1
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Li L, Hong Y, Qiu H, Yang F, Li F. VP19 is important for the envelope coating of white spot syndrome virus. Virus Res 2019; 270:197666. [PMID: 31306682 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.197666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
VP19 is a major envelope protein of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), an important pathogen of farmed shrimp. However, the exact function of VP19 in WSSV assembly and infection is unknown. To understand the function of VP19, the gene was knocked down by RNA interference. We found that the dsRNA specific for vp19 gene dramatically reduced the replication of WSSV genomic DNA in infected animals. Further investigation by transmission electron microscopy showed that inhibition of VP19 prevented envelope coating of progeny virions, resulting in a high amount of immature virus particles without outer layer (envelope) in the host cells. This finding was further confirmed by SDS-PAGE analysis, which showed the loss of VP19 and other envelope proteins from the improperly assembled virions. These results suggest that VP19 is essential for WSSV envelope coating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- College of Tea and Food Science, Wuyi University, Wuyishan, Fujian, China
| | - Yongcong Hong
- College of Tea and Food Science, Wuyi University, Wuyishan, Fujian, China
| | - Huaina Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources of State Oceanic Administration, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, China
| | - Feng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources of State Oceanic Administration, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Fang Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources of State Oceanic Administration, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, China.
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2
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Yang F, Li S, Li F, Xiang J. A cuticle protein from the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei involved in WSSV infection. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 81:303-311. [PMID: 29274789 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is a major viral pathogen in global shrimp farming, causing huge economic damage. Through penetrating the outer surface of the target tissues, WSSV enters into the cells of the target tissue to complete the replication process in the host. In the present study, a cuticle protein gene from Litopenaeus vannamei, designated as LvAMP13.4, was identified and proved to be involved in WSSV invasion. The deduced amino acid sequence of LvAMP13.4 contained a signal peptide and a conserved chitin-binding domain type 4 (ChBD4). This cuticle protein gene was mainly expressed in stomach, gill and epidermis. The expression level of LvAMP13.4 was significantly changed during WSSV infection. Silencing of LvAMP13.4 by dsRNA interference apparently reduced the mortality rate and the WSSV copy number in shrimp upon WSSV infection. Furthermore, yeast two-hybrid system and Co-IP assay were performed to confirm that LvAMP13.4 could interact with the major envelop protein VP24 of WSSV. These data indicated that LvAMP13.4 was involved in the invasion process of WSSV through interaction with VP24. The present results could provide new insights for us in understanding the role of host cuticle proteins during virus invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Shihao Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Fuhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Jianhai Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
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3
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Han Y, Li F, Xu L, Yang F. A VP24-truncated isolate of white spot syndrome virus is inefficient in per os infection. Vet Res 2017; 48:87. [PMID: 29228988 PMCID: PMC5725807 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-017-0492-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is a major pathogen of penaeid shrimp. Here we identified a new WSSV strain, WSSV-CN04, from naturally infected Marsupenaeus japonicus. Whole genomic sequencing results indicate that the WSSV-CN04 genome was 281 054 bp in length, and encoded 157 hypothetic proteins. The genome sequence of WSSV-CN04 was most closely related to the low-virulent strain WSSV-CN03, sharing 97.5% sequence identity. Notably, in WSSV-CN04, the major envelop protein VP24 was not only truncated but also absent in the virions. Since VP24 was previously reported to be essential for WSSV per os infection by mediating WSSV-chitin interaction, we further analyzed the peroral infection of WSSV-CN03 and -CN04 in Litopenaeus vannamei, and show that the infectivity of WSSV-CN04 was significantly lower than that of WSSV-CN03. When compared with WSSV-CN03-infected shrimp, fewer virions were detected in the digestive tract tissues of WSSV-CN04-infected shrimp at 4 hours post-infection (hpi), and the viral titers in the animals at 24 hpi were much lower. Moreover, a peptide corresponding to VP24 chitin-binding domain reduced the amount of WSSV-CN03 in the midgut to a level similar to that of WSSV-CN04 at 4 hpi. These findings indicate that the truncation of VP24 may attenuate the peroral infectivity of WSSV-CN04, and therefore verify the important role of VP24 in WSSV per os infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Han
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources of State Oceanic Administration, Third Institute of Oceanography, Xiamen, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Xiamen, China.,State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources, Xiamen, China
| | - Fang Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources of State Oceanic Administration, Third Institute of Oceanography, Xiamen, China. .,Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Xiamen, China. .,State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources, Xiamen, China.
