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Mao S, Wu L. Coinfection of viruses in children with community-acquired pneumonia. BMC Pediatr 2024; 24:457. [PMID: 39014398 PMCID: PMC11250944 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-024-04939-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Virus, particularly respiratory tract virus infection is likely to co-occur in children with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Study focusing on the association between common viruses coinfection and children with CAP is rare. We aimed to study the association between seven common viruses coinfection and clinical/laboratory indexes in children with CAP. METHODS Six hundred and eighty-four CAP cases from our hospital were enrolled retrospectively. Seven common viruses, including influenza A (FluA), influenza B (FluB), human parainfluenza virus (HPIV), Esptein-Barr virus (EBV), coxsackie virus (CoxsV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and herpes simplex virus (HSV) were investigated for their associations with CAP. We analyzed the differences of hospitalization days, white blood cell (WBC), c-reactive protein (CRP), platelet (PLT), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), procalcitonin (PCT), urine red blood cell (uRBC), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (Scr), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK) and creatine kinase isoenzyme (CKMB) among different viruses coinfection groups by using one-way ANOVA analysis. The differences of clinical/laboratory indexes between ordinary and severe pneumonia groups, as well as non-virus vs multi co-infection viruses groups, and single vs multi co-infection viruses groups by using independent samples T test. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses were applied to test the the predictive value of the clinical/laboratory parameters for the risk of viruses coinfections among CAP. Binary logistic analysis was performed to test the association between various indexes and viruses co-infection. RESULTS Eighty-four multiple viruses coinfections yielded different prognosis compared with that in 220 single virus coinfection. CMV coinfection was associated with longest hospitalization days, highest ALT, AST and CKMB level. HSV coinfection was associated with highest WBC count, CRP, ESR, and BUN. EBV coinfection was associated with highest PLT and PCT level. FluB coinfection was associated with highest Scr level. CoxsV coinfection was associated with highest uRBC, LDH and CK level. ROC curve analyses showed that CK had the largest area under the curve (AUC: 0.672, p < 10-4) for the risk of viruses coinfections risk in CAP. Significant association between PLT, uRBC, BUN, CK, and CKMB and virus coinfection risk in CAP was observed. CONCLUSIONS Multiple viruses coinfections indicated different prognosis. Different viruses coinfection yielded varying degrees of effects on the cardiac, liver, kidney and inflamatory injury in CAP. The alterations of clinical/laboratory parameters, particularly CK may be associated with the risk of viruses coinfections in CAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Mao
- Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Liangxia Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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2
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Welch JL, Shrestha R, Hutchings H, Pal N, Levings R, Robbe-Austerman S, Palinski R, Shanmuganatham KK. Inactivation of highly transmissible livestock and avian viruses including influenza A and Newcastle disease virus for molecular diagnostics. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1304022. [PMID: 38515532 PMCID: PMC10955088 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1304022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
There is a critical need for an inactivation method that completely inactivates pathogens at the time of sample collection while maintaining the nucleic acid quality required for diagnostic PCR testing. This inactivation method is required to alleviate concerns about transmission potential, minimize shipping complications and cost, and enable testing in lower containment laboratories, thereby enhancing disease diagnostics through improved turn-around time. This study evaluated a panel of 10 surrogate viruses that represent highly pathogenic animal diseases. These results showed that a commercial PrimeStore® molecular transport media (PSMTM) completely inactivated all viruses tested by >99.99%, as determined by infectivity and serial passage assays. However, the detection of viral nucleic acid by qRT-PCR was comparable in PSMTM and control-treated conditions. These results were consistent when viruses were evaluated in the presence of biological material such as sera and cloacal swabs to mimic diagnostic sample conditions for non-avian and avian viruses, respectively. The results of this study may be utilized by diagnostic testing laboratories for highly pathogenic agents affecting animal and human populations. These results may be used to revise guidance for select agent diagnostic testing and the shipment of infectious substances.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Karthik K. Shanmuganatham
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
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Liao T, Chen Y, Guo L, Zhu S, Zhan T, Lu X, Xu H, Hu Z, Hu J, Gu M, Liu X, Wang X, Hu S, Liu X. The NP protein of Newcastle disease virus dictates its oncolytic activity by regulating viral mRNA translation efficiency. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012027. [PMID: 38377149 PMCID: PMC10906838 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) has been extensively studied as a promising oncolytic virus for killing tumor cells in vitro and in vivo in clinical trials. However, the viral components that regulate the oncolytic activity of NDV remain incompletely understood. In this study, we systematically compared the replication ability of different NDV genotypes in various tumor cells and identified NP protein determines the oncolytic activity of NDV. On the one hand, NDV strains with phenylalanine (F) at the 450th amino acid position of the NP protein (450th-F-NP) exhibit a loss of oncolytic activity. This phenotype is predominantly associated with genotype VII NDVs. In contrast, the NP protein with a leucine amino acid at this site in other genotypes (450th-L-NP) can facilitate the loading of viral mRNA onto ribosomes more effectively than 450th-F-NP. On the other hand, the NP protein from NDV strains that exhibit strong oncogenicity interacts with eIF4A1 within its 366-489 amino acid region, leading to the inhibition of cellular mRNA translation with a complex 5' UTR structure. Our study provide mechanistic insights into how highly oncolytic NDV strains selectively promote the translation of viral mRNA and will also facilitate the screening of oncolytic strains for oncolytic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxing Liao
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Lili Guo
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shanshan Zhu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Tiansong Zhan
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaolong Lu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Haixu Xu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zenglei Hu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infections Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jiao Hu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infections Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Min Gu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaowen Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infections Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoquan Wang
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shunlin Hu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infections Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infections Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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4
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Vanamamalai VK, E P, T R K, Sharma S. Integrated analysis of genes and long non-coding RNAs in trachea transcriptome to decipher the host response during Newcastle disease challenge in different breeds of chicken. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127183. [PMID: 37793531 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Newcastle disease is a highly infectious economically devastating disease caused by Newcastle disease Virus in Chicken (Gallus gallus). Leghorn and Fayoumi are two breeds which show differential resistance patterns towards NDV. This study aims to identify the differentially expressed genes and lncRNAs during NDV challenge which could play a potential role in this differential resistance pattern. A total of 552 genes and 1580 lncRNAs were found to be differentially expressing. Of them, 52 genes were annotated with both Immune related pathways and Gene ontologies. We found that most of these genes were upregulated in Leghorn between normal and challenged chicken but several were down regulated between different timepoints after NDV challenge, while Fayoumi showed no such downregulation. We also observed that higher number of positively correlating lncRNAs was found to be downregulated along with these genes. This shows that although Leghorn is showing higher number of differentially expressed genes in challenged than in non-challenged, most of them were downregulated during the disease between different timepoints. With this we hypothesize that the downregulation of immune related genes and co-expressing lncRNAs could play a significant role behind the Leghorn being comparatively susceptible breed than Fayoumi. The computational pipeline is available at https://github.com/Venky2804/FHSpipe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkata Krishna Vanamamalai
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB), Opp. Journalist Colony, Near Gowlidoddi Extended Q City Road, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500032, Telangana, India; Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad Rd, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Priyanka E
- ICAR-Directorate of Poultry Research, Pillar No. 216, Dairy Farm Chowrastha, Rajendra Nagar Road, Rajendranagar mandal, Hyderabad 500030, Telangana, India
| | - Kannaki T R
- ICAR-Directorate of Poultry Research, Pillar No. 216, Dairy Farm Chowrastha, Rajendra Nagar Road, Rajendranagar mandal, Hyderabad 500030, Telangana, India
| | - Shailesh Sharma
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB), Opp. Journalist Colony, Near Gowlidoddi Extended Q City Road, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500032, Telangana, India; Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad Rd, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India.
