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Wang Z, Lei Z, Wang Q, Jiang Q, Zhang Z, Liu X, Xing B, Li S, Guo X, Liu Y, Li X, Qi Y, Shu K, Zhang H, Huang Y, Lei T. Connexin 36 Mediated Intercellular Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Transmission Induces SSTA Resistance in Growth Hormone Pituitary Adenoma. Int J Biol Sci 2024; 20:801-817. [PMID: 38169563 PMCID: PMC10758099 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.86736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Somatostatin analogues (SSTA) are first-line pharmacological treatment choice for acromegaly, which received satisfying tumor shrinkage and normalization of growth hormone. However, there are still patients unresponsive to SSTA, and the underline mechanism remains unknown. Besides, there is no evidence regarding the role of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and its transmission in SSTA resistance, which also require investigation. Primary growth hormone adenoma cells and cell lines were treated with SSTA; autophagy double-labeled LC3 (mRFP-GFP) adenovirus transfection, flow cytometry sorting, western blotting, calcium imaging as well as immunofluorescence staining were used to determine ERS and autophagy signal transmission; xenograft and syngeneic tumor in vivo model were exploited to confirm the ERS signal transmission mediated effect. Our results revealed that SSTA induces ERS in pituitary growth hormone (GH) adenoma cells. The ERS signals can be intercellularly transmitted, leading to less responsible to SSTA treatment. Moreover, SSTA stimulates inositol triphosphate (IP3) elevation, mediating ERS intercellular transfer. In addition, connexin 36 tunnels ERS transmission, and its blocker, Quinine, exhibits a synergistic effect with SSTA treating GH adenoma. Our study provided insight into ERS intercellular transmission mediated SSTA resistance, which could be translated into clinical usage to improve SSTA efficiency in GH adenoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihan Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji hospital of Tongji medical college of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Sino-German Neuro-Oncology Molecular Laboratory, Tongji hospital of Tongji medical college of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Zhuowei Lei
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji hospital of Tongji medical college of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Quanji Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji hospital of Tongji medical college of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Sino-German Neuro-Oncology Molecular Laboratory, Tongji hospital of Tongji medical college of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Qian Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji hospital of Tongji medical college of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Sino-German Neuro-Oncology Molecular Laboratory, Tongji hospital of Tongji medical college of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Zhuo Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji hospital of Tongji medical college of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Sino-German Neuro-Oncology Molecular Laboratory, Tongji hospital of Tongji medical college of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xiaojin Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji hospital of Tongji medical college of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Sino-German Neuro-Oncology Molecular Laboratory, Tongji hospital of Tongji medical college of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Biao Xing
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji hospital of Tongji medical college of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Sino-German Neuro-Oncology Molecular Laboratory, Tongji hospital of Tongji medical college of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Sihan Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji hospital of Tongji medical college of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Sino-German Neuro-Oncology Molecular Laboratory, Tongji hospital of Tongji medical college of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xiang Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji hospital of Tongji medical college of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Sino-German Neuro-Oncology Molecular Laboratory, Tongji hospital of Tongji medical college of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yanchao Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji hospital of Tongji medical college of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Sino-German Neuro-Oncology Molecular Laboratory, Tongji hospital of Tongji medical college of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xingbo Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji hospital of Tongji medical college of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Sino-German Neuro-Oncology Molecular Laboratory, Tongji hospital of Tongji medical college of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yiwei Qi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji hospital of Tongji medical college of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Sino-German Neuro-Oncology Molecular Laboratory, Tongji hospital of Tongji medical college of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Kai Shu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji hospital of Tongji medical college of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Sino-German Neuro-Oncology Molecular Laboratory, Tongji hospital of Tongji medical college of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Huaqiu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji hospital of Tongji medical college of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Sino-German Neuro-Oncology Molecular Laboratory, Tongji hospital of Tongji medical college of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yimin Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji hospital of Tongji medical college of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Sino-German Neuro-Oncology Molecular Laboratory, Tongji hospital of Tongji medical college of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Ting Lei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji hospital of Tongji medical college of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Sino-German Neuro-Oncology Molecular Laboratory, Tongji hospital of Tongji medical college of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
