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Šebeková K, Gurecká R, Podracká Ľ. Association of Leukocyte, Erythrocyte, and Platelet Counts with Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components in Young Individuals without Overt Signs of Inflammation: A Cross-Sectional Study. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 11:66. [PMID: 38255379 PMCID: PMC10814977 DOI: 10.3390/children11010066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The presence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and mortality. MetS is associated with increased leukocyte or erythrocyte counts. In 16- to 20-year-old males (n = 1188) and females (n = 1231) without signs of overt inflammation, we studied whether the presence of MetS and its components results in elevated blood cell counts. The leukocyte, erythrocyte, and thrombocyte counts significantly but weakly correlated with the continuous MetS score, MetS components, uric acid, and C-reactive protein levels both in males (r = -0.09 to 0.2; p < 0.01) and females (r = -0.08 to 0.2; p < 0.05). Subjects with MetS had higher leukocyte (males: 6.2 ± 1.3 vs. 6.9 ± 1.2 × 109/L; females 6.6 ± 1.5 vs. 7.5 ± 1.6 × 109/L; p < 0.001), erythrocyte (males: 5.1 ± 0.3 vs. 5.3 ± 0.3 × 1012/L; females: 4.5 ± 0.3 vs. 4.8 ± 0.3 × 1012/L; p < 0.001), and platelet counts (males: 245 ± 48 vs. 261 ± 47 × 109/L; females: 274 ± 56 vs. 288 ± 74 × 109/L; p < 0.05) than those without MetS. With the exception of platelet counts in females, the blood counts increased with the number of manifested MetS components. Phenotypes with the highest average leukocyte, erythrocyte, or platelet counts differed between sexes, and their prevalence was low (males: 0.3% to 3.9%; females: 1.2% to 2.7%). Whether functional changes in blood elements accompany MetS and whether the increase in blood counts within the reference ranges represents a risk for future manifestation of cardiometabolic diseases remain unanswered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarína Šebeková
- Institute of Molecular BioMedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 81108 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Radana Gurecká
- Institute of Molecular BioMedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 81108 Bratislava, Slovakia;
- Institute of Medical Physics, Biophysics, Informatics and Telemedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 81372 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ľudmila Podracká
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, National Institute for Children Health, Comenius University, 83340 Bratislava, Slovakia;
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An exposome-wide association study on body mass index in adolescents using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2004 and 2013-2014 data. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8856. [PMID: 35614137 PMCID: PMC9132896 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12459-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Excess weight is a public health challenge affecting millions worldwide, including younger age groups. The human exposome concept presents a novel opportunity to comprehensively characterize all non-genetic disease determinants at susceptible time windows. This study aimed to describe the association between multiple lifestyle and clinical exposures and body mass index (BMI) in adolescents using the exposome framework. We conducted an exposome-wide association (ExWAS) study using U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003–2004 wave for discovery of associations between study population characteristics and zBMI, and used the 2013–2014 wave to replicate analysis. We included non-diabetic and non-pregnant adolescents aged 12–18 years. We performed univariable and multivariable linear regression analysis adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, household smoking, and income to poverty ratio, and corrected for false-discovery rate (FDR). A total of 1899 and 1224 participants were eligible from 2003–2004 and 2013–2014 survey waves. Weighted proportions of overweight were 18.4% and 18.5% whereas those for obese were 18.1% and 20.6% in 2003–2004 and 2013–2014, respectively. Retained exposure agents included 75 laboratory (clinical and biomarkers of environmental chemical exposures) and 64 lifestyle (63 dietary and 1 physical activity) variables. After FDR correction, univariable regression identified 27 and 12 predictors in discovery and replication datasets, respectively, while multivariable regression identified 22 and 9 predictors in discovery and replication datasets, respectively. Six were significant in both datasets: alanine aminotransferase, gamma glutamyl transferase, segmented neutrophils number, triglycerides; uric acid and white blood cell count. In this ExWAS study using NHANES data, we described associations between zBMI, nutritional, clinical and environmental factors in adolescents. Future studies are warranted to investigate the role of the identified predictors as early-stage biomarkers of increased BMI and associated pathologies among adolescents and to replicate findings to other populations.