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5
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Liu M, Shen X, Yu Y, Li J, Fan J, Jia X, Dai Y. Effect of Different Levels of Maternally Derived Genotype VII Newcastle Disease Virus-Specific Hemagglutination Inhibition Antibodies on Protection against Virulent Challenge in Chicks. Viruses 2023; 15:1840. [PMID: 37766246 PMCID: PMC10537515 DOI: 10.3390/v15091840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Newcastle disease (ND), caused by the virulent Newcastle disease virus (NDV), is an acute, highly contagious, and economically significant avian disease worldwide. Vaccination is the most effective measure for controlling ND. In recent years, vaccines matched with the prevalent strains of genotype VII have been developed and are now commercially available. These vaccines can provide full protection for chickens against clinical disease and mortality after challenges with genotype VII viruses and significantly decrease virus shedding compared to conventional vaccines belonging to genotypes I and II. Vaccinated hens can transfer antibodies to their offspring through the egg yolk. Maternally derived antibodies can provide passive protection against diseases but can also interfere with vaccination efficacy early in life. This study was conducted on chicks hatched from hens vaccinated with a commercial genotype VII NDV-matched vaccine to investigate the correlation between hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody levels in chicks and hens and the decaying pattern of maternally derived HI antibodies, and to evaluate the protective efficacy of different levels of maternally derived HI antibodies against challenge with a virulent NDV strain of genotype VII based on survivability and virus shedding. The HI antibody titers in chicks at hatching were about 1.3 log2 lower than those in hens, indicating an antibody transfer rate of approximately 41.52%. The estimated half-life of these antibodies was about 3.2 days. The protective efficacy of maternally derived HI antibodies was positively correlated with the titer. These antibodies could effectively protect chicks against mortality when the titer was 7 log2 or higher, but they were unable to prevent virus shedding or infection even at a high titer of 11 log2. The obtained results will greatly assist producers in determining the immune status of chicks and formulating appropriate vaccination schedules against ND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Liu
- Jiangsu Institute of Poultry Sciences, Yangzhou 225125, China
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6
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Shi W, Jin M, Chen H, Wu Z, Yuan L, Liang S, Wang X, Memon FU, Eldemery F, Si H, Ou C. Inflammasome activation by viral infection: mechanisms of activation and regulation. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1247377. [PMID: 37608944 PMCID: PMC10440708 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1247377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral diseases are the most common problems threatening human health, livestock, and poultry industries worldwide. Viral infection is a complex and competitive dynamic biological process between a virus and a host/target cell. During viral infection, inflammasomes play important roles in the host and confer defense mechanisms against the virus. Inflammasomes are polymeric protein complexes and are considered important components of the innate immune system. These immune factors recognize the signals of cell damage or pathogenic microbial infection after activation by the canonical pathway or non-canonical pathway and transmit signals to the immune system to initiate the inflammatory responses. However, some viruses inhibit the activation of the inflammasomes in order to replicate and proliferate in the host. In recent years, the role of inflammasome activation and/or inhibition during viral infection has been increasingly recognized. Therefore, in this review, we describe the biological properties of the inflammasome associated with viral infection, discuss the potential mechanisms that activate and/or inhibit NLRP1, NLRP3, and AIM2 inflammasomes by different viruses, and summarize the reciprocal regulatory effects of viral infection on the NLRP3 inflammasome in order to explore the relationship between viral infection and inflammasomes. This review will pave the way for future studies on the activation mechanisms of inflammasomes and provide novel insights for the development of antiviral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Mengyun Jin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Hao Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | | | - Liuyang Yuan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Si Liang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Xiaohan Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Fareed Uddin Memon
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Fatma Eldemery
- Department of Hygiene and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Hongbin Si
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning, China
| | - Changbo Ou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning, China
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7
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Ni J, Deng J, Chen Q, Liao T, Hu J, Chen Y, Hu S, Hu Z, Liu X. Role of Macrophages in the Pathogenesis of Genotype VII Newcastle Disease Virus in Chickens. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2239. [PMID: 37444037 DOI: 10.3390/ani13132239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term evolution of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) results in substantial alteration in viral pathogenesis. NDVs of genotype VII, a late genotype, show marked tropism to lymphoid tissues, especially to macrophages in chickens. However, the role of macrophages in the pathogenesis of genotype VII NDV is still unclear. Herein, NDV infectivity in macrophages and the role of macrophages in the pathogenesis of genotype VII NDV in chickens were investigated. We reported that NDV strains of genotype VII (JS5/05) and IV (Herts/33) can replicate in the adherent (predominantly macrophages) and non-adherent cells (predominantly lymphocytes) derived from chicken peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and significantly higher virus gene copy was detected in the adherent cells. In addition, JS5/05 had significantly higher infectivity in PBMC-derived adherent cells than Herts/33, correlating with its enhanced tropism to macrophages in the spleen of chickens. Interestingly, the depletion of 68% of macrophages exerted no significant impact on clinical signs, mortality and the systematic replication of JS5/05 in chickens, which may be associated with the contribution of non-depleted macrophages and other virus-supportive cells to virus replication. Macrophage depletion resulted in a marked exacerbation of tissue damage and apoptosis in the spleen caused by JS5/05. These findings indicated that macrophages play a critical role in alleviating tissue damage caused by genotype VII NDV in chickens. Our results unveiled new roles of macrophages in NDV pathogenesis in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ni
- Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jing Deng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Qing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Tianxing Liao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jiao Hu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Shunlin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zenglei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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8
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Liu M, Shen X, Li J, Yu Y, Fan J, Jia X, Dai Y. Efficacy of Newcastle disease LaSota vaccine-induced hemagglutination inhibition antibodies against challenges with heterologous virulent strains of genotypes VII and IX. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2023; 259:110591. [PMID: 37030151 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2023.110591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023]
Abstract
Newcastle disease (ND), caused by virulent Newcastle disease virus (NDV), still remains one of the most important avian diseases affecting the poultry industry worldwide, despite intensive vaccination programs have been implemented in many countries. All NDV isolates characterized to date are of one serotype and classified into classes I and II, with class II being further divided into twenty-one genotypes. Antigenic and genetic diversity is observed among the different genotypes. Current commercially available vaccines belonging to genotypes I and II are genetically divergent from strains that caused ND outbreaks worldwide in the last two decades. Reports of vaccination failures on their insufficient ability to inhibit infection or virus shedding have created renewed interest in developing vaccines homologous to virulent NDV circulating in the field. In this study, after vaccination with the most widely used LaSota vaccine (genotype II), chickens with different hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody levels were challenged with heterologous virulent NDV strains of genotypes VII and IX to evaluate how antibody levels relate to clinical protection and infection or virus shedding. Under the experimental condition, LaSota vaccine could fully protect birds from morbidity and mortality, but higher antibody levels were required to inhibit virus shedding. The number of birds shedding virus generally tended to decrease as the HI antibody titers increase in vaccinated birds. When the HI antibody titers reached ≥ 13 log2 and ≥ 10 log2, the virus shedding from JSC0804 strain (genotype VII) and F48E8 strain (genotype IX) could be completely inhibited, respectively, but it may be difficult to ensure that all individuals reach and maintain those levels in chicken flocks vaccinated according to routine procedure. Furthermore, the virus shedding in vaccinated birds was correlated with the amino acid similarity between the vaccine and challenge strains; more similarity, less virus shedding. The results obtained highlight that stringent biosecurity measures combined with vaccination are crucial for chicken farms to maintain a virulent NDV-free status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Liu
- Jiangsu Institute of Poultry Sciences, Yangzhou 225125, PR China.
| | - Xinyue Shen
- Jiangsu Institute of Poultry Sciences, Yangzhou 225125, PR China
| | - Jianmei Li
- Jiangsu Institute of Poultry Sciences, Yangzhou 225125, PR China
| | - Yan Yu
- Jiangsu Institute of Poultry Sciences, Yangzhou 225125, PR China
| | - Jianhua Fan
- Jiangsu Institute of Poultry Sciences, Yangzhou 225125, PR China
| | - Xuebo Jia
- Jiangsu Institute of Poultry Sciences, Yangzhou 225125, PR China
| | - Yabin Dai
- Jiangsu Institute of Poultry Sciences, Yangzhou 225125, PR China
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9
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Ul-Rahman A, Rabani M, Shabbir MZ. A comparative evaluation of transcriptome changes in lung and spleen tissues of chickens infected with velogenic and mesogenic Avian Orthoavulavirus 1. Microb Pathog 2023; 174:105956. [PMID: 36572195 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Newcastle disease is an acute, highly contagious disease responsible for severe economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide. Clinical assessment of different pathotypes of AOaV-1 strains is well-elucidated in chickens. However, a paucity of data exists for a comparative assessment of avian innate immune responses in birds after infection with two different pathotypes of AOaV-1. We compared early immune responses in chickens infected with a duck-originated velogenic strain (high virulent: genotype VII) and a pigeon-originated mesogenic stain (moderate virulent; genotype VI). Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) identified 4737 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the transcriptional profiles of lung and spleen tissues of chickens infected with both pathotypes. More DEGs were expressed in spleen tissue infected with velogenic strain compared to spleen or lung exposed to mesogenic strain. An enriched expression was observed for genes involved in metabolic processes and cellular components, including innate immune-associated signaling pathways. Most DEGs were involved in RIG-I, Toll-like, NF-Kappa B, and MAPK signaling pathways to activate interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). This study provided a comparative insight into complicated molecular mechanisms and associated DEGs involved in early immune responses of birds to two different AOaV-1 strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziz Ul-Rahman
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, MNS University of Agriculture, Multan, 66000, Pakistan
| | - Masood Rabani
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, 54600, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zubair Shabbir
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, 54600, Pakistan.
