1
|
Balci GA, Avci AB, Colakoglu M, Basaran T. Estimation of Heat Production Rate using Thermal Data During Exercise in Indoor Environments: A Study of Heat Storage Rate in Male Athletes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2024; 68:1109-1122. [PMID: 38488867 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-024-02648-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
The increasing preference for indoor exercise spaces highlights the relationship between indoor thermal environments and physiological responses, particularly concerning thermal comfort during physical activity. Determining the metabolic heat production rate during exercise is essential for optimizing the thermal comfort, well-being, and performance of individuals engaged in physical activities. This value can be determined during the activity using several methods, including direct calorimetry measurement, indirect calorimetry that uses analysis of respiratory gases, or approximations using collected data such as speed, body mass, and heart rate. The study aimed to calculate the metabolic heat production rate by infrared thermal evaluation (ITE) based on the body's thermal balance approach and compare it with the values determined by indirect calorimetry (IC). Fourteen participants volunteered for the study, using a cycling ergometer in a controlled climatic chamber. After the familiarization sessions, maximal O2 intake levels (VO2max) were determined through maximal graded exercise tests. Subsequently, constant work rate exercise tests were performed at 60% of VO2max for 20 min. The metabolic heat production rates were calculated by IC and ITE for each athlete individually. Respiratory gases were used to determine IC, while body skin and core temperatures, along with physical environmental data, were applied to calculate ITE using the human body thermal balance approximation of ASHRAE. According to the results, heat storage rates were misleading among the body's heat transfer modes, particularly during the first 8 min of the exercise. ITE showed a moderate level of correlation with IC (r: 0.03-0.86) with a higher level of dispersion relative to the mean (CV%: 12-84%). Therefore, a new equation (ITEnew) for the heat storage rates was proposed using the experimental data from this study. The results showed that ITEnew provided more precise estimations for the entire exercise period (p > 0.05). Correlations between ITEnew and IC values were consistently strong throughout the exercise period (r: 0.62-0.85). It can be suggested that ITEnew values can predict IC during the constant work rate steady-state exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gorkem Aybars Balci
- Department of Coaching Education, Ege University, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ali Berkay Avci
- Department of Architecture, Izmir Institute of Technology, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Muzaffer Colakoglu
- Department of Coaching Education, Ege University, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Tahsin Basaran
- Department of Architecture, Izmir Institute of Technology, Izmir, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hamilton TR, Sussman BL, Papez AL. Immediate and Intermediate-Term Effects of Disease Mitigation Measures on Activity Levels as Measured by Implantable Cardiac Devices. Pediatr Cardiol 2024; 45:48-54. [PMID: 37801143 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-023-03307-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Routine activities of daily living are known to effect overall wellbeing, cardiovascular health, and quality of life. A decrease in daily activity level is recognized as a contributing factor to increasing rates of obesity and a decline in overall health. This study sought to evaluate the effect of disease mitigation strategies on activity level by evaluating changes in recorded cardiac parameters as measured by implantable cardiac devices for a period of time prior to and following implementation of COVID-19 mitigation efforts in Arizona. A retrospective cohort study of cardiac device data from January 1, 2019-December 31, 2020 was performed. Linear mixed-effects models with restricted maximum likelihood estimation were utilized to test for the fixed effects of Year, day, and the interaction between them. A significant decrease in daily activity minutes, daytime heart rates, and heart rate variability coincident with the initiation of disease mitigation strategies was observed. An increase in nighttime heart rates also coincided with initiation of disease mitigation strategies. These effects were noted to persist through the end of the study period. Implementation of statewide disease mitigation strategies resulted in both immediate and intermediate-term effects on activity levels, day and nighttime heart rates trends, and heart rate variability in patients with implanted cardiac devices. These data may serve useful in counseling patients regarding the importance of activity, movement, and exercise to routine health and encourage a return to pre-pandemic levels of activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany R Hamilton
- Center for Heart Care, Phoenix Children's Hospital, 1919 E Thomas Rd, Phoenix, AZ, 85016, USA.