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Changes in leukocyte profile and C-reactive protein concentration in overweight and obese adolescents after reduction of body weight. Cent Eur J Immunol 2019; 44:307-315. [PMID: 31871419 PMCID: PMC6925564 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2019.89608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim of the study To assess the changes in the leukocyte profile and C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration in adolescents with excess fat mass after 6-12 months of dietary intervention. Material and methods The retrospective study included 99 overweight and obese adolescents, aged from 10.0 to 17.5 years, 82 of whom were re-hospitalized 6 to 12 months after dietary counseling. The control group consisted of 42 normal weight peers. Anthropometric measurements and laboratory tests were performed, homeostasis model assessment – insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and triglycerides/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG/HDL-C) ratio were calculated. Results Obese and overweight adolescents had higher white blood cells (WBC), neutrophil, monocyte counts and CRP concentration. In the backward stepwise regression analysis, body mass index standard deviation score (BMI SDS) and fasting insulin concentration were independent predictors of WBC and neutrophil counts at the baseline. At the follow-up visit in 45 (54.8%) children, who had lost weight, decreases in WBC, neutrophil and monocyte counts and CRP, fasting insulin, total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and triglycerides (TG) concentrations were observed. Changes in WBC and neutrophil counts were dependent on changes in HOMA-IR and TG/HDL ratio. Changes in HOMA-IR had a significant impact on changes in the monocyte count. Conclusions Adipose tissue promotes systemic inflammation and its intensity depends on the degree of obesity and insulin resistance. This state is reversible. Changes in HOMA-IR were independent predictors of changes in WBC, neutrophil and monocyte counts after reduction of body weight.
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Zang X, Meng X, Wang Y, Jin X, Wu T, Liu X, Geng H, Xu W, Wang Y, Teng F, Qiu Q, Yang M, Liang J. Six-year follow-up study on the association between white blood cell count and fasting blood glucose level in Chinese adults: A community-based health examination survey. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2019; 35:e3125. [PMID: 30614185 PMCID: PMC6519278 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pre-diabetes is considered to be an important reversible stage of type 2 diabetes (T2DM); thus, early identification of pre-diabetes may help in the prevention of T2DM. This study aimed to explore the relationship between white blood cell (WBC) counts and the cumulative risk of impaired fasting glucose (IFG) regulation at 6 years. METHODS A community-based health examination survey was conducted among individuals who were randomly selected from 1300 residents living in China in 2010 to 2016. The participants were divided into four groups according to WBC baseline level. This study initially conducted a cross-sectional analysis of the population who underwent physical examination to explore the relationship between WBC count and FBG levels. Then, a follow-up study was conducted on the population who underwent IFG normal physical examination to explore the relationship between baseline WBC count and changes in FBG levels and the cumulative risk of 6-year IFG. RESULTS During the 6-year cohort follow-up, 17.2% of the participants developed IFG, and the cumulative incidence rates of IFG in the four groups were 14.7%, 16.3%, 15.8%, and 22.2%. By Cox multiple regression equation the hazard ratio (HR) of the IFG increased by 18.7% for each additional unit of baseline WBC count with no adjustment of any factor. After adjusting factors, HR increased by 8.4%. CONCLUSION Increased WBC counts are associated with risk of IFG, suggesting chronic inflammation may be involved in the development and progression of IFG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu Zang
- Graduate School of Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouChina
| | - Xiangyu Meng
- Clinical School of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yun Wang
- Graduate School of Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouChina
| | - Xiao Jin
- Graduate School of Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouChina
| | - Tingting Wu
- Graduate School of Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouChina
| | - Xuekui Liu
