees were positively associated with the valley, and the shrubs were positively associated with sunny and ridge. The majority of species' habitat preferences shifted among different life stages; the exceptions were Corylus mandshurica, Maackia amurensis, Quercus mongolica, Picea jezoensis and Acer ukurunduense, which had consistent associations with the same habitat at all stages. The midtolerant trees and midtolerant shrubs were positively correlated with sunny across the three life stages. CONCLUSIONS Most species show habitat preferences in the plot. These results indicate that niche theory plays an important role in species coexistence. Most species have no consistent association with habitat at different life stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Liu
- Center for Ecological Research, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Lianzhu Bi
- Heilongjiang Fenglin National Nature Reserve Authority, Yichun, 153033, China
| | - Guohua Song
- Heilongjiang Fenglin National Nature Reserve Authority, Yichun, 153033, China
| | - Quanbo Wang
- Heilongjiang Fenglin National Nature Reserve Authority, Yichun, 153033, China
| | - Guangze Jin
- Center for Ecological Research, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.
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27
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Johnson DJ, Condit R, Hubbell SP, Comita LS. Abiotic niche partitioning and negative density dependence drive tree seedling survival in a tropical forest. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 284:rspb.2017.2210. [PMID: 29237862 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.2210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In tropical tree communities, processes occurring during early life stages play a critical role in shaping forest composition and diversity through differences in species' performance. Predicting the future of tropical forests depends on a solid understanding of the drivers of seedling survival. At the same time, factors determining spatial and temporal patterns of seedling survival can play a large role in permitting species coexistence in diverse communities. Using long-term data on the survival of more than 45 000 seedlings of 238 species in a Neotropical forest, we assessed the relative importance of key abiotic and biotic neighbourhood variables thought to influence individual seedling survival and tested whether species vary significantly in their responses to these variables, consistent with niche differences. At the community level, seedling survival was significantly correlated with plant size, topographic habitat, neighbourhood densities of conspecific seedlings, conspecific and heterospecific trees and annual variation in water availability, in descending order of effect size. Additionally, we found significant variation among species in their sensitivity to light and water availability, as well as in their survival within different topographic habitats, indicating the potential for niche differentiation among species that could allow for species coexistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Johnson
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Richard Condit
- Field Museum, Chicago, IL, USA.,Morton Arboretum, Lisle, IL, USA
| | - Stephen P Hubbell
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Republic of Panama.,University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Liza S Comita
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Republic of Panama
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28
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Zhu Y, Queenborough SA, Condit R, Hubbell SP, Ma KP, Comita LS. Density‐dependent survival varies with species life‐history strategy in a tropical forest. Ecol Lett 2018; 21:506-515. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Zhu
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies Yale University New Haven CT06511 USA
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences 20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan Beijing100093 China
| | - S. A. Queenborough
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies Yale University New Haven CT06511 USA
| | - R. Condit
- Morton Arboretum 4100 Illinois Rte. 53 Lisle IL60532 USA
- Field Museum of Natural History 1400 S. Lake Shore Dr. Chicago IL60605USA
| | - S. P. Hubbell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Los Angeles CA90095 USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Box 0843‐03092 Balboa Ancón Panama
| | - K. P. Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences 20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan Beijing100093 China
| | - L. S. Comita
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies Yale University New Haven CT06511 USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Box 0843‐03092 Balboa Ancón Panama
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29
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Jiang F, Xun Y, Cai H, Jin G. What factors potentially influence the ability of phylogenetic distance to predict trait dispersion in a temperate forest? Ecol Evol 2018; 8:1107-1116. [PMID: 29375783 PMCID: PMC5773330 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although phylogenetic-based approaches have been frequently used to infer ecological processes, they have been increasingly criticized in recent years. To date, the factors that affect phylogenetic signals and further the ability of phylogenetic distance to predict trait dispersion have been assumed but not empirically tested. Therefore, we investigate which factors potentially influence the ability of phylogenetic distance to predict trait dispersion. We quantified the phylogenetic and trait dispersions across size classes and spatial scales in a 9-ha old-growth temperate forest dynamics plot in northeastern China. Phylogenetic signals at the community level were generally lower than those at the species pool level, and phylogenetically clustered communities showed