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Cortese AM, Horton TR. Islands in the shade: scattered ectomycorrhizal trees influence soil inoculum and heterospecific seedling response in a northeastern secondary forest. MYCORRHIZA 2023; 33:33-44. [PMID: 36752845 PMCID: PMC9907180 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-023-01104-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The eastern deciduous forest is a mix of arbuscular (AM) and ectomycorrhizal (EM) trees, but land use legacies have increased the abundance of AM trees like Acer spp. (maple). Although these legacies have not changed the abundance of some EM trees like Betula spp. (birch), EM conifers like Tsuga canadensis (hemlock), and Pinus strobus (pine) have declined. We used a soil bioassay to investigate if the microbial community near EM birch (birch soil) contains a greater abundance and diversity of EM fungal propagules compatible with T. canadensis and P. strobus compared to the community associated with the surrounding AM-dominated secondary forest matrix (maple soil). We also tested the effectiveness of inoculation with soil from a nearby EM-dominated old-growth forest as a restoration tool to reintroduce EM fungi into secondary forest soils. Finally, we examined how seedling growth responded to EM fungi associated with each treatment. Seedlings grown with birch soil were colonized by EM fungi mostly absent from the surrounding maple forest. Hemlock seedlings grown with birch soil grew larger than hemlock seedlings grown with maple soil, but pine seedling growth did not differ with soil treatment. The addition of old-growth soil inoculum increased hemlock and pine growth in both soils. Our results found that EM trees are associated with beneficial EM fungi that are mostly absent from the surrounding AM-dominated secondary forest, but inoculation with old-growth soil is effective in promoting the growth of seedlings by reintroducing native EM fungi to the AM-dominated forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Cortese
- Department of Environmental Biology, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY, USA.
| | - Thomas R Horton
- Department of Environmental Biology, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY, USA
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2
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Moles AT, Dalrymple RL, Raghu S, Bonser SP, Ollerton J. Advancing the missed mutualist hypothesis, the under-appreciated twin of the enemy release hypothesis. Biol Lett 2022; 18:20220220. [PMID: 36259169 PMCID: PMC9579764 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2022.0220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduced species often benefit from escaping their enemies when they are transported to a new range, an idea commonly expressed as the enemy release hypothesis. However, species might shed mutualists as well as enemies when they colonize a new range. Loss of mutualists might reduce the success of introduced populations, or even cause failure to establish. We provide the first quantitative synthesis testing this natural but often overlooked parallel of the enemy release hypothesis, which is known as the missed mutualist hypothesis. Meta-analysis showed that plants interact with 1.9 times more mutualist species, and have 2.3 times more interactions with mutualists per unit time in their native range than in their introduced range. Species may mitigate the negative effects of missed mutualists. For instance, selection arising from missed mutualists could cause introduced species to evolve either to facilitate interactions with a new suite of species or to exist without mutualisms. Just as enemy release can allow introduced populations to redirect energy from defence to growth, potentially evolving increased competitive ability, species that shift to strategies without mutualists may be able to reallocate energy from mutualism toward increased competitive ability or seed production. The missed mutualist hypothesis advances understanding of the selective forces and filters that act on plant species in the early stages of introduction and establishment and thus could inform the management of introduced species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela T. Moles
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Rhiannon L. Dalrymple
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - S. Raghu
- CSIRO, GPO Box 2583, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
| | - Stephen P. Bonser
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Jeff Ollerton
- Faculty of Arts, Science and Technology, University of Northampton, Waterside Campus, Northampton NN1 5PH, UK,Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
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3