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10
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Duan Z, Xing J, Shi H, Wang Y, Zhao C. The matrix protein of Newcastle disease virus inhibits inflammatory response through IRAK4/TRAF6/TAK1/NF-κB signaling pathway. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 218:295-309. [PMID: 35872314 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The matrix (M) protein of several cytoplasmic RNA viruses has been reported to be an NF-κB pathway antagonist. However, the function and mechanism of NDV M protein antagonizing NF-κB activation remain largely unknown. In this study, we found that the expression levels of IRAK4, TRAF6, TAK1, and RELA/p65 were obviously reduced late in NDV infection. In addition, the cytoplasmic M protein rather than other viral proteins decreased the expression of these proteins in a dose-dependent manner. Further indepth analysis showed that the N-terminal 180 amino acids of M protein were not only responsible for the reduced expression of these proteins, but also responsible for the inhibition of NF-κB activation and nuclear translocation of RELA/p65, as well as the production of inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, small interference RNA-mediated knockdown of IRAK4 or overexpression of IRAK4 markedly enhanced or reduced NDV replication by decreasing or increasing inflammatory cytokines production through the IRAK4/TRAF6/TAK1/NF-κB signaling pathway. Strangely, there were no interactions detected between NDV M protein and IRAK4, TRAF6, TAK1 or RELA/p65. Our findings described here contribute to a better understanding of the innate immune antagonism function of M protein and the molecular mechanism underlying the replication and pathogenesis of NDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Duan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in The Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China; College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China.
| | - Jingru Xing
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in The Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China; College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Haiying Shi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in The Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China; College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yanbi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in The Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China; College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Caiqin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in The Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China; College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
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11
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Gao P, Zhang S, Zhang X, Xu C, Chen L, Fan L, Ren J, Lin Q, Xiang B, Ren T. S1PR1 regulates NDV-induced IL-1β expression via NLRP3/caspase-1 inflammasome. Vet Res 2022; 53:58. [PMID: 35854395 PMCID: PMC9294853 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-022-01078-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Newcastle disease (ND) is an acute, febrile, and highly contagious disease caused by the Newcastle disease virus (NDV), an important pathogen harmful to domestic poultry. Virulent NDV strain infection induces IL-1β expression and along with strong inflammatory response, ultimately results in death. Inhibition or overexpression of S1PR1, an important target for inflammatory disease treatment, regulates IL-1β expression, suggesting that S1PR1 may alter the degree of the inflammatory response induced by NDV infection by regulating pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. However, the molecular mechanism by which S1PR1 regulates IL-1β expression remains unclear. Here, we explore the expression and tissue distribution of S1PR1 after NDV infection and found that S1PR1 expression increased in the lungs, bursa of Fabricius, and DF-1. IL-1β expression induced by NDV was increased following treatment of cells with the S1PR1-specific agonist, SEW2871. In contrast, IL-1β expression induced by NDV was decreased after cells were treated with the S1PR1 inhibitor W146, suggesting that S1PR1 promotes NDV-induced IL-1β expression. Further investigation demonstrated that NDV induced IL-1β expression through p38, JNK/MAPK, and NLRP3/caspase-1 signaling molecules and S1PR1 affected the expression of IL-1β by activating the NLRP3/caspase-1 inflammasome but had no significant effect on p38 and JNK/MAPK. Our study shows that NDV infection promotes S1PR1 expression and induces IL-1β expression through p38, JNK/MAPK, and NLRP3/caspase-1 inflammasomes and that S1PR1 regulates IL-1β expression mainly through the NLRP3/caspase-1 inflammasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Gao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Postdoctoral Research Base, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China.,Postdoctoral Research Base, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shiyuan Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Chenggang Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Libin Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinlian Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiuyan Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Xiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China. .,College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China.
| | - Tao Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China. .,Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China. .,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China. .,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China.
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12
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Foreign gene expression attenuates a virulent Newcastle disease virus in chickens. Virus Genes 2022; 58:414-422. [PMID: 35751792 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-022-01922-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is an important pathogen for poultry and is used as a vector for developing novel poultry vaccines. Previous studies showed that foreign gene insertion in NDV vector decreases virulence determined by in vitro assays; however, the impact of foreign gene expression on the pathogenicity of NDV in susceptible chickens is not fully investigated. In this study, a recombinant NDV based on a velogenic strain carrying the orange fluorescent protein (OFP) gene between the phosphoprotein (P) and matrix (M) genes was generated using reverse genetics. Biological characteristics, including virus replication, virulence, and OFP expression, and the pathogenicity in chickens were evaluated. The recombinant NDV showed comparable replication capacity in eggs and cells as the parental virus, whereas OFP insertion resulted in a mild impairment of virulence, evidenced by longer mean death time in embryos. High OFP expression was detected in the cells inoculated with the recombinant NDV. In addition, the recombinant NDV induced delayed onset of disease, lower severity of clinical signs, and lower mortality in chickens compared to the parental virus. Moreover, high titers of the parental virus were detected in the spleen, lung, and intestinal tract, while no recombinant NDV was recovered from these tissues. Our findings suggest that in vitro characteristics related to the insertion of the OFP gene in a virulent NDV do not correlate to alteration of the pathogenicity in chickens. Our results provided new information regarding assessment of the impact of foreign gene expression on the pathogenicity of NDV.
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13
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Li X, Feng Y, Liu W, Tan L, Sun Y, Song C, Liao Y, Xu C, Ren T, Ding C, Qiu X. A Role for the Chicken Interferon-Stimulated Gene CMPK2 in the Host Response Against Virus Infection. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:874331. [PMID: 35633731 PMCID: PMC9132166 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.874331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus infection can lead to the production of interferon, which activates the JAK/STAT pathway and induces the expression of multiple downstream interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) to achieve their antiviral function. Cytidine/uridine monophosphate kinase 2 (CMPK2) gene has been identified as an ISG in human and fish, and is also known as a rate-limiting enzyme in mitochondria to maintain intracellular UTP/CTP levels, which is necessary for de novo mitochondrial DNA synthesis. By mining previous microarray data, it was found that both Avian Influenza Virus (AIV) and Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) infection can lead to the significant upregulation of chicken CMPK2 gene. However, little is known about the function of CMPK2 gene in chickens. In the present study, the open reading frame (ORF) of chicken CMPK2 (chCMPK2) was cloned from DF-1, a chicken embryo fibroblasts cell line, and subjected to further analysis. Sequence analysis showed that chCMPK2 shared high similarity in amino acid with CMPK2 sequences from all the other species, especially reptiles. A thymidylate kinase (TMK) domain was identified in the C-terminus of chCMPK2, which is highly conserved among all species. In vitro, AIV infection induced significant increases in chCMPK2 expression in DF-1, HD11, and the chicken embryonic fibroblasts (CEF), while obvious increase only detected in DF-1 cells and CEF cells after NDV infection. In vivo, the expression levels of chCMPK2 were up-regulated in several tissues from AIV infected chickens, especially the brain, spleen, bursa, kidney, intestine, heart and thymus, and notable increase of chCMPK2 was detected in the bursa, kidney, duodenum, lung, heart, and thymus during NDV infection. Here, using MDA5 and IFN-β knockdown cells, we demonstrated that as a novel ISG, chCMPK2 could be regulated by the MDA5/IFN-β pathway. The high expression level of exogenous chCMPK2 displayed inhibitory effects on AIV and NDV as well as reduced viral RNA in infected cells. We further demonstrated that Asp135, a key site on the TMK catalytic domain, was identified as critical for the antiviral activities of chCMPK2. Taken together, these data demonstrated that chCMPK2 is involved in the chicken immune system and may play important roles in host anti-viral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiyi Feng
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Tan
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingjie Sun
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Cuiping Song
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Liao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenggang Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chan Ding
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Shanghai, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xusheng Qiu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Shanghai, China
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14
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Lu X, Liu X, Song Q, Wang X, Hu S, Liu X. Amino Acid Mutations in Hemagglutinin-Neuraminidase Enhance the Virulence and Pathogenicity of the Genotype III Newcastle Disease Vaccine Strain After Intravenous Inoculation. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:890657. [PMID: 35711809 PMCID: PMC9196742 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.890657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Newcastle disease virus (NDV), the causative agent that generally causes severe disease in poultry, continues to mutate and has thus evolved into 21 genotypes. We previously isolated a velogenic genotype III NDV JS/7/05/Ch that evolved from the vaccine strain Mukteswar, accompanying by amino acid mutations in Hemagglutinin-Neuraminidase (HN). Here, we sought to investigate the role of the mutant HN protein in NDV virulence. The HN genes of Mukteswar and JS/7/05/Ch were replaced reciprocally via reverse genetics, yielding two recombinant viruses rJS/MHN and rMu/JHN, respectively. rMu/JHN, in which the endogenous HN protein was replaced with the HN protein of JS/7/05/Ch, had a higher intravenous pathogenicity index (IVPI) value in chickens. Moreover, dual aa mutations (A494D and E495K from JS/7/05/Ch-type HN) were introduced into the HN protein of Mukteswar to generate the recombinant virus rMukHN494+495JS. This virus showed an equivalent IVPI value to that of rJS/7/05/Ch (generated from parental JS/7/05/Ch via reverse genetics). In vitro and in vivo assays further showed that A494D and E495K in HN induced antigenic changes, a higher replication level and a more intense inflammatory response. Taken together, these findings indicate that aa mutations in HN are crucial for the virulence of the genotype III Newcastle disease (ND) vaccine strain after intravenous inoculation. Our study further highlights that close surveillance is needed to monitor the genetic variation of ND vaccine strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Lu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaowen Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Qingqing Song
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoquan Wang
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shunlin Hu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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15
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Pathogenesis of Velogenic Genotype VII.1.1 Newcastle Disease Virus Isolated from Chicken in Egypt via Different Inoculation Routes: Molecular, Histopathological, and Immunohistochemical Study. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11123567. [PMID: 34944344 PMCID: PMC8698073 DOI: 10.3390/ani11123567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) remains a constant threat to the poultry industry. There is scarce information concerning the pathogenicity and genetic characteristics of the circulating velogenic Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in Egypt. In the present work, NDV was screened from tracheal swabs collected from several broiler chicken farms (N = 12) in Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt. Real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RRT-PCR) was used for screening of velogenic and mesogenic NDV strains through targeting F gene fragment amplification, followed by sequencing of the resulting PCR products. The identified strain, namely, NDV-CH-EGYPT-F42-DAKAHLIA-2019, was isolated and titrated in the allantoic cavity of 10 day old specific pathogen-free (SPF) embryonated chicken eggs (ECEs), and then their virulence was determined by mean death time (MDT) and intracerebral pathogenicity index (ICPI). The pathogenicity of the identified velogenic NDV strain was also assessed in 28 day old chickens using different inoculation routes as follows: intraocular, choanal slit, intranasal routes, and a combination of both intranasal and intraocular routes. In addition, sera were collected 5 and 10 days post inoculation (pi) for the detection of NDV antibodies by hemagglutination inhibition test (HI), and tissue samples from different organs were collected for histopathological and immunohistochemical examination. A series of different clinical signs and postmortem lesions were recorded with the various routes. Interestingly, histopathology and immunohistochemistry for NDV nucleoprotein displayed widespread systemic distribution. The intensity of viral nucleoprotein immunolabeling was detected within different cells including the epithelial and endothelium lining, as well as macrophages. The onset, distribution, and severity of the observed lesions were remarkably different between various inoculation routes. Collectively, a time-course comparative pathogenesis study of NDV infection demonstrated the role of different routes in the pathogenicity of NDV. The intranasal challenge was associated with a prominent increase in NDV lesions, whereas the choanal slit route was the route least accompanied by severe NDV pathological findings. Clearly, the present findings might be helpful for implementation of proper vaccination strategies against NDV.
