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Fiorilli V, Martínez-Medina A, Pozo MJ, Lanfranco L. Plant Immunity Modulation in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis and Its Impact on Pathogens and Pests. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024; 62:127-156. [PMID: 39251211 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-121423-042014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis is the oldest and most widespread mutualistic association on Earth and involves plants and soil fungi belonging to Glomeromycotina. A complex molecular, cellular, and genetic developmental program enables partner recognition, fungal accommodation in plant tissues, and activation of symbiotic functions such as transfer of phosphorus in exchange for carbohydrates and lipids. AM fungi, as ancient obligate biotrophs, have evolved strategies to circumvent plant defense responses to guarantee an intimate and long-lasting mutualism. They are among those root-associated microorganisms able to boost plants' ability to cope with biotic stresses leading to mycorrhiza-induced resistance (MIR), which can be effective across diverse hosts and against different attackers. Here, we examine the molecular mechanisms underlying the modulation of plant immunity during colonization by AM fungi and at the onset and display of MIR against belowground and aboveground pests and pathogens. Understanding the MIR efficiency spectrum and its regulation is of great importance to optimizing the biotechnological application of these beneficial microbes for sustainable crop protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Fiorilli
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy;
| | - A Martínez-Medina
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca, CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Maria J Pozo
- Department of Soil and Plant Microbiology, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Granada, Spain;
| | - L Lanfranco
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy;
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Chen L, Zhang X, Li Q, Yang X, Huang Y, Zhang B, Ye L, Li X. Phosphatases: Decoding the Role of Mycorrhizal Fungi in Plant Disease Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9491. [PMID: 39273439 PMCID: PMC11395649 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25179491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2024] [Revised: 08/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycorrhizal fungi, a category of fungi that form symbiotic relationships with plant roots, can participate in the induction of plant disease resistance by secreting phosphatase enzymes. While extensive research exists on the mechanisms by which mycorrhizal fungi induce resistance, the specific contributions of phosphatases to these processes require further elucidation. This article reviews the spectrum of mycorrhizal fungi-induced resistance mechanisms and synthesizes a current understanding of how phosphatases mediate these effects, such as the induction of defense structures in plants, the negative regulation of plant immune responses, and the limitation of pathogen invasion and spread. It explores the role of phosphatases in the resistance induced by mycorrhizal fungi and provides prospective future research directions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- Sichuan Institute of Edible Fungi, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- Sichuan Institute of Edible Fungi, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Qiang Li
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Xuezhen Yang
- Sichuan Institute of Edible Fungi, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Sichuan Institute of Edible Fungi, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Sichuan Institute of Edible Fungi, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Lei Ye
- Sichuan Institute of Edible Fungi, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Xiaolin Li
- Sichuan Institute of Edible Fungi, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China
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Metwally RA, Taha MA, El-Moaty NMA, Abdelhameed RE. Attenuation of Zucchini mosaic virus disease in cucumber plants by mycorrhizal symbiosis. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2024; 43:54. [PMID: 38315215 PMCID: PMC10844420 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-023-03138-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi generated systemic acquired resistance in cucumber to Zucchini yellow mosaic virus, indicating their prospective application in the soil as a sustainable, environmentally friendly approach to inhibit the spread of pathogens. The wide spread of plant pathogens affects the whole world, causing several plant diseases and threatening national food security as it disrupts the quantity and quality of economically important crops. Recently, environmentally acceptable mitigating practices have been required for sustainable agriculture, restricting the use of chemical fertilizers in agricultural areas. Herein, the biological control of Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) plants using arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi was investigated. Compared to control plants, ZYMV-infected plants displayed high disease incidence (DI) and severity (DS) with various symptoms, including severe yellow mosaic, mottling and green blisters of leaves. However, AM fungal inoculation exhibited 50% inhibition for these symptoms and limited DS to 26% as compared to non-colonized ones. The detection of ZYMV by the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay technique exhibited a significant reduction in AM-inoculated plants (5.23-fold) compared with non-colonized ones. Besides, mycorrhizal root colonization (F%) was slightly reduced by ZYMV infection. ZYMV infection decreased all growth parameters and pigment fractions and increased the malondialdehyde (MDA) content, however, these parameters were significantly enhanced and the MDA content was decreased by AM fungal colonization. Also, the protein, proline and antioxidant enzymes (POX and CAT) were increased with ZYMV infection with more enhancements due to AM root colonization. Remarkably, defence pathogenesis-related (PR) genes such as PR-a, PR-b, and PR-10 were quickly expressed in response to AM treatment. Our findings demonstrated the beneficial function of AM fungi in triggering the plant defence against ZYMV as they caused systemic acquired resistance in cucumber plants and supported their potential use in the soil as an environment-friendly method of hindering the spread of pathogenic microorganisms sustainably.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabab A Metwally
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed A Taha
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Nada M Abd El-Moaty
- Microbiology Department, Soil, Water and Environment Research Institute (SWERI), Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Reda E Abdelhameed
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
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Priyashantha AKH, Dai DQ, Bhat DJ, Stephenson SL, Promputtha I, Kaushik P, Tibpromma S, Karunarathna SC. Plant-Fungi Interactions: Where It Goes? BIOLOGY 2023; 12:809. [PMID: 37372094 PMCID: PMC10295453 DOI: 10.3390/biology12060809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Fungi live different lifestyles-including pathogenic and symbiotic-by interacting with living plants. Recently, there has been a substantial increase in the study of phytopathogenic fungi and their interactions with plants. Symbiotic relationships with plants appear to be lagging behind, although progressive. Phytopathogenic fungi cause diseases in plants and put pressure on survival. Plants fight back against such pathogens through complicated self-defense mechanisms. However, phytopathogenic fungi develop virulent responses to overcome plant defense reactions, thus continuing their deteriorative impacts. Symbiotic relationships positively influence both plants and fungi. More interestingly, they also help plants protect themselves from pathogens. In light of the nonstop discovery of novel fungi and their strains, it is imperative to pay more attention to plant-fungi interactions. Both plants and fungi are responsive to environmental changes, therefore construction of their interaction effects has emerged as a new field of study. In this review, we first attempt to highlight the evolutionary aspect of plant-fungi interactions, then the mechanism of plants to avoid the negative impact of pathogenic fungi, and fungal strategies to overcome the plant defensive responses once they have been invaded, and finally the changes of such interactions under the different environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. K. Hasith Priyashantha
- Center for Yunnan Plateau Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing 655011, China; (A.K.H.P.); (D.-Q.D.)
| | - Dong-Qin Dai
- Center for Yunnan Plateau Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing 655011, China; (A.K.H.P.); (D.-Q.D.)
| | - Darbhe J. Bhat
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
- Biology Division, Vishnugupta Vishwavidyapeetam, Gokarna 581326, India
| | - Steven L. Stephenson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA;
| | - Itthayakorn Promputtha
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | | | - Saowaluck Tibpromma
- Center for Yunnan Plateau Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing 655011, China; (A.K.H.P.); (D.-Q.D.)
| | - Samantha C. Karunarathna
- Center for Yunnan Plateau Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing 655011, China; (A.K.H.P.); (D.-Q.D.)
