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Liu A, Cheng Y, Huang J. Neurons innervating both the central amygdala and the ventral tegmental area encode different emotional valences. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1178693. [PMID: 37214399 PMCID: PMC10196062 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1178693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammals are frequently exposed to various environmental stimuli, and to determine whether to approach or avoid these stimuli, the brain must assign emotional valence to them. Therefore, it is crucial to investigate the neural circuitry mechanisms involved in the mammalian brain's processing of emotional valence. Although the central amygdala (CeA) and the ventral tegmental area (VTA) individually encode different or even opposing emotional valences, it is unclear whether there are common upstream input neurons that innervate and control both these regions, and it is interesting to know what emotional valences of these common upstream neurons. In this study, we identify three major brain regions containing neurons that project to both the CeA and the VTA, including the posterior bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (pBNST), the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg), and the anterior part of the basomedial amygdala (BMA). We discover that these neural populations encode distinct emotional valences. Activating neurons in the pBNST produces positive valence, enabling mice to overcome their innate avoidance behavior. Conversely, activating neurons in the PPTg produces negative valence and induces anxiety-like behaviors in mice. Neuronal activity in the BMA, on the other hand, does not influence valence processing. Thus, our study has discovered three neural populations that project to both the CeA and the VTA and has revealed the distinct emotional valences these populations encode. These results provide new insights into the neurological mechanisms involved in emotional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Liu
- Center for Brain Science of Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuelin Cheng
- Jeffrey Trail Middle School, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Ju Huang
- Center for Brain Science of Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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2
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Davin A, Chabardès S, Devergnas A, Benstaali C, Gutekunst CAN, David O, Torres-Martinez N, Piallat B. Excessive daytime sleepiness in a model of Parkinson's disease improved by low-frequency stimulation of the pedunculopontine nucleus. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2023; 9:9. [PMID: 36697421 PMCID: PMC9876933 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-023-00455-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with Parkinson's disease often complain of excessive daytime sleepiness which negatively impacts their quality of life. The pedunculopontine nucleus, proposed as a target for deep brain stimulation to improve freezing of gait in Parkinson's disease, is also known to play a key role in the arousal system. Thus, the putative control of excessive daytime sleepiness by pedunculopontine nucleus area stimulation merits exploration for treating Parkinson's disease patients. To this end, two adult nonhuman primates (macaca fascicularis) received a deep brain stimulation electrode implanted into the pedunculopontine nucleus area along with a polysomnographic equipment. Stimulation at low frequencies and high frequencies was studied, in healthy and then MPTP-treated nonhuman primates. Here, we observed that MPTP-treated nonhuman primates suffered from excessive daytime sleepiness and that low-frequency stimulation of the pedunculopontine nucleus area was effective in reducing daytime sleepiness. Indeed, low-frequency stimulation of the pedunculopontine nucleus area induced a significant increase in sleep onset latency, longer continuous periods of wakefulness and thus, a partially restored daytime wake architecture. These findings may contribute to the development of new therapeutic strategies in patients suffering from excessive daytime sleepiness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Davin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, Clinatec, 38000, Grenoble, France
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Stéphan Chabardès
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, Clinatec, 38000, Grenoble, France
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000, Grenoble, France
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, Department of Neurosurgery, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Annaelle Devergnas
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, 30307, Atlanta, USA
- Emory University School of Medicine, 30307, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Caroline Benstaali
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Olivier David
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000, Grenoble, France
- Univ. Aix Marseille, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, 13000, Marseille, France
| | | | - Brigitte Piallat
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000, Grenoble, France.