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Guy P, Sibly R, Smart SM, Tibbett M, Pickles BJ. Mycorrhizal type of woody plants influences understory species richness in British broadleaved woodlands. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 235:2046-2053. [PMID: 35622460 PMCID: PMC9543792 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Mature temperate woodlands are commonly dominated by ectomycorrhizal trees, whereas understory plants predominantly form arbuscular mycorrhizal associations. Due to differences in plant-fungus compatibility between canopy and ground layer vegetation the 'mycorrhizal mediation hypothesis' predicts that herbaceous plant establishment may be limited by a lack of suitable mycorrhizal fungal inoculum. We examined plant species data for 103 woodlands across Great Britain recorded in 1971 and in 2000 to test whether herbaceous plant species richness was related to the proportion of arbuscular mycorrhizal woody plants. We compared the effect of mycorrhizal type with other important drivers of woodland plant species richness. We found a positive effect of the relative abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal woody plants on herbaceous plant species richness. The size of the observed effect was smaller than that of pH. Moreover, the effect persisted over time, despite many woodlands undergoing marked successional change and increased understorey shading. This work supports the mycorrhizal mediation hypothesis in British woodlands and suggests that increased abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal woody plants is associated with greater understory plant species richness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Guy
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of Reading, Health and Life Sciences BuildingWhiteknightsReadingRG6 6EXUK
- School of Agriculture, Policy, and DevelopmentUniversity of ReadingWhiteknightsReadingRG6 6BZUK
| | - Richard Sibly
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of Reading, Health and Life Sciences BuildingWhiteknightsReadingRG6 6EXUK
| | - Simon M. Smart
- UK Centre for Ecology & HydrologyLibrary Avenue, BailriggLancasterLA1 4APUK
| | - Mark Tibbett
- School of Agriculture, Policy, and DevelopmentUniversity of ReadingWhiteknightsReadingRG6 6BZUK
| | - Brian J. Pickles
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of Reading, Health and Life Sciences BuildingWhiteknightsReadingRG6 6EXUK
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4
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Wang Y, Liu Y, Li J, Bai S, Tian T. Fungal community composition and diversity in the rhizosphere soils of Argentina (syn. Potentilla) anserina, on the Qinghai Plateau. FUNGAL ECOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2021.101107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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5
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Nuske SJ, Fajardo A, Nuñez MA, Pauchard A, Wardle DA, Nilsson MC, Kardol P, Smith JE, Peltzer DA, Moyano J, Gundale MJ. Soil biotic and abiotic effects on seedling growth exhibit context-dependent interactions: evidence from a multi-country experiment on Pinus contorta invasion. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:303-317. [PMID: 33966267 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The success of invasive plants is influenced by many interacting factors, but evaluating multiple possible mechanisms of invasion success and elucidating the relative importance of abiotic and biotic drivers is challenging, and therefore rarely achieved. We used live, sterile or inoculated soil from different soil origins (native range and introduced range plantation; and invaded plots spanning three different countries) in a fully factorial design to simultaneously examine the influence of soil origin and soil abiotic and biotic factors on the growth of invasive Pinus contorta. Our results displayed significant context dependency in that certain soil abiotic conditions in the introduced ranges (soil nitrogen, phosphorus or carbon content) influenced responses to inoculation treatments. Our findings do not support the enemy release hypothesis or the enhanced mutualism hypothesis, as biota from native and plantation ranges promoted growth similarly. Instead, our results support the missed mutualism hypothesis, as biota from invasive ranges were the least beneficial for seedling growth. Our study provides a novel perspective on how variation in soil abiotic factors can influence plant-soil feedbacks for an invasive tree across broad biogeographical contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan J Nuske
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, 90183, Sweden
| | - Alex Fajardo
- Instituto de Investigación Interdisciplinario (I3), Universidad de Talca, Campus Lircay, Talca, 3460000, Chile
| | - Martin A Nuñez
- Grupo de Ecología de Invasiones, INIBIOMA-UNComa, CONICET, Bariloche, 8400, Argentina
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Aníbal Pauchard
- Laboratorio de Invasiones Biológicas (LIB), Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity (IEB), Santiago, Chile
| | - David A Wardle
- Asian School of the Environment, College of Science, Nanyong Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Marie-Charlotte Nilsson
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, 90183, Sweden
| | - Paul Kardol
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, 90183, Sweden
| | - Jane E Smith
- US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Duane A Peltzer
- Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research, Lincoln, 7608, New Zealand
| | - Jaime Moyano