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Lee YH, Kothmann WW, Lin YP, Chuang AZ, Diamond JS, O'Brien J. Sources of Calcium at Connexin 36 Gap Junctions in the Retina. eNeuro 2023; 10:ENEURO.0493-22.2023. [PMID: 37527925 PMCID: PMC10450809 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0493-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Synaptic plasticity is a fundamental feature of the CNS that controls the magnitude of signal transmission between communicating cells. Many electrical synapses exhibit substantial plasticity that modulates the degree of coupling within groups of neurons, alters the fidelity of signal transmission, or even reconfigures functional circuits. In several known examples, such plasticity depends on calcium and is associated with neuronal activity. Calcium-driven signaling is known to promote potentiation of electrical synapses in fish Mauthner cells, mammalian retinal AII amacrine cells, and inferior olive neurons, and to promote depression in thalamic reticular neurons. To measure local calcium dynamics in situ, we developed a transgenic mouse expressing a GCaMP calcium biosensor fused to Connexin 36 (Cx36) at electrical synapses. We examined the sources of calcium for activity-dependent plasticity in retina slices using confocal or Super-Resolution Radial Fluctuations imaging. More than half of Cx36-GCaMP gap junctions responded to puffs of glutamate with transient increases in fluorescence. The responses were strongly dependent on NMDA receptors, in keeping with known activity-dependent signaling in some amacrine cells. We also found that some responses depended on the activity of voltage-gated calcium channels, representing a previously unrecognized source of calcium to control retinal electrical synaptic plasticity. The high prevalence of calcium signals at electrical synapses in response to glutamate application indicates that a large fraction of electrical synapses has the potential to be regulated by neuronal activity. This provides a means to tune circuit connectivity dynamically based on local activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Hao Lee
- Richard S. Ruiz, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - W Wade Kothmann
- Synaptic Physiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Ya-Ping Lin
- Richard S. Ruiz, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Alice Z Chuang
- Richard S. Ruiz, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Jeffrey S Diamond
- Synaptic Physiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - John O'Brien
- Richard S. Ruiz, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas 77030
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Jiang Q, Li C, Zeng W, Xu H, Li J, Zhang T, Deng G, Wang Y. Inhibition of Connexin 36 attenuates HMGB1-mediated depressive-like behaviors induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress. Brain Behav 2022; 12:e2470. [PMID: 35089644 PMCID: PMC8865165 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) released by neurons and microglia was demonstrated to be an important mediator in depressive-like behaviors induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS), which could lead to the imbalance of two different metabolic approaches in kynurenine pathway (KP), thus enhancing glutamate transmission and exacerbating depressive-like behaviors. Evidence showed that HMGB1 signaling might be regulated by Connexin (Cx) 36 in inflammatory diseases of central nervous system (CNS). Our study aimed to further explore the role of Cx36 in depressive-like behaviors and its relationship with HMGB1. METHODS After 4-week chronic stress, behavioral tests were conducted to evaluate depressive-like behaviors, including sucrose preference test (SPT), tail suspension test (TST), forced swimming test (FST), and open field test (OFT). Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence staining were used to observe the expression and location of Cx36. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was adopted to detect the concentrations of inflammatory cytokines. And the excitability and inward currents of hippocampal neurons were recorded by whole-cell patch clamping. RESULTS The expression of Cx36 was significantly increased in hippocampal neurons of mice exposed to CUMS, while treatment with glycyrrhizinic acid (GZA) or quinine could both down-regulate Cx36 and alleviate depressive-like behaviors. The proinflammatory cytokines like HMGB1, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) were all elevated by CUMS, and application of GZA and quinine could decrease them. In addition, the enhanced excitability and inward currents of hippocampal neurons induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) could be reduced by either GZA or quinine. CONCLUSIONS Inhibition of Cx36 in hippocampal neurons might attenuates HMGB1-mediated depressive-like behaviors induced by CUMS through down-regulation of the proinflammatory cytokines and reduction of the excitability and intracellular ion overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Jiang
- Department of PsychiatryFaculty of PsychologySecond Military Medical UniversityShanghaiP. R. China
| | - Chao‐Ran Li
- Department of Nautical PsychologyFaculty of PsychologySecond Military Medical UniversityShanghaiP. R. China
