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Włodarczyk J, Krajewska J, Szeleszczuk Ł, Szałwińska P, Gurba A, Lipiec S, Taciak P, Szczepaniak R, Mlynarczuk-Bialy I, Fichna J. A New Gold(III) Complex, TGS 703, Shows Potent Anti-Inflammatory Activity in Colitis via the Enzymatic and Non-Enzymatic Antioxidant System-An In Vitro, In Silico, and In Vivo Study. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087025. [PMID: 37108188 PMCID: PMC10138903 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and their main representatives, Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, are worldwide health-care problems with constantly increasing frequency and still not fully understood pathogenesis. IBD treatment involves drugs such as corticosteroids, derivatives of 5-aminosalicylic acid, thiopurines, and others, with the goal to achieve and maintain remission of the disease. Nowadays, as our knowledge about IBD is continually growing, more specific and effective therapies at the molecular level are wanted. In our study, we tested novel gold complexes and their potential effect on inflammation and IBD in vitro, in silico, and in vivo. A series of new gold(III) complexes (TGS 404, 512, 701, 702, and 703) were designed and screened in the in vitro inflammation studies. In silico modeling was used to study the gold complexes' structure vs. their activity and stability. Dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)-induced mouse model of colitis was employed to characterize the anti-inflammatory activity in vivo. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cell experiments proved the anti-inflammatory potential of all tested complexes. Selected on the bases of in vitro and in silico analyses, TGS 703 significantly alleviated inflammation in the DSS-induced mouse model of colitis, which was confirmed by a statistically significant decrease in the macro- and microscopic score of inflammation. The mechanism of action of TGS 703 was linked to the enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems. TGS 703 and other gold(III) complexes present anti-inflammatory potential and may be applied therapeutically in the treatment of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Włodarczyk
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 5, 92-215 Lodz, Poland
- Department of General and Oncological Surgery, Medical University of Lodz, Pomorska 251, 92-213 Lodz, Poland
| | - Julia Krajewska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 5, 92-215 Lodz, Poland
| | - Łukasz Szeleszczuk
- Department of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Patrycja Szałwińska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 5, 92-215 Lodz, Poland
| | - Agata Gurba
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1 Str., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Szymon Lipiec
- Department for Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Warsaw, Chalubinskiego 5, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Przemysław Taciak
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1 Str., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Izabela Mlynarczuk-Bialy
- Department for Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Warsaw, Chalubinskiego 5, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Fichna
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 5, 92-215 Lodz, Poland
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Shen Y, Li L, Luo X, Huang M, Ke C, You W, Li W. Prostaglandin E2 involvement in the reproduction of small abalone, Haliotis diversicolor. AQUACULTURE AND FISHERIES 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aaf.2022.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Scutellariae Radix and Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium Mixture Regulate PPAR γ/RXR Signaling in Reflux Esophagitis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:6969241. [PMID: 35027935 PMCID: PMC8752236 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6969241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Objective Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a gastrointestinal disorder in which stomach contents reflux into the esophagus, causing complications such as mucosal damage. GERD is a very common disease and is on the rise worldwide. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of a Scutellariae Radix and Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium mixture (SC) on esophageal mucosal injury in rats with chronic acid reflux esophagitis (CARE). Methods After inducing reflux esophagitis through surgery, the group was separated and the drug was administered for 2 weeks: normal rats (Normal, n = 8), CARE-induced rats were treated with distilled water (Control, n = 8), CARE-induced rats were treated with vitamin E 30 mg/kg body weight (VitE, n = 8), CARE-induced rats were treated with SC 100 mg/kg body weight (SC100, n = 8), and CARE-induced rats were treated with SC 200 mg/kg body weight (SC200, n = 8). Results SC treatment significantly reduced the degree of esophageal mucosal damage, significantly reduced levels of MDA and MPO, and inhibited the activation of the NF-κB inflammatory pathway by activating the PPARγ/RXR pathway. In addition, SC treatment significantly regulated the expression of arachidonic acid-related proteins (COX-1, COX-2, and PGE2) and modulated the MMP/TIMP proteins in reflux esophagitis. Conclusion Consequently, SC improved the damage to the esophageal mucosa. Also, the anti-inflammatory effects of the SC suggested the inhibition of NF-κB pathway through the activation of the PPARγ/RXR pathway, thereby reducing the expression of inflammation-related cytokines.
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Krajewska JB, Włodarczyk J, Jacenik D, Kordek R, Taciak P, Szczepaniak R, Fichna J. New Class of Anti-Inflammatory Therapeutics Based on Gold (III) Complexes in Intestinal Inflammation-Proof of Concept Based on In Vitro and In Vivo Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063121. [PMID: 33803793 PMCID: PMC8003307 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are at the top of the worldwide rankings for gastrointestinal diseases as regards occurrence, yet efficient and side-effect-free treatments are currently unavailable. In the current study, we proposed a new concept for anti-inflammatory treatment based on gold (III) complexes. A new gold (III) complex TGS 121 was designed and screened in the in vitro studies using a mouse macrophage cell line, RAW264.7, and in vivo, in the dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)-induced mouse model of colitis. Physicochemical studies showed that TGS 121 was highly water-soluble; it was stable in water, blood, and lymph, and impervious to sunlight. In lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells, the complex showed a potent anti-inflammatory profile, as evidenced in neutral red uptake and Griess tests. In the DSS-induced mouse model of colitis, the complex administered in two doses (1.68 μg/kg, intragastrically, and 16.8 μg/kg, intragastrically, once daily) produced a significant (* p < 0.05) anti-inflammatory effect, as shown by macroscopic score. The mechanism of action of TGS 121 was related to the enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant system; moreover, TGS 121 induced changes in the tight junction complexes expression in the intestinal wall. This is the first study proving that gold (III) complexes may have therapeutic potential in the treatment of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia B. Krajewska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; (J.B.K.); (J.W.)
| | - Jakub Włodarczyk
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; (J.B.K.); (J.W.)
| | - Damian Jacenik
- Department of Cytobiochemistry, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Radzisław Kordek
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, 92-213 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Przemysław Taciak
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland;
| | | | - Jakub Fichna
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; (J.B.K.); (J.W.)