- Grupo de Ecología de Invasiones, INIBIOMA-UNComa, CONICET, Bariloche, 8400, Argentina
| | - Michael J Gundale
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, 90183, Sweden
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Hernandez DJ, David AS, Menges ES, Searcy CA, Afkhami ME. Environmental stress destabilizes microbial networks. THE ISME JOURNAL 2021; 15:1722-1734. [PMID: 33452480 PMCID: PMC8163744 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-020-00882-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 116.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Environmental stress is increasing worldwide, yet we lack a clear picture of how stress disrupts the stability of microbial communities and the ecosystem services they provide. Here, we present the first evidence that naturally-occurring microbiomes display network properties characteristic of unstable communities when under persistent stress. By assessing changes in diversity and structure of soil microbiomes along 40 replicate stress gradients (elevation/water availability gradients) in the Florida scrub ecosystem, we show that: (1) prokaryotic and fungal diversity decline in high stress, and (2) two network properties of stable microbial communities-modularity and negative:positive cohesion-have a clear negative relationship with environmental stress, explaining 51-78% of their variation. Interestingly, pathogenic taxa/functional guilds decreased in relative abundance along the stress gradient, while oligotrophs and mutualists increased, suggesting that the shift in negative:positive cohesion could result from decreasing negative:positive biotic interactions consistent with the predictions of the Stress Gradient Hypothesis. Given the crucial role microbiomes play in ecosystem functions, our results suggest that, by limiting the compartmentalization of microbial associations and creating communities dominated by positive associations, increasing stress in the Anthropocene could destabilize microbiomes and undermine their ecosystem services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian J. Hernandez
- grid.26790.3a0000 0004 1936 8606Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146 USA
| | - Aaron S. David
- grid.26790.3a0000 0004 1936 8606Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146 USA ,grid.508985.9USDA-ARS, Invasive Plant Research Laboratory, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314 USA
| | - Eric S. Menges
- grid.248717.f0000 0000 9407 7092Archbold Biological Station, Venus, FL 33960 USA
| | - Christopher A. Searcy
- grid.26790.3a0000 0004 1936 8606Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146 USA
| | - Michelle E. Afkhami
- grid.26790.3a0000 0004 1936 8606Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146 USA
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Martignoni MM, Garnier J, Hart MM, Tyson RC. Investigating the impact of the mycorrhizal inoculum on the resident fungal community and on plant growth. Ecol Modell 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2020.109321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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8
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Wang YL, Gao C, Chen L, Ji NN, Wu BW, Li XC, Lü PP, Zheng Y, Guo LD. Host plant phylogeny and geographic distance strongly structure Betulaceae-associated ectomycorrhizal fungal communities in Chinese secondary forest ecosystems. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2020; 95:5393368. [PMID: 30889238 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiz037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental filtering and dispersal limitation are two of the primary drivers of community assembly in ecosystems, but their effects on ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungal communities associated with wide ranges of Betulaceae taxa at a large scale are poorly documented. In this study, we examined EM fungal communities associated with 23 species from four genera (Alnus, Betula, Carpinus and Corylus) of Betulaceae in Chinese secondary forest ecosystems, using Illumina MiSeq sequencing of the ITS2 region. Effects of host plant phylogeny, soil, climate and geographic distance on EM fungal community were explored. In total, we distinguished 1738 EM fungal operational taxonomic units (OTUs) at a 97% sequence similarity level. The EM fungal communities of Alnus had significantly lower OTU richness than those associated with the other three plant genera. The EM fungal OTU richness was significantly affected by geographic distance, host plant phylogeny, soil and climate. The EM fungal community composition was significantly influenced by host plant phylogeny (12.1% of variation explained in EM fungal community), geographic distance (7.7%), soil (4.6%) and climate (1.1%). This finding highlights that environmental filtering linked to host plant phylogeny and dispersal limitation strongly influence EM fungal communities associated with Betulaceae plants in Chinese secondary forest ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Long Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Cheng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Liang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Niu-Niu Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bin-Wei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xing-Chun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Peng-Peng Lü