| | - Limei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources of State Oceanic Administration, Third Institute of Oceanography, Xiamen, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Xiamen, China.,State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources, Xiamen, China
| | - Feng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources of State Oceanic Administration, Third Institute of Oceanography, Xiamen, China. .,Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China. .,Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Xiamen, China. .,State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources, Xiamen, China.
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4
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Lee YJ, Chen LL. WSSV envelope protein VP51B links structural protein complexes and may mediate virus infection. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2017; 40:571-581. [PMID: 27454323 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV), an enveloped double-stranded DNA virus, is the causative agent of a disease that has led to severe mortalities of cultured shrimps in Taiwan and many other countries. In the previous study, Penaeus monodon chitin-binding protein (CBP) and glucose transporter 1 (Glut1), two cell membrane proteins, were found to at least interact with other 10 WSSV envelope proteins including VP51B. These envelope proteins might form a protein complex. According to the known information, VP51B was used to identify its role in the protein complex. Western blotting of the intact viral particles and fractionation of the viral components confirmed that VP51B is one of WSSV envelope proteins. In this study, the protein-protein interaction between VP51B and other WSSV envelope proteins was identified by far-western blot experiment and VP51B was found to interact with VP24, VP31, VP32, VP39B and VP41A. Furthermore, the in vivo neutralization experiment using recombinant VP51B plus with VP39B showed the best inhibition. These data indicate that VP51B participates in the WSSV protein complex and plays an important role in WSSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y J Lee
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - L L Chen
- Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan, ROC
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5
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Sun L, Su Y, Zhao Y, Fu ZQ, Wu Y. Crystal Structure of Major Envelope Protein VP24 from White Spot Syndrome Virus. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32309. [PMID: 27572278 PMCID: PMC5004148 DOI: 10.1038/srep32309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is one of the major and most serious pathogen in the shrimp industry. As one of the most abundant envelope protein, VP24 acts as a core protein interacting with other structure proteins and plays an important role in virus assembly and infection. Here, we have presented the crystal structure of VP24 from WSSV. In the structure, VP24 consists of a nine-stranded β–barrel fold with mostly antiparallel β-strands, and the loops extending out the β–barrel at both N-terminus and C-terminus, which is distinct to those of the other two major envelope proteins VP28 and VP26. Structural comparison of VP24 with VP26 and VP28 reveals opposite electrostatic surface potential properties of them. These structural differences could provide insight into their differential functional mechanisms and roles for virus assembly and infection. Moreover, the structure reveals a trimeric assembly, suggesting a likely natural conformation of VP24 in viral envelope. Therefore, in addition to confirming the evolutionary relationship among the three abundant envelope proteins of WSSV, our structural studies also facilitate a better understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying special roles of VP24 in WSSV assembly and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yintao Su
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yanhe Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zheng-Qing Fu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Yunkun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
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6
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Verbruggen B, Bickley LK, van Aerle R, Bateman KS, Stentiford GD, Santos EM, Tyler CR. Molecular Mechanisms of White Spot Syndrome Virus Infection and Perspectives on Treatments. Viruses 2016; 8:E23. [PMID: 26797629 PMCID: PMC4728583 DOI: 10.3390/v8010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Since its emergence in the 1990s, White Spot Disease (WSD) has had major economic and societal impact in the crustacean aquaculture sector. Over the years shrimp farming alone has experienced billion dollar losses through WSD. The disease is caused by the White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV), a large dsDNA virus and the only member of the Nimaviridae family. Susceptibility to WSSV in a wide range of crustacean hosts makes it a major risk factor in the translocation of live animals and in commodity products. Currently there are no effective treatments for this disease. Understanding the molecular basis of disease processes has contributed significantly to the treatment of many human and animal pathogens, and with a similar aim considerable efforts have been directed towards understanding host-pathogen molecular interactions for WSD. Work on the molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis in aquatic crustaceans has been restricted by a lack of sequenced and annotated genomes for host species. Nevertheless, some of the key host-pathogen interactions have been established: between viral envelope proteins and host cell receptors at initiation of infection, involvement of various immune system pathways in response to WSSV, and the roles of various host and virus miRNAs in mitigation or progression of disease. Despite these advances, many fundamental knowledge gaps remain; for example, the roles of the majority of WSSV proteins are still unknown. In this review we assess current knowledge of how WSSV infects and replicates in its host, and critique strategies for WSD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas Verbruggen
- Biosciences, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon EX4, UK.