| | - Bethany L Sussman
- Center for Heart Care, Phoenix Children's Hospital, 1919 E Thomas Rd, Phoenix, AZ, 85016, USA
- Neuroscience Research, Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's, Phoenix Children's, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Andrew L Papez
- Center for Heart Care, Phoenix Children's Hospital, 1919 E Thomas Rd, Phoenix, AZ, 85016, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Szeszulski J, Faro JM, Joseph RP, Lanza K, Lévesque L, Monroe CM, Pérez-Paredes EA, Soltero EG, Lee RE. How Societal Forces of Change Are Transforming Youth Physical Activity Promotion in North America. J Phys Act Health 2023; 20:1069-1077. [PMID: 37917976 DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2023-0167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Climate change, increasing recognition of institutionalized discrimination, and the COVID-19 pandemic are large-scale, societal events (ie, forces of change) that affect the timing, settings, and modes of youth physical activity. Despite the impact that forces of change have on youth physical activity and physical activity environments, few studies consider how they affect physical activity promotion. METHODS The authors use 2 established frameworks, the ecological model of physical activity and the youth physical activity timing, how, and setting framework, to highlight changes in physical activity patterns of youth in North America that have resulted from contemporary forces of change. RESULTS North American countries-Canada, Mexico, and the United States-have faced similar but contextually different challenges for promoting physical activity in response to climate change, increasing recognition of institutionalized discrimination, and the COVID-19 pandemic. Innovative applications of implementation science, digital health technologies, and community-based participatory research methodologies may be practical for increasing and sustaining youth physical activity in response to these forces of change. CONCLUSIONS Thoughtful synthesis of existing physical activity frameworks can help to guide the design and evaluation of new and existing physical activity initiatives. Researchers, practitioners, and policymakers are encouraged to carefully consider the intended and unintended consequences of actions designed to respond to forces of change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Szeszulski
- Texas A&M Institute for Advancing Health Through Agriculture, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jamie M Faro
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Rodney P Joseph
- Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, Edson College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Kevin Lanza
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Lucie Lévesque
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Courtney M Monroe
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Elsa A Pérez-Paredes
- Forest Research Institute (Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales), Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, México
| | - Erica G Soltero
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rebecca E Lee
- Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, Edson College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rech CR, Godtsfriedt CES, Arins GCB, de Zorzi VN, Pazin J, Hino AAF, Lopes AADS. How do the year's seasons and specific weather indices affect physical activity and the patterns of use of public open spaces in the Brazilian context? Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2023; 20:124. [PMID: 37828506 PMCID: PMC10571415 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-023-01521-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Public open spaces (POS) can offer various resources to promote visitation and engagement in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). However, the influence of seasonal variations and specific meteorological conditions on this relationship remains unclear. Thus, this study aims to investigate the effect of seasonal variations and specific meteorological elements on different days of the week and times of day on POS use and POS-based MVPA in the Brazilian context. METHODS In 2018, repeated measurements carried out in Southern Brazil used a systematic observation to identify the presence of users in the POS and their engagement in MVPA. The meteorological elements (temperature, thermal sensation, and relative humidity), as well as seasonality (summer, autumn, winter, and spring), were aggregated into the observations. RESULTS A total of 19,712 systematic observations were conducted across nine POS. During these observations, a total of 59,354 users were identified. Out of theses, 39,153 (66.0%) were engaged in POS-based MVPA. The presence of users was found to be more frequent during the spring season (38.7%) and on weekends (ranging from 37.6 to 50.1% across seasons). Additionally, user presence was higher in the late afternoon (ranging from 36.4 to 58.2% across seasons) and at higher temperatures with lower relative humidity (p-value < 0.001). Regarding POS-based MVPA, it was more frequent during the winter season (36.4%) and on weekdays (ranging from 73.2 to 79.9% across seasons). Similarly, MVPA was higher in the late afternoon (ranging from 58.3 to 67.5% across seasons) and at lower temperatures and thermal sensations (p-value < 0.005). CONCLUSIONS Higher presence of users in POS, as well as their visiting, to practice POS-based MVPA, depending on the seasons and specific meteorological elements. By creating infrastructure and conducive conditions, cities can encourage individuals to adopt more active and healthy behaviors. These findings emphasize the importance of designing urban spaces that promote physical activity and contribute to overall well-being.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cassiano Ricardo Rech