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Liang-Dong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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9
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Ramoneda J, Le Roux J, Frossard E, Bester C, Oettlé N, Frey B, Gamper HA. Insights from invasion ecology: Can consideration of eco-evolutionary experience promote benefits from root mutualisms in plant production? AOB PLANTS 2019; 11:plz060. [PMID: 31777649 PMCID: PMC6863469 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plz060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mutualistic plant-microbial functioning relies on co-adapted symbiotic partners as well as conducive environmental conditions. Choosing particular plant genotypes for domestication and subsequent cultivar selection can narrow the gene pools of crop plants to a degree that they are no longer able to benefit from microbial mutualists. Elevated mineral nutrient levels in cultivated soils also reduce the dependence of crops on nutritional support by mutualists such as mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobia. Thus, current ways of crop production are predestined to compromise the propagation and function of microbial symbionts, limiting their long-term benefits for plant yield stability. The influence of mutualists on non-native plant establishment and spread, i.e. biological invasions, provides an unexplored analogue to contemporary crop production that accounts for mutualistic services from symbionts like rhizobia and mycorrhizae. The historical exposure of organisms to biotic interactions over evolutionary timescales, or so-called eco-evolutionary experience (EEE), has been used to explain the success of such invasions. In this paper, we stress that consideration of the EEE concept can shed light on how to overcome the loss of microbial mutualist functions following crop domestication and breeding. We propose specific experimental approaches to utilize the wild ancestors of crops to determine whether crop domestication compromised the benefits derived from root microbial symbioses or not. This can predict the potential for success of mutualistic symbiosis manipulation in modern crops and the maintenance of effective microbial mutualisms over the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Ramoneda
- Group of Plant Nutrition, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Lindau, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Le Roux
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Emmanuel Frossard
- Group of Plant Nutrition, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Lindau, Switzerland
| | - Cecilia Bester
- South African Agricultural Research Council (ARC-Infruitec), Nieuwoudtville Northern Cape, Stellenbosch Central, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Noel Oettlé
- Environmental Monitoring Group (EMG), Nieuwoudtville Northern Cape, South Africa
| | - Beat Frey
- Rhizosphere Processes Group, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
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10
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Soil fungal community changes in response to long-term fire cessation and N fertilization in tallgrass prairie. FUNGAL ECOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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11
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Mueller RC, Scudder CM, Whitham TG, Gehring CA. Legacy effects of tree mortality mediated by ectomycorrhizal fungal communities. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 224:155-165. [PMID: 31209891 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Successive droughts have resulted in extensive tree mortality in the southwestern United States. Recovery of these areas is dependent on the survival and recruitment of young trees. For trees that rely on ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) for survival and growth, changes in soil fungal communities following tree mortality could negatively affect seedling establishment. We used tree-focused and stand-scale measurements to examine the impact of pinyon pine mortality on the performance of surviving juvenile trees and the potential for mutualism limitation of seedling establishment via altered EMF communities. Mature pinyon mortality did not affect the survival of juvenile pinyons, but increased their growth. At both tree and stand scales, high pinyon mortality had no effect on the abundance of EMF inocula, but led to altered EMF community composition including increased abundance of Geopora and reduced abundance of Tuber. Seedling biomass was strongly positively associated with Tuber abundance, suggesting that reductions in this genus with pinyon mortality could have negative consequences for establishing seedlings. These findings suggest that whereas mature pinyon mortality led to competitive release for established juvenile pinyons, changes in EMF community composition with mortality could limit successful seedling establishment and growth in high-mortality sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C Mueller