- Correspondence:
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Hu WH, Dai DK, Zheng BZY, Duan R, Chan GKL, Dong TTX, Qin QW, Tsim KWK. The binding of kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside to vascular endothelial growth factor potentiates anti-inflammatory efficiencies in lipopolysaccharide-treated mouse macrophage RAW264.7 cells. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 80:153400. [PMID: 33157413 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors (VEGFs) are a group of growth factor in regulating development and maintenance of blood capillary. The VEGF family members include VEGF-A, placenta growth factor (PGF), VEGF-B, VEGF-C and VEGF-D. VEGF receptor activation leads to multiple complex signaling pathways, particularly in inducing angiogenesis. Besides, VEGF is produced by macrophages and T cells, which is playing roles in inflammation. In macrophages, VEGF receptor-3 (VEGFR-3) and its ligand VEGF-C are known to attenuate the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. METHODS Immunoprecipitation and molecular docking assays showed the binding interaction of kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside and VEGF-C. Western blotting and qRT-PCR methods were applied to explore the potentiating effect of kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside in VEGF-C-mediated expressions of proteins and genes in endothelial cells and LPS-induced macrophages. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was employed to reveal the release of proinflammatory cytokines in LPS-induced macrophages. Immunofluorescence assay was performed to determine the effect of kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside in regulating nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 subunit in the VEGF-C-treated cultures. In addition, Transwell® motility assay was applied to detect the ability of cell migration after drug treatment in LPS-induced macrophages. RESULTS We identified kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, a flavonoid commonly found in vegetable and fruit, was able to act on cultured macrophages in inhibiting inflammatory response, and the inhibition was mediated by its specific binding to VEGF-C. The kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside-bound VEGF-C showed high potency to trigger the receptor activation. In LPS-treated cultured macrophages, applied kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside potentiated inhibitory effects of exogenous applied VEGF-C on the secretions of pro-inflammatory cytokines, i.e. IL-6 and TNF-α, as well as expressions of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). This inhibition was in parallel to transcription and translocation of NF-κB. Moreover, the binding of kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside with VEGF-C suppressed the LPS-induced migration of macrophage. CONCLUSION Taken together, our results suggested the pharmacological roles of kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside in VEGF-C-mediated anti-inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hui Hu
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hi-Tech Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen, China; Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Diana Kun Dai
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hi-Tech Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen, China; Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Brody Zhong-Yu Zheng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hi-Tech Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen, China; Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ran Duan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hi-Tech Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen, China; Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Gallant Kar-Lun Chan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hi-Tech Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen, China; Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tina Ting-Xia Dong
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hi-Tech Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen, China; Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qi-Wei Qin
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Karl Wah-Keung Tsim
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hi-Tech Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen, China; Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China.
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Xia X, Chan KF, Wong GTY, Wang P, Liu L, Yeung BPM, Ng EKW, Lau JYW, Chiu PWY. Mesenchymal stem cells promote healing of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-related peptic ulcer through paracrine actions in pigs. Sci Transl Med 2020; 11:11/516/eaat7455. [PMID: 31666403 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aat7455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are among the most important causes of peptic ulcer disease in high-income countries. Proton pump inhibitors are the current standard treatment; however, safety and long-term adverse effects of using these drugs are attracting more and more concerns in recent years. Using a porcine model of NSAID-related gastric ulcer, we herein show that adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs) delivered by endoscopic submucosal injection promoted ulcer healing with less inflammatory infiltration and enhanced reepithelization and neovascularization at day 7 and day 21 when compared with the controls (saline injection). However, only few engrafted ADMSCs showed myofibroblast and epithelial cell phenotype in vivo, suggesting the ulcer healing process might be much less dependent on the stem cell transdifferentiation. Further experiment with submucosal injection of MSC-derived secretome revealed a therapeutic efficacy comparable to that of stem cell transplantation. Profiling analysis showed up-regulation of genes associated with inflammation, granulation formation, and extracellular matrix remodeling at day 7 after injection of MSC-derived secretome. In addition, the extracellular signal-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase and the phosphoinositide-3-kinase/protein kinase B pathways were activated after injection of ADMSCs or MSC-derived secretome. Both signaling pathways were involved in mediating the major events critical to gastric ulcer healing, including cell survival, migration, and angiogenesis. Our data suggest that endoscopic submucosal injection of ADMSCs serves as a promising approach to promote healing of NSAID-related peptic ulcer, and the paracrine effectors released from stem cells play a crucial role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianfeng Xia
- Department of Surgery and State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, People's Republic of China.,Chow Yuk Ho Technology Center for Innovative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Fung Chan
- Chow Yuk Ho Technology Center for Innovative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, People's Republic of China.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, People's Republic of China
| | - Gerald Tsz Yau Wong
- Department of Surgery and State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Wang
- Chow Yuk Ho Technology Center for Innovative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, People's Republic of China
| | - Liu Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui Province 230001, People's Republic of China
| | - Baldwin Po Man Yeung
- Department of Surgery and State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, People's Republic of China
| | - Enders Kwok Wai Ng
- Department of Surgery and State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, People's Republic of China
| | - James Yun Wong Lau
- Department of Surgery and State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, People's Republic of China.,Chow Yuk Ho Technology Center for Innovative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, People's Republic of China
| | - Philip Wai Yan Chiu
- Department of Surgery and State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, People's Republic of China. .,Chow Yuk Ho Technology Center for Innovative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, People's Republic of China
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Wang D, Cai M, Wang T, Liu T, Huang J, Wang Y, Granato D. Ameliorative effects of L-theanine on dextran sulfate sodium induced colitis in C57BL/6J mice are associated with the inhibition of inflammatory responses and attenuation of intestinal barrier disruption. Food Res Int 2020; 137:109409. [PMID: 33233096 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of L-theanine supplementation on the colonic mucosa injury in C57BL/6J male mice treated with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. Treatment with L-theanine significantly decreased the disease activity index and ameliorated the inflammation-associated pathological damage in colon length, as well as the histopathological features of DSS-induced colitis. L-Theanine administration also inhibited DSS-induced changes in the colonic tissue that included myeloperoxidase by 4.5-fold and malondialdehyde by 2.3-fold in comparison to the DSS group. In addition, GSH was increased by 85% and lipopolysaccharides level was decreased by 55% in comparison to the DSS group. Proinflammatory cytokines expression, including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α, at the both protein and mRNA levels were also decreased significantly. Notably, the increase in serum content of lipopolysaccharides and colonic expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, toll like receptor (TLR)-2, TLR-4, TLR-6, and TLR-9 induced by DSS were also significantly inhibited by L-theanine administration. In addition, L-theanine also attenuated the reduction of serum contents of diamine oxidase and the production of short-chain fatty acids in the colonic tissue, and gene expression of mucosal barrier zonula occludens-1 and claudin-1 in DSS-induced colitis. Furthermore, 16S rRNA phylogenetic sequencing revealed a shift in microbial community composition induced by DSS, but no significant difference was observed following L-theanine supplementation. Overall, our findings demonstrated that L-theanine inhibits intestinal inflammation and protects against intestinal barrier disruption in mice with DSS-induced colitis. Further clinical trials should be considered to assess the effects of L-theanine supplementation on oxidative and inflammatory responses in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxu Wang
- School of Grain Science and Technology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212004, China; School of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China.
| | - Min Cai
- School of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Taotao Wang
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212000, China
| | - Tiantian Liu
- School of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Jinbao Huang
- School of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Yijun Wang
- School of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Daniel Granato
- Food Processing and Quality, Production Systems Unit - Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke) - Tietotie 2, FI-02150 Espoo, Finland.