- School of Sports, Federal University of Santa Catarina, R. Eng. Agronômico Andrei Cristian Ferreira, s/n - Trindade, Florianópolis, 88040-900 SC Brazil
| | - Carla Elane Silva Godtsfriedt
- School of Sports, Federal University of Santa Catarina, R. Eng. Agronômico Andrei Cristian Ferreira, s/n - Trindade, Florianópolis, 88040-900 SC Brazil
| | - Gabriel Claudino Budal Arins
- School of Sports, Federal University of Santa Catarina, R. Eng. Agronômico Andrei Cristian Ferreira, s/n - Trindade, Florianópolis, 88040-900 SC Brazil
| | - Viviane Nogueira de Zorzi
- School of Sports, Federal University of Santa Catarina, R. Eng. Agronômico Andrei Cristian Ferreira, s/n - Trindade, Florianópolis, 88040-900 SC Brazil
| | - Joris Pazin
- State University of Santa Catarina. R. Pascoal Simone, 358 - Coqueiros, Florianópolis, 88080-350 SC Brazil
| | - Adriano Akira Ferreira Hino
- Medical and Life Science School, Pontifical Catholic University of Parana, Curitiba. R. Imac. Conceição, 1155 - Prado Velho, Curitiba, 80215-901 PR Brazil
| | - Adalberto Aparecido dos Santos Lopes
- School of Sports, Federal University of Santa Catarina, R. Eng. Agronômico Andrei Cristian Ferreira, s/n - Trindade, Florianópolis, 88040-900 SC Brazil
- Observatory for Urban Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627 - Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901 MG Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Thielen SC, Reusch JEB, Regensteiner JG. A narrative review of exercise participation among adults with prediabetes or type 2 diabetes: barriers and solutions. FRONTIERS IN CLINICAL DIABETES AND HEALTHCARE 2023; 4:1218692. [PMID: 37711232 PMCID: PMC10499496 DOI: 10.3389/fcdhc.2023.1218692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) has been rising in prevalence over the past few decades in the US and worldwide. T2D contributes to significant morbidity and premature mortality, primarily due to cardiovascular disease (CVD). Exercise is a major cornerstone of therapy for T2D as a result of its positive effects on glycemic control, blood pressure, weight loss and cardiovascular risk as well as other measures of health. However, studies show that a majority of people with T2D do not exercise regularly. The reasons given as to why exercise goals are not met are varied and include physiological, psychological, social, cultural and environmental barriers to exercise. One potential cause of inactivity in people with T2D is impaired cardiorespiratory fitness, even in the absence of clinically evident complications. The exercise impairment, although present in both sexes, is greater in women than men with T2D. Women with T2D also experience greater perceived exertion with exercise than their counterparts without diabetes. These physiological barriers are in addition to constructed societal barriers including cultural expectations of bearing the burden of childrearing for women and in some cultures, having limited access to exercise because of additional cultural expectations. People at risk for and with diabetes more commonly experience unfavorable social determinants of health (SDOH) than people without diabetes, represented by neighborhood deprivation. Neighborhood deprivation measures lack of resources in an area influencing socioeconomic status including many SDOH such as income, housing conditions, living environment, education and employment. Higher indices of neighborhood deprivation have been associated with increased risk of all-cause, cardiovascular and cancer related mortality. Unfavorable SDOH is also associated with obesity and lower levels of physical activity. Ideally regular physical activity should be incorporated into all communities as part of a productive and healthy lifestyle. One potential solution to improve access to physical activity is designing and building environments with increased walkability, greenspace and safe recreational areas. Other potential solutions include the use of continuous glucose monitors as real-time feedback tools aimed to increase motivation for physical activity, counseling aimed at improving self-efficacy towards exercise and even acquiring a dog to increase walking time. In this narrative review, we aim to examine some traditional and novel barriers to exercise, as well as present evidence on novel interventions or solutions to overcome barriers to increase exercise and physical activity in all people with prediabetes and T2D.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha C. Thielen
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Jane E. B. Reusch
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Ludeman Family Center for Women’s Health Research, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Rocky Mountain Regional Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center (VAMC), Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Judith G. Regensteiner