- Department of Biological Sciences and Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research, Northern Arizona University, 617 S. Beaver Street, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
- Chemical and Biological Engineering Department, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA
| | - Crescent M Scudder
- Department of Biological Sciences and Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research, Northern Arizona University, 617 S. Beaver Street, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
| | - Thomas G Whitham
- Department of Biological Sciences and Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research, Northern Arizona University, 617 S. Beaver Street, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
| | - Catherine A Gehring
- Department of Biological Sciences and Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research, Northern Arizona University, 617 S. Beaver Street, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
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12
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terHorst CP, Wirth C, Lau JA. Genetic variation in mutualistic and antagonistic interactions in an invasive legume. Oecologia 2018; 188:159-171. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-018-4211-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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14
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Petersen SM, Drewa PB. Are vegetation—environment relationships different between herbaceous and woody groundcover plants in barrens with shallow soils? ECOSCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.2980/16-2-3208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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15
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Komonen A, Sundström LM, Wall A, Halme P. Afforested fields benefit nutrient-demanding fungi. Restor Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.12282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atte Komonen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science; University of Jyväskylä; PO Box 35 Jyväskylä FI 40014 Finland
| | - Lotta M. Sundström
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science; University of Jyväskylä; PO Box 35 Jyväskylä FI 40014 Finland
| | - Antti Wall
- Natural Resources Institute Finland; Silmäjärventie 2 Kannus FI 69100 Finland
| | - Panu Halme
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science; University of Jyväskylä; PO Box 35 Jyväskylä FI 40014 Finland
- Natural History Museum; University of Jyväskylä; PO Box 35 Jyväskylä FI 40014 Finland
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16
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Bogar LM, Dickie IA, Kennedy PG. Testing the co-invasion hypothesis: ectomycorrhizal fungal communities onAlnus glutinosaandSalix fragilisin New Zealand. DIVERS DISTRIB 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. Bogar
- Department of Biology; Stanford University; 371 Serra Mall Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - Ian A. Dickie
- Bio-Protection Research Centre; Lincoln University; Box 85084 Lincoln New Zealand
- Landcare Research; Box 69040 Lincoln New Zealand
| | - Peter G. Kennedy
- Department of Plant Biology; 250 Biological Science Center; University of Minnesota; 1445 Gortner Ave St. Paul MN 55108 USA
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17
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Dickie IA, St John MG, Yeates GW, Morse CW, Bonner KI, Orwin K, Peltzer DA. Belowground legacies of Pinus contorta invasion and removal result in multiple mechanisms of invasional meltdown. AOB PLANTS 2014; 6:plu056. [PMID: 25228312 PMCID: PMC4240229 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plu056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Plant invasions can change soil biota and nutrients in ways that drive subsequent plant communities, particularly when co-invading with belowground mutualists such as ectomycorrhizal fungi. These effects can persist following removal of the invasive plant and, combined with effects of removal per se, influence subsequent plant communities and ecosystem functioning. We used field observations and a soil bioassay with multiple plant species to determine the belowground effects and post-removal legacy caused by invasion of the non-native tree Pinus contorta into a native plant community. Pinus facilitated ectomycorrhizal infection of the co-occurring invasive tree, Pseudotsuga menziesii, but not conspecific Pinus (which always had ectomycorrhizas) nor the native pioneer Kunzea ericoides (which never had ectomycorrhizas). Pinus also caused a major shift in soil nutrient cycling as indicated by increased bacterial dominance, NO3-N (17-fold increase) and available phosphorus (3.2-fold increase) in soils, which in turn promoted increased growth of graminoids. These results parallel field observations, where Pinus removal is associated with invasion by non-native grasses and herbs, and suggest that legacies of Pinus on soil nutrient cycling thus indirectly promote invasion of other non-native plant species. Our findings demonstrate that multi-trophic belowground legacies are an important but hitherto largely unconsidered factor in plant community reassembly following invasive plant removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian A Dickie