| | - Wen‐Feng Zeng
- Department of Nautical PsychologyFaculty of PsychologySecond Military Medical UniversityShanghaiP. R. China
| | - Hui‐Jing Xu
- Department of PsychiatryFaculty of PsychologySecond Military Medical UniversityShanghaiP. R. China
| | - Jia‐Mei Li
- Department of Stress MedicineFaculty of PsychologySecond Military Medical UniversityShanghaiP. R. China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Nautical PsychologyFaculty of PsychologySecond Military Medical UniversityShanghaiP. R. China
| | - Guang‐Hui Deng
- Department of PsychiatryFaculty of PsychologySecond Military Medical UniversityShanghaiP. R. China
| | - Yun‐Xia Wang
- Department of Nautical PsychologyFaculty of PsychologySecond Military Medical UniversityShanghaiP. R. China
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Fournel R, Hartveit E, Veruki ML. Differential Contribution of Gap Junctions to the Membrane Properties of ON- and OFF-Bipolar Cells of the Rat Retina. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 41:229-245. [PMID: 32323153 PMCID: PMC7870642 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00845-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Gap junctions are ubiquitous within the retina, but in general, it remains to be determined whether gap junction coupling between specific cell types is sufficiently strong to mediate functionally relevant coupling via electrical synapses. From ultrastructural, tracer coupling and immunolabeling studies, there is clear evidence for gap junctions between cone bipolar cells, but it is not known if these gap junctions function as electrical synapses. Here, using whole-cell voltage-clamp recording in rat (male and female) retinal slices, we investigated whether the gap junctions of bipolar cells make a measurable contribution to the membrane properties of these cells. We measured the input resistance (RN) of bipolar cells before and after applying meclofenamic acid (MFA) to block gap junctions. In the presence of MFA, RN of ON-cone bipolar cells displayed a clear increase, paralleled by block of the electrical coupling between these cells and AII amacrine cells in recordings of coupled cell pairs. For OFF-cone and rod bipolar cells, RN did not increase in the presence of MFA. The results for rod bipolar cells are consistent with the lack of gap junctions in these cells. However, for OFF-cone bipolar cells, our results suggest that the morphologically identified gap junctions between these cells do not support a junctional conductance that is sufficient to mediate effective electrical coupling. Instead, these junctions might play a role in chemical and/or metabolic coupling between subcellular compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Fournel
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5009, Bergen, Norway
| | - Espen Hartveit
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5009, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Margaret Lin Veruki
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5009, Bergen, Norway.
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Liu X, Qin J, Chang M, Wang S, Li Y, Pei X, Wang Y. Enhanced differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells into pancreatic endocrine cells in 3D culture by inhibition of focal adhesion kinase. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:488. [PMID: 33198821 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-02003-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Generation of insulin-producing cells from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) in vitro would be useful for drug discovery and cell therapy in diabetes. Three-dimensional (3D) culture is important for the acquisition of mature insulin-producing cells from hPSCs, but the mechanism by which it promotes β cell maturation is poorly understood. Methods We established a stepwise method to induce high-efficiency differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) into mature monohormonal pancreatic endocrine cells (PECs), with the last maturation stage in 3D culture. To comprehensively compare two-dimensional (2D) and 3D cultures, we examined gene expression, pancreas-specific markers, and functional characteristics in 2D culture-induced PECs and 3D culture-induced PECs. The mechanisms were considered from the perspectives of cell–cell and cell–extracellular matrix interactions which are fundamentally different between 2D and 3D cultures. Results The expression of the pancreatic endocrine-specific transcription factors PDX1, NKX6.1, NGN3, ISL1, and PAX6 and the hormones INS, GCG, and SST was significantly increased in 3D culture-induced PECs. 3D culture yielded monohormonal endocrine cells, while 2D culture-induced PECs co-expressed INS and GCG or INS and SST or even expressed all three hormones. We found that focal adhesion kinase (FAK) phosphorylation was significantly downregulated in 3D culture-induced PECs, and treatment with the selective FAK inhibitor PF-228 improved the expression of β cell-specific transcription factors in 2D culture-induced PECs. We further demonstrated that 3D culture may promote endocrine commitment by limiting FAK-dependent activation of the SMAD2/3 pathway. Moreover, the expression of the gap junction protein Connexin 36 was much higher in 3D culture-induced PECs than in 2D culture-induced PECs, and inhibition of the FAK pathway in 2D culture increased Connexin 36 expression. Conclusion We developed a strategy to induce differentiation of monohormonal mature PECs from hPSCs and found limited FAK-dependent activation of the SMAD2/3 pathway and unregulated expression of Connexin 36 in 3D culture-induced PECs. This study has important implications for the generation of mature, functional β cells for drug discovery and cell transplantation therapy for diabetes and sheds new light on the signaling events that regulate endocrine specification. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-020-02003-z.