- National Institute of Fundamental Studies (NIFS), Hantana Road, Kandy 20000, Sri Lanka
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Deja-Sikora E, Werner K, Hrynkiewicz K. AMF species do matter: Rhizophagus irregularis and Funneliformis mosseae affect healthy and PVY-infected Solanum tuberosum L. in a different way. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1127278. [PMID: 37138600 PMCID: PMC10150075 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1127278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) were documented to positively influence plant growth and yield, which is extremely important for the production of many crops including potato. However, the nature of the interaction between arbuscular mycorrhiza and plant virus that share the same host is not well characterized. In this study, we examined the effect of different AMF, Rhizophagus irregularis and Funneliformis mosseae, on healthy and potato virus Y (PVY)-infected Solanum tuberosum L. The analyses conducted included the measurement of potato growth parameters, oxidative stress indicators, and photosynthetic capacity. Additionally, we evaluated both the development of AMF in plant roots and the virus level in mycorrhizal plants. We found that two AMF species colonized plant roots to varying degrees (ca. 38% for R. irregularis vs. 20% for F. mosseae). Rhizophagus irregularis had a more positive effect on potato growth parameters, causing a significant increase in the total fresh and dry weight of tubers, along with virus-challenged plants. Furthermore, this species lowered hydrogen peroxide levels in PVY-infected leaves and positively modulated the levels of nonenzymatic antioxidants, i.e., ascorbate and glutathione in leaves and roots. Finally, both fungal species contributed to reduced lipid peroxidation and alleviation of virus-induced oxidative damage in plant organs. We also confirmed an indirect interaction between AMF and PVY inhabiting the same host. The two AMF species seemed to have different abilities to colonize the roots of virus-infected hosts, as R. irregularis showed a stronger drop in mycorrhizal development in the presence of PVY. At the same time, arbuscular mycorrhiza exerted an effect on virus multiplication, causing increased PVY accumulation in plant leaves and a decreased concentration of virus in roots. In conclusion, the effect of AMF-plant interactions may differ depending on the genotypes of both symbiotic partners. Additionally, indirect AMF-PVY interactions occur in host plants, diminishing the establishment of arbuscular mycorrhiza while changing the distribution of viral particles in plants.
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Boosting Sustainable Agriculture by Arbuscular Mycorrhiza under Stress Condition: Mechanism and Future Prospective. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:5275449. [PMID: 36619307 PMCID: PMC9815931 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5275449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Global agriculture is frequently subjected to stresses from increased salt content, drought, heavy metals, and other factors, which limit plant growth and production, deteriorate soil health, and constitute a severe danger to global food security. Development of environmentally acceptable mitigation techniques against stresses and restrictions on the use of chemical fertilizers in agricultural fields is essential. Therefore, eco-friendly practises must be kept to prevent the detrimental impacts of stress on agricultural regions. The advanced metabolic machinery needed to handle this issue is not now existent in plants to deal against the stresses. Research has shown that the key role and mechanisms of arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF) to enhance plant nutrient uptake, immobilisation and translocation of heavy metals, and plant growth-promoting attributes may be suitable agents for plant growth under diversed stressed condition. The successful symbiosis and the functional relationship between the plant and AMF may build the protective regulatory mechansm against the key challenge in particular stress. AMF's compatibility with hyperaccumulator plants has also been supported by studies on gene regulation and theoretical arguments. In order to address this account, the present review included reducing the impacts of biotic and abiotic stress through AMF, the mechanisms of AMF to improve the host plant's capacity to endure stress, and the strategies employed by AM fungus to support plant survival in stressful conditions.
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Chakraborty B, Das S, Gupta A, Xiong Y, Vyshnavi TV, Kizer ME, Duan J, Chandrasekaran AR, Wang X. Aptamers for Viral Detection and Inhibition. ACS Infect Dis 2022; 8:667-692. [PMID: 35220716 PMCID: PMC8905934 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent times have experienced more than ever the impact of viral infections in humans. Viral infections are known to cause diseases not only in humans but also in plants and animals. Here, we have compiled the literature review of aptamers selected and used for detection and inhibition of viral infections in all three categories: humans, animals, and plants. This review gives an in-depth introduction to aptamers, different types of aptamer selection (SELEX) methodologies, the benefits of using aptamers over commonly used antibody-based strategies, and the structural and functional mechanism of aptasensors for viral detection and therapy. The review is organized based on the different characterization and read-out tools used to detect virus-aptasensor interactions with a detailed index of existing virus-targeting aptamers. Along with addressing recent developments, we also discuss a way forward with aptamers for DNA nanotechnology-based detection and treatment of viral diseases. Overall, this review will serve as a comprehensive resource for aptamer-based strategies in viral diagnostics and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banani Chakraborty
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Sreyashi Das
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Arushi Gupta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Yanyu Xiong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Nick Holonyak Jr. Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory (HMNTL), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - T-V Vyshnavi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Megan E. Kizer
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jinwei Duan
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Chang’an University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710064, China
| | - Arun Richard Chandrasekaran
- The RNA Institute, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Xing Wang
- Nick Holonyak Jr. Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory (HMNTL), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology (IGB), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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Fujita M, Kusajima M, Fukagawa M, Okumura Y, Nakajima M, Akiyama K, Asami T, Yoneyama K, Kato H, Nakashita H. Response of tomatoes primed by mycorrhizal colonization to virulent and avirulent bacterial pathogens. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4686. [PMID: 35304874 PMCID: PMC8933586 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08395-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Most plants interact with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, which enhance disease resistance in the host plant. Because the effects of resistance against bacterial pathogens are poorly understood, we investigated the effects of mycorrhizal colonization on virulent and avirulent pathogens using phytopathological and molecular biology techniques. Tomato plants colonized by Gigaspora margarita acquired resistance not only against the fungal pathogen, Botrytis cinerea, but also against a virulent bacterial pathogen, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst). In G. margarita-colonized tomato, salicylic acid (SA)- and jasmonic acid (JA)-related defense genes were expressed more rapidly and strongly compared to those in the control plants when challenged by Pst, indicating that the plant immunity system was primed by mycorrhizal colonization. Gene expression analysis indicated that primed tomato plants responded to the avirulent pathogen, Pseudomonas syringae pv. oryzae, more rapidly and strongly compared to the control plant, where the effect on the JA-mediated signals was stronger than in the case with Pst. We found that the resistance induced by mycorrhizal colonization was effective against both fungal and bacterial pathogens including virulent and avirulent pathogens. Moreover, the activation of both SA- and JA-mediated signaling pathways can be enhanced in the primed plant by mycorrhizal colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moeka Fujita
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, Eiheiji, Japan
| | - Miyuki Kusajima
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, Eiheiji, Japan.,Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masatomo Fukagawa
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, Eiheiji, Japan
| | - Yasuko Okumura
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, Eiheiji, Japan
| | | | - Kohki Akiyama
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Japan
| | - Tadao Asami
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Yoneyama
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Japan
| | - Hisaharu Kato
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, Eiheiji, Japan
| | - Hideo Nakashita
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, Eiheiji, Japan.