| | - Lisa K Bickley
- Biosciences, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon EX4, UK.
| | - Ronny van Aerle
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Crustacean Diseases, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Weymouth Laboratory, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK.
| | - Kelly S Bateman
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Crustacean Diseases, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Weymouth Laboratory, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK.
| | - Grant D Stentiford
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Crustacean Diseases, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Weymouth Laboratory, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK.
| | - Eduarda M Santos
- Biosciences, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon EX4, UK.
| | - Charles R Tyler
- Biosciences, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon EX4, UK.
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7
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Li Z, Li F, Han Y, Xu L, Yang F. VP24 Is a Chitin-Binding Protein Involved in White Spot Syndrome Virus Infection. J Virol 2016; 90:842-50. [PMID: 26512091 PMCID: PMC4702682 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02357-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Oral ingestion is the major route of infection for the white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). However, the mechanism by which virus particles in the digestive tract invade host cells is unknown. In the present study, we demonstrate that WSSV virions can bind to chitin through one of the major envelope proteins (VP24). Mutagenesis analysis indicated that amino acids (aa) 186 to 200 in the C terminus of VP24 were required for chitin binding. Moreover, the P-VP24186-200 peptide derived from the VP24 chitin binding region significantly inhibited the VP24-chitin interaction and the WSSV-chitin interaction, implying that VP24 participates in WSSV binding to chitin. Oral inoculation experiments showed that P-VP24186-200 treatment reduced the number of virus particles remaining in the digestive tract during the early stage of infection and greatly hindered WSSV proliferation in shrimp. These data indicate that binding of WSSV to chitin through the viral envelope protein VP24 is essential for WSSV per os infection and provide new ideas for preventing WSSV infection in shrimp farms. IMPORTANCE In this study, we show that WSSV can bind to chitin through the envelope protein VP24. The chitin-binding domain of VP24 maps to amino acids 186 to 200 in the C terminus. Binding of WSSV to chitin through the viral envelope protein VP24 is essential for WSSV per os infection. These findings not only extend our knowledge of WSSV infection but also provide new insights into strategies to prevent WSSV infection in shrimp farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaipeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen, China
| | - Fang Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen, China
| | - Yali Han
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen, China
| | - Limei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen, China
| | - Feng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen, China
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8
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Li Z, Chen W, Xu L, Li F, Yang F. Identification of the interaction domains of white spot syndrome virus envelope proteins VP28 and VP24. Virus Res 2015; 200:24-9. [PMID: 25637460 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
VP28 and VP24 are two major envelope proteins of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). The direct interaction between VP28 and VP24 has been described in previous studies. In this study, we confirmed this interaction and mapped the interaction domains of VP28 and VP24 by constructing a series of deletion mutants. By co-immunoprecipitation, two VP28-binding domains of VP24 were located at amino acid residues 46-61 and 148-160, while VP24-binding domain of VP28 was located at amino acid residues 31-45. These binding domains were further corroborated by peptide blocking assay, in which synthetic peptides spanning the binding domains were able to inhibit VP28-VP24 interaction, whereas same-size control peptides from non-binging regions did not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaipeng Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources, Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources of State Oceanic Administration & Fujian, Third Institute of Oceanography, Xiamen 361005, PR China; School of Life Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Weiyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources, Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources of State Oceanic Administration & Fujian, Third Institute of Oceanography, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Limei Xu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources, Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources of State Oceanic Administration & Fujian, Third Institute of Oceanography, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Fang Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources, Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources of State Oceanic Administration & Fujian, Third Institute of Oceanography, Xiamen 361005, PR China.
| | - Feng Yang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources, Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources of State Oceanic Administration & Fujian, Third Institute of Oceanography, Xiamen 361005, PR China.
