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Heinen R, Sanchez-Mahecha O, Martijn Bezemer T, Dominoni DM, Knappe C, Kollmann J, Kopatsch A, Pfeiffer ZA, Schloter M, Sturm S, Schnitzler JP, Corina Vlot A, Weisser WW. Part-night exposure to artificial light at night has more detrimental effects on aphid colonies than fully lit nights. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220357. [PMID: 37899021 PMCID: PMC10613545 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Artificial light at night (ALAN) threatens natural ecosystems globally. While ALAN research is increasing, little is known about how ALAN affects plants and interactions with other organisms. We explored the effects of ALAN on plant defence and plant-insect interactions using barley (Hordeum vulgare) and the English grain aphid (Sitobion avenae). Plants were exposed to 'full' or 'part' nights of 15-20 lux ALAN, or no ALAN 'control' nights, to test the effects of ALAN on plant growth and defence. Although plant growth was only minimally affected by ALAN, aphid colony growth and aphid maturation were reduced significantly by ALAN treatments. Importantly, we found strong differences between full-night and part-night ALAN treatments. Contrary to our expectations, part ALAN had stronger negative effects on aphid colony growth than full ALAN. Defence-associated gene expression was affected in some cases by ALAN, but also positively correlated with aphid colony size, suggesting that the effects of ALAN on plant defences are indirect, and regulated via direct disruption of aphid colonies rather than via ALAN-induced upregulation of defences. Mitigating ecological side effects of ALAN is a complex problem, as reducing exposure to ALAN increased its negative impact on insect herbivores. This article is part of the theme issue 'Light pollution in complex ecological systems'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Heinen
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Department for Life Science Systems, Technical University of Munich School of Life Sciences, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Oriana Sanchez-Mahecha
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Department for Life Science Systems, Technical University of Munich School of Life Sciences, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - T. Martijn Bezemer
- Institute of Biology, Section Plant Ecology and Phytochemistry, Leiden University, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Davide M. Dominoni
- School of Biodiversity, One Health & Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, Scotland
| | - Claudia Knappe
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Kollmann
- Chair of Restoration Ecology, Department for Life Science Systems, Technical University of Munich, 8534 Freising, Germany
| | - Anton Kopatsch
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Helmhotz, Munich, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Zoë A. Pfeiffer
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Department for Life Science Systems, Technical University of Munich School of Life Sciences, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Michael Schloter
- Chair of Soil Science, Department for Life Science Systems, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
- Research Unit Comparative Microbiome Analysis, Helmhotz, Munich, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sarah Sturm
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Department for Life Science Systems, Technical University of Munich School of Life Sciences, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Helmhotz, Munich, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - A. Corina Vlot
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Crop Plant Genetics, Faculty of Life Sciences: Food, Nutrition and Health, University of Bayreuth, D-95447, Kulmbach, Germany
| | - Wolfgang W. Weisser
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Department for Life Science Systems, Technical University of Munich School of Life Sciences, 85354 Freising, Germany
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Moraes TS, Rossi ML, Martinelli AP, Dornelas MC. Morphological and anatomical traits during development: Highlighting extrafloral nectaries in Passiflora organensis. Microsc Res Tech 2022; 85:2784-2794. [PMID: 35421272 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Passiflora organensis is a small herbaceous vine with characteristic morphological variations throughout its development. The plant bears button-shaped extrafloral nectaries exclusively in adult leaves. Extrafloral nectaries are structures that secrete nectar and play an important role in plant-animal interactions as a strategy for protecting plants against herbivory. In this work, we performed anatomical and ultrastructural studies to characterize P. organensis extrafloral nectaries during their secretory phase. We showed extrafloral nectaries in Passiflora organensis are composed of three distinct regions: nectary epidermis, nectariferous parenchyma, and subnectariferous parenchyma. Our data suggests that all nectary regions constitute a functional unit involved in nectar production and release. The high metabolic activity in the nectary cells is characterized by the juxtaposition of organelles such as mitochondria and plastids together plasmalemma. In addition, calcium oxalate crystals are frequently associated to the nectaries. An increasing concentration of calcium during leaf development and nectary differentiation was observed, corresponding to the calcium deposition as calcium oxalate crystals. This is the first description of extrafloral nectaries in Passiflora organensis that is a promising tropical model species for several studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana S Moraes
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Mônica Lanzoni Rossi
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Adriana P Martinelli
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo C Dornelas
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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3
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Courbier S, Snoek BL, Kajala K, Li L, van Wees SCM, Pierik R. Mechanisms of far-red light-mediated dampening of defense against Botrytis cinerea in tomato leaves. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:1250-1266. [PMID: 34618050 PMCID: PMC8566310 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants detect neighboring competitors through a decrease in the ratio between red and far-red light (R:FR). This decreased R:FR is perceived by phytochrome photoreceptors and triggers shade avoidance responses such as shoot elongation and upward leaf movement (hyponasty). In addition to promoting elongation growth, low R:FR perception enhances plant susceptibility to pathogens: the growth-defense tradeoff. Although increased susceptibility in low R:FR has been studied for over a decade, the associated timing of molecular events is still unknown. Here, we studied the chronology of FR-induced susceptibility events in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants pre-exposed to either white light (WL) or WL supplemented with FR light (WL+FR) prior to inoculation with the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea (B.c.). We monitored the leaf transcriptional changes over a 30-h time course upon infection and followed up with functional studies to identify mechanisms. We found that FR-induced susceptibility in tomato is linked to a general dampening of B.c.-responsive gene expression, and a delay in both pathogen recognition and jasmonic acid-mediated defense gene expression. In addition, we found that the supplemental FR-induced ethylene emissions affected plant immune responses under the WL+FR condition. This study improves our understanding of the growth-immunity tradeoff, while simultaneously providing leads to improve tomato resistance against pathogens in dense cropping systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Courbier