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Ludeman Family Center for Women’s Health Research, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yu H, Song Y, Wang Y, Wang X, Li H, Feng X, Yu M. The Impact of Temperature on 24-Hour Movement Behaviors among Chinese Freshmen Students. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:4970. [PMID: 36981878 PMCID: PMC10049201 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20064970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human populations worldwide have experienced substantial climate change issues. Gaps in scientific literature remain regarding the relationship between temperature and 24-hour movement behavior among people. The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of temperature on 24-hour movement behavior including physical activity (PA), sedentary behavior (SB) and sleep duration among university students living in Beijing, China. METHODS We conducted follow-up health surveys on 44,693 freshmen students enrolled at Tsinghua University from 2012 to 2018. PA and SB were measured by using the short version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ-s); sleep duration was estimated by using The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (CPSQI). Corresponding temperature data measured by the Beijing Meteorological Service were collected to include average daily temperature from the nearest weather station to Tsinghua university. The data were analyzed using linear individual fixed-effect regressions. RESULTS An increase in temperature (temperature range 2.29-28.73 °C) by 1 °C was associated with an increase in 0.66 weekly minutes of vigorous physical activity (VPA) (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.49, 0.82), an increase in 0.56 weekly minutes of moderate physical activity (MPA)(95% CI = 0.32, 0.79), an increase in 1.21 weekly minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) (95% CI = 0.90, 1.53), an increase in 0.55 weekly minutes of walking (95% CI = 0.31, 0.78), an increase in 1.76 weekly minutes of total PA (95% CI = 1.35, 2.17), and a reduction in 1.60 weekly minutes of sleeping (95% CI = -2.09, -1.11). There was no significant correlation between temperature and sedentary behavior among participants. CONCLUSIONS Temperature was significantly positively correlated with physical activity levels in the Chinese freshmen students, and significantly negatively correlated with sleep duration. Replication of this study is warranted among various populations within China. The evidence of this novel study focused on understanding the relationship between climate change and 24-hour movement behaviors among people for developing effective adaptation strategies to climate change to improve people's health behavior. This study has important implications for future study, as knowledge of the impact of temperature on movement behavior may help in the interpretation of their results and translate into improving people's health behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongjun Yu
- Department of Physical Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yiling Song
- Department of Physical Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yangyang Wang
- Department of Physical Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaoxin Wang
- Department of Physical Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Haoxuan Li
- Department of Physical Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaolu Feng
- Department of Sports Science, College of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Miao Yu
- Renmin University of China Libraries, Beijing 100872, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Heat-Resilient Schoolyards: Relations Between Temperature, Shade, and Physical Activity of Children During Recess. J Phys Act Health 2023; 20:134-141. [PMID: 36640783 DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2022-0405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extreme heat may discourage physical activity of children while shade may provide thermal comfort. The authors determined the associations between ambient temperature, shade, and moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) of children during school recess. METHODS Children aged 8-10 (n = 213) wore accelerometers and global positioning system monitors during recess at 3 school parks in Austin, Texas (September-November 2019). Weather data originated from 10 sensors per park. The authors calculated shade from imagery using a geographic information system (GIS) and time-matched physical activity, location, temperature, and shade data. The authors specified piecewise multilevel regression to assess relations between average temperature and percentage of recess time in MVPA and shade. RESULTS Temperature ranged 11 °C to 35 °C. Each 1 °C higher temperature was associated with a 0.7 percentage point lower time spent in MVPA, until 33 °C (91 °F) when the association changed to a 1.5 lower time (P < .01). Each 1 °C higher temperature was associated with a 0.3 percentage point higher time spent under shade, until 33 °C when the association changed to a 3.4 higher time (P < .001). At 33 °C or above, the direct association between shade and MVPA weakened (P < .05), with no interaction effect above 33 °C (P > .05). Children at the park with the most tree canopy spent 6.0 percentage points more time in MVPA (P < .01). CONCLUSIONS Children engage in less MVPA and seek shade during extreme heat and engage in more MVPA in green schoolyards. With climate change, schools should consider interventions (eg, organizing shaded play, tree planting) to promote heat safe MVPA.