- Xuzhou Clinical School of Xuzhou Medical University, Department of Endocrinology, Xuzhou Central Hospital; Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Southeast University; Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese MedicineXuzhou Clinical School of Nanjing Medical UniversityXuzhuoChina
| | - Houfa Geng
- Xuzhou Clinical School of Xuzhou Medical University, Department of Endocrinology, Xuzhou Central Hospital; Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Southeast University; Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese MedicineXuzhou Clinical School of Nanjing Medical UniversityXuzhuoChina
| | - Wei Xu
- Xuzhou Clinical School of Xuzhou Medical University, Department of Endocrinology, Xuzhou Central Hospital; Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Southeast University; Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese MedicineXuzhou Clinical School of Nanjing Medical UniversityXuzhuoChina
| | - Yu Wang
- Xuzhou Clinical School of Xuzhou Medical University, Department of Endocrinology, Xuzhou Central Hospital; Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Southeast University; Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese MedicineXuzhou Clinical School of Nanjing Medical UniversityXuzhuoChina
| | - Fei Teng
- Xuzhou Clinical School of Xuzhou Medical University, Department of Endocrinology, Xuzhou Central Hospital; Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Southeast University; Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese MedicineXuzhou Clinical School of Nanjing Medical UniversityXuzhuoChina
| | - Qinqin Qiu
- Xuzhou Clinical School of Xuzhou Medical University, Department of Endocrinology, Xuzhou Central Hospital; Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Southeast University; Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese MedicineXuzhou Clinical School of Nanjing Medical UniversityXuzhuoChina
| | - Manqing Yang
- Xuzhou Clinical School of Xuzhou Medical University, Department of Endocrinology, Xuzhou Central Hospital; Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Southeast University; Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese MedicineXuzhou Clinical School of Nanjing Medical UniversityXuzhuoChina
| | - Jun Liang
- Xuzhou Clinical School of Xuzhou Medical University, Department of Endocrinology, Xuzhou Central Hospital; Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Southeast University; Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese MedicineXuzhou Clinical School of Nanjing Medical UniversityXuzhuoChina
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Ability of Nontraditional Risk Factors and Inflammatory Biomarkers for Cardiovascular Disease to Identify High Cardiometabolic Risk in Adolescents: Results From the LabMed Physical Activity Study. J Adolesc Health 2018; 62:320-326. [PMID: 29174876 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Then objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of several nontraditional cardiometabolic and inflammatory biomarkers in identifying high cardiometabolic risk in adolescents. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted with 529 Portuguese adolescents (267 girls) aged 14.3 ± 1.7 years. A clustered cardiometabolic risk score (body fat percentage, systolic blood pressure, ratio of total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, and negative values of cardiorespiratory fitness) was computed. The nontraditional cardiometabolic biomarkers assessed were complement factors (C3 and C4), C-reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen, leptin, white blood cells (WBCs), albumin, interleukin-6, and a clustered score of inflammatory biomarkers (InflaScore) (C3, C4, CRP, fibrinogen, and leptin). RESULTS Receiver operating characteristic curves analyses showed that C3, C4, CRP, fibrinogen, leptin, and the InflaScore were able to present discriminatory ability in identifying an unfavorable cardiometabolic profile in both girls and boys (p <.01 for all). Logistic regression analyses showed that C3, C4, CRP, fibrinogen, leptin, the InflaScore (in both sexes), and WBC (boys) were associated with high cardiometabolic risk, independent of age, pubertal stage, socioeconomic status, or adherence to a Mediterranean diet (p <.05 for all). CONCLUSIONS C3, C4, CRP, fibrinogen, and leptin were associated with high cardiometabolic risk in both sexes and WBC in boys. In addition, the clustered inflammatory biomarkers seem to have a better diagnostic accuracy in identifying an unfavorable cardiometabolic profile than single biomarkers. Such biomarkers may have utility in motivating health professionals, public health workers, and adolescents' families toward lifestyle changes, improving prevention efforts early in life.