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Basten L Snoek
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Institute of Biodynamics and Biocomplexity, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Kaisa Kajala
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Linge Li
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia C M van Wees
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald Pierik
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
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4
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Abstract
Communication occurs when a sender emits a cue perceived by a receiver that changes the receiver's behavior. Plants perceive information regarding light, water, other nutrients, touch, herbivores, pathogens, mycorrhizae, and nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Plants also emit cues perceived by other plants, beneficial microbes, herbivores, enemies of herbivores, pollinators, and seed dispersers. Individuals responding to light cues experienced increased fitness. Evidence for benefits of responding to cues involving herbivores and pathogens is more limited. The benefits of emitting cues are also less clear, particularly for plant–plant communication. Reliance on multiple or dosage-dependent cues can reduce inappropriate responses, and plants often remember past cues. Plants have multiple needs and prioritize conflicting cues such that the risk of abiotic stress is treated as greater than that of shading, which is in turn treated as greater than that of consumption. Plants can distinguish self from nonself and kin from strangers. They can identify the species of competitor or consumer and respond appropriately. Cues involving mutualists often contain highly specific information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Karban
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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Fernández-Milmanda GL, Ballaré CL. Shade Avoidance: Expanding the Color and Hormone Palette. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 26:509-523. [PMID: 33461868 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Major strides have been made over the past decade in elucidating the mechanisms that mediate shade-avoidance responses. The canonical PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR (PIF)-auxin pathway that begins with inactivation of phytochrome B (phyB) by a low red:far-red (R:FR) ratio, and that leads to increased elongation, has been thoroughly characterized in arabidopsis (Arabidopsisthaliana) seedlings. Nevertheless, studies in other life stages and plant species have demonstrated the role of other wavelengths, photoreceptors, and hormones in the orchestration of shade-avoidance responses. We highlight recent developments that illustrate how canopy light cues regulate signaling through auxin, gibberellins (GAs), jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), abscisic acid (ABA), and strigolactones (SLs) to modulate key aspects of plant growth, metabolism, and defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe L Fernández-Milmanda
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Avenida San Martín 4453, C1417DSE, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos L Ballaré
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Avenida San Martín 4453, C1417DSE, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas (IIBIO), CONICET, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, B1650HMP Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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6
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Roeber VM, Bajaj I, Rohde M, Schmülling T, Cortleven A. Light acts as a stressor and influences abiotic and biotic stress responses in plants. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:645-664. [PMID: 33190307 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Light is important for plants as an energy source and a developmental signal, but it can also cause stress to plants and modulates responses to stress. Excess and fluctuating light result in photoinhibition and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation around photosystems II and I, respectively. Ultraviolet light causes photodamage to DNA and a prolongation of the light period initiates the photoperiod stress syndrome. Changes in light quality and quantity, as well as in light duration are also key factors impacting the outcome of diverse abiotic and biotic stresses. Short day or shady environments enhance thermotolerance and increase cold acclimation. Similarly, shade conditions improve drought stress tolerance in plants. Additionally, the light environment affects the plants' responses to biotic intruders, such as pathogens or insect herbivores, often reducing growth-defence trade-offs. Understanding how plants use light information to modulate stress responses will support breeding strategies to enhance crop stress resilience. This review summarizes the effect of light as a stressor and the impact of the light environment on abiotic and biotic stress responses. There is a special focus on the role of the different light receptors and the crosstalk between light signalling and stress response pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venja M Roeber
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ishita Bajaj
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mareike Rohde
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Schmülling
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anne Cortleven
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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7
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Pierik R, Ballaré CL. Control of Plant Growth and Defense by Photoreceptors: From Mechanisms to Opportunities in Agriculture. MOLECULAR PLANT 2021; 14:61-76. [PMID: 33276158 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2020.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plants detect and respond to the proximity of competitors using light signals perceived by photoreceptor proteins. A low ratio of red to far-red radiation (R:FR ratio) is a key signal of competition that is sensed by the photoreceptor phytochrome B (phyB). Low R:FR ratios increase the synthesis of growth-related hormones, including auxin and gibberellins, promoting stem elongation and other shade-avoidance responses. Other photoreceptors that help plants to optimize their developmental configuration and resource allocation patterns in the canopy include blue light photoreceptors, such as cryptochromes and phototropins, and UV receptors, such as UVR8. All photoreceptors act by directly or indirectly controlling the activity of two major regulatory nodes for growth and development: the COP1/SPA ubiquitin E3 ligase complex and the PIF transcription factors. phyB is also an important modulator of hormonal pathways that regulate plant defense against herbivores and pathogens, including the jasmonic acid signaling pathway. In this Perspective, we discuss recent advances on the studies of the mechanisms that link photoreceptors with growth and defense. Understanding these mechanisms is important to provide a functional platform for breeding programs aimed at improving plant productivity, stress tolerance, and crop health in species of agronomic interest, and to manipulate the light environments in protected agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Pierik
- Plant Ecophysiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CH, the Netherlands.