lower phylogenetic signals than did overdispersed communities. This pattern might explain the other three findings of our study. First, phylogenetically overdispersed communities performed better at predicting trait dispersion than did clustered communities. Second, the mean pairwise distance (MPD)-based metric exhibited a stronger correlation with trait dispersion than did the mean nearest taxon distance (MNTD)-based metric. Finally, the MNTD-based metric showed that the prediction accuracy for trait dispersion decreased with increasing spatial scales, whereas its effects were weak on the MPD-based metric. In addition, phylogeny could not determine the dispersions of all functional axes but was able to predict certain traits depending on whether they were evolutionarily conserved. These results were conserved when we removed the effects of space and environment. Our findings highlighted that using phylogenetic distance as a proxy of trait similarity might work in a temperate forest depending on the species in local communities sampled from total pool as well as the traits measured. Utilizing these rules, we should rethink the conclusions of previous studies that were based on phylogenetic-based approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Jiang
- Center for Ecological ResearchNortheast Forestry UniversityHarbinChina
| | - Yanhan Xun
- Center for Ecological ResearchNortheast Forestry UniversityHarbinChina
| | - Huiying Cai
- Center for Ecological ResearchNortheast Forestry UniversityHarbinChina
| | - Guangze Jin
- Center for Ecological ResearchNortheast Forestry UniversityHarbinChina
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30
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A spatially explicit analysis of Paysandisia archon attack on the endemic Mediterranean dwarf palm. Biol Invasions 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-017-1656-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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31
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Després T, Vítková L, Bače R, Čada V, Janda P, Mikoláš M, Schurman JS, Trotsiuk V, Svoboda M. Past disturbances and intraspecific competition as drivers of spatial pattern in primary spruce forests. Ecosphere 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- T. Després
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences; Czech University of Life Sciences Prague; Kamýcká 129, Praha 6 -Suchdol Prague 16521 Czech Republic
| | - L. Vítková
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences; Czech University of Life Sciences Prague; Kamýcká 129, Praha 6 -Suchdol Prague 16521 Czech Republic
| | - R. Bače
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences; Czech University of Life Sciences Prague; Kamýcká 129, Praha 6 -Suchdol Prague 16521 Czech Republic
| | - V. Čada
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences; Czech University of Life Sciences Prague; Kamýcká 129, Praha 6 -Suchdol Prague 16521 Czech Republic
| | - P. Janda
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences; Czech University of Life Sciences Prague; Kamýcká 129, Praha 6 -Suchdol Prague 16521 Czech Republic
| | - M. Mikoláš
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences; Czech University of Life Sciences Prague; Kamýcká 129, Praha 6 -Suchdol Prague 16521 Czech Republic
| | - J. S. Schurman
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences; Czech University of Life Sciences Prague; Kamýcká 129, Praha 6 -Suchdol Prague 16521 Czech Republic
| | - V. Trotsiuk
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences; Czech University of Life Sciences Prague; Kamýcká 129, Praha 6 -Suchdol Prague 16521 Czech Republic
| | - M. Svoboda
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences; Czech University of Life Sciences Prague; Kamýcká 129, Praha 6 -Suchdol Prague 16521 Czech Republic
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32
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33
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Choo J, Carasco C, Alvarez-Loayza P, Simpson BB, Economo EP. Life history traits influence the strength of distance- and density-dependence at different life stages of two Amazonian palms. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 120:147-158. [PMID: 28549080 PMCID: PMC5737847 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims Natural enemies are known to be important in regulating plant populations and contributing to species coexistence (Janzen-Connell effects). The strength of Janzen-Connell effects (both distance- and density-effects) varies across species, but the life history traits that may mediate such a variation are not well understood. This study examined Janzen-Connell effects across the life stages (seed through adult stages) of two sympatric palm species with distinct phenologies and shade tolerances, two traits that may mediate the strength and timing of Janzen-Connell effects. Methods Populations of two common palm species, Attalea phalerata and Astrocaryum murumuru , were studied in Manu National Park, Peru. Seed predation experiments were conducted to assess Janzen-Connell effects at the seed stage. In the post-seed stages, spatial point pattern analyses of the distributions of individuals and biomass were used to infer the strength of distance- and density-effects. Key Results Seed predation was both negative distance- and density-dependent consistent with the Janzen-Connell effects. However, only seedling recruitment for asynchronously fruiting Attalea phalerata was depressed near adults while recruitment remained high for synchronously fruiting Astrocaryum murumuru , consistent with weak distance-effects. Negative density-effects were strong in the early stages for shade-intolerant Attalea phalerata but weak or absent in shade-tolerant Astrocaryum murumuru. Conclusions Distance- and density-effects varied among the life stages of the two palm species in a manner that corresponded to their contrasting phenology and shade tolerance. Generalizing such connections across many species would provide a route to understanding how trait-mediated Janzen-Connell effects scale up to whole communities of species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanita Choo