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16
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Brown C, Zhang J, Pantin-Jackwood M, Dimitrov K, Ferreira HL, Suarez D. In situ cytokine gene expression in early stage of virulent Newcastle disease in chickens. Vet Pathol 2021; 59:75-81. [PMID: 34794360 DOI: 10.1177/03009858211045945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Selected lymphoid and reproductive tissues were examined from groups of 3-week-old chickens and 62-week-old hens that were inoculated choanally and conjunctivally with 106 EID50 of a virulent Newcastle disease virus (NDV) isolate from the California 2018-2020 outbreak, and euthanized at 1, 2, and 3 days postinfection. In the 3-week-old chickens, immunohistochemistry for NDV and for T and B cell lymphocytes, as well as in situ hybridization for IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-γ, and TNF-α revealed extensive expression of IL-1β and IL-6 in lymphoid tissues, often coinciding with NDV antigen. IFN-γ was only expressed infrequently in the same lymphoid tissues, and TNF-α was rarely expressed. T-cell populations initially expanded but by day 3 their numbers were below control levels. B cells underwent a similar expansion but remained elevated in some tissues, notably spleen, cecal tonsils, and cloacal bursa. Cytokine expression in the 62-week-old hens was overall lower than in the 3-week-old birds, and there was more prolonged infiltration of both T and B cells in the older birds. The strong pro-inflammatory cytokine response in young chickens is proposed as the reason for more severe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mary Pantin-Jackwood
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, US National Poultry Research Center, ARS, USDA, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Kiril Dimitrov
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, US National Poultry Research Center, ARS, USDA, Athens, GA, USA.,Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Helena Lage Ferreira
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, US National Poultry Research Center, ARS, USDA, Athens, GA, USA.,University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - David Suarez
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, US National Poultry Research Center, ARS, USDA, Athens, GA, USA
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17
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Hu Z, Gu H, Ni J, Hu S, Hu J, Wang X, Liu X, Liu X. Matrix metalloproteinase-14 regulates collagen degradation and migration of mononuclear cells during infection with genotype VII Newcastle disease virus. J Gen Virol 2021; 102. [PMID: 33090092 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-14, a major driven force of extracellular-matrix (ECM) remodelling and cell migration, correlates with ECM breakdown and pathologic manifestation of genotype VII Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in chickens. However, the functional relevance between MMP-14 and pathogenesis of genotype VII NDV remains to be investigated. In this study, expression, biofunction and regulation of MMP-14 induced by genotype VII NDV were analysed in chicken peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The results showed that JS5/05 significantly increased expression and membrane accumulation of MMP-14 in PBMCs, correlating to enhanced collagen degradation and cell migration. Specific MMP-14 inhibition significantly impaired collagen degradation and migration of JS5/05-infected cells, suggesting dependence of these features on MMP-14. In addition, MMP-14 upregulation correlated with activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway upon JS5/05 infection, and blockage of the ERK signalling significantly suppressed MMP-14-mediated collagen degradation and migration of JS5/05-infected cells. Using a panel of chimeric NDVs derived from gene exchange between genotype VII and IV NDV, the fusion and haemagglutinin-neuraminidase genes were identified as the major viral determinants for MMP-14 expression and activity. In conclusion, MMP-14 was defined as a critical regulator of collagen degradation and cell migration of chicken PBMCs infected with genotype VII NDV, which may contribute to pathology of the virus. Our findings add novel information to the body of knowledge regarding virus-host biology and NDV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenglei Hu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, PR China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, PR China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, PR China
| | - Han Gu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, PR China
| | - Jie Ni
- Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, PR China
| | - Shunlin Hu
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, PR China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, PR China
| | - Jiao Hu
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, PR China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, PR China
| | - Xiaoquan Wang
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, PR China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, PR China
| | - Xiaowen Liu
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, PR China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, PR China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, PR China
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18
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Gu H, Hu Z, Shi L, Liu X. Assay of extracellular matrix degradation and transmigration of chicken peripheral blood mononuclear cells after infection with genotype VII Newcastle disease virus in vitro. J Virol Methods 2021; 290:114076. [PMID: 33515662 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2021.114076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies showed that, compared to genotype IV Newcastle disease virus (NDV), genotype VII NDV induced extensive extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation by up-regulating the protein expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-14 in chicken spleens. To investigate potential relationship between MMP-14 function and the ECM degradation, an in vitro peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) infection model was established to study the effect of genotype VII NDV (JS5/05) infection on MMP-14 expression, ECM degradation and cell transmigration. The gene and protein expression levels of MMP-14 in NDV-infected chicken PBMCs were measured by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western blot, and the subcellular location of MMP-14 was analyzed using immunofluorescence microscopy. A fluorescence-based collagen degradation assay was optimized to measure ECM degradation in PBMCs. Additionally, parameters of a transwell-based transmigration assay were also optimized to determine chemotaxis and transmigration of virus-infected PBMCs. The results showed that JS5/05 up-regulated significantly the expression of MMP-14 in PBMCs at the mRNA and protein levels compared to genotype IV NDV (Herts/33). MMP-14 was transported towards the membrane and accumulated on the cell surface of the JS5/05-infected cells, whereas it remained mainly in the cytoplasm of the Herts/33-infected cells. Collagen degradation assay showed that JS5/05-infected cells exhibited significant collagen degradation compared to the Herts/33-infected cells, and the areas of collagen degradation co-localized with cell surface MMP-14 in the JS5/05-infected cells. The transwell-based transmigration system showed that the transmigration of the JS5/05-infected PBMCs was enhanced significantly compared to the Herts/33-infected cells. These results demonstrated that genotype VII NDV induced up-regulation and surface accumulation of MMP-14 in PBMCs, leading to enhanced ECM degradation and cell migration, and the assays optimized for this study were useful for investigating the regulation of cell behaviour by NDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Gu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-Food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zenglei Hu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Liwei Shi
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-Food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-Food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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Sequential Pathology of a Genotype XIII Newcastle Disease Virus from Bangladesh in Chickens on Experimental Infection. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9070539. [PMID: 32640621 PMCID: PMC7399908 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9070539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The sequential pathology of a genotype XIII Bangladeshi strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was studied in 5-weeks old chickens. Layer chickens of ISA Brown breed were inoculated through the intranasal and intraocular routes with the BD-C161/2010 strain of NDV and examined at different times post-infection (pi). NDV-infected chickens showed depression at 3 days pi (dpi) followed by dropped wings, paralysis and death starting at 4 dpi. Lungs of infected chickens showed hemorrhagic lesions starting at 24 hours pi (hpi) that was followed by pallor and slight contraction by 2 to 3 dpi and subsequently developed into severe hemorrhagic pneumonia with mononuclear cell infiltration. Hemorrhagic and necrotizing lesions were found in different visceral organs including proventriculus, intestine, gut-associated lymphoid tissues, liver and kidneys starting at 3 dpi that progressed rapidly. Severe lymphoid depletion was observed in the thymus, spleen and bursa of Fabricius starting at 1–3 dpi followed by hemorrhages, necrosis, inflammation and atrophy at 4–5 dpi. In the brain, mild neuronal lesions such as focal to diffuse encephalitis with encephalomalacia was observed at 2–3 dpi and moderate and diffuse meningoencephalitis with encephalomalacia at advanced stages. In conclusion, the BD-C161/2010 strain of NDV produced lesions typical of velogenic viscerotropic pathotype of NDV.