| | - Carlos L Ballaré
- IFEVA, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ave. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE, Buenos Aires, Argentina; IIBIO-INTECH, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, B1650HMP, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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8
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Induced resistance mitigates the effect of plant neighbors on susceptibility to herbivores. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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9
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Smiley J, Morrison CR. Using a portable hydrogen cyanide gas meter to uncover a dynamic phytochemical landscape. APPLICATIONS IN PLANT SCIENCES 2020; 8:e11336. [PMID: 32351797 PMCID: PMC7186902 DOI: 10.1002/aps3.11336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Over 3000 species of plants and animals release toxic hydrogen cyanide (HCN) gas when their tissues are crushed. To investigate the role of cyanogenesis in Passiflora-herbivore interactions, we developed an inexpensive, rapid, sensitive method for measuring HCN emissions from crushed tissues. METHODS The method includes crushed tissue confinement in a closed chamber, where cyanogenesis reactions occur, followed by evacuation of gas to a portable HCN meter. Parts per million readings are repeated at 5-min intervals until HCN is depleted. Three versions of the closed reaction chamber apparatus were tested: plastic cup, airtight combination mortar-pestle, and glass desiccator jar. RESULTS We calibrated the method by comparing with a closed chamber measurement apparatus. The procedure's repeatability was demonstrated with a standard curve using known quantities of cyanogenic glycoside standard. Data collected with this method were also compared with the conventional colorimetric procedure. We processed over 2000 samples using this technique, revealing diverse elements of cyanogenic variation. CONCLUSIONS These methods produced well-defined data with minimal error. Results illustrated a one to four order-of-magnitude variation at organizational levels ranging from individual leaves to the entire Passiflora community. We now have a promising tool for uncovering the HCN phytochemical landscape in unprecedented detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Smiley
- Office of Research AffairsUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Colin R. Morrison
- Department of Integrative BiologyGraduate Program in Ecology, Evolution and BehaviorThe University of Texas at AustinAustinTexasUSA
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10
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Molecular mechanisms underlying phytochrome-controlled morphogenesis in plants. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5219. [PMID: 31745087 PMCID: PMC6864062 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13045-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytochromes are bilin-binding photosensory receptors which control development over a broad range of environmental conditions and throughout the whole plant life cycle. Light-induced conformational changes enable phytochromes to interact with signaling partners, in particular transcription factors or proteins that regulate them, resulting in large-scale transcriptional reprograming. Phytochromes also regulate promoter usage, mRNA splicing and translation through less defined routes. In this review we summarize our current understanding of plant phytochrome signaling, emphasizing recent work performed in Arabidopsis. We compare and contrast phytochrome responses and signaling mechanisms among land plants and highlight open questions in phytochrome research.
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11
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Ballaré CL, Austin AT. Recalculating growth and defense strategies under competition: key roles of photoreceptors and jasmonates. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:3425-3434. [PMID: 31099390 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The growth-defense trade-off in plant biology has gained enormous traction in the last two decades, highlighting the importance of understanding how plants deal with two of the greatest challenges for their survival and reproduction. It has been well established that in response to competition signals perceived by informational photoreceptors, shade-intolerant plants typically activate the shade-avoidance syndrome (SAS). In turn, in response to signals of biotic attack, plants activate a suite of defense responses, many of which are directed to minimize the loss of plant tissue to the attacking agent (broadly defined, the defense syndrome, DS). We argue that components of the SAS, including increased elongation, apical dominance, reduced leaf mass per area (LMA), and allocation to roots, are in direct conflict with configurational changes that plants require to maximize defense. We hypothesize that these configurational trade-offs provide a functional explanation for the suppression of components of the DS in response to competition cues. Based on this premise, we discuss recent advances in the understanding of the mechanisms by which informational photoreceptors, by interacting with jasmonic acid (JA) signaling, help the plant to make intelligent allocation and developmental decisions that optimize its configuration in complex biotic contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos L Ballaré
- IFEVA, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- IIB-INTECH, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, HMP Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Amy T Austin
- IFEVA, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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12
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van der Horst S, van Butselaar T, Zhang H, Vismans G, Steenbergen M, Courbier S, Neilen M, Küpers JJ. Bringing together Europe's young plant scientists. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 222:29-32. [PMID: 30815945 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sjors van der Horst
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Tijmen van Butselaar
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Hao Zhang
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Gilles Vismans
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Merel Steenbergen
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Sarah Courbier
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Plant Ecophysiology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Manon Neilen
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jesse J Küpers
- Plant Ecophysiology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
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13
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Douma JC, de Vries J, Poelman EH, Dicke M, Anten NP, Evers JB. Ecological significance of light quality in optimizing plant defence. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:1065-1077. [PMID: 30702750 PMCID: PMC6392137 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Plants balance the allocation of resources between growth and defence to optimize fitness in a competitive environment. Perception of neighbour-detection cues, such as a low ratio of red to far-red (R:FR) radiation, activates a suite of shade-avoidance responses that include stem elongation and upward leaf movement, whilst simultaneously downregulating defence. This downregulation is hypothesized to benefit the plant either by mediating the growth-defence balance in favour of growth in high plant densities or, alternatively, by mediating defence of individual leaves such that those most photosynthetically productive are best protected. To test these hypotheses, we used a 3D functional-structural plant model of Brassica nigra that mechanistically simulates the interactions between plant architecture, herbivory, and the light environment. Our results show that plant-level defence expression is a strong determinant of plant fitness and that leaf-level defence mediation by R:FR can provide a fitness benefit in high densities. However, optimal plant-level defence expression does not decrease monotonically with plant density, indicating that R:FR mediation of defence alone is not enough to optimize defence between densities. Therefore, assessing the ecological significance of R:FR-mediated defence is paramount to better understand the evolution of this physiological linkage and its implications for crop breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob C. Douma
- Centre for Crop Systems AnalysisWageningen University6708PBWageningenThe Netherlands