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Zhu J, Shen L, Lin X, Hong Y, Feng Y. Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine compounds and their preparations for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 96:854-864. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.09.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Abstract
Oxygen is used by eukaryotic cells for metabolic transformations and energy production in mitochondria. Under physiological conditions, there is a constant endogenous production of intermediates of reactive oxygen (ROI) and nitrogen species (RNI) that interact as signaling molecules in physiological mechanisms. When these species are not eliminated by antioxidants or are produced in excess, oxidative stress arises. Oxidative stress can damage proteins, lipids, DNA, and organelles. It is a process directly linked to inflammation; in fact, inflammatory cells secrete a large number of cytokines and chemokines responsible for the production of ROI and RNI in phagocytic and nonphagocytic cells through the activation of protein kinases signaling. Currently, there is a wide variety of diseases capable of producing inflammatory manifestations. While, in the short term, most of these diseases are not fatal they have a major impact on life quality. Since there is a direct relationship between chronic inflammation and many emerging disorders like cancer, oral diseases, kidney diseases, fibromyalgia, gastrointestinal chronic diseases or rheumatics diseases, the aim of this review is to describe the use and role of melatonin, a hormone secreted by the pineal gland, that works directly and indirectly as a free radical scavenger, like a potent antioxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aroha Sánchez
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Joan XXIII Avenue, Barcelona 08028, Spain.
| | - Ana Cristina Calpena
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Joan XXIII Avenue, Barcelona 08028, Spain.
| | - Beatriz Clares
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus of Cartuja Street, Granada 18071, Spain.
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Song JL, Choi JH, Seo JH, Lim YI, Park KY. Anti-colitic effects of kanjangs (fermented soy sauce and sesame sauce) in dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice. J Med Food 2015; 17:1027-35. [PMID: 25188463 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2013.3119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the preventive effects of different kanjangs (Korean soy sauces), including acid-hydrolyzed soy sauce (AHSS), fermented soy sauce (FSS), and fermented sesame sauce (FSeS), on 2% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis in C57BL/6J mice. The fermented sauces, particularly FSeS, significantly suppressed DSS-induced body weight loss, increased colon length, and decreased colon weight/length ratios. Histological observations suggested that the fermented sauces prevented edema, mucosal damage, and the loss of crypts induced by DSS compared to the control mice and animals fed AHSS. FSeS and FSS decreased the serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-17α. mRNA expression of these cytokines as well as that of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in colon mucosa was also inhibited by the two sauces. Our results suggest that fermented sauces, especially FSeS, exert an anticolitic effect partially by reducing the serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines and inhibiting the mRNA expression of these factors in the colon tissue of mice treated with DSS. However, AHSS did not protect against DSS-induced colitis. In addition, low-dose treatment (4 mL/kg) with the fermented sauces resulted in greater anticolitic effects than consumption of a high quantity (8 mL/kg) of the sauces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Le Song
- 1 Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Kimchi Research Institute, Pusan National University , Busan, South Korea
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Du CYQ, Choi RCY, Dong TTX, Lau DTW, Tsim KWK. Yu Ping Feng San, an ancient Chinese herbal decoction, regulates the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 and the activity of intestinal alkaline phosphatase in cultures. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100382. [PMID: 24967898 PMCID: PMC4072625 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Yu Ping Feng San (YPFS), a Chinese herbal decoction comprising Astragali Radix (AR; Huangqi), Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma (AMR; Baizhu), and Saposhnikoviae Radix (SR; Fangfeng), has been used clinically to treat inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Previously, we demonstrated a dual role of YPFS in regulating cytokine release in cultured macrophages. In this study, we elucidated the anti-inflammatory effect of YPFS that is mediated through modulating the expression of three key enzymes involved in IBD: inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IALP). In a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced chronic-inflammation model of cultured murine macrophages, YPFS treatment suppressed the activation of iNOS and COX-2 expression in a dose-dependent manner. Conversely, application of YPFS in cultured small intestinal enterocytes markedly induced the expression of IALP in a time-dependent manner, which might strengthen the intestinal detoxification system. A duality of YPFS in modulating the expression of iNOS and COX-2 was determined here. The expression of iNOS and COX-2 in macrophages was induced by YPFS, and this activation was partially blocked by the NF-κB-specific inhibitor BAY 11-7082, indicating a role of NF-κB signaling. These YPFS-induced changes in gene regulation strongly suggest that the anti-inflammatory effects of YPFS are mediated through the regulation of inflammatory enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal Y. Q. Du
- Division of Life Science and Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Roy C. Y. Choi
- Division of Life Science and Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tina T. X. Dong
- Division of Life Science and Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - David T. W. Lau
- Division of Life Science and Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Karl W. K. Tsim
- Division of Life Science and Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
- * E-mail:
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Scarpa M, Castagliuolo I, Castoro C, Pozza A, Scarpa M, Kotsafti A, Angriman I. Inflammatory colonic carcinogenesis: A review on pathogenesis and immunosurveillance mechanisms in ulcerative colitis. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:6774-6785. [PMID: 24944468 PMCID: PMC4051917 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i22.6774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is characterized by repeated flare-ups of inflammation that can lead to oncogenic insults to the colonic epithelial. UC-associated carcinogenesis presents a different sequence of tumorigenic events compared to those that contribute to the development of sporadic colorectal cancer. In fact, in UC, the early events are represented by oxidative DNA damage and DNA methylation that can produce an inhibition of oncosuppressor genes, mutation of p53, aneuploidy, and microsatellite instability. Hypermethylation of tumor suppressor and DNA mismatch repair gene promoter regions is an epigenetic mechanism of gene silencing that contribute to tumorigenesis and may represent the first step in inflammatory carcinogenesis. Moreover, p53 is frequently mutated in the early stages of UC-associated cancer. Aneuploidy is an independent risk factor for forthcoming carcinogenesis in UC. Epithelial cell-T-cell cross-talk mediated by CD80 is a key factor in controlling the progression from low to high grade dysplasia in UC-associated carcinogenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/immunology
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Colitis, Ulcerative/complications
- Colitis, Ulcerative/genetics
- Colitis, Ulcerative/immunology
- Colitis, Ulcerative/metabolism
- Colitis, Ulcerative/pathology
- Colonic Neoplasms/etiology
- Colonic Neoplasms/genetics
- Colonic Neoplasms/immunology