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20
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Xie P, Chen L, Zhang Y, Lin Q, Ding C, Liao M, Xu C, Xiang B, Ren T. Evolutionary Dynamics and Age-Dependent Pathogenesis of Sub-Genotype VI.2.1.1.2.2 PPMV-1 in Pigeons. Viruses 2020; 12:v12040433. [PMID: 32290416 PMCID: PMC7232354 DOI: 10.3390/v12040433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Pigeon paramyxovirus type 1 (PPMV-1) infection causes high morbidity in pigeons, resulting in a significant burden to the poultry industry. In this study, we isolated three PPMV-1 strains from diseased pigeons collected in Guangdong Province, South China, from June 2017 to April 2019. Genetic analysis revealed that these three PPMV-1 strains and most of the PPMV-1 strains isolated from China after 2011 were clustered into sub-genotype VI.2.1.1.2.2. Our Bayesian analysis revealed that the VI.2.1.1.2.2 viruses might have originated in Europe. Phylogeographic analyses revealed that East and South China might have played a key role in seeding the VI.2.1.1.2.2 PPMV-1 epidemic in China. To characterize the effect of age at infection on the outcome of PPMV-1 infection in pigeons, we investigated the pathogenesis and transmission of the pigeon/Guangdong/GZ08/2017 (GZ08) virus in 3-, 6-, and 12-week-old pigeons. Two of six 12-week-old pigeons inoculated with GZ08 survived, and all of the 3- and 6-week-pigeons inoculated with GZ08 died. Moreover, the GZ08 virus could be transmitted to 3-, 6-, and 12-week-old naïve contact pigeons. The lethality of the GZ08 virus through contact with 3-, 6-, and 12-week-old pigeons was 100%, 66.7%, and 0%, respectively, suggesting that the transmissibility of the GZ08 virus was stronger in young pigeons. These findings demonstrated that East and South China was the epicenter for dissemination of VI.2.1.1.2.2 PPMV-1, and age at infection has an impact on the outcome of PPMV-1 infection in pigeons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xie
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (P.X.); (L.C.); (Y.Z.); (Q.L.); (M.L.); (C.X.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Libin Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (P.X.); (L.C.); (Y.Z.); (Q.L.); (M.L.); (C.X.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (P.X.); (L.C.); (Y.Z.); (Q.L.); (M.L.); (C.X.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Qiuyan Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (P.X.); (L.C.); (Y.Z.); (Q.L.); (M.L.); (C.X.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Chan Ding
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute (SHVRI), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai 200241, China;
| | - Ming Liao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (P.X.); (L.C.); (Y.Z.); (Q.L.); (M.L.); (C.X.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Chenggang Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (P.X.); (L.C.); (Y.Z.); (Q.L.); (M.L.); (C.X.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Bin Xiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (P.X.); (L.C.); (Y.Z.); (Q.L.); (M.L.); (C.X.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: (B.X.); (T.R.); Tel.: +86-20-8528-3054 (T.R.); Fax: +86-20-85280234 (T.R.)
| | - Tao Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (P.X.); (L.C.); (Y.Z.); (Q.L.); (M.L.); (C.X.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: (B.X.); (T.R.); Tel.: +86-20-8528-3054 (T.R.); Fax: +86-20-85280234 (T.R.)
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21
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Gao P, Chen L, Fan L, Ren J, Du H, Sun M, Li Y, Xie P, Lin Q, Liao M, Xu C, Ning Z, Ding C, Xiang B, Ren T. Newcastle disease virus RNA-induced IL-1β expression via the NLRP3/caspase-1 inflammasome. Vet Res 2020; 51:53. [PMID: 32293543 PMCID: PMC7156904 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00774-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) infection causes severe inflammation and is a highly contagious disease in poultry. Virulent NDV strains (GM) induce large quantities of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), which is the central mediator of the inflammatory reaction. Excessive expression of IL-1β exacerbates inflammatory damage. Therefore, exploring the mechanisms underlying NDV-induced IL-1β expression can aid in further understanding the pathogenesis of Newcastle disease. Here, we showed that anti-IL-1β neutralizing antibody treatment decreased body temperature and mortality following infection with virulent NDV. We further explored the primary molecules involved in NDV-induced IL-1β expression from the perspective of both the host and virus. This study showed that overexpression of NLRP3 resulted in increased IL-1β expression, whereas inhibition of NLRP3 or caspase-1 caused a significant reduction in IL-1β expression, indicating that the NLRP3/caspase-1 axis is involved in NDV-induced IL-1β expression. Moreover, ultraviolet-inactivated GM (chicken/Guangdong/GM/2014) NDV failed to induce the expression of IL-1β. We then collected virus from GM-infected cell culture supernatant using ultracentrifugation, extracted the viral RNA, and stimulated the cells further with GM RNA. The results revealed that RNA alone was capable of inducing IL-1β expression. Moreover, NLRP3/caspase-1 was involved in GM RNA-induced IL-1β expression. Thus, our study elucidated the critical role of IL-1β in the pathogenesis of Newcastle disease while also demonstrating that inhibition of IL-1β via anti-IL-1β neutralizing antibodies decreased the damage associated with NDV infection; furthermore, GM RNA induced IL-1β expression via NLRP3/caspase-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China.,Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Libin Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinlian Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haoyun Du
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minhua Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaling Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng Xie
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiuyan Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming Liao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chenggang Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhangyong Ning
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chan Ding
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Bin Xiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China. .,Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China. .,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China. .,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Tao Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China. .,Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China. .,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China. .,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China.
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22
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Host CARD11 Inhibits Newcastle Disease Virus Replication by Suppressing Viral Polymerase Activity in Neurons. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01499-19. [PMID: 31554683 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01499-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Host factors play multiple essential roles in the replication and pathogenesis of mammalian neurotropic viruses. However, the cellular proteins of the central nervous system (CNS) involved in avian neurotropic virus infection have not been completely elucidated. Here, we employed a gene microarray to identify caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 11 (CARD11), a lymphoma-associated scaffold protein presenting brain-specific upregulated expression in a virulent neurotropic Newcastle disease virus (NDV)-infected natural host. Chicken primary neuronal cells infected with NDV appeared slightly syncytial and died quickly. CARD11 overexpression inhibited viral replication and delayed cytopathic effects; conversely, depletion of CARD11 enhanced viral replication and cytopathic effects in chicken primary neuronal cells. The inhibition of viral replication by CARD11 could not be blocked with CARD11-Bcl10-MALT1 (CBM) signalosome and NF-κB signaling inhibitors. CARD11 was found to interact directly with the viral phosphoprotein (P) through its CC1 domain and the X domain of P; this X domain also mediated the interaction between P and the viral large polymerase protein (L). The CARD11 CC1 domain and L competitively bound to P via the X domain that hindered the P-L interaction of the viral ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex, resulting in a reduction of viral polymerase activity in a minigenome assay and inhibition of viral replication. Animal experiments further revealed that CARD11 contributed to viral replication inhibition and neuropathology in infected chicken brains. Taken together, our findings identify CARD11 as a brain-specific antiviral factor of NDV infection in avian species.IMPORTANCE Newcastle disease virus (NDV) substantially impacts the poultry industry worldwide and causes viral encephalitis and neurological disorders leading to brain damage, paralysis, and death. The mechanism of interaction between this neurotropic virus and the avian central nervous system (CNS) is largely unknown. Here, we report that host protein CARD11 presented brain-specific upregulated expression that inhibited NDV replication, which was not due to CARD11-Bcl10-MALT1 (CBM) complex-triggered activation of its downstream signaling pathways. The inhibitory mechanism of viral replication is through the CARD11 CC1 domain, and the viral large polymerase protein (L) competitively interacts with the X domain of the viral phosphoprotein (P), which hampers the P-L interaction, suppressing the viral polymerase activity and viral replication. An in vivo study indicated that CARD11 alleviated neuropathological lesions and reduced viral replication in chicken brains. These results provide insight into the interaction between NDV infection and the host defense in the CNS and a potential antiviral target for viral neural diseases.
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23
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Wang X, Jia Y, Ren J, Huo N, Liu H, Xiao S, Wang X, Yang Z. Newcastle Disease Virus Nonstructural V Protein Upregulates SOCS3 Expression to Facilitate Viral Replication Depending on the MEK/ERK Pathway. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:317. [PMID: 31552199 PMCID: PMC6748215 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) causes serious economic losses to the poultry industry. In our previous study, we found that NDV induced a strong innate immune response in the chicken embryo and bursa of Fabricius (BF). However, the underlying mechanisms by which NDV escapes the host innate immunity are not well-understood. The suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) inhibits the type I interferon-dependent antiviral signaling pathway by utilizing a feedback loop. In this study, we analyzed the transcriptome data of the chicken embryo and BF infected with NDV and found significant upregulation of SOCS3. Next, we demonstrated that NDV infection and nonstructural V protein induced the up-regulation of SOCS3. Furthermore, we showed that overexpression of SOCS3 facilitated viral replication and reduced the expression of phosphorylation STAT1, MX1, and OASL, while inhibition of SOCS3 with siRNAs reduced virus replication and promoted the expression of phosphorylation STAT1, MX1, and OASL. Finally, we demonstrated that the MEK/ERK signaling pathway was involved in the expression of SOCS3 mediated by NDV infection and V protein transfection, and using specific inhibitor U0126 to block this signaling pathway attenuated SOCS3 expression and inhibited NDV replication through promoting the expression of type I interferon, OASL and MX1. Taken together, these data demonstrate that NDV infection and NDV nonstructural V protein activates the expression of SOCS3 at the mRNA and protein level through a mechanism dependent on the MEK/ERK signaling pathway, which benefits virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangwei Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yanqing Jia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Juan Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Na Huo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Haijin Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Sa Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xinglong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Zengqi Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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24
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Wang X, Jia Y, Ren J, Liu H, Adam FA, Wang X, Yang Z. Insights into the chicken bursa of fabricius response to Newcastle disease virus at 48 and 72 hours post-infection through RNA-seq. Vet Microbiol 2019; 236:108389. [PMID: 31500719 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.108389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) causes significant economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide. As a lymphoid organ, the bursa of Fabricius (BF) plays a pivotal role in destroying invading pathogens. Virulent NDV strains can cause rapid atrophy of the BF; however, there is limited knowledge regarding the BF innate immune response to NDV infection. In this study, we used the virulent NDV strain F48E9 to infect four-week-old chickens and found atrophy of the BF, with severe damage and high NDV viral loads after NDV infection in dying chickens. To better understand the interactions between the host and NDV, we compared the transcriptional profiles at 48 and 72 h following infection with the virulent NDV strain F48E9 using RNA-seq. We identified a total of 1498 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), which were enriched in a variety of biological processes and pathways according to Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses. The enriched pathways were associated with innate immune and inflammatory responses as well as metabolism-related signalling pathways. Excessive inflammatory and innate immune responses induced by the NDV strain may be related to severe BF damage. The global survey of changes in gene expression performed herein provides new insights into complicated molecular mechanisms underlying the interaction between NDV and chickens and will enable the use of new strategies to protect chickens against NDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangwei Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanqing Jia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Haijin Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Xinglong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zengqi Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, People's Republic of China.