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Zhang M, Shi Z, Zhang S, Gao J. A Database on Mycorrhizal Traits of Chinese Medicinal Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:840343. [PMID: 35300014 PMCID: PMC8921535 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.840343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The mycorrhizal traits of plants have been widely reported based on different scales or plant functional groups. To better utilize mycorrhizae to improve the cultivation yield and active ingredient accumulation of medicinal plants, a database of medicinal plant mycorrhizal characteristics is needed. A database on mycorrhizal traits including mycorrhizal type or status of Chinese medicinal plant species was assembled. In this study, the mycorrhizal type or status of a total of 3,230 medicinal plants was presented. Among them, the mycorrhizal traits of 1,321 species were ascertained. These medicinal plants had three mycorrhizal statuses, both single mycorrhiza (SM) and multi-mycorrhiza (MM) contained four mycorrhizal types. The majority of medicinal plants were obligatorily symbiotic with mycorrhizal fungi with 926 (70.10%) species. The most widespread mycorrhizal type is AM, which is associated with 842 medicinal plant species (90.93% of mycorrhiza has an obligatorily symbiotic relationship with Chinese medicinal plants). Another broadly studied mycorrhizal type is ECM, which is associated with 15 medicinal plant species. This study is the first exclusive database on mycorrhizal traits of medicinal plants, which provides both mycorrhizal type and status. This database provides valuable resources for identifying the mycorrhizal information of medicinal plants and enriching the theory of mycorrhizal traits, which will greatly benefit the production or management of medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menghan Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center for Rural Human Settlement, Luoyang, China
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Symbiotic Microorganism and Green Development, Luoyang, China
| | - Zhaoyong Shi
- College of Agriculture, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center for Rural Human Settlement, Luoyang, China
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Symbiotic Microorganism and Green Development, Luoyang, China
| | - Shan Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center for Rural Human Settlement, Luoyang, China
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Symbiotic Microorganism and Green Development, Luoyang, China
| | - Jiakai Gao
- College of Agriculture, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center for Rural Human Settlement, Luoyang, China
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Symbiotic Microorganism and Green Development, Luoyang, China
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Pandit MA, Kumar J, Gulati S, Bhandari N, Mehta P, Katyal R, Rawat CD, Mishra V, Kaur J. Major Biological Control Strategies for Plant Pathogens. Pathogens 2022; 11:273. [PMID: 35215215 PMCID: PMC8879208 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Food security has become a major concern worldwide in recent years due to ever increasing population. Providing food for the growing billions without disturbing environmental balance is incessantly required in the current scenario. In view of this, sustainable modes of agricultural practices offer better promise and hence are gaining prominence recently. Moreover, these methods have taken precedence currently over chemical-based methods of pest restriction and pathogen control. Adoption of Biological Control is one such crucial technique that is currently in the forefront. Over a period of time, various biocontrol strategies have been experimented with and some have exhibited great success and promise. This review highlights the different methods of plant-pathogen control, types of plant pathogens, their modus operandi and various biocontrol approaches employing a range of microorganisms and their byproducts. The study lays emphasis on the use of upcoming methodologies like microbiome management and engineering, phage cocktails, genetically modified biocontrol agents and microbial volatilome as available strategies to sustainable agricultural practices. More importantly, a critical analysis of the various methods enumerated in the paper indicates the need to amalgamate these techniques in order to improve the degree of biocontrol offered by them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Arora Pandit
- Department of Zoology, Kalindi College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110008, India;
| | - Jitendra Kumar
- Bangalore Bioinnovation Centre, Life Sciences Park, Electronics City Phase 1, Bengaluru 560100, India;
| | - Saloni Gulati
- Department of Botany, Dyal Singh College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110003, India; (S.G.); (N.B.); (P.M.); (R.K.)
| | - Neeru Bhandari
- Department of Botany, Dyal Singh College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110003, India; (S.G.); (N.B.); (P.M.); (R.K.)
| | - Poonam Mehta
- Department of Botany, Dyal Singh College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110003, India; (S.G.); (N.B.); (P.M.); (R.K.)
| | - Roma Katyal
- Department of Botany, Dyal Singh College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110003, India; (S.G.); (N.B.); (P.M.); (R.K.)
| | - Charu Dogra Rawat
- Department of Zoology, Ramjas College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India;
| | - Vachaspati Mishra
- Department of Botany, Dyal Singh College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110003, India; (S.G.); (N.B.); (P.M.); (R.K.)
| | - Jasleen Kaur
- Department of Botany, Dyal Singh College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110003, India; (S.G.); (N.B.); (P.M.); (R.K.)