- Colonic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Colonic Neoplasms/pathology
- DNA Damage
- DNA Methylation
- Disease Progression
- Epigenesis, Genetic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Neoplasm Grading
- Oncogenes
- Oxidative Stress
- Risk Factors
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
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13
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myo-Inositol esters of indomethacin as COX-2 inhibitors. Carbohydr Res 2012; 355:13-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2012.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Revised: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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14
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Tempol protects the gallbladder against ischemia/reperfusion. J Physiol Biochem 2010; 66:161-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s13105-010-0021-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2010] [Accepted: 05/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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15
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Vitor CE, Figueiredo CP, Hara DB, Bento AF, Mazzuco TL, Calixto JB. Therapeutic action and underlying mechanisms of a combination of two pentacyclic triterpenes, alpha- and beta-amyrin, in a mouse model of colitis. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 157:1034-44. [PMID: 19508397 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00271.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE alpha- and beta-amyrin are pentacyclic triterpenes found in plants and are known to exhibit pronounced anti-inflammatory effects. Here, we evaluated the effects of a 1:1 mixture of alpha- and beta-amyrin (alpha,beta-amyrin) on an experimental model of colitis in mice. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Colitis was induced in Swiss male mice by trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNBS) and followed up to 72 h; animals were treated systemically with alpha,beta-amyrin, dexamethasone or vehicle. Macro- and microscopic damage, myeloperoxidase activity and cytokine levels were assessed in colons. Histological sections were immunostained for cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), vascular endothelial growth factor, phospho-p65 nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) and phospho-cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB). KEY RESULTS TNBS-induced colitis was associated with tissue damage, neutrophil infiltration and time-dependent increase of inflammatory mediators. Treatment with alpha,beta-amyrin (3 mg x kg(-1), i.p.) or dexamethasone (1 mg x kg(-1), s.c.) consistently improved tissue damage scores and abolished polymorphonuclear cell infiltration. alpha,beta-Amyrin, like dexamethasone, significantly diminished interleukin (IL)-1beta levels and partially restored IL-10 levels in colon tissues 72 h after colitis induction, but only alpha,beta-amyrin reduced vascular endothelial growth factor expression by immunohistochemistry. The colonic expression of COX-2 at 24 h and that of phospho-NF-kappaB and phospho-CREB (peaking at 6 h) after colitis induction were consistently inhibited by both alpha,beta-amyrin and dexamethasone. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Systemic administration of alpha,beta-amyrin exerted a marked and rapid inhibition of TNBS-induced colitis, related to the local suppression of inflammatory cytokines and COX-2 levels, possibly via inhibition of NF-kappaB and CREB-signalling pathways. Taken together, our data suggest a potential use of alpha,beta-amyrin to control inflammatory responses in bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Vitor
- Department of Pharmacology, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88049-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
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16
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Guzmán CB, Graham KA, Grace LA, Moore AH. Sex-dependent effect of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition on mouse spatial memory. Behav Brain Res 2009; 199:355-9. [PMID: 19162088 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2009.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2008] [Revised: 11/24/2008] [Accepted: 01/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 is constitutively expressed in neurons of the hippocampus and neocortex. Therefore, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) targeting inflammation-induced COX-2 in the periphery and the central nervous system may also affect cognitive function mediated by basal COX-2 activity. We report that systemic administration of the selective COX-2 inhibitor NS-398 6h prior to behavioral assessment does not influence spatial acquisition or retention in male C57BL/6J mice. However, we observed impaired spatial retention in female mice treated with NS-398, suggesting a sex-dependent role of COX-2 in spatial memory of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina B Guzmán
- Department of Biology, Santa Clara University, 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara, CA 95053, United States
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17
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Ulivi V, Giannoni P, Gentili C, Cancedda R, Descalzi F. p38/NF‐kB‐dependent expression of COX‐2 during differentiation and inflammatory response of chondrocytes. J Cell Biochem 2008; 104:1393-406. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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18
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Subramaniam D, May R, Sureban SM, Lee KB, George R, Kuppusamy P, Ramanujam RP, Hideg K, Dieckgraefe BK, Houchen CW, Anant S. Diphenyl difluoroketone: a curcumin derivative with potent in vivo anticancer activity. Cancer Res 2008; 68:1962-9. [PMID: 18339878 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-6011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Diphenyl difluoroketone (EF24), a molecule having structural similarity to curcumin, was reported to inhibit proliferation of a variety of cancer cells in vitro. However, the efficacy and in vivo mechanism of action of EF24 in gastrointestinal cancer cells have not been investigated. Here, we assessed the in vivo therapeutic effects of EF24 on colon cancer cells. Using hexosaminidase assay, we determined that EF24 inhibits proliferation of HCT-116 and HT-29 colon and AGS gastric adenocarcinoma cells but not of mouse embryo fibroblasts. Furthermore, the cancer cells showed increased levels of activated caspase-3 and increased Bax to Bcl-2 and Bax to Bcl-xL ratios, suggesting that the cells were undergoing apoptosis. At the same time, cell cycle analysis showed that there was an increased number of cells in the G(2)-M phase. To determine the effects of EF24 in vivo, HCT-116 colon cancer xenografts were established in nude mice and EF24 was given i.p. EF24 significantly suppressed the growth of colon cancer tumor xenografts. Immunostaining for CD31 showed that there was a lower number of microvessels in the EF24-treated animals coupled with decreased cyclooxygenase-2, interleukin-8, and vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA and protein expression. Western blot analyses also showed decreased AKT and extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation in the tumors. Taken together, these data suggest that the novel curcumin-related compound EF24 is a potent antitumor agent that induces caspase-mediated apoptosis during mitosis and has significant therapeutic potential for gastrointestinal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharmalingam Subramaniam
- Section of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73126, USA
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19
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Stomach. Oncology 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/0-387-31056-8_41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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20