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Kraft AW, Mitra A, Rosenthal ZP, Dosenbach NUF, Bauer AQ, Snyder AZ, Raichle ME, Culver JP, Lee JM. Electrically coupled inhibitory interneurons constrain long-range connectivity of cortical networks. Neuroimage 2020; 215:116810. [PMID: 32276058 PMCID: PMC7292744 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous infra-slow brain activity (ISA) exhibits a high degree of temporal synchrony, or correlation, between distant brain regions. The spatial organization of ISA synchrony is not explained by anatomical connections alone, suggesting that active neural processes coordinate spontaneous activity. Inhibitory interneurons (IINs) form electrically coupled connections via the gap junction protein connexin 36 (Cx36) and networks of interconnected IINs are known to influence neural synchrony over short distances. However, the role of electrically coupled IIN networks in regulating spontaneous correlation over the entire brain is unknown. In this study, we performed OIS imaging on Cx36-/- mice to examine the role of this gap junction in ISA correlation across the entire cortex. We show that Cx36 deletion increased long-distance intra-hemispheric anti-correlation and inter-hemispheric correlation in spontaneous ISA. This suggests that electrically coupled IIN networks modulate ISA synchrony over long cortical distances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Kraft
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anish Mitra
- Department of Psychiatry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Nico U F Dosenbach
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, USA; Department of Radiology, Washington University, St. Louis, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, USA; Department of Program in Occupational Therapy, Washington University, St. Louis, USA
| | - Adam Q Bauer
- Department of Radiology, Washington University, St. Louis, USA
| | - Abraham Z Snyder
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, USA; Department of Radiology, Washington University, St. Louis, USA
| | - Marcus E Raichle
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, USA; Department of Radiology, Washington University, St. Louis, USA
| | - Joseph P Culver
- Department of Radiology, Washington University, St. Louis, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, USA; Department of Physics, Washington University, St. Louis, USA
| | - Jin-Moo Lee
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, USA; Department of Radiology, Washington University, St. Louis, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, USA.
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Moore KB, Mitchell CK, Lin YP, Lee YH, Shihabeddin E, O'Brien J. Localized Calcium Signaling and the Control of Coupling at Cx36 Gap Junctions. eNeuro 2020; 7:ENEURO.0445-19.2020. [PMID: 32179580 PMCID: PMC7168262 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0445-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A variety of electrical synapses are capable of activity-dependent plasticity, including both activity-dependent potentiation and activity-dependent depression. In several types of neurons, activity-dependent electrical synapse plasticity depends on changes in the local Ca2+ environment. To enable study of local Ca2+ signaling that regulates plasticity, we developed a GCaMP Ca2+ biosensor fused to the electrical synapse protein Connexin 36 (Cx36). Cx36-GCaMP transfected into mammalian cell cultures formed gap junctions at cell-cell boundaries and supported Neurobiotin tracer coupling that was regulated by protein kinase A signaling in the same way as Cx36. Cx36-GCaMP gap junctions robustly reported local Ca2+ increases in response to addition of a Ca2+ ionophore with increases in fluorescence that recovered during washout. Recovery was strongly dependent on Na+-Ca2+ exchange activity. In cells transfected with NMDA receptor subunits, Cx36-GCaMP revealed transient and concentration-dependent increases in local Ca2+ on brief application of glutamate. In HeLa cells, glutamate application increased Cx36-GCaMP tracer coupling through a mechanism that depended in part on Ca2+, calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) activity. This potentiation of coupling did not require exogenous expression of glutamate receptors, but could be accomplished by endogenously expressed glutamate receptors with pharmacological characteristics reminiscent of NMDA and kainate receptors. Analysis of RNA Sequencing data from HeLa cells confirmed expression of NMDA receptor subunits NR1, NR2C, and NR3B. In summary, Cx36-GCaMP is an effective tool to measure changes in the Ca2+ microenvironment around Cx36 gap junctions. Furthermore, HeLa cells can serve as a model system to study glutamate receptor-driven potentiation of electrical synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith B Moore
- Richard S. Ruiz, M.D. Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Cheryl K Mitchell