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Aspects, problems and utilization of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) Application as Bio-fertilizer in sustainable Agriculture. CURRENT RESEARCH IN MICROBIAL SCIENCES 2022; 3:100107. [PMID: 35169758 PMCID: PMC8829076 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2022.100107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Raut JK, Baral K, Adhikari MK, Jha PK. Interaction of Mycorrhizal Fungi with Rhizospheric Microbes and Their Mode of Action. Fungal Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-04805-0_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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13
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Tabein S, Miozzi L, Matić S, Accotto GP, Noris E. No Evidence for Seed Transmission of Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Sardinia Virus in Tomato. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071673. [PMID: 34359841 PMCID: PMC8306144 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Seed transmission is an important factor in the epidemiology of plant pathogens. Geminiviruses are serious pests spread in tropical and subtropical regions. They are transmitted by hemipteran insects, but a few cases of transmission through seeds were recently reported. Here, we investigated the tomato seed transmissibility of the begomovirus tomato yellow leaf curl Sardinia virus (TYLCSV), one of the agents inducing the tomato yellow leaf curl disease, heavily affecting tomato crops in the Mediterranean area. None of the 180 seedlings originating from TYLCSV-infected plants showed any phenotypic alteration typical of virus infection. Moreover, whole viral genomic molecules could not be detected in their cotyledons and true leaves, neither by membrane hybridization nor by rolling-circle amplification followed by PCR, indicating that TYLCSV is not a seed-transmissible pathogen for tomato. Examining the localization of TYLCSV DNA in progenitor plants, we detected the virus genome by PCR in all vegetative and reproductive tissues, but viral genomic and replicative forms were found only in leaves, flowers and fruit flesh, not in seeds and embryos. Closer investigations allowed us to discover for the first time that these embryos were superficially contaminated by TYLCSV DNA but whole genomic molecules were not detectable. Therefore, the inability of TYLCSV genomic molecules to colonize tomato embryos during infection justifies the lack of seed transmissibility observed in this host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Tabein
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy, Strada delle Cacce, 73, 10135 Torino, Italy; (S.T.); (S.M.); (G.P.A.)
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz 61349, Iran
| | - Laura Miozzi
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy, Strada delle Cacce, 73, 10135 Torino, Italy; (S.T.); (S.M.); (G.P.A.)
- Correspondence: (L.M.); (E.N.); Tel.: +39-011-3977-942 (L.M.); +39-011-3977-916 (E.N.)
| | - Slavica Matić
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy, Strada delle Cacce, 73, 10135 Torino, Italy; (S.T.); (S.M.); (G.P.A.)
| | - Gian Paolo Accotto
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy, Strada delle Cacce, 73, 10135 Torino, Italy; (S.T.); (S.M.); (G.P.A.)
| | - Emanuela Noris
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy, Strada delle Cacce, 73, 10135 Torino, Italy; (S.T.); (S.M.); (G.P.A.)
- Correspondence: (L.M.); (E.N.); Tel.: +39-011-3977-942 (L.M.); +39-011-3977-916 (E.N.)
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14
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Kondhare KR, Patil AB, Giri AP. Auxin: An emerging regulator of tuber and storage root development. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 306:110854. [PMID: 33775360 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.110854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Many tuber and storage root crops owing to their high nutritional values offer high potential to overcome food security issues. The lack of information regarding molecular mechanisms that govern belowground storage organ development (except a tuber crop, potato) has limited the application of biotechnological strategies for improving storage crop yield. Phytohormones like gibberellin and cytokinin are known to play a crucial role in governing potato tuber development. Another phytohormone, auxin has been shown to induce tuber initiation and growth, and its crosstalk with gibberellin and strigolactone in a belowground modified stem (stolon) contributes to the overall potato tuber yield. In this review, we describe the crucial role of auxin biology in development of potato tubers. Considering the emerging reports from commercially important storage root crops (sweet potato, cassava, carrot, sugar beet and radish), we propose the function of auxin and related gene regulatory network in storage root development. The pattern of auxin content of stolon during various stages of potato tuber formation appears to be consistent with its level in various developmental stages of storage roots. We have also put-forward the potential of three-way interaction between auxin, strigolactone and mycorrhizal fungi in tuber and storage root development. Overall, we propose that auxin gene regulatory network and its crosstalk with other phytohormones in stolons/roots could govern belowground tuber and storage root development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirtikumar R Kondhare
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, Maharashtra, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Aruna B Patil
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, Maharashtra, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashok P Giri
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, Maharashtra, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
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15
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Differential Response of Mycorrhizal Plants to Tomato bushy stunt virus and Tomato mosaic virus Infection. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8122038. [PMID: 33352781 PMCID: PMC7766492 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8122038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV) and Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) are important economic pathogens in tomato fields. Rhizoglomus irregulare is a species of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus that provides nutrients to host plants. To understand the effect of R. irregulare on the infection by TBSV/ToMV in tomato plants, in a completely randomized design, five treatments, including uninfected control plants without AM fungi (C), uninfected control plants with AM fungi (M) TBSV/ToMV-infected plants without AM fungi (V), TBSV/ToMV-infected plants before mycorrhiza (VM) inoculation, and inoculated plants with mycorrhiza before TBSV/ToMV infection (MV), were studied. Factors including viral RNA accumulation and expression of Pathogenesis Related proteins (PR) coding genes including PR1, PR2, and PR3 in the young leaves were measured. For TBSV, a lower level of virus accumulation and a higher expression of PR genes in MV plants were observed compared to V and VM plants. In contrast, for ToMV, a higher level of virus accumulation and a lower expression of PR genes in MV plants were observed as compared to V and VM plants. These results indicated that mycorrhizal symbiosis reduces or increases the viral accumulation possibly via the regulation of PR genes in tomato plants.