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen University6708PBWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Jorad de Vries
- Centre for Crop Systems AnalysisWageningen University6708PBWageningenThe Netherlands
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen University6708PBWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Erik H. Poelman
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen University6708PBWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen University6708PBWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Niels P.R. Anten
- Centre for Crop Systems AnalysisWageningen University6708PBWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Jochem B. Evers
- Centre for Crop Systems AnalysisWageningen University6708PBWageningenThe Netherlands
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14
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de Vries J, Evers JB, Dicke M, Poelman EH. Ecological interactions shape the adaptive value of plant defence: Herbivore attack versus competition for light. Funct Ecol 2019; 33:129-138. [PMID: 31007332 PMCID: PMC6472621 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Plants defend themselves against diverse communities of herbivorous insects. This requires an investment of limited resources, for which plants also compete with neighbours. The consequences of an investment in defence are determined by the metabolic costs of defence as well as indirect or ecological costs through interactions with other organisms. These ecological costs have a potentially strong impact on the evolution of defensive traits, but have proven to be difficult to quantify.We aimed to quantify the relative impact of the direct and indirect or ecological costs and benefits of an investment in plant defence in relation to herbivory and intergenotypic competition for light. Additionally, we evaluated how the benefits of plant defence balance its costs in the context of herbivory and intergenotypic competition.To this end, we utilised a functional-structural plant (FSP) model of Brassica nigra that simulates plant growth and development, morphogenesis, herbivory and plant defence. In the model, a simulated investment in defences affected plant growth by competing with other plant organs for resources and affected the level and distribution of herbivore damage.Our results show that the ecological costs of intergenotypic competition for light are highly detrimental to the fitness of defended plants, as it amplifies the size difference between defended and undefended plants. This leads to herbivore damage counteracting the effects of intergenotypic competition under the assumption that herbivore damage scales with plant size. Additionally, we show that plant defence relies on reducing herbivore damage rather than the dispersion of herbivore damage, which is only beneficial under high levels of herbivore damage.We conclude that the adaptive value of plant defence is highly dependent on ecological interactions and is predominantly determined by the outcome of competition for light. plain language summary is available for this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorad de Vries
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
- Centre for Crop System AnalysisWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Jochem B. Evers
- Centre for Crop System AnalysisWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Erik H. Poelman
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
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Küpers JJ, van Gelderen K, Pierik R. Location Matters: Canopy Light Responses over Spatial Scales. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 23:865-873. [PMID: 30037654 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Plants use light as a signal to determine neighbour proximity in dense vegetation. Far-red (FR) light reflected from neighbour plants elicits an array of growth responses throughout the plant. Recently, various light quality-induced signals have been discovered that travel between organs and tissue layers. These signals share upstream and downstream components, but can have opposing effects on cell growth. The question is how plants can coordinate these spatial signals into various growth responses in remote tissues. This coordination allows plants to adapt to the environment, and understanding the underlying mechanisms could allow precision engineering of crops. To achieve this understanding, plant photobiology research will need to focus increasingly on spatial signalling at the whole-plant level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse J Küpers
- Plant Ecophysiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, 3584CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kasper van Gelderen
- Plant Ecophysiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, 3584CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald Pierik
- Plant Ecophysiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, 3584CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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16
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de Vries J, Poelman EH, Anten N, Evers JB. Elucidating the interaction between light competition and herbivore feeding patterns using functional-structural plant modelling. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 121:1019-1031. [PMID: 29373660 PMCID: PMC5906910 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims Plants usually compete with neighbouring plants for resources such as light as well as defend themselves against herbivorous insects. This requires investment of limiting resources, resulting in optimal resource distribution patterns and trade-offs between growth- and defence-related traits. A plant's competitive success is determined by the spatial distribution of its resources in the canopy. The spatial distribution of herbivory in the canopy in turn differs between herbivore species as the level of herbivore specialization determines their response to the distribution of resources and defences in the canopy. Here, we investigated to what extent competition for light affects plant susceptibility to herbivores with different feeding preferences. Methods To quantify interactions between herbivory and competition, we developed and evaluated a 3-D spatially explicit functional-structural plant model for Brassica nigra that mechanistically simulates competition in a dynamic light environment, and also explicitly models leaf area removal by herbivores with different feeding preferences. With this novel approach, we can quantitatively explore the extent to which herbivore feeding location and light competition interact in their effect on plant performance. Key Results Our results indicate that there is indeed a strong interaction between levels of plant-plant competition and herbivore feeding preference. When plants did not compete, herbivory had relatively small effects irrespective of feeding preference. Conversely, when plants competed, herbivores with a preference for young leaves had a strong negative effect on the competitiveness and subsequent performance of the plant, whereas herbivores with a preference for old leaves did not. Conclusions Our study predicts how plant susceptibility to herbivory depends on the composition of the herbivore community and the level of plant competition, and highlights the importance of considering the full range of dynamics in plant-plant-herbivore interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorad de Vries
- Wageningen University, Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Wageningen University, Centre for Crop System Analysis, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik H Poelman
- Wageningen University, Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Niels Anten
- Wageningen University, Centre for Crop System Analysis, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jochem B Evers
- Wageningen University, Centre for Crop System Analysis, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Ballaré CL. Phytochrome Responses: Think Globally, Act Locally. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 22:909-911. [PMID: 28942272 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Revised: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Localized responses to changes in the red to far-red ratio (R:FR) allow plants to efficiently forage for light in patchy canopies, and to fine-tune physiological activities to the local light environment. Recent studies are elucidating the molecular mechanisms that mediate localized responses to R:FR and the functional implications of these responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos L Ballaré