Collapse
|
8
|
Poulos A, Wilson K, Lanza K, Vanos J. A direct observation tool to measure interactions between shade, nature, and children's physical activity: SOPLAY-SN. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2022; 19:127. [PMID: 36175908 PMCID: PMC9524068 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-022-01355-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most physical activity (PA) during school occurs at recess; however, recess PA may be influenced by children's thermal comfort and interaction with nature, neither of which have concurrently been measured reliably in previous studies. This study tests the reliability of SOPLAY-SN, an adaption of the validated System for Observing Play and Leisure Activity in Youth (SOPLAY) to measure Shade and Nature (SN) alongside PA, and associations between children's PA and interaction with shade and nature during recess to highlight the utility of the tool. METHODS Interactions with shade and nature were measured using systematic direct observation at two playgrounds (primary-grade = ages 5-8, upper-grade = ages 9-12) during recess at an elementary school in Phoenix, Arizona (USA). Pairs conducted observations over four warm days (primary = 29-34 °C, upper-grade = 32-36 °C) in May 2021 (N = 179 scans). Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were used to calculate inter-rater reliability. Mean counts, frequencies, and Kendall rank correlation coefficient tests were used to assess relations between PA level and interactions with shade and nature. RESULTS Reliability was good for sedentary behavior (ICC = 0.98); light PA (LPA; ICC = 0.80) and moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA; ICC = 0.94); shade interaction (ICC = 0.95); and nature interaction (ICC = 0.80) and average agreement was good (86% overall PA, 88% shade, 90% nature). Most (60%) primary-grade children were observed in the shade, with 64% under a covered play structure where children were mainly (47%) sedentary. Of the 11% of primary-grade students observed interacting with nature, 90% occurred in a grass field with trees. Among upper-grade children, 23% were observed in the shade with 53% in grass fields where 48% of play was light. Few (7%) upper-grade children were observed interacting with nature, with most instances (76%) in a grass field with trees. Among primary-grade children, shade was correlated with sedentary behavior (τb = 0.63, p < .05); LPA (τb = 0.39, p < .05); MVPA (τb = 0.56, p < .05); and nature interactions with sedentary behavior (τb = 0.16, p < .05). Among upper-grade children, shade was correlated with sedentary behavior (τb = 0.27, p < .05) and LPA (τb = 0.21, p < .05). CONCLUSIONS SOPLAY-SN is a reliable tool for measuring children's interaction with shade and nature and participation in PA. Understanding how shade and nature impact movement during recess can inform playground design for children's health and well-being.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allison Poulos
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ USA
| | - Kylie Wilson
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ USA
| | - Kevin Lanza
- School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX USA
| | - Jennifer Vanos
- School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ USA
| |
Collapse
|