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16
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Tabein S, Jansen M, Noris E, Vaira AM, Marian D, Behjatnia SAA, Accotto GP, Miozzi L. The Induction of an Effective dsRNA-Mediated Resistance Against Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus by Exogenous Application of Double-Stranded RNA Largely Depends on the Selection of the Viral RNA Target Region. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:533338. [PMID: 33329620 PMCID: PMC7732615 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.533338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is a devastating plant pathogen, causing huge crop losses worldwide. Unfortunately, due to its wide host range and emergence of resistance breaking strains, its management is challenging. Up to now, resistance to TSWV infection based on RNA interference (RNAi) has been achieved only in transgenic plants expressing parts of the viral genome or artificial microRNAs targeting it. Exogenous application of double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) for inducing virus resistance in plants, namely RNAi-based vaccination, represents an attractive and promising alternative, already shown to be effective against different positive-sense RNA viruses and viroids. In the present study, the protection efficacy of exogenous application of dsRNAs targeting the nucleocapsid (N) or the movement protein (NSm) coding genes of the negative-sense RNA virus TSWV was evaluated in Nicotiana benthamiana as model plant and in tomato as economically important crop. Most of the plants treated with N-targeting dsRNAs, but not with NSm-targeting dsRNAs, remained asymptomatic until 40 (N. benthamiana) and 63 (tomato) dpi, while the remaining ones showed a significant delay in systemic symptoms appearance. The different efficacy of N- and NSm-targeting dsRNAs in protecting plants is discussed in the light of their processing, mobility and biological role. These results indicate that the RNAi-based vaccination is effective also against negative-sense RNA viruses but emphasize that the choice of the target viral sequence in designing RNAi-based vaccines is crucial for its success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Tabein
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
- Plant Virology Research Center, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy, Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Jansen
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy, Turin, Italy
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Emanuela Noris
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy, Turin, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Vaira
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy, Turin, Italy
| | - Daniele Marian
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Gian Paolo Accotto
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy, Turin, Italy
| | - Laura Miozzi
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy, Turin, Italy
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17
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Sanmartín N, Sánchez-Bel P, Pastor V, Pastor-Fernández J, Mateu D, Pozo MJ, Cerezo M, Flors V. Root-to-shoot signalling in mycorrhizal tomato plants upon Botrytis cinerea infection. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 298:110595. [PMID: 32771152 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis is restricted in roots, but it also improves shoot responses against leaf challenges, a phenomenon known as Mycorrhiza-Induced Resistance (MIR). This study focuses on mycorrhizal root signals that may orchestrate shoot defence responses. Metabolomic analysis of non-mycorrhizal and mycorrhizal plants upon Botrytis cinerea infection showed that roots rearrange their metabolome mostly in response to the symbiosis, whereas in shoots a stronger impact of the infection is observed. Specific clusters of compounds in shoots and roots display a priming profile suggesting an implication in the enhanced resistance observed in mycorrhizal plants. Among the primed pathways in roots, lignans showed the highest number of hits followed by oxocarboxylic acids, compounds of the amino acid metabolism, and phytohormones. The lignan yatein was present at higher concentrations in roots, root efflux and leaves of mycorrhizal plants This lignan displayed in vitro antimicrobial activity against B. cinerea and it was also functional protecting tomato plants. Besides, several JA defence-related genes were upregulated in mycorrhizal roots regardless of the pathogen infection, whereas PIN-II was primed in roots of mycorrhizal infected plants. These observations suggest that the enhanced resistance in shoots during MIR may be coordinated by lignans and oxylipins with the participation of roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neus Sanmartín
- Metabolic Integration and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Plant Physiology Section, Unidad Asociada al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEZ-CSIC), Department of Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - Paloma Sánchez-Bel
- Metabolic Integration and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Plant Physiology Section, Unidad Asociada al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEZ-CSIC), Department of Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - Victoria Pastor
- Metabolic Integration and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Plant Physiology Section, Unidad Asociada al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEZ-CSIC), Department of Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - Julia Pastor-Fernández
- Metabolic Integration and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Plant Physiology Section, Unidad Asociada al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEZ-CSIC), Department of Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - Diego Mateu
- Metabolic Integration and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Plant Physiology Section, Unidad Asociada al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEZ-CSIC), Department of Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - María José Pozo
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel Cerezo
- Metabolic Integration and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Plant Physiology Section, Unidad Asociada al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEZ-CSIC), Department of Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - Víctor Flors
- Metabolic Integration and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Plant Physiology Section, Unidad Asociada al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEZ-CSIC), Department of Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain.
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18
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Kadam SB, Pable AA, Barvkar VT. Mycorrhiza induced resistance (MIR): a defence developed through synergistic engagement of phytohormones, metabolites and rhizosphere. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2020; 47:880-890. [PMID: 32586416 DOI: 10.1071/fp20035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plants get phosphorus, water and other soil nutrients at the cost of sugar through mycorrhizal symbiotic association. A common mycorrhizal network (CMN) - a dense network of mycorrhizal hyphae - provides a passage for exchange of chemicals and signals between the plants sharing CMN. Mycorrhisation impact plants at hormonal, physiological and metabolic level and successful symbiosis also regulates ecology of the plant rhizosphere. Apart from nutritional benefits, mycorrhisation provides an induced resistance to the plants known as mycorrhiza induced resistance (MIR). MIR is effective against soil as well as foliar pathogens and pest insects. In this review, molecular mechanisms underlying MIR such as role of phytohormones, their cross talk and priming effect are discussed. Evidence of MIR against economically important pathogens and pest insects in different plants is summarised. Mycorrhiza induces many plant secondary metabolites, many of which have a role in plant defence. Involvement of these secondary metabolites in mycorrhisation and their putative role in MIR are further reviewed. Controversies about MIR are also briefly discussed in order to provide insights on the scope for research about MIR. We have further extended our review with an open ended discussion about the possibilities for transgenerational MIR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapnil B Kadam
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune-411007, India
| | - Anupama A Pable
- Department of Microbiology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune-411007, India
| | - Vitthal T Barvkar
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune-411007, India; and Corresponding authors. ;
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19
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Miozzi L, Vaira AM, Brilli F, Casarin V, Berti M, Ferrandino A, Nerva L, Accotto GP, Lanfranco L. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis Primes Tolerance to Cucumber Mosaic Virus in Tomato. Viruses 2020; 12:E675. [PMID: 32580438 PMCID: PMC7354615 DOI: 10.3390/v12060675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Tomato plants can establish symbiotic interactions with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) able to promote plant nutrition and prime systemic plant defenses against pathogens attack; the mechanism involved is known as mycorrhiza-induced resistance (MIR). However, studies on the effect of AMF on viral infection, still limited and not conclusive, indicate that AMF colonization may have a detrimental effect on plant defenses against viruses, so that the term "mycorrhiza-induced susceptibility" (MIS) has been proposed for these cases. To expand the case studies to a not yet tested viral family, that is, Bromoviridae, we investigated the effect of the colonization by the AMF Funneliformis mosseae on cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) infection in tomato by phenotypic, physiological, biochemical, and transcriptional analyses. Our results showed that the establishment of a functional AM symbiosis is able to limit symptoms development. Physiological and transcriptomic data highlighted that AMF mitigates the drastic downregulation of photosynthesis-related genes and the reduction of photosynthetic CO2 assimilation rate caused by CMV infection. In parallel, an increase of salicylic acid level and a modulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-related genes, toward a limitation of ROS accumulation, was specifically observed in CMV-infected mycorrhizal plants. Overall, our data indicate that the AM symbiosis influences the development of CMV infection in tomato plants and exerts a priming effect able to enhance tolerance to viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Miozzi
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy (IPSP-CNR), Torino, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy; (A.M.V.); (V.C.); (M.B.); (L.N.); (G.P.A.)