- Richard S. Ruiz, M.D. Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Ya-Ping Lin
- Richard S. Ruiz, M.D. Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Yuan-Hao Lee
- Richard S. Ruiz, M.D. Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Eyad Shihabeddin
- Richard S. Ruiz, M.D. Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030
- The MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030
| | - John O'Brien
- Richard S. Ruiz, M.D. Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030
- The MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030
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Wang R, Yang Y, Xiao M, Guo B, Liu W, Wang H. Neonatal Inhibition of Connexin 36 Ameliorates Fetal Brain Injury Induced by Maternal Noninfectious Fever in Mice. Dev Neurosci 2019; 41:94-101. [PMID: 31112950 DOI: 10.1159/000499735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenatal fever could result in brain function impairments in the offspring. The present study investigated the effect of interleukin-6 (IL-6)-induced maternal fever on the offspring and the involvement of connexin 36 in this process. Pregnant C57BL/6J mice were injected with IL-6 on gestational day 15. The levels of iNOS and COX-2 were measured as an index of neuroinflammation in the brain of newborn pups. Offspring were treated with the connexin 36 (Cx36) inhibitor mefloquine at postnatal day (P)1-P3 or at P40-P42. Rotarod, grip traction, and foot fault tests were carried out to evaluate the motor behavior of adult offspring. Injection of IL-6 led to an elevation of the core temperature in the pregnant dams. Offspring of these dams showed significantly increased COX-2 and iNOS mRNA expression and protein levels in the whole-brain samples and significantly increased Cx36 in the cerebellum. Moreover, offspring of these dams showed motor deficits at an adult age. Neonatal administration of the Cx36 inhibitor mefloquine could prevent these motor deficits. Maternal fever during pregnancy induced by IL-6 injection could lead to neuroinflammation and motor deficits in the offspring. Neonatal inhibition of Cx36 could ameliorate the motor deficits in the offspring, indicating an involvement of Cx36 in the IL-6-induced maternal fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifen Wang
- Cangzhou Central Hospital of Hebei Province, Cangzhou, China,
| | - Yueqing Yang
- Cangzhou Central Hospital of Hebei Province, Cangzhou, China
| | - Min Xiao
- Cangzhou Central Hospital of Hebei Province, Cangzhou, China
| | - Binfang Guo
- Cangzhou Central Hospital of Hebei Province, Cangzhou, China
| | - Weili Liu
- Cangzhou Central Hospital of Hebei Province, Cangzhou, China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Cangzhou Central Hospital of Hebei Province, Cangzhou, China
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Pérez Armendariz EM, Norcini M, Hernández-Tellez B, Castell-Rodríguez A, Coronel-Cruz C, Alquicira RG, Sideris A, Recio-Pinto E. Neurons and satellite glial cells in adult rat lumbar dorsal root ganglia express connexin 36. Acta Histochem 2018; 120:168-178. [PMID: 29224922 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that following peripheral nerve injury there was a downregulation of the gap junction protein connexin 36 (Cx36) in the spinal cord; however, it is not known whether Cx36 protein is expressed in the dorsal root ganglia (DRGs), nor if its levels are altered following peripheral nerve injuries. Here we address these aspects in the adult rat lumbar DRG. Cx36 mRNA was detected using qRT-PCR, and Cx36 protein was identified in DRG sections using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and immunofluorescence (IF). Double staining revealed that Cx36 co-localizes with both anti-β-III tubulin, a neuronal marker, and anti-glutamine synthetase, a satellite glial cell (SGC) marker. In neurons, Cx36 staining was mostly uniform in somata and fibers of all sizes and its intensity increased at the cell membranes. This labeling pattern was in contrast with Cx36 IF dots mainly found at junctional membranes in islet beta cells used as a control tissue. Co-staining with anti-Cx43 and anti-Cx36 showed that whereas mostly uniform staining of Cx36 was found throughout neurons and SGCs, Cx43 IF puncta were localized to SGCs. Cx36 mRNA was expressed in normal lumbar DRG, and it was significantly down-regulated in L4 DRG of rats that underwent sciatic nerve injury resulting in persistent hypersensitivity. Collectively, these findings demonstrated that neurons and SGCs express Cx36 protein in normal DRG, and suggested that perturbation of Cx36 levels may contribute to chronic neuropathic pain resulting from a peripheral nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Martha Pérez Armendariz
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Torre de Investigación 5to piso, Avenida Universidad 3000, Circuito Interior, Ciudad Universitaria, Colonia Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CU, D.F., 04510, Mexico.