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25
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Duan Z, Deng S, Ji X, Zhao J, Yuan C, Gao H. Nuclear localization of Newcastle disease virus matrix protein promotes virus replication by affecting viral RNA synthesis and transcription and inhibiting host cell transcription. Vet Res 2019; 50:22. [PMID: 30894203 PMCID: PMC6425612 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-019-0640-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear localization of paramyxovirus proteins is crucial for virus life cycle, including the regulation of viral replication and the evasion of host immunity. We previously showed that a recombinant Newcastle disease virus (NDV) with nuclear localization signal mutation in the matrix (M) protein results in a pathotype change and attenuates viral pathogenicity in chickens. However, little is known about the nuclear localization functions of NDV M protein. In this study, the potential functions of the M protein in the nucleus were investigated. We first demonstrate that nuclear localization of the M protein could not only promote the cytopathogenicity of NDV but also increase viral RNA synthesis and transcription efficiency in DF-1 cells. Using microarray analysis, we found that nuclear localization of the M protein might inhibit host cell transcription, represented by numerous up-regulating genes associated with transcriptional repressor activity and down-regulating genes associated with transcriptional activator activity. The role of representative up-regulated gene prospero homeobox 1 (PROX1) and down-regulated gene aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) in the replication of NDV was then evaluated. The results show that siRNA-mediated knockdown of PROX1 or AHR significantly reduced or increased the viral RNA synthesis and viral replication, respectively, demonstrating the important roles of the expression changes of these genes in NDV replication. Together, our findings demonstrate for the first time that nuclear localization of NDV M protein promotes virus replication by affecting viral RNA synthesis and transcription and inhibiting host cell transcription, improving our understanding of the molecular mechanism of NDV replication and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Duan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in The Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China. .,College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China.
| | - Shanshan Deng
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xinqin Ji
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in The Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China.,College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jiafu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in The Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China.,College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Chao Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in The Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China.,College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Hongbo Gao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in The Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China.,College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
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26
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Qu Y, Zhan Y, Yang S, Ren S, Qiu X, Rehamn ZU, Tan L, Sun Y, Meng C, Song C, Yu S, Ding C. Newcastle disease virus infection triggers HMGB1 release to promote the inflammatory response. Virology 2018; 525:19-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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27
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Xiang B, You R, Kang Y, Xie P, Zhu W, Sun M, Gao P, Li Y, Ren T. Host immune responses of pigeons infected with Newcastle disease viruses isolated from pigeons. Microb Pathog 2018; 127:131-137. [PMID: 30508624 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Newcastle disease (ND), affecting over 250 bird species, is caused by the Newcastle disease virus (NDV). ND is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in pigeons. Most studies investigating NDV in pigeons have focused on the epidemiology and pathogenicity of the virus. However, the host immune responses in pigeons infected with NDVs remains largely unclear. In this study, we investigated the host immune responses in pigeons infected with two NDV stains, a pigeon paramyxovirus type 1(PPMV-1) strain, GZH14, and a genotype II virus, KP08. Although no mortality was observed upon infection with either virus, obvious neurological effects were observed in the GZH14-infected pigeons but not in the KP08-infected pigeons. Both viruses could replicate in the examined tissues, namely brain, lung, spleen, trachea, kidney, and bursa of Fabricius. The expression level of RIG-I, IL-6, IL-1β, CCL5, and IL-8 were up-regulated by both viruses in the brain, lung and spleen at 3 and 7 days post-infection. Notably, these proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines showed more intense expression in the brain, when induced by the GZH14 strain than with the KP08 strain. These results indicate that the intense inflammatory responses induced by PPMV-1 in the brain may be a critical determinant of neurological symptoms in pigeons infected with PPMV-1. Our study provides new insight into the pathogenicity of PPMV-1 in pigeons attributable to the host immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Xiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, China
| | - Renrong You
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yinfeng Kang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, China
| | - Peng Xie
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wenxian Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, China
| | - Minhua Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, China
| | - Pei Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yaling Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, China
| | - Tao Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, China.
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High level expression of ISG12(1) promotes cell apoptosis via mitochondrial-dependent pathway and so as to hinder Newcastle disease virus replication. Vet Microbiol 2018; 228:147-156. [PMID: 30593361 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Newcastle disease (ND), caused by virulent Newcastle disease virus (NDV), poses a considerable risk for the poultry industry. A comprehensive understanding of the interaction between NDV and its host is therefore critical for control of this disease. Previously, we found that chicken ISG12(1) was among the significantly upregulated interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) in embryos and the bursa of Fabricius of chickens infected by NDV, based on transcriptome sequencing. However, its antiviral effects and function were poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to determine the effects of chicken ISG12(1) on NDV replication. First, we confirmed that NDV infection stimulated high level expression of chicken ISG12(1) in vivo and in vitro based on RT-qPCR. Next, through overexpression and knockdown experiments, the antiviral activity of ISG12(1) was investigated. As expected, this protein was found to hinder NDV replication. In addition, we showed that ISG12(1) localized to the mitochondria; promoted the redistribution of Bax, a proapoptotic protein causing irreversible loss of mitochondrial function, from the cytoplasm to the mitochondria; and therefore induced cell apoptosis. In conclusion, elucidation of the role of chicken ISG12(1) in combatting NDV infection contributes to our understanding of the responses of poultry to viruses and may facilitate the generation of more efficient vaccines to control ND.
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Association of Candidate Genes with Response to Heat and Newcastle Disease Virus. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9110560. [PMID: 30463235 PMCID: PMC6267452 DOI: 10.3390/genes9110560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Newcastle disease is considered the number one disease constraint to poultry production in low and middle-income countries, however poultry that is raised in resource-poor areas often experience multiple environmental challenges. Heat stress has a negative impact on production, and immune response to pathogens can be negatively modulated by heat stress. Candidate genes and regions chosen for this study were based on previously reported associations with response to immune stimulants, pathogens, or heat, including: TLR3, TLR7, MX, MHC-B (major histocompatibility complex, gene complex), IFI27L2, SLC5A1, HSPB1, HSPA2, HSPA8, IFRD1, IL18R1, IL1R1, AP2A2, and TOLLIP. Chickens of a commercial egg-laying line were infected with a lentogenic strain of NDV (Newcastle disease virus); half the birds were maintained at thermoneutral temperature and the other half were exposed to high ambient temperature before the NDV challenge and throughout the remainder of the study. Phenotypic responses to heat, to NDV, or to heat + NDV were measured. Selected SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) within 14 target genes or regions were genotyped; and genotype effects on phenotypic responses to NDV or heat + NDV were tested in each individual treatment group and the combined groups. Seventeen significant haplotype effects, among seven genes and seven phenotypes, were detected for response to NDV or heat or NDV + heat. These findings identify specific genetic variants that are associated with response to heat and/or NDV which may be useful in the genetic improvement of chickens to perform favorably when faced with pathogens and heat stress.