| | - Anna Maria Vaira
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy (IPSP-CNR), Torino, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy; (A.M.V.); (V.C.); (M.B.); (L.N.); (G.P.A.)
| | - Federico Brilli
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy (IPSP-CNR), Unit of Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy;
| | - Valerio Casarin
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy (IPSP-CNR), Torino, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy; (A.M.V.); (V.C.); (M.B.); (L.N.); (G.P.A.)
| | - Mara Berti
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy (IPSP-CNR), Torino, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy; (A.M.V.); (V.C.); (M.B.); (L.N.); (G.P.A.)
| | - Alessandra Ferrandino
- Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy;
| | - Luca Nerva
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy (IPSP-CNR), Torino, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy; (A.M.V.); (V.C.); (M.B.); (L.N.); (G.P.A.)
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics—Research Centre for Viticulture and Enology CREA-VE, Via XXVIII Aprile 26, 31015 Conegliano (TV), Italy
| | - Gian Paolo Accotto
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy (IPSP-CNR), Torino, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy; (A.M.V.); (V.C.); (M.B.); (L.N.); (G.P.A.)
| | - Luisa Lanfranco
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125 Torino, Italy
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20
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Deja-Sikora E, Kowalczyk A, Trejgell A, Szmidt-Jaworska A, Baum C, Mercy L, Hrynkiewicz K. Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Changes the Impact of Potato Virus Y on Growth and Stress Tolerance of Solanum tuberosum L. in vitro. Front Microbiol 2020; 10:2971. [PMID: 32010078 PMCID: PMC6974554 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Under the field conditions crop plants interact with diverse microorganisms. These include beneficial (symbiotic) and phytopathogenic microorganisms, which jointly affect growth and productivity of the plants. In last decades, production of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) suffers from increased incidence of potato virus Y (PVY), which is one of most important potato pests. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are common symbionts of potato, however the impact of mycorrhizal symbiosis on the progression of PVY-induced disease is scarcely known. Therefore, in the present study we investigated the effect of joint PVY infection and mycorrhizal colonization by Rhizophagus irregularis on growth traits of the host potato plant (cv. Pirol). The tested PVY isolate belonged to N-Wilga strain group, which is considered to be predominant in Europe and many other parts of the world. The viral particles were concentrated in the leaves, but decreased the root growth. Furthermore, the infection with PVY evoked prolonged oxidative stress reflected by increased level of endogenous H2O2. AMF alleviated oxidative stress in PVY-infected host plants by a substantial decrease in the level of shoot- and root-derived H2O2, but still caused asymptomatic growth depression. It was assumed that mycorrhizal symbiosis of potato might mask infection by PVY in field observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edyta Deja-Sikora
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland.,Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Anita Kowalczyk
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Alina Trejgell
- Chair of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Adriana Szmidt-Jaworska
- Chair of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Christel Baum
- Chair of Soil Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Katarzyna Hrynkiewicz
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland.,Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
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21
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Aseel DG, Rashad YM, Hammad SM. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Trigger Transcriptional Expression of Flavonoid and Chlorogenic Acid Biosynthetic Pathways Genes in Tomato against Tomato Mosaic Virus. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9692. [PMID: 31273308 PMCID: PMC6609724 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46281-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tomato mosaic disease, caused by Tomato Mosaic Virus (ToMV), is one of the most destructive diseases which results in serious crop losses. Research investigations dealing with the biocontrol activity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) against this viral disease are limited. In this study, the biocontrol activity of AMF on tomato plants infected with ToMV was evaluated in the greenhouse. In addition, their impacts on the transcriptional expression levels of thirteen genes controlling the phenylpropanoid, flavonoid and chlorogenic acid biosynthetic pathways were also investigated using quantitative real-time PCR. Transcriptional expressions of the majority of the studied genes were up-regulated by mycorrhizal colonization in the presence of ToMV, particularly PAL1 and HQT, suggesting their pathogen-dependent inducing effect. Under greenhouse conditions, a significant reduction in the disease severity and incidence, as well as the viral accumulation level was observed as a response to the mycorrhizal colonization of the infected plants. Moreover, the evaluated growth parameters, photosynthetic pigments, and flavonoid content were significantly enhanced by AMF colonization. The obtained results demonstrated the protective role of AMF in triggering the plant immunity against ToMV in a pathogen-dependent manner. Beside their protective and growth-promotion activities, AMF are characterized by low-cost and environment-friendly properties which support their possible use for control of tomato mosaic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia G Aseel
- Plant Protection and Biomolecular Diagnosis Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, New Borg El-Arab City, 21934, Egypt
| | - Younes M Rashad
- Plant Protection and Biomolecular Diagnosis Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, New Borg El-Arab City, 21934, Egypt.