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Inoue T, Murano M, Abe Y, Morita E, Murano N, Yasumoto S, Toshina K, Nishikawa T, Maemura K, Hirata I, Katsu KI. Therapeutic effect of nimesulide on colorectal carcinogenesis in experimental murine ulcerative colitis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007; 22:1474-81. [PMID: 17716351 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2007.04866.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) exhibit an increased risk for the development of cancer of the colon and rectum. Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitors are known to suppress sporadic colorectal cancer, but it is unknown whether selective COX-2 inhibitors exhibit a preventive effect in UC-associated neoplasia. This study investigated the preventive effect of nimesulide, a selective COX-2 inhibitor, on colorectal carcinogenesis in an experimental model of murine UC. METHODS Chronic colitis was induced in mice by administration of four cycles of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) (each cycle: 5% DSS for 7 days and then distilled water for 14 days). The mice were killed 120 days after the completion of the fourth cycle. The mice were divided into the following five groups: group A served as a disease control; group B received a diet mixed with 400 p.p.m. of nimesulide during the whole period; group C received nimesulide during the four cycles of DSS administration (active phase); group D received nimesulide for 120 days from the end of the fourth cycle (remission phase); group E received no agents including DSS and served as a normal control. RESULTS The incidence of dysplasia and/or cancer was 28%, 15%, 11.8%, 6.7% and 0% in groups A-E, respectively. In group D, nimesulide significantly suppressed the occurrence of dysplasia and/or cancer (P < 0.05). Strong COX-2 expression was detected by immunohistochemistry in cancer and dysplastic lesions while diffusely weak COX-2 expression was also found in the residual colon (i.e. lesion-free colon). The mucosal concentration of prostaglandin E(2) was significantly lower in groups B and D than in group A. CONCLUSIONS The administration of the selective COX-2 inhibitor nimesulide (especially during the remission phase) exerts a suppressive effect on the development of dysplasia and/or cancer in a murine model of DSS-induced colitis. These findings may have relevance to long-standing UC in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Inoue
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
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21
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Olivo RDA, Teixeira CFP, Wallace JL, Gutierrez JM, Zamuner SR. Role of cyclooxygenases in oedema-forming activity of bothropic venoms. Toxicon 2007; 49:670-7. [PMID: 17204299 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2006.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2006] [Revised: 11/08/2006] [Accepted: 11/13/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The venoms of Bothrops asper (BaV) and Bothrops jararaca (BjV), two of the most medically important poisonous snakes of Latin America, cause pronounced oedema in the victims through poorly understood mechanisms. In the present study, we examined the possible role of cyclooxygenases (COX) in the genesis of mouse paw oedema caused by BaV and BjV injections. BaV at 2.5 microg/paw and BjV at 0.75 microg/paw induced significant oedema that persisted for up to 6h following subplantar injection. Treatment with indomethacin (2 mg/kg), rofecoxib, (10 mg/kg), or dexamethasone (2 mg/kg) significantly reduced the BaV- and BjV-induced oedema formation. Treatment with SC-560 (30 mg/kg) significantly reduced the oedema formation induced by BjV but had no effect on that induced by BaV. Both venoms induced significant increases in the levels of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) and the expression of COX-1 and COX-2 in paw tissue. The peak of oedema formation and PGE(2) release correlated with marked expression of COX-2 in the paw tissue. These results demonstrate that injection of BaV and BjV results in a rapid increase in oedema formation that is, at least partially, mediated by arachidonic acid metabolites formed by COX-2. In the case of BjV, COX-1-derived prostanoids also appear to contribute significantly to the inflammatory changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata do A Olivo
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Butantan Institute, Avenida Vital Brazil 1500, 05503-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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22
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Davis JL, Papich MG, Morton AJ, Gayle J, Blikslager AT, Campbell NB. Pharmacokinetics of etodolac in the horse following oral and intravenous administration. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2007; 30:43-8. [PMID: 17217400 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2007.00811.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics of etodolac following oral and intravenous administration to six horses. Additionally, in vitro cyclooxygenase (COX) selectivity assays were performed using equine whole blood. Using a randomized two-way crossover design, horses were administered etodolac (20 mg/kg) orally or intravenously, with a minimum 3-week washout period. Plasma samples were collected after administration for analysis using high pressure liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. Following intravenous administration, etodolac had a mean plasma half-life (t(1/2)) of 2.67 h, volume of distribution (Vd) of 0.29 L/kg and clearance (Cl) of 234.87 mL/h kg. Following oral administration, the average maximum plasma concentration (Cmax)) was 32.57 mug/mL with a t(1/2) of 3.02 h. Bioavailability was approximately 77.02%. Results of in vitro COX selectivity assays showed that etodolac was only slightly selective for COX-2 with a COX-1/COX-2 selectivity ratio effective concentration (EC)50 of 4.32 and for EC80 of 4.77. This study showed that etodolac is well absorbed in the horse after oral administration, and may offer a useful alternative for anti-inflammatory treatment of various conditions in the horse.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Davis
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
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23
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Nurmi JT, Puolakkainen PA, Rautonen NE. Intron 1 retaining cyclooxygenase 1 splice variant is induced by osmotic stress in human intestinal epithelial cells. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2005; 73:343-50. [PMID: 16115753 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2005.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2005] [Revised: 04/06/2005] [Accepted: 07/10/2005] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The biological roles of intron 1 retaining cyclooxygenase (Cox) 1 splice variants Cox-3 and PCox-1a (Cox-1ir) are not known. In humans, Cox-3 transcription has previously been shown to occur in the brain and in the aorta. However, conclusive evidence regarding the existence of a human Cox-3 protein is lacking. We studied the expression of intron 1 retaining cyclooxygenase 1 splice variants in the human colon cancer cell line Caco-2 and in human colonic tissue samples. In Caco-2 cells, their transcription was induced up to 47-fold by osmotic stress. The corresponding protein, however, could not be detected by Western blotting. In human colonic tissue samples derived from intact and inflamed areas, a low level of Cox-1ir mRNA (1500 +/- 1280 copies per 100 ng total RNA; mean+/-standard deviation; n = 20) was also found. In Caco-2 cells, induction of Cox-1ir under osmotic stress was reversed by addition of the organic osmolyte betaine. Under hypertonic but not under isotonic conditions, splice variant-specific degradation of Cox-1ir mRNA using RNA interference resulted in increased production of fully spliced Cox-1 and Cox-2 mRNA (P = 0.002). In summary, our results indicate that the intron 1 retaining Cox-1 splice variant RNA molecules are expressed by human intestinal epithelial cells in a controlled manner, are most likely not translated and play a regulatory role in the cyclooxygenase mediated epithelial osmoregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Nurmi
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Turku, Finland.