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3
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Kaźmierczak M, Nicola SM. The Arousal-motor Hypothesis of Dopamine Function: Evidence that Dopamine Facilitates Reward Seeking in Part by Maintaining Arousal. Neuroscience 2022; 499:64-103. [PMID: 35853563 PMCID: PMC9479757 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine facilitates approach to reward via its actions on dopamine receptors in the nucleus accumbens. For example, blocking either D1 or D2 dopamine receptors in the accumbens reduces the proportion of reward-predictive cues to which rats respond with cued approach. Recent evidence indicates that accumbens dopamine also promotes wakefulness and arousal, but the relationship between dopamine's roles in arousal and reward seeking remains unexplored. Here, we show that the ability of systemic or intra-accumbens injections of the D1 antagonist SCH23390 to reduce cued approach to reward depends on the animal's state of arousal. Handling the animal, a manipulation known to increase arousal, was sufficient to reverse the behavioral effects of the antagonist. In addition, SCH23390 reduced spontaneous locomotion and increased time spent in sleep postures, both consistent with reduced arousal, but also increased time spent immobile in postures inconsistent with sleep. In contrast, the ability of the D2 antagonist haloperidol to reduce cued approach was not reversible by handling. Haloperidol reduced spontaneous locomotion but did not increase sleep postures, instead increasing immobility in non-sleep postures. We place these results in the context of the extensive literature on dopamine's contributions to behavior, and propose the arousal-motor hypothesis. This novel synthesis, which proposes that two main functions of dopamine are to promote arousal and facilitate motor behavior, accounts both for our findings and many previous behavioral observations that have led to disparate and conflicting conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Kaźmierczak
- Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Forchheimer 111, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Saleem M Nicola
- Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Forchheimer 111, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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4
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Gay M, Belaid H, Rogers A, Pérez-García F, Roustan M, Bardinet E, François C, Karachi C. Anatomo-Functional Mapping of the Primate Mesencephalic Locomotor Region Using Stereotactic Lesions. Mov Disord 2020; 35:789-799. [PMID: 31922282 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysfunction of the mesencephalic locomotor region has been implicated in gait disorders. However, the role of its 2 components, the pedunculopontine and the cuneiform nuclei, in locomotion is poorly understood in primates. OBJECTIVES To analyze the effect of cuneiform lesions on gait and balance in 2 monkeys and to compare them with those obtained after cholinergic pedunculopontine lesions in 4 monkeys and after lesions in both the cuneiform and pedunculopontine nuclei in 1 monkey. METHODS After each stereotactic lesion, we performed a neurological examination and gait and balance assessments with kinematic measures during a locomotor task. The 3-dimensional location of each lesion was analyzed on a common brainstem space. RESULTS After each cuneiform lesion, we observed a contralateral cervical dystonia including an increased tone in the proximal forelimb and an increase in knee angle, back curvature and walking speed. Conversely, cholinergic pedunculopontine lesions increased tail rigidity and back curvature and an imbalance of the muscle tone between the ipsi- and contralateral hindlimb with decreased knee angles. The walking speed was decreased. Moreover, pedunculopontine lesions often resulted in a longer time to waking postsurgery. CONCLUSIONS The location of the lesions and their behavioral effects revealed a somatotopic organization of muscle tone control, with the neck and forelimb represented within the cuneiform nucleus and hindlimb and tail represented within the pedunculopontine nucleus. Cuneiform lesions increased speed, whereas pedunculopontine lesions decreased it. These findings confirm the complex and specific role of the cuneiform and pedunculopontine nuclei in locomotion and suggest the role of the pedunculopontine in sleep control. © 2020 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Gay
- Sorbonne University, Univ. Pierre & Marie Curie Paris 06, CNRS, INSERM, APHP GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière, Paris, France
| | - Hayat Belaid
- Sorbonne University, Univ. Pierre & Marie Curie Paris 06, CNRS, INSERM, APHP GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière, Paris, France.,Department of Neurosurgery, Rothschild Foundation, Paris, France
| | - Alister Rogers
- Sorbonne University, Univ. Pierre & Marie Curie Paris 06, CNRS, INSERM, APHP GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière, Paris, France.,Department of Neurosurgery, Rothschild Foundation, Paris, France
| | - Fernando Pérez-García
- Sorbonne University, Univ. Pierre & Marie Curie Paris 06, CNRS, INSERM, APHP GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière, Paris, France.,Center of NeuroImaging Research-CENIR, Paris, France
| | - Maxime Roustan
- Sorbonne University, Univ. Pierre & Marie Curie Paris 06, CNRS, INSERM, APHP GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière, Paris, France
| | - Eric Bardinet
- Sorbonne University, Univ. Pierre & Marie Curie Paris 06, CNRS, INSERM, APHP GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière, Paris, France.,Center of NeuroImaging Research-CENIR, Paris, France
| | - Chantal François
- Sorbonne University, Univ. Pierre & Marie Curie Paris 06, CNRS, INSERM, APHP GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière, Paris, France
| | - Carine Karachi
- Sorbonne University, Univ. Pierre & Marie Curie Paris 06, CNRS, INSERM, APHP GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière, Paris, France.,AP-HP, Department of Neurosurgery, La Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France
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5
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Urbano FJ, Bisagno V, Garcia-Rill E. Gamma oscillations in the pedunculopontine nucleus are regulated by F-actin: neuroepigenetic implications. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2019; 318:C282-C288. [PMID: 31747316 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00374.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) is part of the reticular activating system (RAS) in charge of arousal and rapid eye movement sleep. The presence of high-frequency membrane oscillations in the gamma-band range in the PPN has been extensively demonstrated both in vivo and in vitro. Our group previously described histone deacetylation (HDAC) inhibition in vitro induced protein changes in F-actin cytoskeleton and intracellular Ca2+ concentration regulation proteins in the PPN. Here, we present evidence that supports the presence of a fine balance between HDAC function and calcium calmodulin kinase II-F-actin interactions in the PPN. We modified F-actin polymerization in vitro by using jasplakinolide (1 μM, a promoter of F-actin stabilization), or latrunculin-B (1 μM, an inhibitor of actin polymerization). Our results showed that shifting the balance in either direction significantly reduced PPN gamma oscillation as well as voltage-dependent calcium currents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Urbano
- Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Veronica Bisagno
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular, y Neurociencias, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Edgar Garcia-Rill
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arakansas
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6