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9
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Characterization of white spot syndrome virus VP52B and its interaction with VP26. Virus Genes 2014; 50:46-51. [PMID: 25331340 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-014-1126-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is one of the major pathogens of cultured shrimp. Identification of envelope protein interactions has become a central issue for the understanding of WSSV assembly. In this paper, WSSV envelope protein VP52B was fused with GST-tag and expressed in Escherichia coli BL-21(DE3). Immunogold-electron microscopy revealed that VP52B was located on the outside surface of WSSV virions. Far-Western blotting analysis suggested that VP52B might directly interact with a major viral envelope protein VP26, and their interaction was confirmed by GST pull-down assay. Further investigation showed that the VP52B binding domain was located between residues 135-170 of VP26. These findings will enhance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of WSSV morphogenesis.
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10
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Huang PY, Leu JH, Chen LL. A newly identified protein complex that mediates white spot syndrome virus infection via chitin-binding protein. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:1799-1808. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.064782-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is a large enveloped virus which has caused severe mortality and huge economic losses in the shrimp farming industry. The enveloped virus must be combined with the receptors of the host cell membrane by the virus envelope proteins. In the case of WSSV, binding of envelope proteins with receptors of the host cell membrane was discovered in a number of previous studies, such as VP53A and 10 other proteins with chitin-binding protein (CBP), VP28 with Penaeus monodon Rab7, VP187 with β-integrin, and so on. WSSV envelope proteins were also considered capable of forming a protein complex dubbed an ‘infectome’. In this study, the research was focused on the role of CBP in the WSSV infection process, and the relationship between CBP and the envelope proteins VP24, VP28, VP31, VP32 VP39B, VP53A and VP56. The results of the reverse transcription-PCR analyses showed that CBP existed in a variety of shrimp. The speed of WSSV infection could be slowed down by inhibiting CBP gene expression. Far-Western blot analysis and His pull-down assays were conducted, and a protein complex was found that appeared to be composed of a ‘linker’ protein consisting of VP31, VP32 and VP39B together with four envelope proteins, including VP24, VP28, VP53A and VP56. This protein complex was possibly another part of the infectome and the possible binding region with CBP. The findings of this study may have identified certain points for further WSSV research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Yu Huang
- Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, No. 2, Pei-Ning Road, Keelung 20224, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jiann-Horng Leu
- Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, No. 2, Pei-Ning Road, Keelung 20224, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Li-Li Chen
- Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, No. 2, Pei-Ning Road, Keelung 20224, Taiwan, ROC
- Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, No. 2, Pei-Ning Road, Keelung 20224, Taiwan, ROC
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11
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Characterization and interactome study of white spot syndrome virus envelope protein VP11. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85779. [PMID: 24465701 PMCID: PMC3897518 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is a large enveloped virus. The WSSV viral particle consists of three structural layers that surround its core DNA: an outer envelope, a tegument and a nucleocapsid. Here we characterize the WSSV structural protein VP11 (WSSV394, GenBank accession number AF440570), and use an interactome approach to analyze the possible associations between this protein and an array of other WSSV and host proteins. Temporal transcription analysis showed that vp11 is an early gene. Western blot hybridization of the intact viral particles and fractionation of the viral components, and immunoelectron microscopy showed that VP11 is an envelope protein. Membrane topology software predicted VP11 to be a type of transmembrane protein with a highly hydrophobic transmembrane domain at its N-terminal. Based on an immunofluorescence assay performed on VP11-transfected Sf9 cells and a trypsin digestion analysis of the virion, we conclude that, contrary to topology software prediction, the C-terminal of this protein is in fact inside the virion. Yeast two-hybrid screening combined with co-immunoprecipitation assays found that VP11 directly interacted with at least 12 other WSSV structural proteins as well as itself. An oligomerization assay further showed that VP11 could form dimers. VP11 is also the first reported WSSV structural protein to interact with the major nucleocapsid protein VP664.