- IFEVA, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Avenida San Martín 4453, C1417DSE, Buenos Aires, Argentina; IIIB-INTECH, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, B1650HMP Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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18
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Ballaré CL, Pierik R. The shade-avoidance syndrome: multiple signals and ecological consequences. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:2530-2543. [PMID: 28102548 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants use photoreceptor proteins to detect the proximity of other plants and to activate adaptive responses. Of these photoreceptors, phytochrome B (phyB), which is sensitive to changes in the red (R) to far-red (FR) ratio of sunlight, is the one that has been studied in greatest detail. The molecular connections between the proximity signal (low R:FR) and a model physiological response (increased elongation growth) have now been mapped in considerable detail in Arabidopsis seedlings. We briefly review our current understanding of these connections and discuss recent progress in establishing the roles of other photoreceptors in regulating growth-related pathways in response to competition cues. We also consider processes other than elongation that are controlled by photoreceptors and contribute to plant fitness under variable light conditions, including photoresponses that optimize the utilization of soil resources. In examining recent advances in the field, we highlight emerging roles of phyB as a major modulator of hormones related to plant immunity, in particular salicylic acid and jasmonic acid (JA). Recent attempts to manipulate connections between light signals and defence in Arabidopsis suggest that it might be possible to improve crop health at high planting densities by targeting links between phyB and JA signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos L Ballaré
- IFEVA, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ave. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- IIB-INTECH, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, B1650HMP, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ronald Pierik
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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19
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de Castro ÉCP, Zagrobelny M, Cardoso MZ, Bak S. The arms race between heliconiine butterflies and Passiflora plants - new insights on an ancient subject. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2017; 93:555-573. [PMID: 28901723 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Heliconiines are called passion vine butterflies because they feed exclusively on Passiflora plants during the larval stage. Many features of Passiflora and heliconiines indicate that they have radiated and speciated in association with each other, and therefore this model system was one of the first examples used to exemplify coevolution theory. Three major adaptations of Passiflora plants supported arguments in favour of their coevolution with heliconiines: unusual variation of leaf shape within the genus; the occurrence of yellow structures mimicking heliconiine eggs; and their extensive diversity of defence compounds called cyanogenic glucosides. However, the protection systems of Passiflora plants go beyond these three features. Trichomes, mimicry of pathogen infection through variegation, and production of extrafloral nectar to attract ants and other predators of their herbivores, are morphological defences reported in this plant genus. Moreover, Passiflora plants are well protected chemically, not only by cyanogenic glucosides, but also by other compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins and phenolics. Heliconiines can synthesize cyanogenic glucosides themselves, and their ability to handle these compounds was probably one of the most crucial adaptations that allowed the ancestor of these butterflies to feed on Passiflora plants. Indeed, it has been shown that Heliconius larvae can sequester cyanogenic glucosides and alkaloids from their host plants and utilize them for their own benefit. Recently, it was discovered that Heliconius adults have highly accurate visual and chemosensory systems, and the expansion of brain structures that can process such information allows them to memorize shapes and display elaborate pre-oviposition behaviour in order to defeat visual barriers evolved by Passiflora species. Even though the heliconiine-Passiflora model system has been intensively studied, the forces driving host-plant preference in these butterflies remain unclear. New studies have shown that host-plant preference seems to be genetically controlled, but in many species there is some plasticity in this choice and preferences can even be induced. Although much knowledge regarding the coevolution of Passiflora plants and heliconiine butterflies has accumulated in recent decades, there remain many exciting unanswered questions concerning this model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Érika C P de Castro
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mika Zagrobelny
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Márcio Z Cardoso
- Department of Ecology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, 59078-900, Brazil
| | - Søren Bak
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871, Copenhagen, Denmark
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20
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Michaud O, Fiorucci AS, Xenarios I, Fankhauser C. Local auxin production underlies a spatially restricted neighbor-detection response in Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:7444-7449. [PMID: 28652343 PMCID: PMC5514730 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1702276114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Competition for light triggers numerous developmental adaptations known as the "shade-avoidance syndrome" (SAS). Important molecular events underlying specific SAS responses have been identified. However, in natural environments light is often heterogeneous, and it is currently unknown how shading affecting part of a plant leads to local responses. To study this question, we analyzed upwards leaf movement (hyponasty), a rapid adaptation to neighbor proximity, in Arabidopsis We show that manipulation of the light environment at the leaf tip triggers a hyponastic response that is restricted to the treated leaf. This response is mediated by auxin synthesized in the blade and transported to the petiole. Our results suggest that a strong auxin response in the vasculature of the treated leaf and auxin signaling in the epidermis mediate leaf elevation. Moreover, the analysis of an auxin-signaling mutant reveals signaling bifurcation in the control of petiole elongation versus hyponasty. Our work identifies a mechanism for a local shade response that may pertain to other plant adaptations to heterogeneous environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Michaud
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anne-Sophie Fiorucci
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ioannis Xenarios
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christian Fankhauser
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland;
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21
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Neighbor detection at the leaf tip adaptively regulates upward leaf movement through spatial auxin dynamics. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:7450-7455. [PMID: 28652357 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1702275114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Vegetation stands have a heterogeneous distribution of light quality, including the red/far-red light ratio (R/FR) that informs plants about proximity of neighbors. Adequate responses to changes in R/FR are important for competitive success. How the detection and response to R/FR are spatially linked and how this spatial coordination between detection and response affects plant performance remains unresolved. We show in Arabidopsis thaliana and Brassica nigra that localized FR enrichment at the lamina tip induces upward leaf movement (hyponasty) from the petiole base. Using a combination of organ-level transcriptome analysis, molecular reporters, and physiology, we show that PIF-dependent spatial auxin dynamics are key to this remote response to localized FR enrichment. Using computational 3D modeling, we show that remote signaling of R/FR for hyponasty has an adaptive advantage over local signaling in the petiole, because it optimizes the timing of leaf movement in response to neighbors and prevents hyponasty caused by self-shading.