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Byrum SD, Washam CL, Tackett AJ, Garcia-Rill E, Bisagno V, Urbano FJ. Proteomic measures of gamma oscillations. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02265. [PMID: 31497668 PMCID: PMC6722265 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Gamma oscillations serve complex processes, and the first stage of their generation is the reticular activating system (RAS), which mediates the gamma-activity states of waking and paradoxical sleep. We studied whether the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN), part of the RAS in which every cell manifests intrinsic gamma oscillations, undergoes changes resulting in distinctive protein expression. New method We previously found that a histone deacetylation inhibitor, trichostatin A (TSA), acutely (30 min) blocked these oscillations. We developed a proteomic method for sampling stimulated and unstimulated PPN and determining protein expression in 1 mm punches of tissue from brain slices subjected to various treatments. Results We compared brain slices exposed for 30 min to TSA (unstimulated), to the cholinergic agonist carbachol (CAR), known to induce PPN gamma oscillations, or exposed to both TSA + CAR. Comparison with existing methods: Label-free proteomics provides an unbiased and sensitive method to detect protein changes in the PPN. Our approach is superior to antibody-based methods that can lack specificity and can only be done for known targets. Proteomics methods like these have been leveraged to study molecular pathways in numerous systems and disease states. Conclusions Significant protein changes were seen in two functions essential to the physiology of the PPN: cytoskeletal and intracellular [Ca2+] regulation proteins. TSA decreased, while CAR increased, and TSA + CAR had intermediate effects, on expression of these proteins. These results support the feasibility of the methods developed for determining proteomic changes in small samples of tissue participating in the most complex of brain processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie D Byrum
- Center for Translational Pediatric Research, Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Charity L Washam
- Center for Translational Pediatric Research, Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Alan J Tackett
- Center for Translational Pediatric Research, Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Edgar Garcia-Rill
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
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7
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Vitale F, Capozzo A, Mazzone P, Scarnati E. Neurophysiology of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus. Neurobiol Dis 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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8
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Garcia-Rill E, Saper CB, Rye DB, Kofler M, Nonnekes J, Lozano A, Valls-Solé J, Hallett M. Focus on the pedunculopontine nucleus. Consensus review from the May 2018 brainstem society meeting in Washington, DC, USA. Clin Neurophysiol 2019; 130:925-940. [PMID: 30981899 PMCID: PMC7365492 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) is located in the mesopontine tegmentum and is best delimited by a group of large cholinergic neurons adjacent to the decussation of the superior cerebellar peduncle. This part of the brain, populated by many other neuronal groups, is a crossroads for many important functions. Good evidence relates the PPN to control of reflex reactions, sleep-wake cycles, posture and gait. However, the precise role of the PPN in all these functions has been controversial and there still are uncertainties in the functional anatomy and physiology of the nucleus. It is difficult to grasp the extent of the influence of the PPN, not only because of its varied functions and projections, but also because of the controversies arising from them. One controversy is its relationship to the mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR). In this regard, the PPN has become a new target for deep brain stimulation (DBS) for the treatment of parkinsonian gait disorders, including freezing of gait. This review is intended to indicate what is currently known, shed some light on the controversies that have arisen, and to provide a framework for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Garcia-Rill
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
| | - C B Saper
- Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David B Rye
- Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M Kofler
- Department of Neurology, Hochzirl Hospital, Zirl, Austria
| | - J Nonnekes
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Rehabilitation, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - A Lozano
- Division of Neurosurgery, University of Toronto and Krembil Neuroscience Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - J Valls-Solé
- Neurology Department, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS (Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer), Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Hallett
- Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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9
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Structure and function of the mesencephalic locomotor region in normal and parkinsonian primates. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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10
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Garcia-Rill E. Neuroepigenetics of arousal: Gamma oscillations in the pedunculopontine nucleus. J Neurosci Res 2019; 97:1515-1520. [PMID: 30916810 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Four major discoveries on the function of the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) have significantly advanced our understanding of the role of arousal in neurodegenerative disorders. The first was the finding that stimulation of the PPN-induced controlled locomotion on a treadmill in decerebrate animals, the second was the revelation of electrical coupling in the PPN and other arousal and sleep-wake control regions, the third was the determination of intrinsic gamma band oscillations in PPN neurons, and the last was the discovery of gene transcription resulting from the manifestation of gamma activity in the PPN. These discoveries have led to novel therapies such as PPN deep brain stimulation (DBS) for Parkinson's disease (PD), identified the mechanism of action of the stimulant modafinil, determined the presence of separate mechanisms underlying gamma activity during waking versus REM sleep, and revealed the presence of gene transcription during the manifestation of gamma band oscillations. These discoveries set the stage for additional major advances in the treatment of a number of disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Garcia-Rill
- Center for Translational Neuroscience (CTN), University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
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11
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Local and Relayed Effects of Deep Brain Stimulation of the Pedunculopontine Nucleus. Brain Sci 2019; 9:brainsci9030064. [PMID: 30889866 PMCID: PMC6468768 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9030064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Our discovery of low-threshold stimulation-induced locomotion in the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) led to the clinical use of deep brain stimulation (DBS) for the treatment of disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD) that manifest gait and postural disorders. Three additional major discoveries on the properties of PPN neurons have opened new areas of research for the treatment of motor and arousal disorders. The description of (a) electrical coupling, (b) intrinsic gamma oscillations, and (c) gene regulation in the PPN has identified a number of novel therapeutic targets and methods for the treatment of a number of neurological and psychiatric disorders. We first delve into the circuit, cellular, intracellular, and molecular organization of the PPN, and then consider the clinical results to date on PPN DBS. This comprehensive review will provide valuable information to explain the network effects of PPN DBS, point to new directions for treatment, and highlight a number of issues related to PPN DBS.