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24
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Nurmi JT, Puolakkainen PA, Rautonen NE. Bifidobacterium Lactis sp. 420 up-regulates cyclooxygenase (Cox)-1 and down-regulates Cox-2 gene expression in a Caco-2 cell culture model. Nutr Cancer 2005; 51:83-92. [PMID: 15749634 DOI: 10.1207/s15327914nc5101_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenases (Cox) -1 and -2 play important roles in gastrointestinal health; chronic overexpression of Cox-2 is associated with inflammatory and cancerous disease, whereas Cox-1 is expressed constitutively. We studied the effects of two probiotic (Bifidobacterium lactis sp. 420 and Lactobacillus acidophilus) and two control microorganisms (Escherichia coli and Salmonella enteritidis) and four microbial metabolites (acetate, butyrate, lactate and propionate) on the expression levels of the Cox isoforms in the enterocyte-like cell line Caco-2. Butyrate, which is anticarcinogenic, resulted in an 85% down-regulation of Cox-2 and a 37-fold increase in Cox-1 transcription. Propionate gave similar results (72% reduction of Cox-2, 23-fold induction of Cox-1), but lactate and acetate had no effect on Cox expression profile. Bifidobacterium sp. 420, which produces acetate and lactate but no butyrate or propionate, shared the Cox-1-increasing and Cox-2-silencing properties of butyrate and propionate, whereas L. acidophilus was similar to E. coli and S. enteritidis in having no effect on the Cox-1/Cox-2 ratio. For the first time, we therefore demonstrate evidence for a direct relationship between a probiotic bacterial strain and host Cox expression profile, suggesting that modulation of Cox expression may be an important factor in the potential anti-inflammatory and anticarcinogenic properties of some probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jussi T Nurmi
- Danisco Innovation, Enteromix Research, Sokeritehtaantie 20, 02460 Kantvik, Finland.
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Kohno H, Suzuki R, Sugie S, Tanaka T. Beta-Catenin mutations in a mouse model of inflammation-related colon carcinogenesis induced by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine and dextran sodium sulfate. Cancer Sci 2005; 96:69-76. [PMID: 15723650 PMCID: PMC11159258 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2005.00020.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In a previous study, we developed a novel mouse model for colitis-related carcinogenesis, utilizing a single dose of azoxymethane (AOM) followed by dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) in drinking water. In the present study, we investigated whether colonic neoplasms can be developed in mice initiated with a single injection of another genotoxic colonic carcinogen 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH), instead of AOM and followed by exposure of DSS in drinking water. Male crj: CD-1 (ICR) mice were given a single intraperitoneal administration (10, 20 or 40 mg/kg body weight) of DMH and 1-week oral exposure (2% in drinking water) of a non-genotoxic carcinogen, DSS. All animals were killed at week 20, histological alterations and immunohistochemical expression of beta-catenin, cyclooxygenase (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were examined in induced colonic epithelial lesions (colonic dysplasias and neoplasms). Also, the beta-catenin gene mutations in paraffin-embedded colonic adenocarcinomas were analyzed by the single strand conformation polymorphism method, restriction enzyme fragment length polymorphism and direct sequencing. The incidences of colonic neoplasms with dysplastic lesions developed were 100% with 2.29+/-0.95 multiplicity, and 100% with 10.38+/-4.00 multiplicity in mice given DMH at doses of 10 mg/kg or 20 mg/kg and 2%DSS, respectively. Although approximately half of the mice given DMH at a dose of 40 mg/kg bodyweight were dead after 2-3 days after the injection, mice who received DMH 40 mg/kg and 2%DSS had 100% incidence of colonic neoplasms with 9.75+/-6.29 multiplicity. Immunohistochemical investigation revealed that adnocarcinomas, induced by DMH at all doses and 2%DSS, showed positive reactivities against beta-catenin, COX-2 and iNOS. In DMH/DSS-induced adenocarcinomas, 10 of 11 (90.9%) adenocacrcinomas had beta-catenin gene mutations. Half of the mutations were detected at codon 37 or 41, encoding serine and threonine that are direct targets for phosphorylation by glycogen synthase kinase-3beta. The present results suggests that, as in the previously reported model (AOM/DSS) our experimental protocol, DMH initiation followed by DSS, may provide a novel and useful mouse model for investigating inflammation-related colon carcinogenesis and for identifying xenobiotics with modifying effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kohno
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan.
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26
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Shinji Y, Tsukui T, Tatsuguchi A, Shinoki K, Kusunoki M, Suzuki K, Hiratsuka T, Wada K, Futagami S, Miyake K, Gudis K, Sakamoto C. Induced microsomal PGE synthase-1 is involved in cyclooxygenase-2-dependent PGE2 production in gastric fibroblasts. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2005; 288:G308-15. [PMID: 15458923 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00313.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We have previously shown that the cyclooxygenase (COX)-2/PGE2 pathway plays a key role in VEGF production in gastric fibroblasts. Recent studies have identified three PGE synthase (PGES) isozymes: cytosolic PGES (cPGES) and microsomal PGES (mPGES)-1 and -2, but little is known regarding the expression and roles of these enzymes in gastric fibroblasts. Thus we examined IL-1beta-stimulated mPGES-1 and cPGES mRNA and protein expression in gastric fibroblasts by quantitative PCR and Western blot analysis, respectively, and studied both their relationship to COX-1 and -2 and their roles in PGE2 and VEGF production in vitro. IL-1beta stimulated increases in both COX-2 and mPGES-1 mRNA and protein expression levels. However, COX-2 mRNA and protein expression were more rapidly induced than mPGES-1 mRNA and protein expression. Furthermore, MK-886, a nonselective mPGES-1 inhibitor, failed to inhibit IL-1beta-induced PGE2 release at the 8-h time point, while totally inhibiting PGE2 at the later stage. However, MK-886 did inhibit IL-1beta-stimulated PGES activity in vitro by 86.8%. N-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)-methanesulfonamide (NS-398), a selective COX-2 inhibitor, totally inhibited PGE2 production at both the 8-h and 24-h time points, suggesting that COX-2-dependent PGE2 generation does not depend on mPGES-1 activity at the early stage. In contrast, NS-398 did not inhibit VEGF production at 8 h, and only partially at 24 h, whereas MK-886 totally inhibited VEGF production at each time point. These results suggest that IL-1beta-induced mPGES-1 protein expression preferentially coupled with COX-2 protein at late stages of PGE2 production and that IL-1beta-stimulated VEGF production was totally dependent on membrane-associated proteins involved in eicosanoid and glutathione metabolism (MAPEG) superfamily proteins, which includes mPGES-1, but was partially dependent on the COX-2/PGE2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Shinji