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12
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Li Q, Liu QH, Huang J. VP292 of White spot syndrome virus Interacts with VP26. INDIAN JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY : AN OFFICIAL ORGAN OF INDIAN VIROLOGICAL SOCIETY 2014; 24:54-8. [PMID: 24426258 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-012-0111-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2011] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between virus structural proteins are suggested to be crucial for virus assembly. Many steps in the process of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) assembly and maturation remain unclear. In this paper, we discovered a new interaction of WSSV VP292. Temporal-transcription analysis showed that VP292 is expressed in the late stage of WSSV infection. Western blot and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization MS assays showed that VP292 interacts with VP26, a major envelope protein. Far-western blot provided further evidence for interaction between VP292 and VP26. These results collectively demonstrated that VP292 anchors to the envelope through interaction with VP26.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071 China ; Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing-Hui Liu
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071 China
| | - Jie Huang
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071 China
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13
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Sangsuriya P, Huang JY, Chu YF, Phiwsaiya K, Leekitcharoenphon P, Meemetta W, Senapin S, Huang WP, Withyachumnarnkul B, Flegel TW, Lo CF. Construction and application of a protein interaction map for white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). Mol Cell Proteomics 2014; 13:269-82. [PMID: 24217020 PMCID: PMC3879619 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m113.029199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is currently the most serious global threat for cultured shrimp production. Although its large, double-stranded DNA genome has been completely characterized, most putative protein functions remain obscure. To provide more informative knowledge about this virus, a proteomic-scale network of WSSV-WSSV protein interactions was carried out using a comprehensive yeast two-hybrid analysis. An array of yeast transformants containing each WSSV open reading frame fused with GAL4 DNA binding domain and GAL4 activation domain was constructed yielding 187 bait and 182 prey constructs, respectively. On screening of ∼28,000 pairwise combinations, 710 interactions were obtained from 143 baits. An independent coimmunoprecipitation assay (co-IP) was performed to validate the selected protein interaction pairs identified from the yeast two-hybrid approach. The program Cytoscape was employed to create a WSSV protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. The topology of the WSSV PPI network was based on the Barabási-Albert model and consisted of a scale-free network that resembled other established viral protein interaction networks. Using the RNA interference approach, knocking down either of two candidate hub proteins gave shrimp more protection against WSSV than knocking down a nonhub gene. The WSSV protein interaction map established in this study provides novel guidance for further studies on shrimp viral pathogenesis, host-viral protein interaction and potential targets for therapeutic and preventative antiviral strategies in shrimp aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pakkakul Sangsuriya
- From the ‡Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
- §Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Jiun-Yan Huang
- ¶Institute of Zoology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yu-Fei Chu
- ¶Institute of Zoology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Kornsunee Phiwsaiya
- From the ‡Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
- ‖National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Pimlapas Leekitcharoenphon
- From the ‡Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Watcharachai Meemetta
- From the ‡Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Saengchan Senapin
- From the ‡Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
- ‖National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Wei-Pang Huang
- ¶Institute of Zoology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Boonsirm Withyachumnarnkul
- From the ‡Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
- **Shrimp Genetic Improvement Center, Surat Thani 84100, Thailand
- ‡‡Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Timothy W. Flegel
- From the ‡Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
- ‖National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Chu-Fang Lo
- ¶Institute of Zoology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- ¶¶Institute of Bioinformatics and Biosignal Transduction, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
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14
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Li J, Xu L, Li F, Yang F. Low-abundance envelope protein VP12 of white spot syndrome virus interacts with envelope protein VP150 and capsid protein VP51. Virus Res 2013; 178:206-10. [PMID: 24144859 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
VP12 and VP150 are two minor envelope proteins of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). In our previous studies, VP12 was found to co-migrate with 53-kDa form of VP150 on two-dimensional Blue Native/SDS-PAGE, suggesting that there is an interaction between them. In this study, we confirmed the interaction by co-immunoprecipitation assay and demonstrated that the binding region with VP12 is located between residues 207 and 803 of VP150. Further studies found that VP12 can be attached to WSSV capsids by interacting with capsid protein VP51. These findings suggest that VP12 may function as a linker protein participating in the linkage between VP12/VP150 complex and viral nucleocapsid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Li
- College of Ocean & Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources; Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources of State Oceanic Administration; Third Institute of Oceanography, Xiamen 361005, China.