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12
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Garcia‐Rill E, D'Onofrio S, Mahaffey SC, Bisagno V, Urbano FJ. Bottom-up gamma and bipolar disorder, clinical and neuroepigenetic implications. Bipolar Disord 2019; 21:108-116. [PMID: 30506611 PMCID: PMC6441386 DOI: 10.1111/bdi.12735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This limited review examines the role of the reticular activating system (RAS), especially the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN), one site of origin of bottom-up gamma, in the symptoms of bipolar disorder (BD). METHODS The expression of neuronal calcium sensor protein 1 (NCS-1) in the brains of BD patients is increased. It has recently been found that all PPN neurons manifest intrinsic membrane beta/gamma frequency oscillations mediated by high threshold calcium channels, suggesting that it is one source of bottom-up gamma. This review specifically addresses the involvement of these channels in the manifestation of BD. RESULTS Excess NCS-1 was found to dampen gamma band oscillations in PPN neurons. Lithium, a first line treatment for BD, was found to decrease the effects of NCS-1 on gamma band oscillations in PPN neurons. Moreover, gamma band oscillations appear to epigenetically modulate gene transcription in PPN neurons, providing a new direction for research in BD. CONCLUSIONS This is an area needing much additional research, especially since the dysregulation of calcium channels may help explain many of the disorders of arousal in, elicit unwanted neuroepigenetic modulation in, and point to novel therapeutic avenues for, BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Garcia‐Rill
- Center for Translational NeuroscienceUniversity of Arkansas for Medical SciencesLittle RockArkansas
| | - Stasia D'Onofrio
- Center for Translational NeuroscienceUniversity of Arkansas for Medical SciencesLittle RockArkansas
| | - Susan C Mahaffey
- Center for Translational NeuroscienceUniversity of Arkansas for Medical SciencesLittle RockArkansas
| | - Veronica Bisagno
- Center for Translational NeuroscienceUniversity of Arkansas for Medical SciencesLittle RockArkansas,IFIBYNECONICETUniversidad de Buenos AiresBuenos AiresArgentina
| | - Francisco J Urbano
- Center for Translational NeuroscienceUniversity of Arkansas for Medical SciencesLittle RockArkansas,IFIBYNECONICETUniversidad de Buenos AiresBuenos AiresArgentina
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13
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Urbano FJ, Bisagno V, Mahaffey S, Lee SH, Garcia-Rill E. Class II histone deacetylases require P/Q-type Ca 2+ channels and CaMKII to maintain gamma oscillations in the pedunculopontine nucleus. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13156. [PMID: 30177751 PMCID: PMC6120910 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31584-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms (i.e., histone post-translational modification and DNA methylation) play a role in regulation of gene expression. The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN), part of the reticular activating system, manifests intrinsic gamma oscillations generated by voltage-dependent, high threshold N- and P/Q-type Ca2+ channels. We studied whether PPN intrinsic gamma oscillations are affected by inhibition of histone deacetylation. We showed that, a) acute in vitro exposure to the histone deacetylation Class I and II inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA, 1 μM) eliminated oscillations in the gamma range, but not lower frequencies, b) pre-incubation with TSA (1 μM, 90-120 min) also decreased gamma oscillations, c) Ca2+ currents (ICa) were reduced by TSA, especially on cells with P/Q-type channels, d) a HDAC Class I inhibitor MS275 (500 nM), and a Class IIb inhibitor Tubastatin A (150-500 nM), failed to affect gamma oscillations, e) MC1568, a HDAC Class IIa inhibitor (1 μM), blocked gamma oscillations, and f) the effects of both TSA and MC1568 were blunted by blockade of CaMKII with KN-93 (1 μM). These results suggest a cell type specific effect on gamma oscillations when histone deacetylation is blocked, suggesting that gamma oscillations through P/Q-type channels modulated by CaMKII may be linked to processes related to gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Urbano
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, Department Neurobiology & Dev. Sci., University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.,IFIBYNE, CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Verónica Bisagno
- ININFA, CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Susan Mahaffey
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, Department Neurobiology & Dev. Sci., University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Sang-Hun Lee
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, Department Neurobiology & Dev. Sci., University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.,Department Neurology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Edgar Garcia-Rill
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, Department Neurobiology & Dev. Sci., University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
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Spike discharge characteristic of the caudal mesencephalic reticular formation and pedunculopontine nucleus in MPTP-induced primate model of Parkinson disease. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 128:40-48. [PMID: 30086388 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) included in the caudal mesencephalic reticular formation (cMRF) plays a key role in the control of locomotion and wake state. Regarding its involvement in the neurodegenerative process observed in Parkinson disease (PD), deep brain stimulation of the PPN was proposed to treat levodopa-resistant gait disorders. However, the precise role of the cMRF in the pathophysiology of PD, particularly in freezing of gait and other non-motor symptoms is still not clear. Here, using micro electrode recording (MER) in 2 primates, we show that dopamine depletion did not alter the mean firing rate of the overall cMRF neurons, particularly the putative non-cholinergic ones, but only a decreased activity of the regular neurons sub-group (though to be the cholinergic PPN neurons). Interestingly, a significant increase in the relative proportion of cMRF neurons with a burst pattern discharge was observed after MPTP intoxication. The present results question the hypothesis of an over-inhibition of the CMRF by the basal ganglia output structures in PD. The decreased activity observed in the regular neurons could explain some non-motor symptoms in PD regarding the strong involvement of the cholinergic neurons on the modulation of the thalamo-cortical system. The increased burst activity under dopamine depletion confirms that this specific spike discharge pattern activity also observed in other basal ganglia nuclei and in different pathologies could play a mojor role in the pathophysiology of the disease and could explain several symptoms of PD including the freezing of gait. The present data will have to be replicated in a larger number of animals and will have to investigate more in details how the modification of the spike discharge of the cMRF neurons in the parkinsonian state could alter functions such as locomotion and attentional state. This will ultimely allow a better comprehension of the pathophysiology of freezing of gait.
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Goetz L, Bhattacharjee M, Ferraye MU, Fraix V, Maineri C, Nosko D, Fenoy AJ, Piallat B, Torres N, Krainik A, Seigneuret E, David O, Parent M, Parent A, Pollak P, Benabid AL, Debu B, Chabardès S. Deep Brain Stimulation of the Pedunculopontine Nucleus Area in Parkinson Disease: MRI-Based Anatomoclinical Correlations and Optimal Target. Neurosurgery 2018; 84:506-518. [DOI: 10.1093/neuros/nyy151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Goetz
- Grenoble Institute of Neurosciences, INSERM U1216 CEA-UJF-CHUGA, Grenoble, France
- University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
- CERVO Brain Research Center, Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Québec, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
| | - Manik Bhattacharjee
- Grenoble Institute of Neurosciences, INSERM U1216 CEA-UJF-CHUGA, Grenoble, France
- University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Murielle U Ferraye
- Grenoble Institute of Neurosciences, INSERM U1216 CEA-UJF-CHUGA, Grenoble, France
- University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Valérie Fraix
- Grenoble Institute of Neurosciences, INSERM U1216 CEA-UJF-CHUGA, Grenoble, France
- University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
- Department of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Carina Maineri
- Department of Neurosurgery, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Italian Hospital of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniela Nosko
- Grenoble Institute of Neurosciences, INSERM U1216 CEA-UJF-CHUGA, Grenoble, France
- University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
- Pediatric department, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Albert J Fenoy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Houston, Health Science Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Brigitte Piallat
- Grenoble Institute of Neurosciences, INSERM U1216 CEA-UJF-CHUGA, Grenoble, France
- University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Napoléon Torres
- University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
- Department of Neurosurgery, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
- CEA Clinatec-Minatec, Grenoble, France
| | - Alexandre Krainik
- Grenoble Institute of Neurosciences, INSERM U1216 CEA-UJF-CHUGA, Grenoble, France
- University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
- Department of Neuroradiology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Eric Seigneuret
- Grenoble Institute of Neurosciences, INSERM U1216 CEA-UJF-CHUGA, Grenoble, France
- University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
- Department of Neurosurgery, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Olivier David
- Grenoble Institute of Neurosciences, INSERM U1216 CEA-UJF-CHUGA, Grenoble, France
- University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Martin Parent
- CERVO Brain Research Center, Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Québec, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
| | - André Parent
- CERVO Brain Research Center, Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Québec, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
| | - Pierre Pollak
- Grenoble Institute of Neurosciences, INSERM U1216 CEA-UJF-CHUGA, Grenoble, France
- University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
- Department of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Alim -Louis Benabid
- University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
- Department of Neurosurgery, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
- CEA Clinatec-Minatec, Grenoble, France
| | - Bettina Debu
- Grenoble Institute of Neurosciences, INSERM U1216 CEA-UJF-CHUGA, Grenoble, France
- University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Stéphan Chabardès
- Grenoble Institute of Neurosciences, INSERM U1216 CEA-UJF-CHUGA, Grenoble, France
- University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
- Department of Neurosurgery, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
- CEA Clinatec-Minatec, Grenoble, France
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16