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Influence of sex, age, pubertal maturation and body mass index on circulating white blood cell counts in healthy European adolescents—the HELENA study. Eur J Pediatr 2015; 174:999-1014. [PMID: 25665972 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-015-2497-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Percentiles 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th and 90th are presented for circulating white blood cells (WBC), neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils and basophils in healthy European adolescents (12.5-17.5 years, n = 405, 48.9% boys), considering age, sex, puberty and body mass index (BMI). CD3(+) (mature T cells), CD4(+) (T helper), CD8(+) (T cytotoxic), CD16(+)56(+) (natural killer), CD19(+) (B cells), CD3(+)CD45RA(+), CD4(+)CD45RA(+), CD8(+)CD45RA(+) (naïve), CD3(+)CD45RO(+), CD4(+)CD45RO(+) and CD8(+)CD45RO(+) (memory) lymphocytes were also analysed by immunophenotyping. Girls presented higher WBC, neutrophil, CD3(+)CD45RO(+) and CD4(+)CD45RO(+) cell counts and CD3(+)/CD19(+) ratio, and lower CD3(+)CD45RA(+) and CD4(+)CD45RA(+) counts than boys. Age was associated with higher neutrophil counts and CD3(+)/CD19(+), and lower CD19(+) counts; in boys, with lower CD3(+)CD45RA(+), CD4(+)CD45RA(+) and CD8(+)CD45RA(+) counts as well; in girls, with higher WBC, CD3(+)CD45RO(+) and CD4(+)CD45RO(+) counts. Pubertal maturation in boys was associated with lower WBC and lymphocyte counts; in girls, with higher basophil, CD3(+)CD45RO(+) and CD4(+)CD45RO(+) values. BMI was associated with higher WBC counts; in boys, also with higher lymphocyte counts; in girls, with higher neutrophil, CD4(+), CD3(+)CD45RO(+) and CD4(+)CD45RO(+) counts. CONCLUSION Our study provides normative values for circulating immune cells in adolescents, highlighting the importance of considering sex, age, pubertal maturation and BMI when establishing reference ranges for WBC in paediatric populations.
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Pei C, Chang JB, Hsieh CH, Lin JD, Hsu CH, Pei D, Liang YJ, Chen YL. Using white blood cell counts to predict metabolic syndrome in the elderly: A combined cross-sectional and longitudinal study. Eur J Intern Med 2015; 26:324-9. [PMID: 25910617 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic syndrome (MetS) has an important implication from a preventive medicine perspective as early recognition and intervention will reduce associated mortality and morbidity. To better identify patients at risk for developing MetS and cardiovascular disease, we conduct a combined cross-sectional and longitudinal study to shed light on the elevated white blood cell (WBC) level in elderly. METHODS A total of 10,463 subjects were eligible for analysis. In the first stage of study, subjects were enrolled in the cross-sectional study to find out not only the correlation between WBC and MetS but also the optimal cut-off value of WBC with higher chances to have MetS. In the second stage of current study, subjects with MetS at baseline were excluded from the same study group, and performed a median 6.8-year longitudinal study to validate the optimal cut-off value of WBC predicting MetS. RESULTS WBC is significantly higher in the group with than without MetS in both genders. All MetS components were associated with WBC in multivariate analysis except diastolic blood pressure and fasting plasma glucose. In the longitudinal study, WBC showed to be a good predictor of MetS in both genders. CONCLUSION WBC is a good marker to identify the high risk subjects having MetS in the current status or in the future. Elderly with a higher WBC and without any underlying chronic diseases should receive more attention on the potential to develop MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Pei
- Graduate School of Gerontic Technology and Service management, Nan Kai University of Technology, Nan Tou County, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Biou Chang
- Department of Pathology, National Defense Medical Center, Division of Clinical Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Hsun Hsieh
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jiunn-Diann Lin
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Shuang-Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hsien Hsu
- Department of Family Medicine, Cardinal Tien Hospital, School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Dee Pei
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardinal Tien Hospital, School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Jen Liang
- Department and Institute of Life-Science, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Lin Chen
- Department of Pathology, Cardinal Tien Hospital, School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei, Taiwan.