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15
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Peng XX. Proteomics and its applications to aquaculture in China: infection, immunity, and interaction of aquaculture hosts with pathogens. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 39:63-71. [PMID: 22484215 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2012.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2011] [Revised: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
China is the largest fishery producer worldwide in term of its aquaculture output, and plays leading and decisive roles in international aquaculture development. To improve aquaculture output further and promote aquaculture business development, infectious diseases and immunity of fishes and other aquaculture species must be studied. In this regard, aquaculture proteomics has been widely carried out in China to get a better understanding of aquaculture host immunity and microbial pathogenesis as well as host-pathogen interactions, and to identify novel disease targets and vaccine candidates for therapeutic interventions. These proteomics studies include development of novel methods, assays, and advanced concepts in order to characterize proteomics mechanisms of host innate immune defense and microbial pathogenesis. This review article summarizes some recently published technical approaches and their applications to aquaculture proteomics with an emphasis on the responses of aquaculture animals to bacteria, viruses, and other aqua-environmental stresses, and development of broadly cross-protective vaccine candidates. The reviewed articles are those that have been published in international peer reviewed journals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan-Xian Peng
- Center for Proteomics, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
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16
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Otta SK. Host and virus protein interaction studies in understanding shrimp virus gene function. INDIAN JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY : AN OFFICIAL ORGAN OF INDIAN VIROLOGICAL SOCIETY 2012; 23:184-90. [PMID: 23997442 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-012-0085-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Protein-protein interaction studies have been widely used in several fields to characterize an unknown protein. This in turn helps to find out several pathways to understand a complex mechanism or discover a drug for treatment. Among the methods, yeast two-hybrid has widely been used in human, animal and plant research studies. This aspect of research has also been found useful in understanding the shrimp virus gene function. With respect to White spot syndrome virus, interaction studies have been applied to elucidate virus structure, understand the mode of entry of the virus, mechanism of virus replication and also to discover some of the host anti-viral proteins. Interaction studies on other shrimp viruses are scanty and only few reports available on Yellow head virus and Taura syndrome virus. All these findings are still in preliminary stage and lot more studies are necessary to have the clear picture. Protein interaction research on other shrimp viruses are still lacking. Considering all these, it appears that this field of research has a wide scope to understand the virulence mechanism of shrimp viruses where very little information is available till date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhendu Kumar Otta
- Aquatic Animal Health Division, Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, # 75 Santhome High Road, RA Puram, Chennai, 600028 India
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17
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Zuo H, Chen C, Gao Y, Lin J, Jin C, Wang W. Regulation of shrimp PjCaspase promoter activity by WSSV VP38 and VP41B. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 30:1188-1191. [PMID: 21362480 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2011.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2010] [Revised: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Members of the Caspase family play essential roles in apoptosis. In kuruma shrimp Marsupenaeus japonicus the caspase gene (PjCaspase) was previously found dramatically up-regulated in viral-challenged and -resistant shrimp, suggesting that PjCaspase plays an important role in protecting host from viral infection. In order to further delineate the transcriptional regulation of PjCaspase in response to viral infection, the promoter activity was confirmed by fusing the 5'-flanking promoter region of the PjCaspase gene to the enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP) gene and transformed to Trichoplusia ni High Five™ cell line. With streptavidin-bead pulldown assay, two envelope proteins VP38 and VP41B of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) were found to bind to PjCaspase promoter in vitro. Luciferase reporter assay by cotransfection of PjCaspace promoter with VP38 or VP41B revealed that the proteins act as repressor and activator of PjCaspase transcription respectively. Our study suggested a potential role for the two WSSV proteins on shrimp PjCaspase regulation in response to WSSV challenge. To our knowledge this is the first report on WSSV envelope proteins found to be involved in gene regulation. These results provide insights into the molecular regulation of PjCaspase gene expression, which will be helpful for shrimp viral disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huali Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, China