| | - Monica Norcini
- Department of Anesthesiology, NYULMC, 180 Varick Street, Room 677, New York, NY 10014, USA.
| | - Beatriz Hernández-Tellez
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Torre de Investigación 5to piso, Avenida Universidad 3000, Circuito Interior, Ciudad Universitaria, Colonia Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CU, D.F., 04510, Mexico.
| | - Andrés Castell-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Torre de Investigación 5to piso, Avenida Universidad 3000, Circuito Interior, Ciudad Universitaria, Colonia Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CU, D.F., 04510, Mexico.
| | - Cristina Coronel-Cruz
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Torre de Investigación 5to piso, Avenida Universidad 3000, Circuito Interior, Ciudad Universitaria, Colonia Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CU, D.F., 04510, Mexico.
| | - Raquel Guerrero Alquicira
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Torre de Investigación 5to piso, Avenida Universidad 3000, Circuito Interior, Ciudad Universitaria, Colonia Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CU, D.F., 04510, Mexico.
| | - Alexandra Sideris
- Department of Anesthesiology, NYULMC, 180 Varick Street, Room 677, New York, NY 10014, USA.
| | - Esperanza Recio-Pinto
- Department of Anesthesiology, NYULMC, 180 Varick Street, Room 677, New York, NY 10014, USA; Departments of Anesthesiology, Biochemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, NYULMC, 180 Varick Street, Room 677, New York, NY 10014 USA.
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10
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Raškevičius V, Jotautis V, Rimkutė L, Marandykina A, Kazokaitė M, Kairys V, Skeberdis VA. Molecular basis for potentiation of Cx36 gap junction channel conductance by n-alcohols and general anesthetics. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20171323. [PMID: 29298877 PMCID: PMC5803492 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20171323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In our recent study, we have demonstrated that short carbon chain n-alcohols (up to octanol) stimulated while long carbon chain n-alcohols inhibited the conductance of connexin (Cx) 36 (Cx36) gap junction (GJ) channels. In contrast, GJ channels composed of other types of Cxs all were inhibited by n-alcohols independent of their carbon chain length. To identify the putative structural domains of Cx36, responsible for the dual effect of n-alcohols, we performed structural modeling of Cx36 protein docking with hexanol and isoflurane that stimulated as well as nonanol and carbenoxolone that inhibited the conductance of Cx36 GJs and revealed their multiple common docking sites and a single pocket accessible only to hexanol and isoflurane. The pocket is located in the vicinity of three unique cysteine residues, namely C264 in the fourth, and C92 and C87 in the second transmembrane domain of the neighboring Cx36 subunits. To examine the hypothesis that disulphide bonding might be involved in the stimulatory effect of hexanol and isoflurane, we generated cysteine substitutions in Cx36 and demonstrated by a dual whole-cell patch-clamp technique that in HeLa (human cervix carcinoma cell line) and N2A (mouse neuroblastoma cell line) cells these mutations reversed the stimulatory effect of hexanol and isoflurane to inhibitory one, typical of other Cxs that lack respective cysteines and a specific docking pocket for these compounds. Our findings suggest that the stimulatory effect of hexanol and isoflurane on Cx36 GJ conductance could be achieved by re-shuffling of the inter-subunit disulphide bond between C264 and C92 to the intra-subunit one between C264 and C87.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vytautas Raškevičius
- Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas LT-50162, Lithuania
| | - Vaidas Jotautis
- Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas LT-50162, Lithuania
| | - Lina Rimkutė
- Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas LT-50162, Lithuania
| | - Alina Marandykina
- Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas LT-50162, Lithuania
| | - Mintautė Kazokaitė
- Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas LT-50162, Lithuania
| | - Visvaldas Kairys
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, Vilnius LT-10257, Lithuania
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11