- Landcare Research, Lincoln, New Zealand Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Mark G St John
- Landcare Research, Lincoln, New Zealand Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Canada
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18
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Ibáñez I, McCarthy-Neumann S. Integrated assessment of the direct and indirect effects of resource gradients on tree species recruitment. Ecology 2014; 95:364-75. [DOI: 10.1890/13-0685.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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19
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Reithmeier L, Kernaghan G. Availability of ectomycorrhizal fungi to black spruce above the present treeline in Eastern Labrador. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77527. [PMID: 24204858 PMCID: PMC3812278 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECMF) are an important biotic factor in the survival of conifer seedlings under stressful conditions and therefore have the potential to facilitate conifer establishment into alpine and tundra habitats. In order to assess patterns of ectomycorrhizal availability and community structure above treeline, we conducted soil bioassays in which Picea mariana (black spruce) seedlings were grown in field-collected soils under controlled conditions. Soils were collected from distinct alpine habitats, each dominated by a different ectomycorrhizal host shrub: Betula glandulosa, Arctostaphylos alpina or Salix herbacaea. Within each habitat, half of the soils collected contained roots of ectomycorrhizal shrubs (host (+)) and the other half were free of host plants (host(-)). Forest and glacial moraine soils were also included for comparison. Fungi forming ectomycorrhizae during the bioassays were identified by DNA sequencing. Our results indicate that ECMF capable of colonizing black spruce are widespread above the current tree line in Eastern Labrador and that the level of available inoculum has a significant influence on the growth of seedlings under controlled conditions. Many of the host(-) soils possessed appreciable levels of ectomycorrhizal inoculum, likely in the form of spore banks. Inoculum levels in these soils may be influenced by spore production from neighboring soils where ectomycorrhizal shrubs are present. Under predicted temperature increases, ectomycorrhizal inoculum in soils with host shrubs as well as in nearby soils without host shrubs have the potential to facilitate conifer establishment above the present tree line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Reithmeier
- Biology Department, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Gavin Kernaghan
- Biology Department, Mount St. Vincent University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Distribution of ectomycorrhizal fungi in a Chamaecyparis obtusa stand at different distances from a mature Quercus serrata tree. MYCOSCIENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.myc.2012.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Identities and distributions of the co-invading ectomycorrhizal fungal symbionts of exotic pines in the Hawaiian Islands. Biol Invasions 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-013-0458-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Pickles BJ, Genney DR, Anderson IC, Alexander IJ. Spatial analysis of ectomycorrhizal fungi reveals that root tip communities are structured by competitive interactions. Mol Ecol 2012; 21:5110-23. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2012.05739.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ian J. Alexander
- University of Aberdeen; Institute of Biological & Environmental Sciences; Cruickshank Building; Aberdeen; AB24 3UU; UK
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Simberloff D, Souza L, Nuñez MA, Barrios-Garcia MN, Bunn W. The natives are restless, but not often and mostly when disturbed. Ecology 2012; 93:598-607. [PMID: 22624214 DOI: 10.1890/11-1232.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The argument that the threat posed by introduced species is overblown is often buttressed by the observation that native species sometimes also become invasive. An examination of the literature on plant invasions in the United States shows that six times more nonnative species have been termed invasive than native species, and that a member of the naturalized nonnative pool is 40 times more likely than a native species to be perceived as invasive. In the great majority of instances in which a native plant species is seen as invasive, the invasion is associated with an anthropogenic disturbance, especially changed fire or hydrological regime, livestock grazing, and changes wrought by an introduced species. These results suggest that natives are significantly less likely than nonnatives to be problematic for local ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Simberloff
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1610, USA.