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Direct localisation of the human pedunculopontine nucleus using MRI: a coordinate and fibre-tracking study. Eur Radiol 2018. [PMID: 29532240 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-017-5299-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To image the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPN), a deep brain stimulation (DBS) target for Parkinson disease, using MRI with validated results. METHODS This study used the MP2RAGE sequence with high resolution and enhanced grey-white matter contrast on a 7-T ultra-high-field MRI system to image the PPN as well as a diffusion spectrum imaging method on a 3-T MRI system to reconstruct the main fibre systems surrounding the PPN. The coordinates of the rostral and caudal PPN poles of both sides were measured in relation to the third and fourth ventricular landmarks on the 7-T image. RESULTS The boundary of the PPN was delineated, and showed morphology consistent with previous histological works. The main fibres around the PPN were reconstructed. The pole coordinate results combined with the fibre spatial relationships validate the imaging results. CONCLUSIONS A practical protocol is provided to directly localise the PPN using MRI; the position and morphology of the PPN can be obtained and validated by locating its poles relative to two ventricular landmarks and by inspecting its spatial relationship with the surrounding fibre systems. This technique can be potentially used in clinics to define the boundary of the PPN before DBS surgery for treatment of Parkinson disease in a more precise and reliable manner. KEY POINTS • Combined information helps localise the PPN as a DBS target for PD patients • Scan the PPN at 7 T and measure its coordinates against different ventricular landmarks • Reconstruct the main fibres around the PPN using diffusion spectrum imaging.
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Garcia-Rill E, Mahaffey S, Hyde JR, Urbano FJ. Bottom-up gamma maintenance in various disorders. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 128:31-39. [PMID: 29353013 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintained gamma band activity is a key element of higher brain function, participating in perception, executive function, and memory. The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN), as part of the reticular activating system (RAS), is a major source of the "bottom-up" flow of gamma activity to higher regions. However, interruption of gamma band activity is associated with a number of neurological and psychiatric disorders. This review will focus on the role of the PPN in activating higher regions to induce arousal and descending pathways to modulate posture and locomotion. As such, PPN deep brain stimulation (DBS) can not only help regulate arousal and stepping, but continuous application may help maintain necessary levels of gamma band activity for a host of other brain processes. We will explore the potential future applications of PPN DBS for a number of disorders that are characterized by disturbances in gamma band maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Garcia-Rill
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
| | - S Mahaffey
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | | | - F J Urbano
- IFIBYNE (CONICET-UBA), DFBMC, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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18
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Mazzone P, Vitale F, Capozzo A, Viselli F, Scarnati E. Deep Brain Stimulation of the Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus Improves Static Balance in Parkinson’s Disease. Neuromodulation 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-805353-9.00079-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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19
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Tsanov M. Speed and Oscillations: Medial Septum Integration of Attention and Navigation. Front Syst Neurosci 2017; 11:67. [PMID: 28979196 PMCID: PMC5611363 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2017.00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several cortical and diencephalic limbic brain regions incorporate neurons that fire in correlation with the speed of whole-body motion, also known as linear velocity. Besides the field mapping and head-directional information, the linear velocity is among the major signals that guide animal’s spatial navigation. Large neuronal populations in the same limbic regions oscillate with theta rhythm during spatial navigation or attention episodes; and the frequency of theta also correlates with linear velocity. A functional similarity between these brain areas is that their inactivation impairs the ability to form new spatial memories; whereas an anatomical similarity is that they all receive projections from medial septum-diagonal band of Broca complex. We review recent findings supporting the model that septal theta rhythm integrates different sensorimotor signals necessary for spatial navigation. The medial septal is described here as a circuitry that mediates experience-dependent balance of sustained attention and path integration during navigation. We discuss the hypothesis that theta rhythm serves as a key mechanism for the aligning of intrinsic spatial representation to: (1) rapid change of position in the spatial environment; (2) continuous alteration of sensory signals throughout navigation; and (3) adapting levels of attentional behavior. The synchronization of these spatial, somatosensory and neuromodulatory signals is proposed here to be anatomically and physiologically mediated by the medial septum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Tsanov
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College DublinDublin, Ireland
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20
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Urbano FJ, Bisagno V, Garcia-Rill E. Arousal and drug abuse. Behav Brain Res 2017; 333:276-281. [PMID: 28729115 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The reticular activating system (RAS) is not an amorphous region but distinct nuclei with specific membrane properties that dictate their firing during waking and sleep. The locus coeruleus and raphe nucleus fire during waking and slow wave sleep, with the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) firing during both waking and REM sleep, the states manifesting arousal-related EEG activity. Two important discoveries in the PPN in the last 10 years are, 1) that some PPN cells are electrically coupled, and 2) every PPN cell manifests high threshold calcium channels that allow them to oscillate at beta/gamma band frequencies. The role of arousal in drug abuse is considered here in terms of the effects of drugs of abuse on these two mechanisms. Drug abuse and the perception of withdrawal/relapse are mediated by neurobiological processes that occur only when we are awake, not when we are asleep. These relationships focus on the potential role of arousal, more specifically of RAS electrical coupling and gamma band activity, in the addictive process as well as the relapse to drug use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Verónica Bisagno