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Belousov AB, Nishimune H, Denisova JV, Fontes JD. A potential role for neuronal connexin 36 in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurosci Lett 2018; 666:1-4. [PMID: 29246791 PMCID: PMC5805564 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal gap junctional protein connexin 36 (Cx36) contributes to neuronal death following a range of acute brain insults such as ischemia, traumatic brain injury and epilepsy. Whether Cx36 contributes to neuronal death and pathological outcomes in chronic neurodegenerative diseases, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), is not known. We show here that the expression of Cx36 is significantly decreased in lumbar segments of the spinal cord of both human ALS subjects and SOD1G93A mice as compared to healthy human and wild-type mouse controls, respectively. In purified neuronal cultures prepared from the spinal cord of wild-type mice, knockdown of Cx36 reduces neuronal death caused by overexpression of the mutant human SOD1-G93A protein. Taken together, these data suggest a possible contribution of Cx36 to ALS pathogenesis. A perspective for the use of blockers of Cx36 gap junction channels for ALS therapy is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei B Belousov
- Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
| | - Hiroshi Nishimune
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Janna V Denisova
- Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Joseph D Fontes
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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12
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Abstract
The reticular activating system (RAS) is not an amorphous region but distinct nuclei with specific membrane properties that dictate their firing during waking and sleep. The locus coeruleus and raphe nucleus fire during waking and slow wave sleep, with the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) firing during both waking and REM sleep, the states manifesting arousal-related EEG activity. Two important discoveries in the PPN in the last 10 years are, 1) that some PPN cells are electrically coupled, and 2) every PPN cell manifests high threshold calcium channels that allow them to oscillate at beta/gamma band frequencies. The role of arousal in drug abuse is considered here in terms of the effects of drugs of abuse on these two mechanisms. Drug abuse and the perception of withdrawal/relapse are mediated by neurobiological processes that occur only when we are awake, not when we are asleep. These relationships focus on the potential role of arousal, more specifically of RAS electrical coupling and gamma band activity, in the addictive process as well as the relapse to drug use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Verónica Bisagno
- IFIBYNE-CONICET, ININFA-CONICET, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Edgar Garcia-Rill
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
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13
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Abstract
Rod-cone gap junctions mediate the so-called "secondary rod pathway", one of three routes that convey rod photoreceptor signals across the retina. Connexin 36 (Cx36) is expressed at these gap junctions, but an unidentified connexin protein also seems to be expressed. Cx36 knockout mice have been used extensively in the quest to dissect the roles in vision of all three pathways, with the assumption, never directly tested, that rod-cone electrical coupling is abolished by deletion of this connexin isoform. We previously showed that when wild type mouse cones couple to rods, their apparent dynamic range is extended toward lower light intensities, with the appearance of large responses to dim flashes (up to several mV) originating in rods. Here we recorded from the cones of Cx36del[LacZ]/del[LacZ] mice and found that dim flashes of the same intensity evoked at most small sub-millivolt responses. Moreover, these residual responses originated in the cones themselves, since: (i) their spectral preference matched that of the recorded cone and not of rods, (ii) their time-to-peak was shorter than in coupled wild type cones, (iii) a pharmacological block of gap junctions did not reduce their amplitude. Taken together, our data show that rod signals are indeed absent in the cones of Cx36 knockout mice. This study is the first direct demonstration that Cx36 is crucial for the assembly of functional rod-cone gap junctional channels, implying that its genetic deletion is a reliable experimental approach to eliminate rod-cone coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Asteriti
- Department of Translational Research,University of Pisa,Pisa,Italy
| | | | - Lorenzo Cangiano
- Department of Translational Research,University of Pisa,Pisa,Italy
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14
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Abstract
Electrical synapses are an omnipresent feature of nervous systems, from the simple nerve nets of cnidarians to complex brains of mammals. Formed by gap junction channels between neurons, electrical synapses allow direct transmission of voltage signals between coupled cells. The relative simplicity of this arrangement belies the sophistication of these synapses. Coupling via electrical synapses can be regulated by a variety of mechanisms on times scales ranging from milliseconds to days, and active properties of the coupled neurons can impart emergent properties such as signal amplification, phase shifts and frequency-selective transmission. This article reviews the biophysical characteristics of electrical synapses and some of the core mechanisms that control their plasticity in the vertebrate central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Curti