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22
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Cerrudo I, Caliri-Ortiz ME, Keller MM, Degano ME, Demkura PV, Ballaré CL. Exploring growth-defence trade-offs in Arabidopsis: phytochrome B inactivation requires JAZ10 to suppress plant immunity but not to trigger shade-avoidance responses. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:635-644. [PMID: 27943325 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Under conditions that involve a high risk of competition for light among neighbouring plants, shade-intolerant species often display increased shoot elongation and greater susceptibility to pathogens and herbivores. The functional links between morphological and defence responses to crowding are not well understood. In Arabidopsis, the protein JAZ10 is thought to play a key role connecting the inactivation of the photoreceptor phytochrome B (phyB), which takes place under competition for light, with the repression of jasmonate-mediated plant defences. Here, we show that a null mutation of the JAZ10 gene in Arabidopsis did not affect plant growth nor did it suppress the shade-avoidance responses elicited by phyB inactivation. However, the jaz10 mutation restored many of the defence traits that are missing in the phyB mutant, including the ability to express robust responses to jasmonate and to accumulate indolic glucosinolates. Furthermore, the jaz10phyB double mutant showed a significantly increased resistance to the pathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea compared with the phyB parental line. Our results demonstrate that, by inactivating JAZ10, it is possible to partially uncouple shade avoidance from defence suppression in Arabidopsis. These findings may provide clues to improve plant resistance to pathogens in crops that are planted at high density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Cerrudo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, B1650HMP, San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- IFEVA, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Avenida San Martín 4453, C1417DSE, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Emilia Caliri-Ortiz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, B1650HMP, San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mercedes M Keller
- IFEVA, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Avenida San Martín 4453, C1417DSE, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Eugenia Degano
- IFEVA, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Avenida San Martín 4453, C1417DSE, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Patricia V Demkura
- IFEVA, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Avenida San Martín 4453, C1417DSE, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos L Ballaré
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, B1650HMP, San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- IFEVA, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Avenida San Martín 4453, C1417DSE, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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23
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de Vries J, Evers JB, Poelman EH. Dynamic Plant-Plant-Herbivore Interactions Govern Plant Growth-Defence Integration. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 22:329-337. [PMID: 28089490 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plants downregulate their defences against insect herbivores upon impending competition for light. This has long been considered a resource trade-off, but recent advances in plant physiology and ecology suggest this mechanism is more complex. Here we propose that to understand why plants regulate and balance growth and defence, the complex dynamics in plant-plant competition and plant-herbivore interactions needs to be considered. Induced growth-defence responses affect plant competition and herbivore colonisation in space and time, which has consequences for the adaptive value of these responses. Assessing these complex interactions strongly benefits from advanced modelling tools that can model multitrophic interactions in space and time. Such an exercise will allow a critical re-evaluation why and how plants integrate defence and competition for light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorad de Vries
- Wageningen University, Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Wageningen University, Centre for Crop System Analysis, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jochem B Evers
- Wageningen University, Centre for Crop System Analysis, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik H Poelman
- Wageningen University, Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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24
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Cortés LE, Weldegergis BT, Boccalandro HE, Dicke M, Ballaré CL. Trading direct for indirect defense? Phytochrome B inactivation in tomato attenuates direct anti-herbivore defenses whilst enhancing volatile-mediated attraction of predators. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 212:1057-1071. [PMID: 27689843 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Under conditions of competition for light, which lead to the inactivation of the photoreceptor phytochrome B (phyB), the growth of shade-intolerant plants is promoted and the accumulation of direct anti-herbivore defenses is down-regulated. Little is known about the effects of phyB on emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which play a major role as informational cues in indirect defense. We investigated the effects of phyB on direct and indirect defenses in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) using two complementary approaches to inactivate phyB: illumination with a low red to far-red ratio, simulating competition, and mutation of the two PHYB genes present in the tomato genome. Inactivation of phyB resulted in low levels of constitutive defenses and down-regulation of direct defenses induced by methyl jasmonate (MeJA). Interestingly, phyB inactivation also had large effects on the blends of VOCs induced by MeJA. Moreover, in two-choice bioassays using MeJA-induced plants, the predatory mirid bug Macrolophus pygmaeus preferred VOCs from plants in which phyB was inactivated over VOCs from control plants. These results suggest that, in addition to repressing direct defense, phyB inactivation has consequences for VOC-mediated tritrophic interactions in canopies, presumably attracting predators to less defended plants, where they are likely to find more abundant prey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro E Cortés
- IFEVA, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ave. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas - Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Almirante Brown 500, Luján de Cuyo, 5500, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Berhane T Weldegergis
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, PO Box 16, NL-6700, AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Hernán E Boccalandro
- Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas - Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Almirante Brown 500, Luján de Cuyo, 5500, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, PO Box 16, NL-6700, AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Carlos L Ballaré
- IFEVA, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ave. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- IIB-INTECH, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas - Universidad Nacional de San Martín, B1650HMP, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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25
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Jones IM, Koptur S, Gallegos HR, Tardanico JP, Trainer PA, Peña J. Changing light conditions in pine rockland habitats affect the intensity and outcome of ant-plant interactions. Biotropica 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian M. Jones
- Department of Biological Sciences; Florida International University; 11200 S.W. 8th Street Miami FL 33199 USA
| | - Suzanne Koptur
- Department of Biological Sciences; Florida International University; 11200 S.W. 8th Street Miami FL 33199 USA
| | - Hilma R. Gallegos
- Department of Biological Sciences; Florida International University; 11200 S.W. 8th Street Miami FL 33199 USA
| | - Joseph P. Tardanico
- Department of Biological Sciences; Florida International University; 11200 S.W. 8th Street Miami FL 33199 USA
| | - Patricia A. Trainer
- Department of Biological Sciences; Florida International University; 11200 S.W. 8th Street Miami FL 33199 USA
| | - Jorge Peña
- Tropical Research and Education Center; University of Florida; Homestead FL 33031 USA
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26