- IFIBYNE-CONICET, ININFA-CONICET, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Edgar Garcia-Rill
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
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21
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Ryczko D, Dubuc R. Dopamine and the Brainstem Locomotor Networks: From Lamprey to Human. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:295. [PMID: 28603482 PMCID: PMC5445171 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In vertebrates, dopamine neurons are classically known to modulate locomotion via their ascending projections to the basal ganglia that project to brainstem locomotor networks. An increased dopaminergic tone is associated with increase in locomotor activity. In pathological conditions where dopamine cells are lost, such as in Parkinson's disease, locomotor deficits are traditionally associated with the reduced ascending dopaminergic input to the basal ganglia. However, a descending dopaminergic pathway originating from the substantia nigra pars compacta was recently discovered. It innervates the mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) from basal vertebrates to mammals. This pathway was shown to increase locomotor output in lampreys, and could very well play an important role in mammals. Here, we provide a detailed account on the newly found dopaminergic pathway in lamprey, salamander, rat, monkey, and human. In lampreys and salamanders, dopamine release in the MLR is associated with the activation of reticulospinal neurons that carry the locomotor command to the spinal cord. Dopamine release in the MLR potentiates locomotor movements through a D1-receptor mechanism in lampreys. In rats, stimulation of the substantia nigra pars compacta elicited dopamine release in the pedunculopontine nucleus, a known part of the MLR. In a monkey model of Parkinson's disease, a reduced dopaminergic innervation of the brainstem locomotor networks was reported. Dopaminergic fibers are also present in human pedunculopontine nucleus. We discuss the conserved locomotor role of this pathway from lamprey to mammals, and the hypothesis that this pathway could play a role in the locomotor deficits reported in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri Ryczko
- Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central, Département de Neurosciences, Université de MontréalMontréal, QC, Canada
| | - Réjean Dubuc
- Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central, Département de Neurosciences, Université de MontréalMontréal, QC, Canada.,Groupe de Recherche en Activité Physique Adaptée, Département des Sciences de l'Activité Physique, Université du Québec à MontréalMontréal, QC, Canada
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22
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Garcia-Rill E. Bottom-up gamma and stages of waking. Med Hypotheses 2017; 104:58-62. [PMID: 28673592 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2017.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Gamma activity has been proposed to promote the feed forward or "bottom-up" flow of information from lower to higher regions of the brain during perception. The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) modulates waking and REM sleep, and is part of the reticular activating system (RAS). The properties of PPN cells are unique in that all PPN neurons fire maximally at gamma band frequency regardless of electrophysiological or transmitter type, thus proposed as one origin of "bottom-up" gamma. This property is based on the presence of intrinsic membrane oscillations subserved by high threshold, voltage-dependent calcium channels. Moreover, some PPN cells are electrically coupled. Assuming that the population of PPN neurons has the capacity to fire at ∼40Hz coherently, then the population as a whole can be expected to generate a stable gamma band signal. But what if not all the neurons are firing at the peaks of the oscillations? That means that some cells may fire only at the peaks of every second oscillation. Therefore, the population as a whole can be expected to be firing at a net ∼20Hz. If some cells are firing at the peaks of every fourth oscillation, then the PPN as a whole would be firing at ∼10Hz. Firing at rates below 10Hz would imply that the system is seldom firing at the peaks of any oscillation, basically asleep, in slow wave sleep, thus the activation of the RAS is insufficient to promote waking. This hypothesis carries certain implications, one of which is that we awaken in stages as more and more cells are recruited to fire at the peaks of more and more oscillations. For this system, it would imply that, as we awaken, we step from ∼10Hz to ∼20Hz to ∼30Hz to ∼40Hz, that is, in stages and presumably at different levels of awareness. A similar process can be expected to take place as we fall asleep. Awakening can then be considered to be stepwise, not linear. That is, the implication is that the process of waking is a stepwise event, not a gradual increase, suggesting that the brain can spend time at each of these different stages of arousal.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Garcia-Rill
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
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23