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa, Japan 904-0495
| | - Cecilia Carasco
- Universidad Nacional San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Jr. Victoria Palestina FF-2 Santiago, Departamento de Cusco, Peru
| | | | - Beryl B. Simpson
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station CO930, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Evan P. Economo
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa, Japan 904-0495
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34
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Coordination and Determinants of Leaf Community Economics Spectrum for Canopy Trees and Shrubs in a Temperate Forest in Northeastern China. FORESTS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/f8060202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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35
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Kuang X, Zhu K, Yuan Z, Lin F, Ye J, Wang X, Wang Y, Hao Z. Conspecific density dependence and community structure: Insights from 11 years of monitoring in an old-growth temperate forest in Northeast China. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:5191-5200. [PMID: 28770059 PMCID: PMC5528227 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Forest community structure may be influenced by seedling density dependence, however, the effect is loosely coupled with population dynamics and diversity in the short term. In the long term the strength of conspecific density dependence may fluctuate over time because of seedling abundance, yet few long‐term studies exist. Based on 11 years of seedling census data and tree census data from a 25‐ha temperate forest plot in Northeast China, we used generalized linear mixed models to test the relative effects of local neighborhood density and abiotic factors on seedling density and seedling survival. Spatial point pattern analysis was used to determine if spatial patterns of saplings and juveniles, in relation to conspecific adults, were in accordance with patterns uncovered by conspecific negative density dependence at the seedling stage. Our long‐term results showed that seedling density was mainly positively affected by conspecific density, suggesting dispersal limitation of seedling development. The probability of seedling survival significantly decreased over 1 year with increasing conspecific density, indicating conspecific negative density dependence in seedling establishment. Although there was variation in conspecific negative density dependence at the seedling stage among species and across years, a dispersed pattern of conspecific saplings relative to conspecific adults at the local scale (<10 m) was observed in four of the 11 species examined. Overall, sapling spatial patterns were consistent with the impacts of conspecific density on seedling dynamics, which suggests that conspecific negative density dependence is persistent over the long term. From the long‐term perspective, conspecific density dependence is an important driver of species coexistence in temperate forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Kuang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management Institute of Applied Ecology Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Kai Zhu
- Department of BioSciences Rice University Houston TX USA.,Department of Biology University of Texas Arlington TX USA
| | - Zuoqiang Yuan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management Institute of Applied Ecology Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang China
| | - Fei Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management Institute of Applied Ecology Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang China
| | - Ji Ye
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management Institute of Applied Ecology Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang China
| | - Xugao Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management Institute of Applied Ecology Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang China
| | - Yunyun Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management Institute of Applied Ecology Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Zhanqing Hao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management Institute of Applied Ecology Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang China
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36
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Pu X, Zhu Y, Jin G. Effects of local biotic neighbors and habitat heterogeneity on seedling survival in a spruce-fir valley forest, northeastern China. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:4582-4591. [PMID: 28690788 PMCID: PMC5496565 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Seedlings are vulnerable to many biotic and abiotic agents, and studying seedling dynamics helps understand mechanisms of species coexistence. In this study, the relative importance of biotic neighbors and habitat heterogeneity to seedling survival was examined by generalized linear mixed models for 33 species in a spruce‐fir valley forest in northeastern China. The results showed that the relative importance of these factors varied with species and functional groups. Conspecific negative density dependence (CNDD) was important to the survival of Abies nephrolepis and Picea koraiensis seedling, whereas phylogenetic negative density dependence (PNDD) was critical to Pinus koraiensis and Betula platyphylla, as well as functional groups of tree, deciduous, and shade‐intolerant seedlings. For shrubs and Acer ukurunduense, habitat heterogeneity was significant. Despite of the significance of CNDD, PNDD, and habitat heterogeneity on seedling survival, large proportions of the total variance were not accounted for by the studied variables, suggesting the needs to examine the influences of other factors such as pests, diseases, herbivores, forest structure, species functional traits, and microclimatic conditions on seedling survival in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xucai Pu