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Dell'Aglio DD, Losada ME, Jiggins CD. Butterfly Learning and the Diversification of Plant Leaf Shape. Front Ecol Evol 2016. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2016.00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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27
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Jones IM, Koptur S. Quantity over quality: light intensity, but not red/far-red ratio, affects extrafloral nectar production in Senna mexicana var. chapmanii. Ecol Evol 2015; 5:4108-14. [PMID: 26445662 PMCID: PMC4588640 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Extrafloral nectar (EFN) mediates food‐for‐protection mutualisms between plants and insects and provides plants with a form of indirect defense against herbivory. Understanding sources of variation in EFN production is important because such variations affect the number and identity of insect visitors and the effectiveness of plant defense. Light represents a potentially crucial tool for regulating resource allocation to defense, as it not only contributes energy but may help plants to anticipate future conditions. Low red/far‐red (R/FR) light ratios can act as a signal of the proximity of competing plants. Exposure to such light ratios has been shown to promote competitive behaviors that coincide with reduced resource allocation to direct chemical defenses. Little is known, however, about how such informational light signals might affect indirect defenses such as EFN, and the interactions that they mediate. Through controlled glasshouse experiments, we investigated the effects of light intensity, and R/FR light ratios, on EFN production in Senna mexicana var. chapmanii. Plants in light‐limited conditions produced significantly less EFN, and leaf damage elicited increased EFN production regardless of light conditions. Ratios of R/FR light, however, did not appear to affect EFN production in either damaged or undamaged plants. Understanding the effects of light on indirect defenses is of particular importance for plants in the threatened pine rockland habitats of south Florida, where light conditions are changing in predictable ways following extensive fragmentation and subsequent mismanagement. Around 27% of species in these habitats produce EFN and may rely on insect communities for defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Jones
- Department of Biological Sciences Florida International University Miami Florida
| | - Suzanne Koptur
- Department of Biological Sciences Florida International University Miami Florida
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28
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Mazza CA, Ballaré CL. Photoreceptors UVR8 and phytochrome B cooperate to optimize plant growth and defense in patchy canopies. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 207:4-9. [PMID: 25659974 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Mazza
- IFEVA, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1417DSE, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos L Ballaré
- IFEVA, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1417DSE, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- IIB-INTECH, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, B1650HMP, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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29
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Yamawo A, Tokuda M, Katayama N, Yahara T, Tagawa J. Ant-Attendance in Extrafloral Nectar-Bearing Plants Promotes Growth and Decreases the Expression of Traits Related to Direct Defenses. Evol Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11692-015-9310-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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30
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Heil M. Extrafloral nectar at the plant-insect interface: a spotlight on chemical ecology, phenotypic plasticity, and food webs. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 60:213-32. [PMID: 25564741 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-010814-020753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Plants secrete extrafloral nectar (EFN) as an induced defense against herbivores. EFN contains not only carbohydrates and amino acids but also pathogenesis-related proteins and other protective enzymes, making EFN an exclusive reward. EFN secretion is commonly induced after wounding, likely owing to a jasmonic acid-induced cell wall invertase, and is limited by phloem sucrose availability: Both factors control EFN secretion according to the optimal defense hypothesis. Non-ant EFN consumers include parasitoids, wasps, spiders, mites, bugs, and predatory beetles. Little is known about the relevance of EFN to the nutrition of its consumers and, hence, to the structuring of arthropod communities. The mutualism can be established quickly among noncoevolved (e.g., invasive) species, indicating its easy assembly is due to ecological fitting. Therefore, increasing efforts are directed toward using EFN in biocontrol. However, documentation of the importance of EFN for the communities of plants and arthropods in natural, invasive, and agricultural ecosystems is still limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Heil
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, CINVESTAV-Irapuato, 36821 Irapuato, Guanajuato, México;
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Leone M, Keller MM, Cerrudo I, Ballaré CL. To grow or defend? Low red : far-red ratios reduce jasmonate sensitivity in Arabidopsis seedlings by promoting DELLA degradation and increasing JAZ10 stability. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 204:355-67. [PMID: 25103816 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
How plants balance resource allocation between growth and defense under conditions of competitive stress is a key question in plant biology. Low red : far-red (R : FR) ratios, which signal a high risk of competition in plant canopies, repress jasmonate-induced defense responses. The mechanism of this repression is not well understood. We addressed this problem in Arabidopsis by investigating the role of DELLA and JASMONATE ZIM domain (JAZ) proteins. We showed that a quintuple della mutant and a phyB mutant were insensitive to jasmonate for several physiological readouts. Inactivation of the photoreceptor phyB by low R : FR ratios rapidly reduced DELLA protein abundance, and the inhibitory effect of FR on jasmonate signaling was missing in the gai-1 mutant, which encodes a stable version of the GAI DELLA protein. We also demonstrated that low R : FR ratios and the phyB mutation stabilized the protein JAZ10. Furthermore, we demonstrated that JAZ10 was required for the inhibitory effect of low R : FR on jasmonate responses, and that the jaz10 mutation restored jasmonate sensitivity to the phyB mutant. We conclude that, under conditions of competition for light, plants redirect resource allocation from defense to rapid elongation by promoting DELLA degradation and enhancing JAZ10 stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melisa Leone
- IFEVA, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1417DSE, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Cargnel MD, Demkura PV, Ballaré CL. Linking phytochrome to plant immunity: low red : far-red ratios increase Arabidopsis susceptibility to Botrytis cinerea by reducing the biosynthesis of indolic glucosinolates and camalexin. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 204:342-54. [PMID: 25236170 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Shade-intolerant plants respond to low red : far-red (R : FR) ratios, which signal the proximity of potential competitors, by down-regulating immune responses. Here we investigated the mechanisms underlying this immune suppression in Arabidopsis. We used genetic, transcriptomic and metabolomic approaches to examine the functional connections between R : FR ratio and Arabidopsis resistance to the fungus Botrytis cinerea. Low R : FR ratios reduced the concentration of indol-3-ylmethyl glucosinolate (I3M) (an indolic glucosinolate, iGS) and camalexin in plants inoculated with B. cinerea, and attenuated the I3M response triggered by jasmonate elicitation. These effects on metabolite abundance correlated with reduced expression of iGS and camalexin biosynthetic genes. Furthermore, the effect of low R : FR increasing Arabidopsis susceptibility to B. cinerea was not present in mutants deficient in the biosynthesis of camalexin (pad3) or metabolism of iGS (pen2). Finally, in a mutant deficient in the JASMONATE ZIM DOMAIN-10 (JAZ10) protein, which does not respond to low R : FR with increased susceptibility to B. cinerea, supplemental FR failed to down-regulate iGS production. These results indicate that suppression of Arabidopsis immunity against B. cinerea by low R : FR ratios is mediated by reduced levels of Trp-derived defenses, and provide further evidence for a functional role of JAZ10 in the link between phytochrome and jasmonate signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam D Cargnel