| | - Saad M Hammad
- Plant Protection and Biomolecular Diagnosis Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, New Borg El-Arab City, 21934, Egypt
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22
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Hao Z, Xie W, Chen B. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis Affects Plant Immunity to Viral Infection and Accumulation. Viruses 2019; 11:E534. [PMID: 31181739 PMCID: PMC6630321 DOI: 10.3390/v11060534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, as root symbionts of most terrestrial plants, improve plant growth and fitness. In addition to the improved plant nutritional status, the physiological changes that trigger metabolic changes in the root via AM fungi can also increase the host ability to overcome biotic and abiotic stresses. Plant viruses are one of the important limiting factors for the commercial cultivation of various crops. The effect of AM fungi on viral infection is variable, and considerable attention is focused on shoot virus infection. This review provides an overview of the potential of AM fungi as bioprotection agents against viral diseases and emphasizes the complex nature of plant-fungus-virus interactions. Several mechanisms, including modulated plant tolerance, manipulation of induced systemic resistance (ISR), and altered vector pressure are involved in such interactions. We propose that using "omics" tools will provide detailed insights into the complex mechanisms underlying mycorrhizal-mediated plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Wei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Baodong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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23
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Miozzi L, Vaira AM, Catoni M, Fiorilli V, Accotto GP, Lanfranco L. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis: Plant Friend or Foe in the Fight Against Viruses? Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1238. [PMID: 31231333 PMCID: PMC6558290 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant roots establish interactions with several beneficial soil microorganisms including arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). In addition to promoting plant nutrition and growth, AMF colonization can prime systemic plant defense and enhance tolerance to a wide range of environmental stresses and below-ground pathogens. A protective effect of the AMF against above-ground pathogens has also been described in different plant species, but it seems to largely rely on the type of attacker. Viruses are obligate biotrophic pathogens able to infect a large number of plant species, causing massive losses in crop yield worldwide. Despite their economic importance, information on the effect of the AM symbiosis on viral infection is limited and not conclusive. However, several experimental evidences, obtained under controlled conditions, show that AMF colonization may enhance viral infection, affecting susceptibility, symptomatology and viral replication, possibly related to the improved nutritional status and to the delayed induction of pathogenesis-related proteins in the mycorrhizal plants. In this review, we give an overview of the impact of the AMF colonization on plant infection by pathogenic viruses and summarize the current knowledge of the underlying mechanisms. For the cases where AMF colonization increases the susceptibility of plants to viruses, the term "mycorrhiza-induced susceptibility" (MIS) is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Miozzi
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy (IPSP-CNR), Turin, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Vaira
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy (IPSP-CNR), Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Catoni
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Valentina Fiorilli
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Gian Paolo Accotto
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy (IPSP-CNR), Turin, Italy
| | - Luisa Lanfranco
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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Harman GE, Uphoff N. Symbiotic Root-Endophytic Soil Microbes Improve Crop Productivity and Provide Environmental Benefits. SCIENTIFICA 2019; 2019:9106395. [PMID: 31065398 PMCID: PMC6466867 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9106395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Plants should not be regarded as entities unto themselves, but as the visible part of plant-microbe complexes which are best understood as "holobiomes." Some microorganisms when given the opportunity to inhabit plant roots become root symbionts. Such root colonization by symbiotic microbes can raise crop yields by promoting the growth of both shoots and roots, by enhancing uptake, fixation, and/or more efficient use of nutrients, by improving plants' resistance to pests, diseases, and abiotic stresses that include drought, salt, and other environmental conditions, and by enhancing plants' capacity for photosynthesis. We refer plant-microbe associations with these capabilities that have been purposefully established as enhanced plant holobiomes (EPHs). Here, we consider four groups of phylogenetically distinct and distant symbiotic endophytes: (1) Rhizobiaceae bacteria; (2) plant-obligate arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF); (3) selected endophytic strains of fungi in the genus Trichoderma; and (4) fungi in the Sebicales order, specifically Piriformospora indica. Although these exhibit quite different "lifestyles" when inhabiting plants, all induce beneficial systemic changes in plants' gene expression that are surprisingly similar. For example, all induce gene expression that produces proteins which detoxify reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS are increased by environmental stresses on plants or by overexcitation of photosynthetic pigments. Gene overexpression results in a cellular environment where ROS levels are controlled and made more compatible with plants' metabolic processes. EPHs also frequently exhibit increased rates of photosynthesis that contribute to greater plant growth and other capabilities. Soil organic matter (SOM) is augmented when plant root growth is increased and roots remain in the soil. The combination of enhanced photosynthesis, increasing sequestration of CO2 from the air, and elevation of SOM removes C from the atmosphere and stores it in the soil. Reductions in global greenhouse gas levels can be accelerated by incentives for carbon farming and carbon cap-and-trade programs that reward such climate-friendly agriculture. The development and spread of EPHs as part of such initiatives has potential both to enhance farm productivity and incomes and to decelerate global warming.
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Deja-Sikora E, Mercy L, Baum C, Hrynkiewicz K. The Contribution of Endomycorrhiza to the Performance of Potato Virus Y-Infected Solanaceous Plants: Disease Alleviation or Exacerbation? Front Microbiol 2019; 10:516. [PMID: 30984121 PMCID: PMC6449694 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Solanaceae, comprising meaningful crops (as potato, tomato, pepper, eggplant, and tobacco), can benefit from a symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), which improve plant fitness and support plant defense against pathogens. Currently, those crops are likely the most impacted by Potato virus Y (PVY). Unfortunately, the effects of AM symbiosis on the severity of disease induced by PVY in solanaceous crops remain uncertain, partly because the interplay between AMF and PVY is poorly characterized. To shed some light on this issue, available studies on interactions in tripartite association between the host plant, its fungal colonizer, and viral pathogen were analyzed and discussed. Although the best-documented PVY transmission pathway is aphid-dependent, PVY infections are also observed in the absence of insect vector. We hypothesize the existence of an additional pathway for virus transmission involving AMF, in which the common mycorrhizal network (CMN) may act as a potential bridge. Therefore, we reviewed (1) the significance of AM colonization for the course of disease, (2) the potential of AMF networks to act as vectors for PVY, and (3) the consequences for crop breeding and production of AM biofertilizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edyta Deja-Sikora
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
| | | | - Christel Baum
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Katarzyna Hrynkiewicz
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
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Buendia L, Wang T, Girardin A, Lefebvre B. The LysM receptor-like kinase SlLYK10 regulates the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in tomato. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 210:184-95. [PMID: 26612325 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Most plants have the ability to establish a symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, which allows better plant nutrition. A plant signaling pathway, called the common symbiosis signaling pathway (CSSP), is essential for the establishment of both AM and root nodule symbioses. The CSSP is activated by microbial signals. Plant receptor(s) for AM fungal signals required for the activation of the CSSP and initial fungal penetration are currently unknown. We set up conditions to use virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) in Solanum lycopersicum to study the genes potentially involved in AM. We show that the lysin motif receptor-like kinase SlLYK10, whose orthologs in legumes are essential for nodulation, but not for AM, and SlCCaMK, a component of the CSSP, are required for penetration of the AM fungus Rhizophagus irregularis into the roots of young tomato plants. Our results support the hypothesis that the SILYK10 ancestral gene originally played a role in AM and underwent duplication and neofunctionalization for a role in nodulation in legumes. Moreover, we conclude that VIGS is an efficient method for fast screening of genes playing major roles in AM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Buendia