- Pathophysiological Management, Medical Oncology Third Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Miura S, Tatsuguchi A, Wada K, Takeyama H, Shinji Y, Hiratsuka T, Futagami S, Miyake K, Gudis K, Mizokami Y, Matsuoka T, Sakamoto C. Cyclooxygenase-2-regulated vascular endothelial growth factor release in gastric fibroblasts. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2004; 287:G444-51. [PMID: 15246970 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00537.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
VEGF is a highly specific stimulator of endothelial cells and may play an important role in angiogenesis in the process of tissue regeneration. We previously showed that cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expressed in mesenchymal cells of the ulcer bed is involved in the ulcer repair process. To clarify the role of COX-2 in angiogenesis during gastric ulcer healing, we investigated the relation between COX-2 expression and VEGF production in human gastric fibroblasts in vivo and in vitro. Gastric fibroblasts were cultured in RPMI 1640 with and without IL-1alpha or IL-1beta in the presence or absence of NS-398, a selective COX-2 inhibitor. Supernatant VEGF and PGE(2) concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. COX-2 expression in fibroblasts was determined by Western blot analysis. VEGF and COX-2 expression in surgical resections of human gastric ulcer tissue was examined immunohistochemically. IL-1 dose dependently enhanced VEGF release in cultured gastric fibroblasts after a 24-h stimulation. IL-1 also stimulated PGE(2) production in gastric fibroblasts via COX-2 induction. NS-398 significantly suppressed VEGF and PGE(2) release from IL-1-stimulated gastric fibroblasts; concurrent addition of PGE(2) restored NS-398-inhibited VEGF release. COX-2 and VEGF immunoreactivity were colocalized in fibroblast-like cells in the ulcer bed of gastric tissues. These results suggest that COX-2 plays a key role in VEGF production in gastric fibroblasts stimulated by IL-1 in vitro and that angiogenesis induced by the COX-2-VEGF pathway might be involved in gastric ulcer healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Miura
- Third Dept. of Internal Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5, Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan
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Linden DR, Sharkey KA, Ho W, Mawe GM. Cyclooxygenase-2 contributes to dysmotility and enhanced excitability of myenteric AH neurones in the inflamed guinea pig distal colon. J Physiol 2004; 557:191-205. [PMID: 15020692 PMCID: PMC1665042 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2004.062174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis in guinea pig is associated with hyperexcitability of myenteric AH neurones, enhanced synaptic activity in the myenteric plexus, increased serotonin (5-HT) availability in the mucosa, and decreased propulsive motor activity. The current study tested the hypothesis that the activation of cyclooxygenase (COX) contributes to these alterations in bowel functions. DFU inhibition of COX-2, but not SC-560 inhibition of COX-1, restored to normal levels the electrical properties of myenteric AH neurones, the proportion of S neurones exhibiting slow EPSPs, and the rate of propulsive motor activity. Neither inhibitor was effective in altering the level of inflammation, the increased availability of mucosal 5-HT, or the enhanced fast EPSPs in myenteric AH and S neurones. COX-2 expression is enhanced in the myenteric plexus and cells within the smooth muscle layers during colitis, possibly reflecting the site at which COX-2 inhibition acts to allow recovery of motor function. In support of this concept, COX-1, but not COX-2, inhibition was effective in restoring normal mucosal prostaglandin levels. These results indicate that the various changes that occur in the motor neural pathways of the distal colon in TNBS-induced colitis do not involve a single neuroimmune mechanism. COX-2 activation is a critical step in the enhanced excitability of AH neurones as well as diminished propulsive motility in TNBS colitis, whereas other yet to be resolved pathways, that do not involve COX-1 or COX-2 activation, lead to altered 5-HT content in the mucosa and an augmentation of fast EPSPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Linden
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
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Dong WG, Mei Q, Yu JP, Xu JM, Xiang L, Xu Y. Effects of melatonin on the expression of iNOS and COX-2 in rat models of colitis. World J Gastroenterol 2003; 9:1307-11. [PMID: 12800246 PMCID: PMC4611806 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v9.i6.1307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the effects of melatonin (MT) on the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in rat models of colitis.
METHODS: Healthy adult Sprague-Dawlay (SD) rats of both sexes, weighing 280 ± 30 g, were employed in the present study. The rat models of colitis were induced by either acetic acid or 2, 4, 6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) enemas. The experimental animals were randomly divided into melatonin treatment and model control group that were intracolicly treated daily with melatonin at doses of 2.5, 5.0, 10.0 mg•kg-1 and equal amount of saline respectively from 24 h following induction of colitis in rats inflicted with acetic acid enema and the seventh day in rats with TNBS to the end of study. A normal control group of rats treated with neither acetic acid nor TNBS but saline enema was also included in the study. On the 28th day of the experiment, the rat colon mucosal damage index (CDMI) was calculated, and the colonic prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), nitric oxide (NO), as well as the iNOS and COX-2 expression were also determined biochemically or immunohistochemically.
RESULTS: CDMI increased to 2.87 ± 0.64 and 3.12 ± 1.12 respectively in rats treated with acetic acid and TNBS enema, which was in accordance with the significantly elevated colonic NO and PGE2 contents, as well as the up-regulated colonic iNOS and COX-2 expression in both of the two rat models of colitis. With treatment by melatonin at the doses of 5.0 and 10.0 mg•kg-1, CDMI in both models of rat colitis was significantly decreased (P < 0.05-0.01), which accorded synchronously and unanimously with the reduced colonic NO and PGE2 content, as well as the down-regulated expression of colonic iNOS and COX-2.
CONCLUSION: Melatonin has a protective effect on colonic injury induced by both acetic acid and TNBS enemas, which is probably via a mechanism of local inhibition of iNOS and COX-2 expression in colonic mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Guo Dong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China.