- IFEVA, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1417DSE, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Pierik R, Ballaré CL, Dicke M. Ecology of plant volatiles: taking a plant community perspective. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2014; 37:1845-53. [PMID: 24689452 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Although plants are sessile organisms, they can modulate their phenotype so as to cope with environmental stresses such as herbivore attack and competition with neighbouring plants. Plant-produced volatile compounds mediate various aspects of plant defence. The emission of volatiles has costs and benefits. Research on the role of plant volatiles in defence has focused primarily on the responses of individual plants. However, in nature, plants rarely occur as isolated individuals but are members of plant communities where they compete for resources and exchange information with other plants. In this review, we address the effects of neighbouring plants on plant volatile-mediated defences. We will outline the various roles of volatile compounds in the interactions between plants and other organisms, address the mechanisms of plant neighbour perception in plant communities, and discuss how neighbour detection and volatile signalling are interconnected. Finally, we will outline the most urgent questions to be addressed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Pierik
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Phytochrome regulation of plant immunity in vegetation canopies. J Chem Ecol 2014; 40:848-57. [PMID: 25063023 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-014-0471-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Plant immunity against pathogens and herbivores is a central determinant of plant fitness in nature and crop yield in agroecosystems. Plant immune responses are orchestrated by two key hormones: jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA). Recent work has demonstrated that for plants of shade-intolerant species, which include the majority of those grown as grain crops, light is a major modulator of defense responses. Light signals that indicate proximity of competitors, such as a low red to far-red (R:FR) ratio, down-regulate the expression of JA- and SA-induced immune responses against pests and pathogens. This down-regulation of defense under low R:FR ratios, which is caused by the photoconversion of the photoreceptor phytochrome B (phyB) to an inactive state, is likely to help the plant to efficiently redirect resources to rapid growth when the competition threat posed by neighboring plants is high. This review is focused on the molecular mechanisms that link phyB with defense signaling. In particular, we discuss novel signaling players that are likely to play a role in the repression of defense responses under low R:FR ratios. A better understanding of the molecular connections between photoreceptors and the hormonal regulation of plant immunity will provide a functional framework to understand the mechanisms used by plants to deal with fundamental resource allocation trade-offs under dynamic conditions of biotic stress.
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Campos ML, Kang JH, Howe GA. Jasmonate-triggered plant immunity. J Chem Ecol 2014; 40:657-75. [PMID: 24973116 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-014-0468-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The plant hormone jasmonate (JA) exerts direct control over the production of chemical defense compounds that confer resistance to a remarkable spectrum of plant-associated organisms, ranging from microbial pathogens to vertebrate herbivores. The underlying mechanism of JA-triggered immunity (JATI) can be conceptualized as a multi-stage signal transduction cascade involving: i) pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that couple the perception of danger signals to rapid synthesis of bioactive JA; ii) an evolutionarily conserved JA signaling module that links fluctuating JA levels to changes in the abundance of transcriptional repressor proteins; and iii) activation (de-repression) of transcription factors that orchestrate the expression of myriad chemical and morphological defense traits. Multiple negative feedback loops act in concert to restrain the duration and amplitude of defense responses, presumably to mitigate potential fitness costs of JATI. The convergence of diverse plant- and non-plant-derived signals on the core JA module indicates that JATI is a general response to perceived danger. However, the modular structure of JATI may accommodate attacker-specific defense responses through evolutionary innovation of PRRs (inputs) and defense traits (outputs). The efficacy of JATI as a defense strategy is highlighted by its capacity to shape natural populations of plant attackers, as well as the propensity of plant-associated organisms to subvert or otherwise manipulate JA signaling. As both a cellular hub for integrating informational cues from the environment and a common target of pathogen effectors, the core JA module provides a focal point for understanding immune system networks and the evolution of chemical diversity in the plant kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo L Campos
- Department of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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Gundel PE, Pierik R, Mommer L, Ballaré CL. Competing neighbors: light perception and root function. Oecologia 2014; 176:1-10. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-014-2983-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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García-Guzmán G, Heil M. Life histories of hosts and pathogens predict patterns in tropical fungal plant diseases. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 201:1106-1120. [PMID: 24171899 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathogens affect the fitness of their hosts and maintain biodiversity. However, we lack theories to predict the type and intensity of infections in wild plants. Here we demonstrate using fungal pathogens of tropical plants that an examination of the life histories of hosts and pathogens can reveal general patterns in their interactions. Fungal infections were more commonly reported for light-demanding than for shade-tolerant species and for evergreen rather than for deciduous hosts. Both patterns are consistent with classical defence theory, which predicts lower resistance in fast-growing species and suggests that the deciduous habit can reduce enemy populations. In our literature survey, necrotrophs were found mainly to infect shade-tolerant woody species whereas biotrophs dominated in light-demanding herbaceous hosts. Far-red signalling and its inhibitory effects on jasmonic acid signalling are likely to explain this phenomenon. Multiple changes between the necrotrophic and the symptomless endophytic lifestyle at the ecological and evolutionary scale indicate that endophytes should be considered when trying to understand large-scale patterns in the fungal infections of plants. Combining knowledge about the molecular mechanisms of pathogen resistance with classical defence theory enables the formulation of testable predictions concerning general patterns in the infections of wild plants by fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Heil
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
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Abstract
Precise allocation of limited resources between growth and defense is critical for plant survival. In shade-intolerant species, perception of competition signals by informational photoreceptors activates shade-avoidance responses and reduces the expression of defenses against pathogens and insects. The main mechanism underlying defense suppression is the simultaneous downregulation of jasmonate and salicylic acid signaling by low ratios of red:far-red radiation. Inactivation of phytochrome B by low red:far-red ratios appears to suppress jasmonate responses by altering the balance between DELLA and JASMONATE ZIM DOMAIN (JAZ) proteins in favor of the latter. Solar UVB radiation is a positive modulator of plant defense, signaling through jasmonate-dependent and jasmonate-independent pathways. Light, perceived by phytochrome B and presumably other photoreceptors, helps plants concentrate their defensive arsenals in photosynthetically valuable leaves. The discovery of connections between photoreceptors and defense signaling is revealing novel mechanisms that control key resource allocation decisions in plant canopies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos L Ballaré
- IFEVA, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1417DSE Buenos Aires, Argentina;
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