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - John O'Brien
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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15
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Wu XM, Wang GL, Miao J, Feng JC. Effect of connexin 36 blockers on the neuronal cytoskeleton and synaptic plasticity in kainic acid-kindled rats. Transl Neurosci 2015; 6:252-258. [PMID: 28123810 PMCID: PMC4936636 DOI: 10.1515/tnsci-2015-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we investigated the potential anti-epileptogenic effect of neuronal connexin Cx36 gap junction blockage via inhibition of microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP-2) and synaptophysin (SYP) overexpression. Thirty adult male Wistar rats were divided into five groups (six animals per group): control, sham, carbenoxolone (CBX), quinine (QN), and quinidine (QND). An epilepsy model was produced by injecting kainic acid (KA) into the rat amygdala. Broad-spectrum and selective blockers of the Cx36 channel (CBX, QN, and QND) were administered via intraperitoneal injection. Expression of MAP-2 and SYP was assessed by immunofluorescent and immunohistochemical examination. Expression of MAP-2 and SYP was significantly increased after KA administration in the sham group compared with the control group. Expression of MAP-2 and SYP was significantly decreased in the CBX, QN, and QND groups compared with the sham group. The results provide new evidence regarding the key role of MAP-2 and SYP overexpression in three important mechanisms: the modulation of neuronal plasticity, hyperexcitability of the hippocampal neuronal network, and persistent seizure discharge. Furthermore, the reversal of MAP-2 and SYP overexpression following administration of Cx36 channel blockers indicates a potential role for Cx36 channel blockers in anti-epileptogenic treatment and in doing so, highlights a critical need for further investigation of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Mei Wu
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Guang-Liang Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Peking University International Hospital, Peking, P.R. China
| | - Jing Miao
- Department of Neurology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Chun Feng
- Department of Neurology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
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Abstract
The prevalence of diabetes at a global scale has markedly increased during the last three decades. Diabetes is a chronic disease that includes a group of metabolic disorders, in which high serum glucose levels is a common factor. Insulin is the only hormone that decreases serum glucose levels. Therefore, it is relevant to deepen our understanding of cell mechanisms that regulate insulin production and release. Insulin is produced in pancreatic islet beta cells. They are excitable cells and most of them are electrically coupled through gap junction channels. Connexin 36 (Cx36) has been identified at junctional membranes of islet beta cells in both rodents and humans. Co-localization of Cx36 with Cx30.2 has been recently identified. Functional studies in Cx36 deficient mice have provided direct evidence that Cx36 gap junction channels are necessary for the synchronization of [Ca(2+)]i oscillations in islet beta cells. The latter allows for the generation of insulin pulses in a single perfused islet. Moreover, Cx36 deficient mice were found to have altered serum insulin pulse dynamics and to be glucose intolerant. In addition, Cx36 has been recently identified as an early gene that is specifically expressed in embryonic beta cells, whose transcript and protein are upregulated in unison with the main wave of beta cell differentiation. In conclusion, Cx36 is critical for endocrine pancreatic function and may represent a molecular target for future prevention and treatment of diabetes. This article is part of the Special Issue Section entitled 'Current Pharmacology of Gap Junction Channels and Hemichannels'.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Martha Pérez-Armendariz
- Unidad de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Torre de Investigación 5to piso, Avenida Universidad 3000, Circuito Interior, Ciudad Universitaria, UNAM, México D.F. 04510, Mexico; Hospital General de México, Hospital General de México/Unidad de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Dr Balmis 148, Colonia Doctores, Delegación Cuahutémoc, CP 06726 Ciudad de México, Mexico; Departamento of Biología Celular yTisular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 3000, Circuito Interior, Ciudad Universitaria, UNAM, Mexico D.F. 04510, Mexico.
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