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Zhang T, Ren M, Liu C, Xu L, Wang F, Han Z, Shao Y, Ma D. Comparative analysis of early immune responses induced by two strains of Newcastle disease virus in chickens. Microbiologyopen 2018; 8:e00701. [PMID: 30070070 PMCID: PMC6460277 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Newcastle disease, caused by virulent strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV), is an acute, highly contagious disease that is prevalent worldwide and is responsible for serious economic losses to the poultry industry. In the current study, we compared the early immune responses in chickens infected with two strains of velogenic NDV, a duck origin, named GD strain (Md/CH/LGD/1/2005, genotype VIId), and an chicken origin, F48E9 strain (genotype IX). The viral RNA level of GD strain was significantly higher than those of F48E9 in most tissues of chicken. Furthermore, the high level of viral RNA of the GD strain was associated with a stronger immune response compared to that of F48E9, characterized by upregulated expression of some of avian β‐defensins and cytokines, most of toll‐like receptors, and some of the other immune‐related genes investigated. This study thus demonstrated differences in host early immune responses to the two NDV strains. Further studies are needed to characterize the basic molecular mechanisms involved in the host responses in chickens infected by the two NDV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Mengting Ren
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Chenggang Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Liwen Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Fangfang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Zongxi Han
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yuhao Shao
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Deying Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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Liu WJ, Yang YT, Huang YM, zhou DR, Xu DN, Cao N, Jiang DL, Pan JQ, Tian YB. Identification of Goose PKR Gene: Structure, Expression Profiling, and Antiviral Activity Against Newcastle Disease Virus. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2018; 38:333-340. [DOI: 10.1089/jir.2018.0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-jun Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, Guangzhou, China
| | - You-tian Yang
- College of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Yun-mao Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, Guangzhou, China
| | - De-Rong zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dan-ning Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nan Cao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dan-li Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian-qiu Pan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yun-bo Tian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, Guangzhou, China
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Saponin-adjuvanted vaccine protects chickens against velogenic Newcastle disease virus. Arch Virol 2018; 163:2423-2432. [PMID: 29968048 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-3917-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite extensive vaccination campaigns, Newcastle disease virus (NDV) remains endemic in many countries worldwide, and factors that contribute to this failure include mismatched vaccines, partial immunization, and poor husbandry practices. In order to overcome the problem of genetic divergence between circulating field strains and vaccine strains, we saponin-adjuvanted an Egyptian field strain and assessed its safety and immunogenicity in chickens. Immunization of chickens with the vaccine followed by challenge with a velogenic reference strain revealed the potential of the saponin-adjuvanted vaccine to induce a strong immune response that resulted in complete protection of chickens. Importantly, in vaccinated chickens, virus shedding was abolished, providing an added advantage over the currently available commercial live-attenuated and inactivated vaccines, which are unable to prevent shedding. A histopathological investigation demonstrated that the vaccinated chickens had less-severe lesions than challenged unvaccinated and mock-vaccinated chickens. We propose using this formulation as an alternative and improved NDV vaccine platform that can be exploited to control disease not only in Egypt but also in other disease-endemic countries.
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Jia YQ, Wang XL, Wang XW, Yan CQ, Lv CJ, Li XQ, Chu ZL, Adam FEA, Xiao S, Zhang SX, Yang ZQ. Common microRNA⁻mRNA Interactions in Different Newcastle Disease Virus-Infected Chicken Embryonic Visceral Tissues. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19051291. [PMID: 29693643 PMCID: PMC5983721 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the roles and explore the altered expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) and mRNAs in chicken embryos in response to Newcastle disease virus (NDV) infection, deep sequencing was performed. Then, a conjoint analysis of small RNA-seq and mRNA-seq was performed to screen interactional miRNA⁻mRNA pairs during NDV infection. In total, 15 and 17 up- and downregulated miRNAs were identified that potentially targeted 4279 and 6080 mRNAs in NDV-infected chicken embryonic tissues, respectively; in addition, 595 upregulated and 480 downregulated mRNAs were identified. The conjoint analysis of the obtained data identified 1069 miRNA⁻mRNA pairs. Among these pairs, 130 pairs were related to immune or inflammatory responses. The relationship between gga-miR-203a and its target transglutaminase 2 (TGM2) was confirmed using a dual-luciferase reporter system and a real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assay. Overall, the discovery of miRNAs, mRNAs, and their potential pairing relationships, which may be involved in the regulation of NDV infection, will facilitate our understanding of the complex regulatory relationship between the host and the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Qing Jia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Xing-Long Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Xiang-Wei Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Chuan-Qi Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Chang-Jie Lv
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Xiao-Qin Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Zhi-Li Chu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Fathalrhman Eisa Addoma Adam
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Nyala, P.O. Box, 155 Nyala, Sudan.
| | - Sa Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Shu-Xia Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Zeng-Qi Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
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Hu Z, Gu H, Hu J, Hu S, Wang X, Liu X, Jiao X, Liu X. Quantitative proteomics identify an association between extracellular matrix degradation and immunopathology of genotype VII Newcastle disease virus in the spleen in chickens. J Proteomics 2018; 181:201-212. [PMID: 29684681 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2018.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenesis of genotype VII Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is characterized with remarkable immunopathology in the spleen in chickens. However, the mechanism for this unique pathological phenotype is not fully understood. Previous transcriptomics data showed that genotype VII NDV JS5/05 caused a greater downregulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) genes than genotype IV virus Herts/33 in the spleen. In this study, the role of ECM in pathology of genotype VII NDV was investigated using quantitative proteomics. Pathology studies showed that JS5/05 caused severe immunopathology characterized with remarkable necrosis in the spleen, whereas Herts/33 only induced mild pathological changes. The ECM was firstly enriched from the spleens and ECM proteins of different categories were identified by LC-MS/MS. Quantitative proteomic analysis showed that JS5/05 caused a significant disruption of ECM integrity and molecular composition compared to Herts/33. Particularly, JS5/05 induced a more remarkable collagen breakdown in the spleen compared to Herts/33. Moreover, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-13 and -14 were significantly upregulated by JS5/05 infection. KEGG pathway analysis suggested that differential regulation of ECM proteins by JS5/05 and Herts/33 may impact pathology through different pathways. Therefore, our results suggested that MMP upregulation and consequent ECM degradation contribute to immunopathology of genotype VII NDV in the spleen. SIGNIFICANCE Pathogenesis of genotype VII NDV is characterized with severe immunopathology in the spleen in chickens. Elucidating the mechanism of this pathology phenotype is critical to understand pathogenesis of genotype VII NDV. Here, we present the proteomic data of an important non-cellular compartment, the extracellular matrix (ECM), in the spleen from chickens infected with genotype VII and IV NDVs. Our results suggest that significant upregulation of matrix metalloproteinases by genotype VII NDV and consequent disruption of ECM integrity and composition may be associated with immunopathology in the spleen. Moreover, ECM degradation, represented by collagen breakdown, is an important pathology event in the process of genotype VII NDV infection. Our study for the first time presents evidence of ECM regulation by NDV and adds ECM remodeling as a new manifestation for NDV pathology. Our findings also deepen the understanding of NDV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenglei Hu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Han Gu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jiao Hu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Shunlin Hu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xiaoquan Wang
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xiaowen Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xinan Jiao
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-Food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Xiufan Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-Food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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35
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Chicken HMGB1 Monoclonal Antibody. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2017; 36:194-195. [PMID: 28806152 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2017.0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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36
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Qu Y, Zhan Y, Yang S, Qiu X, Tan L, Sun Y, Meng C, Song C, Yu S, Ding C. Specific Monoclonal Antibodies Recognizing the Endogenous Chicken High Mobility Group Box 1 Protein. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2017; 36:163-168. [PMID: 28570826 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2017.0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a key member of the "danger associated molecular patterns" (DAMPs), which can localize in various compartments of the cell, and plays important roles in systemic inflammation. In the present study, monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specifically against chicken HMGB1 were generated. The open reading frame of chicken HMGB1 was amplified by RT-PCR and cloned into the prokaryotic expression vector pET-28a to construct a recombinant plasmid pET-chHMGB1. The recombinant chicken HMGB1 protein was expressed in Escherichia coli Rosetta under IPTG induction and then purified by Ni-NTA Purification System. BALB/c mice were immunized with the purified recombinant HMGB1 protein, and three strains of hybridoma cells named 1F10, 8C11, and 4D8 secreting MAbs of chicken HMGB1 were obtained by hybridoma technique. Western blot and indirect immunofluorescence assays showed that the endogenous HMGB1 in various cell lines and glycosylated HMGB1 could both be specifically recognized by the prepared MAbs. This work indicated that the MAbs against chicken HMGB1 would be a valuable tool for further studies of HMGB1-mediated signaling in virus-infected cells and investigates the role of HMGB1 in avian virus pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurong Qu
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Zhan
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shen Yang
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xusheng Qiu
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Tan
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingjie Sun
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunchun Meng
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Cuiping Song
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengqing Yu
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Chan Ding