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, INRA, UMR441, Castanet-Tolosan, F-31326, France
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, CNRS, UMR2594, Castanet-Tolosan, F-31326, France
| | - Tongming Wang
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, INRA, UMR441, Castanet-Tolosan, F-31326, France
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, CNRS, UMR2594, Castanet-Tolosan, F-31326, France
| | - Ariane Girardin
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, INRA, UMR441, Castanet-Tolosan, F-31326, France
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, CNRS, UMR2594, Castanet-Tolosan, F-31326, France
| | - Benoit Lefebvre
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, INRA, UMR441, Castanet-Tolosan, F-31326, France
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, CNRS, UMR2594, Castanet-Tolosan, F-31326, France
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Song Y, Chen D, Lu K, Sun Z, Zeng R. Enhanced tomato disease resistance primed by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:786. [PMID: 26442091 PMCID: PMC4585261 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Roots of most terrestrial plants form symbiotic associations (mycorrhiza) with soil- borne arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Many studies show that mycorrhizal colonization enhances plant resistance against pathogenic fungi. However, the mechanism of mycorrhiza-induced disease resistance remains equivocal. In this study, we found that mycorrhizal inoculation with AMF Funneliformis mosseae significantly alleviated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill.) early blight disease caused by Alternaria solani Sorauer. AMF pre-inoculation led to significant increases in activities of β-1,3-glucanase, chitinase, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and lipoxygenase (LOX) in tomato leaves upon pathogen inoculation. Mycorrhizal inoculation alone did not influence the transcripts of most genes tested. However, pathogen attack on AMF-inoculated plants provoked strong defense responses of three genes encoding pathogenesis-related proteins, PR1, PR2, and PR3, as well as defense-related genes LOX, AOC, and PAL, in tomato leaves. The induction of defense responses in AMF pre-inoculated plants was much higher and more rapid than that in un-inoculated plants in present of pathogen infection. Three tomato genotypes: a Castlemart wild-type (WT) plant, a jasmonate (JA) biosynthesis mutant (spr2), and a prosystemin-overexpressing 35S::PS plant were used to examine the role of the JA signaling pathway in AMF-primed disease defense. Pathogen infection on mycorrhizal 35S::PS plants led to higher induction of defense-related genes and enzymes relative to WT plants. However, pathogen infection did not induce these genes and enzymes in mycorrhizal spr2 mutant plants. Bioassays showed that 35S::PS plants were more resistant and spr2 plants were more susceptible to early blight compared with WT plants. Our finding indicates that mycorrhizal colonization enhances tomato resistance to early blight by priming systemic defense response, and the JA signaling pathway is essential for mycorrhiza-primed disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Song
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, FuzhouChina
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, GuangzhouChina
| | - Dongmei Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, FuzhouChina
| | - Kai Lu
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, FuzhouChina
| | - Zhongxiang Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, FuzhouChina
| | - Rensen Zeng
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, FuzhouChina
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, GuangzhouChina
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Noris E, Miozzi L. Real-time PCR protocols for the quantification of the begomovirus tomato yellow leaf curl Sardinia virus in tomato plants and in its insect vector. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1236:61-72. [PMID: 25287496 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1743-3_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Tomato yellow leaf curl Sardinia virus (TYLCSV) (Geminiviridae) is an important pathogen, transmitted by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci, that severely affects the tomato production in the Mediterranean basin. Here, we describe real-time PCR protocols suitable for relative and absolute quantification of TYLCSV in tomato plants and in whitefly extracts. Using primers and probe specifically designed for TYLCSV, the protocols for relative quantification allow to compare the amount of TYLCSV present in different plant or whitefly samples, normalized to the amount of DNA present in each sample using endogenous tomato or Bemisia genes as internal references. The absolute quantification protocol allows to calculate the number of genomic units of TYLCSV over the genomic units of the plant host (tomato), with a sensitivity of as few as ten viral genome copies per sample. The described protocols are potentially suitable for several applications, such as plant breeding for resistance, analysis of virus replication, and virus-vector interaction studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Noris
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP), National Research Council (CNR), Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135, Torino, Italy,
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Zhu H, Zhang R, Chen W, Gu Z, Xie X, Zhao H, Yao Q. The possible involvement of salicylic acid and hydrogen peroxide in the systemic promotion of phenolic biosynthesis in clover roots colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 178:27-34. [PMID: 25765360 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2015.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) colonization can induce both the local and the systemic increase in phenolic accumulation in hosts. However, the signaling molecules responsible for the systemic induction is still unclear. In this study, a split-root rhizobox system was designed to explore these molecules, with one half of clover (Trifolium repense) roots colonized by AMF, Funneliformis mosseae (formerly known as Glomus mosseae), and the other not (NM/M). Plants with two halves both (M/M) or neither (NM/NM) inoculated were also established for comparison. The contents of phenols and the accumulation of salicylic acid (SA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and nitric oxide (NO) in roots were monitored, the activities of L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in roots were assayed, and the expressions of pal and chs (gene encoding chalcone synthase) genes in roots were also quantified using qRT-PCR. Results indicated that when phenolic content in NM/NM plants was lower than that in M/M plants, AMF colonization systemically induced the increase in phenolic content in NM/M plants. Similarly, the accumulations of SA and H2O2 were increased by AMF both locally and systemically, while that of NO was only increased locally. Moreover, enzyme assay and qRT-PCR were in accordance with these results. These data suggest that AMF colonization can systemically increase the phenolic biosynthesis, and SA and H2O2 are possibly the signaling molecules involved. The role of MeSA, a signaling molecule capable of long distance transport in this process, is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghui Zhu
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology (Ministry-Guangdong Province Jointly Breeding Base) South China, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruiqin Zhang
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; College of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Weili Chen
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenhong Gu
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology (Ministry-Guangdong Province Jointly Breeding Base) South China, Guangzhou, China; College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaolin Xie
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology (Ministry-Guangdong Province Jointly Breeding Base) South China, Guangzhou, China; College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haiquan Zhao
- College of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Qing Yao
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology (Ministry-Guangdong Province Jointly Breeding Base) South China, Guangzhou, China; College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
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Mendoza-Figueroa JS, Soriano-García M, Valle-Castillo LB, Méndez-Lozano J. Peptides and Peptidomics: A Tool with Potential in Control of Plant Viral Diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/aim.2014.49060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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