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18
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Analysis of white spot syndrome virus envelope protein complexome by two-dimensional blue native/SDS PAGE combined with mass spectrometry. Arch Virol 2011; 156:1125-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-011-0954-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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19
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Chang YS, Liu WJ, Lee CC, Chou TL, Lee YT, Wu TS, Huang JY, Huang WT, Lee TL, Kou GH, Wang AHJ, Lo CF. A 3D model of the membrane protein complex formed by the white spot syndrome virus structural proteins. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10718. [PMID: 20502662 PMCID: PMC2873410 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2010] [Accepted: 04/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Outbreaks of white spot disease have had a large negative economic impact on cultured shrimp worldwide. However, the pathogenesis of the causative virus, WSSV (whit spot syndrome virus), is not yet well understood. WSSV is a large enveloped virus. The WSSV virion has three structural layers surrounding its core DNA: an outer envelope, a tegument and a nucleocapsid. In this study, we investigated the protein-protein interactions of the major WSSV structural proteins, including several envelope and tegument proteins that are known to be involved in the infection process. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In the present report, we used coimmunoprecipitation and yeast two-hybrid assays to elucidate and/or confirm all the interactions that occur among the WSSV structural (envelope and tegument) proteins VP51A, VP19, VP24, VP26 and VP28. We found that VP51A interacted directly not only with VP26 but also with VP19 and VP24. VP51A, VP19 and VP24 were also shown to have an affinity for self-interaction. Chemical cross-linking assays showed that these three self-interacting proteins could occur as dimers. CONCLUSIONS From our present results in conjunction with other previously established interactions we construct a 3D model in which VP24 acts as a core protein that directly associates with VP26, VP28, VP38A, VP51A and WSV010 to form a membrane-associated protein complex. VP19 and VP37 are attached to this complex via association with VP51A and VP28, respectively. Through the VP26-VP51C interaction this envelope complex is anchored to the nucleocapsid, which is made of layers of rings formed by VP664. A 3D model of the nucleocapsid and the surrounding outer membrane is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Shiang Chang
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Da-Yeh University, Changhua, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (YSC); (AHJW); (CFL)
| | - Wang-Jing Liu
- Institute of Zoology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chung Lee
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Lu Chou
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Da-Yeh University, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Ting Lee
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Da-Yeh University, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Tz-Shian Wu
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Da-Yeh University, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Jiun-Yan Huang
- Institute of Zoology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Tung Huang
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Da-Yeh University, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Lin Lee
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Da-Yeh University, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Guang-Hsiung Kou
- Institute of Zoology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Andrew H.-J. Wang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (YSC); (AHJW); (CFL)
| | - Chu-Fang Lo
- Institute of Zoology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (YSC); (AHJW); (CFL)
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Lin Y, Xu L, Yang F. Tetramerization of white spot syndrome virus envelope protein VP33 and its interaction with VP24. Arch Virol 2010; 155:833-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-010-0650-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2009] [Accepted: 02/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
Early events in white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) morphogenesis, particularly the formation of viral membranes, are poorly understood. The major envelope proteins of WSSV are VP28, VP26, VP24, and VP19. Our previous results indicated that VP28 interacts with VP26 and VP24. In the present study, we used coimmunoprecipitation assays and pull-down assays to confirm that the four major proteins in the WSSV envelope can form a multiprotein complex. Yeast two-hybrid assays were also used to test for interactions among the four proteins. In summary, three pairwise protein interactions (VP19-VP28, VP19-VP24, and VP24-VP26) and one self-association (VP24-VP24) were identified for the first time.
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