- Center for Ecological Research Northeast Forestry University Harbin China
| | - Yu Zhu
- Center for Ecological Research Northeast Forestry University Harbin China
| | - Guangze Jin
- Center for Ecological Research Northeast Forestry University Harbin China
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37
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Song H, Xu Y, Hao J, Zhao B, Guo D, Shao H. Investigating distribution pattern of species in a warm-temperate conifer-broadleaved-mixed forest in China for sustainably utilizing forest and soils. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 578:81-89. [PMID: 27499497 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The maintaining mechanisms and potential ecological processes of species diversity in warm temperate- conifer-broadleaved-mixed forest are far from clear understanding. In this paper, the relative neighborhood density Ω was used to analyze the spatial distribution patterns of 34 species with ≥11 individuals in a warm- temperate-conifer-broadleaved-mixed forest, northern China. Then we used canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) and Torus-translation test (TTT) to explain the distribution of observed species. Our results show that aggregated distribution is the dominant pattern in warm-temperate natural forest and four species regular distribution at the spatial scale >30m. The aggregated percentage and intensity decline with spatial scale, abundance and size classes increasing. Rare species are aggregated more than intermediate and abundant species. These results prove sufficiently the effects existence of scale separation, self-thinning and Janzen-Connell hypothesis. In addition, functional traits (dispersal modes and shade tolerance) also have a significant influence on distribution of species. The results of CCA confirm that slope and convexity are the most important factors affecting the distribution of tree species distribution, elevation and slope of shrub species though the combination of topographic variables only explained 1% of distribution of tree species and 2% of shrub species. Most species don't have habitat preference; however 47.1% (16/34) species including absolutely dominant tree (Pinus tabulaeformis and Quercus wutaishanica) and shrub species (Rosa xanthina) and most other species with important value in the front, are strongly positively or negatively associated with at least one habitat. The valley and ridge are most distinct habitat with association of 12 species in the plot. However, high elevation slope with 257 quadrats is the most extensive habitat with only four species. Therefore, there is obvious evidence that habitat heterogeneity play an important role on shaping spatial distribution of species in warm temperate forest. Our research results provide significant evidence that dispersal limitation and habitat heterogeneity have a contribution jointly to regulating the spatial distribution pattern of species in warm-temperate-forest in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houjuan Song
- College of Environment and Resource, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Yudan Xu
- College of Environment and Resource, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Jing Hao
- College of Environment and Resource, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Bingqing Zhao
- School of Land Sciences & Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Donggang Guo
- College of Environment and Resource, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
| | - Hongbo Shao
- Institute of Agro-biotechnology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China.
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38
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Leaf diseases drive the Janzen–Connell mechanism regardless of light conditions: a 3-year field study. Oecologia 2016; 183:191-199. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-016-3757-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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39
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Yao J, Zhang X, Zhang C, Zhao X, von Gadow K. Effects of density dependence in a temperate forest in northeastern China. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32844. [PMID: 27604642 PMCID: PMC5015110 DOI: 10.1038/srep32844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Negative density dependence may cause reduced clustering among individuals of the same species, and evidence is accumulating that conspecific density-dependent self-thinning is an important mechanism regulating the spatial structure of plant populations. This study evaluates that specific density dependence in three very large observational studies representing three successional stages in a temperate forest in northeastern China. The methods include standard spatial point pattern analysis and a heterogeneous Poisson process as the null model to eliminate the effects of habitat heterogeneity. The results show that most of the species exhibit conspecific density-dependent self-thinning. In the early successional stage 11 of the 16 species, in the intermediate successional stage 18 of the 21 species and in the old growth stage all 21 species exhibited density dependence after removing the effects of habitat heterogeneity. The prevalence of density dependence thus varies among the three successional stages and exhibits an increase with increasing successional stage. The proportion of species showing density dependence varied depending on whether habitat heterogeneity was removed or not. Furthermore, the strength of density dependence is closely related with species abundance. Abundant species with high conspecific aggregation tend to exhibit greater density dependence than rare species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yao