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Egbuonu ACC, Ezeanyika LUS, Ijeh II. Alterations in the liver histology and markers of metabolic syndrome associated with inflammation and liver damage in L-arginine exposed female Wistar albino rats. Pak J Biol Sci 2013; 16:469-476. [PMID: 24498813 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2013.469.476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic Syndrome (MES), a cluster of metabolic disorders, is pandemic and more prevalent in females. It was associated with inflammation, liver damage and reduced nitric oxide concentration. Since L-arginine (ARG) may enhance nitric oxide synthesis, this study investigated the effect of ARG on the liver histology and selected serum markers of MES related to inflammation and liver damage. Two groups (n = 8) of female Wistar albino rats were exposed to 60 mg kg(-1) b. wt. of ARG and 3 mL kg(-1) b.wt. of distilled water, respectively as treated and control groups. Per oral exposure to ARG for twenty eight days caused a non-significant increase (p > 0.05) in the neutrophils count (22.50 +/- 10.35%, representing 38.46%) but a decrease (p > 0.05) in the lymphocytes count (77.50 +/- 10.35%, representing 8.82%) and in the total bilirubin concentration (0.40 +/- 0.19 mg/100 mL, representing 52.38%) of the rats, suggesting non-treatment related influence on these parameters. However, the exposure elicited a significant decrease (p < 0.01) in the serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity (66.47 +/- 0.37 IU L(-1), representing 18.55%) and in the total White Blood Cell (WBC) count (2.73 +/- 0.75 x 10(9) L(-1), representing 43.24%), suggesting absence of inflammation and liver damage. ALT had a significant positive correlation with WBC (r = 0.01), while the liver histology revealed possible benefit in the ARG-fed rats, seeminlgly confirming benefit on these markers of inflammation and liver damage that could improve related MES features in the rats. Further studies using ARG rich nuts are required to harness insight gained from this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C C Egbuonu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - L U S Ezeanyika
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - I I Ijeh
- Department of Biochemistry, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria
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Babio N, Ibarrola-Jurado N, Bulló M, Martínez-González MÁ, Wärnberg J, Salaverría I, Ortega-Calvo M, Estruch R, Serra-Majem L, Covas MI, Sorli JV, Salas-Salvadó J. White blood cell counts as risk markers of developing metabolic syndrome and its components in the PREDIMED study. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58354. [PMID: 23526980 PMCID: PMC3602299 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of metabolic abnormalities that includes hyperglucemia, hypertension, dyslipidemia and central obesity, conferring an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. The white blood cell (WBC) count has been proposed as a marker for predicting cardiovascular risk. However, few prospective studies have evaluated the relationship between WBC subtypes and risk of MetS. Methods Participants were recruited from seven PREDIMED study centers. Both a baseline cross-sectional (n = 4,377) and a prospective assessment (n = 1,637) were performed. Participants with MetS at baseline were excluded from the longitudinal analysis. The median follow-up was 3.9 years. Anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, fasting glucose, lipid profile and WBC counts were assessed at baseline and yearly during the follow-up. Participants were categorized by baseline WBC and its subtype count quartiles. Adjusted logistic regression models were fitted to assess the risk of MetS and its components. Results Of the 4,377 participants, 62.6% had MetS at baseline. Compared to the participants in the lowest baseline sex-adjusted quartile of WBC counts, those in the upper quartile showed an increased risk of having MetS (OR, 2.47; 95%CI, 2.03–2.99; P-trend<0.001). This association was also observed for all WBC subtypes, except for basophils. Compared to participants in the lowest quartile, those in the top quartile of leukocyte, neutrophil and lymphocyte count had an increased risk of MetS incidence. Leukocyte and neutrophil count were found to be strongly associated with the MetS components hypertriglyceridemia and low HDL-cholesterol. Likewise, lymphocyte counts were found to be associated with the incidence of the MetS components low HDL-cholesterol and high fasting glucose. An increase in the total WBC during the follow-up was also associated with an increased risk of MetS. Conclusions Total WBC counts, and some subtypes, were positively associated with MetS as well as hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL-cholesterol and high fasting glucose, all components of MetS. Trial registration Controlled-Trials.comISRCTN35739639.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Babio
- Human Nutrition Unit, Sant Joan Hospital, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Reus, Spain
| | - Núria Ibarrola-Jurado
- Human Nutrition Unit, Sant Joan Hospital, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Reus, Spain
| | - Mònica Bulló
- Human Nutrition Unit, Sant Joan Hospital, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Reus, Spain
| | | | - Julia Wärnberg
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Itziar Salaverría
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Txagorritxu, Vitoria, Spain
- Department of Family Medicine, Primary Care Division of Sevilla, Esperanza Macarena Health Center, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Manuel Ortega-Calvo
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Reus, Spain
| | - Ramón Estruch
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Reus, Spain
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lluís Serra-Majem
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Maria Isabel Covas
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Municipal Institute for Medical Research (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Vicente Sorli