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Bent E, Kiekel P, Brenton R, Taylor DL. Root-associated ectomycorrhizal fungi shared by various boreal forest seedlings naturally regenerating after a fire in interior alaska and correlation of different fungi with host growth responses. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:3351-9. [PMID: 21441343 PMCID: PMC3126461 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02575-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Accepted: 03/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of common mycorrhizal networks (CMNs) in postfire boreal forest successional trajectories is unknown. We investigated this issue by sampling a 50-m by 40-m area of naturally regenerating black spruce (Picea mariana), trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides), and paper birch (Betula papyrifera) seedlings at various distances from alder (Alnus viridis subsp. crispa), a nitrogen-fixing shrub, 5 years after wildfire in an Alaskan interior boreal forest. Shoot biomasses and stem diameters of 4-year-old seedlings were recorded, and the fungal community associated with ectomycorrhizal (ECM) root tips from each seedling was profiled using molecular techniques. We found distinct assemblages of fungi associated with alder compared with those associated with the other tree species, making the formation of CMNs between them unlikely. However, among the spruce, aspen, and birch seedlings, there were many shared fungi (including members of the Pezoloma ericae [Hymenoscyphus ericae] species aggregate, Thelephora terrestris, and Russula spp.), raising the possibility that these regenerating seedlings may form interspecies CMNs. Distance between samples did not influence how similar ECM root tip-associated fungal communities were, and of the fungal groups identified, only one of them was more likely to be shared between seedlings that were closer together, suggesting that the majority of fungi surveyed did not have a clumped distribution across the small scale of this study. The presence of some fungal ribotypes was associated with larger or smaller seedlings, suggesting that these fungi may play a role in the promotion or inhibition of seedling growth. The fungal ribotypes associated with larger seedlings were different between spruce, aspen, and birch, suggesting differential impacts of some host-fungus combinations. One may speculate that wildfire-induced shifts in a given soil fungal community could result in variation in the growth response of different plant species after fire and a shift in regenerating vegetation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Bent
- Department of Forest Mycology and Pathology, P.O. Box 7026, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Ulls Väg 26A, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Matheny PB, Austin EA, Birkebak JM, Wolfenbarger AD. Craterellus fallax, a Black Trumpet mushroom from eastern North America with a broad host range. MYCORRHIZA 2010; 20:569-575. [PMID: 20602121 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-010-0326-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2010] [Accepted: 06/20/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Phylogenetic analysis of ITS sequences of members of the Craterellus cornucopioides complex (Black Trumpet mushrooms) supports the taxonomic separation of Craterellus fallax apart from C. cornucopioides, with which it has been synonymized in the past. Examination of Pinus virginiana ectomycorrhizal (ECM) root tips and sequence comparison with other insufficiently identified environmental sequences from roots of Tsuga, Quercus, and possibly Castanea supports a broad host range in North America for the ECM symbiont C. fallax. This is the first molecular confirmation of an ECM symbiont with P. virginiana, which associates with a wide diversity of ECM fungi, and the first report of a Cantharellaceae symbiont with this tree, an eastern North American two-needled pine. Three unique species in the C. cornucopioides complex are recovered based on phylogenetic analysis: C. fallax, C. cornucopioides, and an unidentified Craterellus species similar to C. fallax but smaller in stature with smaller spores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Brandon Matheny
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, 569 Dabney Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996-1610, USA.
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Pickles BJ, Genney DR, Potts JM, Lennon JJ, Anderson IC, Alexander IJ. Spatial and temporal ecology of Scots pine ectomycorrhizas. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2010; 186:755-68. [PMID: 20202132 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03204.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Spatial analysis was used to explore the distribution of individual species in an ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungal community to address: whether mycorrhizas of individual ECM fungal species were patchily distributed, and at what scale; and what the causes of this patchiness might be. Ectomycorrhizas were extracted from spatially explicit samples of the surface organic horizons of a pine plantation. The number of mycorrhizas of each ECM fungal species was recorded using morphotyping combined with internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing. Semivariograms, kriging and cluster analyses were used to determine both the extent and scale of spatial autocorrelation in species abundances, potential interactions between species, and change over time. The mycorrhizas of some, but not all, ECM fungal species were patchily distributed and the size of patches differed between species. The relative abundance of individual ECM fungal species and the position of patches of ectomycorrhizas changed between years. Spatial and temporal analysis revealed a dynamic ECM fungal community with many interspecific interactions taking place, despite the homogeneity of the host community. The spatial pattern of mycorrhizas was influenced by the underlying distribution of fine roots, but local root density was in turn influenced by the presence of specific fungal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Pickles
- School of Biological Sciences, Plant and Soil Science, University of Aberdeen, St Machar Drive, Aberdeen, AB24 3UU, UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Lusk
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia (Author for correspondence: tel +61 2 98508165; fax +61 2 98508245; email )
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