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Celecoxib (Celebrex) Increases Canine Lower Esophageal Sphincter Pressure. J Surg Res 2002. [DOI: 10.1006/jsre.2002.6507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Hosoda Y, Karaki SI, Shimoda Y, Kuwahara A. Substance P-evoked Cl(-) secretion in guinea pig distal colonic epithelia: interaction with PGE(2). Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2002; 283:G347-56. [PMID: 12121882 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00504.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Interaction between substance P (SP) and PGE(2) on Cl(-) secretion in the guinea pig distal colonic epithelia was investigated. A short-circuit current (I(sc)) was measured as an index of ion transport. Mucosa preparations deprived of muscle and submucosa of distal colon were mounted in the Ussing flux chamber and treated with TTX and piroxicam to remove the influences of neuronal activity and endogenous PG synthesis, respectively. Although SP (10(-7) M) itself evoked little increase in I(sc), exogenous PGE(2) concentration dependently enhanced the response of SP. The effect of PGE(2) on the SP-evoked response was mimicked by forskolin and 8-bromoadenosine cAMP. Depletion of Ca2+ from the bathing solution reduced the PGE(2)-dependent response of SP. Effects of PGE(2), SP, and SP in the presence of PGE(2) on intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+](i)) in isolated crypt cells were measured by the confocal microscope fluorescence imaging system. SP, but not PGE(2), temporally evoked an increase in [Ca2+](i) but declined to the baseline within 3 min. A return of the SP-evoked increase in [Ca2+](i) was slower in the presence of PGE(2) than SP alone. These results suggest that PGE(2) synergistically enhances SP-evoked Cl(-) secretion via an interaction between the intracellular cAMP and [Ca2+](i) in the epithelial cells. In conclusion, SP and PGE(2) could cooperatively induce massive Cl(-) secretion in guinea pig distal colon at epithelial levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Hosoda
- Laboratory of Physiology, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Japan
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Mathonnet M, Lalloue F, Danty E, Comte I, Lièvre CA. Cyclo-oxygenase 2 tissue distribution and developmental pattern of expression in the chicken. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2001; 28:425-32. [PMID: 11380517 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1681.2001.03476.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
1. Cyclo-oxygenase 2 (COX-2) is implicated in multiple physiopathological processes. We have studied its physiological expression during chicken embryogenesis. 2. An original procedure was set to prepare a COX-2 probe from red blood cells. In situ hybridization, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and northern blots, were performed on chick embryos from embryonic day (E) 3 to postnatal day 15. 3. In the mesonephros, the signal detected in mesonephric tubules presented a slow increase from E5 to E9, a plateau up to E12 and then a decrease, while the signal increased in the metanephros and then decreased after hatching. Transient expression of COX-2 mRNA in endothelial cells of the infundibulum of the aorta was also detected between E12 and E17. 4. This enzyme may have important roles in kidney morphogenesis during early embryonic stages and in tubular functions during development and in adult life. In the cardiovascular system, its vasodilatory effect could modulate the vasoconstrictor effect of the systolic pressure between E12 and E17 and contribute to a normal morphogenesis of the arterial tree and heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mathonnet
- UMR CNRS 6101, Faculté de Médecine, Limoges, France.
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Ohno R, Yoshinaga K, Fujita T, Hasegawa K, Iseki H, Tsunozaki H, Ichikawa W, Nihei Z, Sugihara K. Depth of invasion parallels increased cyclooxygenase-2 levels in patients with gastric carcinoma. Cancer 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1097-0142(20010515)91:10<1876::aid-cncr1209>3.0.co;2-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Agoff SN, Brentnall TA, Crispin DA, Taylor SL, Raaka S, Haggitt RC, Reed MW, Afonina IA, Rabinovitch PS, Stevens AC, Feng Z, Bronner MP. The role of cyclooxygenase 2 in ulcerative colitis-associated neoplasia. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2000; 157:737-45. [PMID: 10980113 PMCID: PMC1885705 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64587-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/23/2000] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) overexpression has been described in sporadic colonic neoplasia, but its role in ulcerative colitis (UC) neoplastic progression remains unexplored. Although the specific role of cyclooxygenase in colonic neoplasia is uncertain, its inhibition by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs decreases the risk of sporadic colonic adenocarcinoma and causes regression of adenomas in familial adenomatous polyposis. To investigate the role of COX-2 in UC-associated neoplasia, we assessed COX-2 protein and mRNA expression throughout the spectrum of UC-associated neoplastic lesions in four total colectomy specimens, using immunocytochemistry and a novel TaqMan reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay. The findings were correlated with DNA ploidy and inflammatory activity. We found COX-2 overexpression throughout the neoplastic spectrum in UC (P: < 0.0001, R:(2)=0.53), even in diploid samples that were negative for dysplasia. Overall, neoplastic change explained 53% of the variation in COX-2 expression, whereas inflammatory activity explained only 11%. COX-2 was overexpressed in all aneuploid samples and in 38% of diploid samples (P: = 0.0074). cDNA representational difference analysis was also performed and revealed that COX-2 mRNA was an up-regulated cDNA representational difference analysis difference product. COX-2 overexpression occurs early in UC-associated neoplasia, and the increase cannot be explained by inflammatory activity alone. The data suggest that COX-2-specific inhibitors may have a chemopreventative role in UC but the possibility that they could exacerbate UC inflammatory activity needs to be tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Agoff
- Department of Pathology and the Division of Gastroenterology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Northey A, Denis D, Cirino M, Metters KM, Nantel F. Cellular distribution of prostanoid EP receptors mRNA in the rat gastrointestinal tract. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2000; 62:145-56. [PMID: 10938408 DOI: 10.1016/s0090-6980(00)00058-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The inhibition of PGE(2) synthesis resulting from sustained NSAIDs therapy has been linked to gastrointestinal irritations and ulceration. The multiple physiological effects of PGE(2) in the gut are mediated through the activation of four receptors termed EP(1-4). The aim of the study was to determine the precise distribution of the four prostaglandin E(2) receptors in the rat stomach, small intestine, and colon. We used non-radioactive in situ hybridization techniques on paraffin-embedded tissue. Mucous cells of the stomach and goblet cells of the small intestine and colon were found to express mRNA for all four EP subtypes. A positive hybridization signal for EP(1), EP(3), and EP(4) was detected in the parietal cells of the stomach whereas the chief cells expressed low levels of EP(1) and EP(3). The EP(1) and EP(3) receptor mRNA could also be detected in the muscularis mucosa, longitudinal muscle and enteric ganglias of the stomach and small intestine. However, close examination of the enteric ganglias indicated that most of the positive labeling was localized to the glial cells, although some neurons did express EP(3). In conclusion, we have detailed the distribution of prostanoid EP receptors in the gut at the cellular level, giving new insights to the role of prostaglandins in gastrointestinal functions.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- In Situ Hybridization
- Intestinal Mucosa/chemistry
- Intestinal Mucosa/cytology
- Intestine, Large/chemistry
- Intestine, Large/cytology
- Intestine, Large/innervation
- Intestine, Small/chemistry
- Intestine, Small/cytology
- Intestine, Small/innervation
- Male
- Muscle, Smooth/chemistry
- Muscle, Smooth/cytology
- RNA, Complementary
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E/analysis
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E/genetics
- Stomach/chemistry
- Stomach/cytology
- Stomach/innervation
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Affiliation(s)
- A Northey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Merck Frosst Center for Therapeutic Research, P.O. Box 1005, Dorval-Pointe-Claire, H9R 4P8, Québec, Canada
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Abstract
Preterm labour and delivery pose an increasing problem to the obstetrician. Improvements in tocolysis with the recent introduction of new therapeutic targeting strategies, and a reappraisal of the safety and relative efficacy of some older compounds, have led to a tendency away from prescribing beta-sympathomimetic agents. Infection prophylaxis and promotion of fetal lung maturity are deemed advantageous, but treatment protocols have not been clarified. This review examines the important publications of the past year in these areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Sawdy
- The Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Division of Paediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Imperial College of Science and Medicine, Queen Charlotte's Hospital, London, UK
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