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources & Ecosystem Processes of Beijing, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xinna Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources & Ecosystem Processes of Beijing, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Chunyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources & Ecosystem Processes of Beijing, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiuhai Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources & Ecosystem Processes of Beijing, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Klaus von Gadow
- Faculty of Forestry and Forest Ecology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Büsgenweg 5, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Forest and Wood Science, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa
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40
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Katz DSW, Ibáñez I. Foliar damage beyond species distributions is partly explained by distance dependent interactions with natural enemies. Ecology 2016; 97:2331-2341. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S. W. Katz
- School of Natural Resources and Environment University of Michigan 440 Church Street Ann Arbor Michigan 48109 USA
| | - Inés Ibáñez
- School of Natural Resources and Environment University of Michigan 440 Church Street Ann Arbor Michigan 48109 USA
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41
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Feng G, Mi X, Yan H, Li FY, Svenning JC, Ma K. CForBio: a network monitoring Chinese forest biodiversity. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-016-1132-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Wu J, Swenson NG, Brown C, Zhang C, Yang J, Ci X, Li J, Sha L, Cao M, Lin L. How does habitat filtering affect the detection of conspecific and phylogenetic density dependence? Ecology 2016; 97:1182-93. [PMID: 27349095 DOI: 10.1890/14-2465.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Conspecific negative density dependence (CNDD) has been recognized as a key mechanism underlying species coexistence, especially in tropical forests. Recently, some studies have reported that seedling survival is also negatively correlated with the phylogenetic relatedness between neighbors and focal individuals, termed phylogenetic negative density dependence (PNDD). In contrast to CNDD or PNDD, shared habitat requirements between closely related individuals are thought to be a cause of observed positive effects of closely related neighbors, which may affect the strength and detectability of CNDD or PNDD. In order to investigate the relative importance of these mechanisms for tropical tree seedling survival, we used generalized linear mixed models to analyze how the survival of more than 10 000 seedlings of woody plant species related to neighborhood and habitat variables in a tropical rainforest in southwest China. By comparing models with and without habitat variables, we tested how habitat filtering affected the detection of CNDD and PNDD. The best-fitting model suggested that CNDD and habitat filtering played key roles in seedling survival; but that, contrary to our expectations, phylogenetic positive density dependence (PPDD) had a distinct and important effect. While habitat filtering affected the detection of CNDD by decreasing its apparent strength, it did not explain the positive effects of closely related neighbors. Our results demonstrate that a failure to control for habitat variables and phylogenetic relationships may obscure the importance of conspecific and heterospecific neighbor densities for seedling survival.
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43
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Stand density and species richness affect carbon storage and net primary productivity in early and late successional temperate forests differently. Ecol Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11284-016-1361-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Abstract
Density dependence could maintain diversity in forests, but studies continue to disagree on its role. Part of the disagreement results from the fact that different studies have evaluated different responses (survival, recruitment, or growth) of different stages (seeds, seedlings, or adults) to different inputs (density of seedlings, density or distance to adults). Most studies are conducted on a single site and thus are difficult to generalize. Using USDA Forest Service's Forest Inventory and Analysis data, we analyzed over a million seedling-to-sapling recruitment observations of 50 species from the eastern United States, controlling for the effects of climate. We focused on the per-seedling recruitment rate, because it is most likely to promote diversity and to be identified in observational or experimental data. To understand the prevalence of density dependence, we quantified the number of species with significant positive or negative effects. To understand the strength of density dependence, we determined the magnitude of effects among con- and heterospecifics, and how it changes with overall species abundance. We found that density dependence is pervasive among the 50 species, as the majority of them have significant effects and mostly negative. Density-dependence effects are stronger from conspecific than heterospecfic adult neighbors, consistent with the predictions of the Janzen-Connell hypothesis. Contrary to recent reports, density-dependence effects are more negative for common than rare species, suggesting disproportionately stronger population regulation in common species. We conclude that density dependence is pervasive, and it is strongest from conspecific neighbors of common species. Our analysis provides direct evidence that density dependence reaulates opulation dynamics of tree species in eastern U.S. forests.