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Bianciardi M, Strong C, Toschi N, Edlow BL, Fischl B, Brown EN, Rosen BR, Wald LL. A probabilistic template of human mesopontine tegmental nuclei from in vivo 7T MRI. Neuroimage 2017; 170:222-230. [PMID: 28476663 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.04.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesopontine tegmental nuclei such as the cuneiform, pedunculotegmental, oral pontine reticular, paramedian raphe and caudal linear raphe nuclei, are deep brain structures involved in arousal and motor function. Dysfunction of these nuclei is implicated in the pathogenesis of disorders of consciousness and sleep, as well as in neurodegenerative diseases. However, their localization in conventional neuroimages of living humans is difficult due to limited image sensitivity and contrast, and a stereotaxic probabilistic neuroimaging template of these nuclei in humans does not exist. We used semi-automatic segmentation of single-subject 1.1mm-isotropic 7T diffusion-fractional-anisotropy and T2-weighted images in healthy adults to generate an in vivo probabilistic neuroimaging structural template of these nuclei in standard stereotaxic (Montreal Neurological Institute, MNI) space. The template was validated through independent manual delineation, as well as leave-one-out validation and evaluation of nuclei volumes. This template can enable localization of five mesopontine tegmental nuclei in conventional images (e.g. 1.5T, 3T) in future studies of arousal and motor physiology (e.g. sleep, anesthesia, locomotion) and pathology (e.g. disorders of consciousness, sleep disorders, Parkinson's disease). The 7T magnetic resonance imaging procedure for single-subject delineation of these nuclei may also prove useful for future 7T studies of arousal and motor mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Bianciardi
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - Christian Strong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - Nicola Toschi
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Medical Physics Section, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.
| | - Brian L Edlow
- Department of Neurology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - Bruce Fischl
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; HST/CSAIL, MIT, Cambridge, MA, United States.
| | - Emery N Brown
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, MGH, Boston, MA, United States; Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States; MIT-Harvard Health Science and Technology, Institute of Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States.
| | - Bruce R Rosen
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - Lawrence L Wald
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
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D'Onofrio S, Mahaffey S, Garcia-Rill E. Role of calcium channels in bipolar disorder. CURRENT PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 6:122-135. [PMID: 29354402 PMCID: PMC5771645 DOI: 10.2174/2211556006666171024141949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder is characterized by a host of sleep-wake abnormalities that suggests that the reticular activating system (RAS) is involved in these symptoms. One of the signs of the disease is a decrease in high frequency gamma band activity, which accounts for a number of additional deficits. Bipolar disorder has also been found to overexpress neuronal calcium sensor protein 1 (NCS-1). Recent studies showed that elements in the RAS generate gamma band activity that is mediated by high threshold calcium (Ca2+) channels. This mini-review provides a description of recent findings on the role of Ca2+ and Ca2+ channels in bipolar disorder, emphasizing the involvement of arousal-related systems in the manifestation of many of the disease symptoms. This will hopefully bring attention to a much-needed area of research and provide novel avenues for therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stasia D'Onofrio
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Susan Mahaffey
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Edgar Garcia-Rill
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
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25
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Garcia-Rill E, D’Onofrio S, Mahaffey S. Bottom-up Gamma: the Pedunculopontine Nucleus and Reticular Activating System. TRANSLATIONAL BRAIN RHYTHMICITY 2016; 1:49-53. [PMID: 28691105 PMCID: PMC5497760 DOI: 10.15761/tbr.1000109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Gamma rhythms have been proposed to promote the feed forward or "bottom-up" flow of information from lower to higher regions in the brain during perception. On the other hand, beta rhythms have been proposed to represent feed back or "top-down" influence from higher regions to lower. The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) has been implicated in sleep-wake control and arousal, and is part of the reticular activating system (RAS). This review describes the properties of the cells in this nucleus. These properties are unique, and perhaps it is the particular characteristics of these cells that allow the PPN to be involved in a host of functions and disorders. The fact that all PPN neurons fire maximally at gamma band frequency regardless of electrophysiological or transmitter type, make this an unusual cell group. In other regions, for example in the cortex, cells with such a property represent only a sub-population. More importantly, the fact that this cell group's functions are related to the capacity to generate coherent activity at a preferred natural frequency, gamma band, speaks volumes about how the PPN functions. We propose that "bottom-up" gamma band influence arises in the RAS and contributes to the build-up of the background of activity necessary for preconscious awareness and gamma activity at cortical levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Garcia-Rill
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, Department of Neurobiology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences., Little Rock, AR
| | - S. D’Onofrio
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, Department of Neurobiology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences., Little Rock, AR
| | - S. Mahaffey
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, Department of Neurobiology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences., Little Rock, AR
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