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutricion, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jordi Salas-Salvadó
- Human Nutrition Unit, Sant Joan Hospital, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Reus, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Lymphocyte subsets, anthropometric measurements and body composition in European adolescents. The HELENA Study. Proc Nutr Soc 2013. [DOI: 10.1017/s0029665113000219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Immunological biomarkers in childhood and adolescence obesity. Proc Nutr Soc 2013. [DOI: 10.1017/s0029665113000931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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White blood cell count is associated with features of the metabolic syndrome in European adolescents. The HELENA Study. Proc Nutr Soc 2013. [DOI: 10.1017/s0029665113000190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Fadini GP, Marcuzzo G, Marescotti MC, de Kreutzenberg SV, Avogaro A. Elevated white blood cell count is associated with prevalence and development of the metabolic syndrome and its components in the general population. Acta Diabetol 2012; 49:445-51. [PMID: 22623143 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-012-0402-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic syndrome (MS) is characterized by chronic inflammation. We aimed to determine the association of white blood cell (WBC) count with prevalence and development of the MS and its components in the general population. A cohort of 1,329 subjects from the local working population aged 41.3 ± 7.5 years and recruited since 2000-2008 was followed up for 4.0 ± 1.2 years. WBC count and MS components were determined at baseline and follow-up. To determine whether WBC predicted incident MS, we used a logistic regression analysis adjusted for demographics, baseline variables that define MS components, smoke, medications, and follow-up duration. Cross-sectionally in the whole population, WBC count increased in parallel with the number of MS components in the same individual, and the presence of each component was associated with higher WBC count. Baseline WBC count was significantly higher in subjects with prevalent MS. Among subjects without MS at baseline, those who developed MS had significantly higher WBC than those who did not develop MS at follow-up. Development of each MS component was associated with increased WBC count. WBC count remained significantly associated with MS development after correction for several potential confounders (OR for 1 SD increase in WBC 1.26; 95 % CI 1.01-1.58). In conclusion, elevated WBC is intimately linked to the prevalence and future development of the MS in a young population of working subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian Paolo Fadini
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Padova, Padua, Italy.
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Meng W, Zhang C, Zhang Q, Song X, Lin H, Zhang D, Zhang Y, Zhu Z, Wu S, Liu Y, Tang F, Yang X, Xue F. Association between leukocyte and metabolic syndrome in urban Han Chinese: a longitudinal cohort study. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49875. [PMID: 23209610 PMCID: PMC3507923 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although cross-sectional studies have shown that leukocyte is linked with metabolic syndrome (MetS), few longitudinal or cohort studies have been used to confirm this relationship. We therefore conducted a large-scale health check-up longitudinal cohort in urban Chinese population from middle to upper socioeconomic strata to investigate and prove the association between the total leukocyte/its subtypes and MetS/its components (obesity, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and hypertension). METHODS A longitudinal cohort study was established in 2005 on individuals who were middle-to-upper class urban Chinese. Data used in this investigation was based on 6,513 participants who had at least three routine health check-ups over a period of six-year follow-up. Data analysis was conducted through generalized estimating equation (GEE) model. RESULTS A total of 255 cases of MetS occurred over the six-year follow-up, leading to a total incidence density of 11.45 per 1,000 person-years (255/22279 person-years). The total leukocyte was markedly associated with MetS (RR = 2.66, 95%CI = 1.81-3.90], p<0.0001) and a dose-response existed. Similar trends can be found in monocytes, lymphocytes, and neutrophils compared with the total leukocyte. The total leukocyte, neutrophil, monocyte and eosinophil levels were strong and independent risk factors to obesity, total leukocyte and neutrophil to dyslipidemia and hyperglycemia, while neither total leukocyte nor its subtypes to hypertension. CONCLUSION Total leukocyte/its subtype were associated with MetS/its components (obesity, dyslipidemia and hyperglycemia), they might provide convenient and useful markers for further risk appraisal of MetS, and be the earlier biomarkers for predicting cardiovascular disease than the components of MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjia Meng
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Chengqi Zhang
- Health Management Center, Shandong Provincial QianFoShan Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xinhong Song
- Center for Health Management, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Haiyan Lin
- Center for Health Management, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Dongzhi Zhang
- Center for Health Management, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yongyuan Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhenxin Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Shuo Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yanxun Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Fang Tang
- Health Management Center, Shandong Provincial QianFoShan Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaowei Yang
- Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Fuzhong Xue
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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