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Velázquez E, Kazmierczak M, Wiegand T. Spatial patterns of sapling mortality in a moist tropical forest: consistency with total density‐dependent effects. OIKOS 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.02520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Velázquez
- Dept of Ecological Modelling Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research ‐ UFZ Permoserstrasse 15 DE‐04318 Leipzig Germany
| | - Martin Kazmierczak
- Dept of Ecological Modelling Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research ‐ UFZ Permoserstrasse 15 DE‐04318 Leipzig Germany
| | - Thorsten Wiegand
- Dept of Ecological Modelling Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research ‐ UFZ Permoserstrasse 15 DE‐04318 Leipzig Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Deutscher Platz 5e DE‐04103 Leipzig Germany
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Lasky JR, Bachelot B, Muscarella R, Schwartz N, Forero-Montaña J, Nytch CJ, Swenson NG, Thompson J, Zimmerman JK, Uriarte M. Ontogenetic shifts in trait-mediated mechanisms of plant community assembly. Ecology 2015; 96:2157-69. [PMID: 26405741 DOI: 10.1890/14-1809.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Identifying the processes that maintain highly diverse plant communities remains a central goal in ecology. Species variation in growth and survival rates across ontogeny, represented by tree size classes and life history stage-specific niche partitioning, are potentially important mechanisms for promoting forest diversity. However, the role of ontogeny in mediating competitive dynamics and promoting functional diversity is not well understood, particular in high-diversity systems such as tropical forests. The interaction between interspecific functional trait variation and ontogenetic shifts in competitive dynamics may yield insights into the ecophysiological mechanisms promoting community diversity. We investigated how functional trait (seed size, maximum height, SLA, leaf N, and wood density) associations with growth, survival, and response to competing neighbors differ among seedlings and two size classes of trees in a subtropical rain forest in Puerto Rico. We used a hierarchical Bayes model of diameter growth and survival to infer trait relationships with ontogenetic change in competitive dynamics. Traits were more strongly associated with average growth and survival than with neighborhood interactions, and were highly consistent across ontogeny for most traits. The associations between trait values and tree responses to crowding by neighbors showed significant shifts as trees grew. Large trees exhibited greater growth as the difference in species trait values among neighbors increased, suggesting trait-associated niche partitioning was important for the largest size class. Our results identify potential axes of niche partitioning and performance-equalizing functional trade-offs across ontogeny, promoting species coexistence in this diverse forest community.
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Yan Y, Zhang C, Wang Y, Zhao X, von Gadow K. Drivers of seedling survival in a temperate forest and their relative importance at three stages of succession. Ecol Evol 2015; 5:4287-99. [PMID: 26664679 PMCID: PMC4667830 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Negative density dependence (NDD) and niche partitioning have been perceived as important mechanisms for the maintenance of species diversity. However, little is known about their relative contributions to seedling survival. We examined the effects of biotic and abiotic neighborhoods and the variations of biotic neighborhoods among species using survival data for 7503 seedlings belonging to 22 woody species over a period of 2 years in three different forest types, a half-mature forest (HF), a mature forest (MF), and an old-growth forest (OGF), each of these representing a specific successional stage in a temperate forest ecosystem in northeastern China. We found a convincing evidence for the existence of NDD in temperate forest ecosystems. The biotic and abiotic variables affecting seedlings survival change with successional stage, seedling size, and age. The strength of NDD for the smaller (<20 cm in height) and younger seedlings (1-2 years) as well as all seedlings combined varies significantly among species. We found no evidence that a community compensatory trend (CCT) existed in our study area. The results of this study demonstrate that the relative importance of NDD and habitat niche partitioning in driving seedling survival varies with seedling size and age and that the biotic and abiotic factors affecting seedlings survival change with successional stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yan
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources & Ecosystem Processes of Beijing Beijing Forestry University Beijing 100083 China
| | - Chunyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources & Ecosystem Processes of Beijing Beijing Forestry University Beijing 100083 China
| | - Yuxi Wang
- Division of Forestry and Natural Resource West Virginia University Morgantown West Virginia
| | - Xiuhai Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources & Ecosystem Processes of Beijing Beijing Forestry University Beijing 100083 China
| | - Klaus von Gadow
- Georg-August University Göttingen Germany ; Department of Forest and Wood Science University of Stellenbosch Stellenbosch South Africa
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Sugiyama A. Recruitment Distance from the Nearest Reproductive Conspecific Increases with Tree Size in Tropical Premontane Wet Forests. Biotropica 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sugiyama
- Department of Plant Biology; University of Georgia; Athens GA 30602 U.S.A
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49
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Chu C, Adler PB. Large niche differences emerge at the recruitment stage to stabilize grassland coexistence. ECOL MONOGR 2015. [DOI: 10.1890/14-1741.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Jia HR, Chen Y, Yuan ZL, Ye YZ, Huang QC. Effects of Environmental and Spatial Heterogeneity on Tree Community Assembly in Baotianman National Nature Reserve, Henan, China. POLISH JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.3161/15052249pje2015.63.2.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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