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Kristeen-Teo YW, Yeap SK, Tan SW, Omar AR, Ideris A, Tan SG, Alitheen NB. The effects of different velogenic NDV infections on the chicken bursa of Fabricius. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:151. [PMID: 28569155 PMCID: PMC5452610 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1071-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Virulent Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was reported to cause rapid depletion of chicken bursa of Fabricius. Severe pathological condition of the organ is commonly associated with high levels of virus replication, intense inflammatory response and also the degree of apoptosis. In this study, the responses of chicken bursa of Fabricius infected with two different strains of velogenic NDV, namely AF2240 and IBS002, were investigated by observing cell population changes, oxidative stress, viral replication and cytokine expression in the organ. Subsequently, apoptosis of enriched bursal IgM+ cells was determined to help us elucidate possible host pathogen relationships between the chicken bursa of Fabricius and NDV infection. RESULTS The depletion of IgM+ cells and infiltration of macrophages were observed to be higher in bursa infected with AF2240 as compared to IBS002. In line with the increment of the macrophage population, higher nitric oxide (NO) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents which indicated higher oxidative stress were also detected in bursa infected with NDV AF2240. In addition, higher pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokine gene expression such as chicken CXCLi2, IL-18 and IFN-γ were observed in AF2240 infected bursa. Depletion of IgM+ cells was further confirmed with increased cell death and apoptosis of the cells in AF2240 infected bursa as compared to IBS002. However, it was found that the viral load for NDV strain IBS002 was comparatively higher than AF2240 although the magnitude of the pro- inflammatory cytokines expression and cell apoptosis was lower than AF2240. CONCLUSION The results of our study demonstrated that infection of NDV strains AF2240 and IBS002 caused apoptosis in bursa IgM+ cells and its severity was associated with increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokine, macrophage infiltration and oxidative stress as the infection duration was prolonged. However, of the two viruses, we observed that NDV AF2240 induced a greater magnitude of apoptosis in chicken bursa IgM+ cells in comparison to IBS002. This might be due to the high level of oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines/chemokine as well as lower IL10 expression which subsequently led to a high rate of apoptosis in the chicken bursa of Fabricius although the detected viral load of AF2240 was lower than IBS002.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y W Kristeen-Teo
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - S K Yeap
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - S W Tan
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - A R Omar
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - A Ideris
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - S G Tan
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - N B Alitheen
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. .,Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Bergfeld J, Meers J, Bingham J, Harper J, Payne J, Lowther S, Marsh G, Tachedjian M, Middleton D. An Australian Newcastle Disease Virus With a Virulent Fusion Protein Cleavage Site Produces Minimal Pathogenicity in Chickens. Vet Pathol 2017; 54:649-660. [PMID: 28494702 DOI: 10.1177/0300985817705173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Newcastle disease is an important disease of poultry caused by virulent strains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV). During the 1998 to 2002 outbreaks of Newcastle disease in Australia, it was observed that the mild clinical signs seen in some chickens infected with NDV did not correlate with the viruses' virulent fusion protein cleavage site motifs or standard pathogenicity indices. The pathogenicity of 2 Australian NDV isolates was evaluated in experimentally challenged chickens based on clinical evaluation, histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and molecular techniques. One of these virus isolates, Meredith/02, was shown to induce only very mild clinical signs with no mortalities in an experimental setting, in contrast to the velogenic Herts 33/56 and Texas GB isolates. This minimal pathogenicity was associated with decreased virus replication and antigen distribution in tissues. This demonstrates that the Australian Meredith/02 NDV, despite possessing a virulent fusion protein cleavage site, did not display a velogenic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jemma Bergfeld
- 1 CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joanne Meers
- 2 School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - John Bingham
- 1 CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jennifer Harper
- 1 CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jean Payne
- 1 CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sue Lowther
- 1 CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Glenn Marsh
- 1 CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mary Tachedjian
- 1 CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Deborah Middleton
- 1 CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
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Novel Mechanisms Revealed in the Trachea Transcriptome of Resistant and Susceptible Chicken Lines following Infection with Newcastle Disease Virus. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2017; 24:CVI.00027-17. [PMID: 28331077 PMCID: PMC5424241 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00027-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) has a devastating impact on poultry production in developing countries. This study examined the transcriptome of tracheal epithelial cells from two inbred chicken lines that differ in NDV susceptibility after challenge with a high-titer inoculum of lentogenic NDV. The Fayoumi line had a significantly lower NDV load postchallenge than the Leghorn line, demonstrating the Fayoumi line's classification as a relatively NDV-resistant breed. Examination of the trachea transcriptome showed a large increase in immune cell infiltration in the trachea in both lines at all times postinfection. The pathways conserved across lines and at all three time points postinfection included iCOS-iCOSL signaling in T helper cells, NF-κB signaling, the role of nuclear factor of activated T cells in the regulation of the immune response, calcium-induced T lymphocyte apoptosis, phospholipase C signaling, and CD28 signaling in T helper cells. Although shared pathways were seen in the Fayoumi and Leghorn lines, each line showed unique responses as well. The downregulation of collagen and the activation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 signaling in the Fayoumis relative to the Leghorns at 2 days postinfection may contribute to the resistance phenotype seen in the Fayoumis. This study provides a further understanding of host-pathogen interactions which could improve vaccine efficacy and, in combination with genome-wide association studies, has the potential to advance strategies for breeding chickens with enhanced resistance to NDV.
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Yu XH, Cheng JL, Xue J, Jin JH, Song Y, Zhao J, Zhang GZ. Roles of the Polymerase-Associated Protein Genes in Newcastle Disease Virus Virulence. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:161. [PMID: 28220114 PMCID: PMC5292418 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The virulence of Newcastle disease virus varies greatly and is determined by multiple genetic factors. In this study, we systematically evaluated the roles of the polymerase-associated (NP, P and L) protein genes in genotype VII NDV virulence after confirming the envelope-associated (F and HN) proteins contributed greatly to NDV virulence. The results revealed that the polymerase-associated protein genes individually had certain effect on virulence, while transfer of these three genes in combination significantly affected the chimeric virus virulence, especially when the L gene was involved. These results indicated that the L protein was a major contributor to NDV virulence when combined with the homologous NP and P proteins. We also investigated viral RNA synthesis using NDV minigenome systems to assess the interaction between the NP, P, and L proteins, which showed that the activity of the polymerase-associated proteins were directly related to viral RNA transcription and replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hui Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Long Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University Beijing, China
| | - Jia Xue
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University Beijing, China
| | - Ji-Hui Jin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University Beijing, China
| | - Yang Song
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University Beijing, China
| | - Guo-Zhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University Beijing, China
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Li R, Guo K, Liu C, Wang J, Tan D, Han X, Tang C, Zhang Y, Wang J. Strong inflammatory responses and apoptosis in the oviducts of egg-laying hens caused by genotype VIId Newcastle disease virus. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:255. [PMID: 27846843 PMCID: PMC5111258 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0886-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Newcastle disease virus (NDV) can cause serious damage to the reproductive tracts of egg-laying hens and leads to egg production and quality reduction. However, the mechanism of severe pathological damage in the oviducts of egg-laying hens after NDV infection has not been fully elucidated. In this study, the correlation between the primary pathological lesions and viral load in the oviducts of egg-laying hens infected with the velogenic genotype VIId NDV strain was evaluated by pathological observation and virus detection. Subsequently, apoptosis, the expression of immune-related genes and lymphocyte infiltration into the infected oviducts were determined to explore the potential causes of the pathological changes. Results A higher viral load and severe tissue lesions and apoptotic bodies were observed in the oviduct of NDV-infected hens compared with the control. Immune-related genes, including TLR3/7/21, MDA5, IL-2/6/1β, IFN-β, CXCLi1/2, and CCR5, were significantly upregulated in the magnum and uterus. IL-2 presented the highest mRNA level change (137-fold) at 5 days post infection (dpi) in the magnum. Infection led to CD3+CD4+ and CD3+CD8α+ lymphocyte infiltration into the magnum of the oviduct. A higher viral load was found to be associated with pathological changes and the elevated expression of proinflammatory cytokines in the NDV-infected hens. Conclusions Our results indicate that the severe lesions and apoptosis in the oviducts of egg-laying hens caused by genotype VIId NDV strains are associated with the excessive release of inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and lymphocyte infiltration, which contribute to the dysfunction of the oviducts and the decrease of egg production in hens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqiao Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shannxi, 712100, China
| | - Kangkang Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shannxi, 712100, China
| | - Caihong Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shannxi, 712100, China
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shannxi, 712100, China
| | - Dan Tan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shannxi, 712100, China
| | - Xueying Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shannxi, 712100, China
| | - Chao Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shannxi, 712100, China
| | - Yanming Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shannxi, 712100, China
| | - Jingyu Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shannxi, 712100, China.
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Xu Q, Chen Y, Zhao W, Zhang T, Liu C, Qi T, Han Z, Shao Y, Ma D, Liu S. Infection of Goose with Genotype VIId Newcastle Disease Virus of Goose Origin Elicits Strong Immune Responses at Early Stage. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1587. [PMID: 27757109 PMCID: PMC5047883 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Newcastle disease (ND), caused by virulent strains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV), is a highly contagious disease of birds that is responsible for heavy economic losses for the poultry industry worldwide. However, little is known about host-virus interactions in waterfowl, goose. In this study, we aim to characterize the host immune response in goose, based on the previous reports on the host response to NDV in chickens. Here, we evaluated viral replication and mRNA expression of 27 immune-related genes in 10 tissues of geese challenged with a genotype VIId NDV strain of goose origin (go/CH/LHLJ/1/06). The virus showed early replication, especially in digestive and immune tissues. The expression profiles showed up-regulation of Toll-like receptor (TLR)1–3, 5, 7, and 15, avian β-defensin (AvBD) 5–7, 10, 12, and 16, cytokines [interleukin (IL)-8, IL-18, IL-1β, and interferon-γ], inducible NO synthase (iNOS), and MHC class I in some tissues of geese in response to NDV. In contrast, NDV infection suppressed expression of AvBD1 in cecal tonsil of geese. Moreover, we observed a highly positive correlation between viral replication and host mRNA expressions of TLR1-5 and 7, AvBD4-6, 10, and 12, all the cytokines measured, MHC class I, FAS ligand, and iNOS, mainly at 72 h post-infection. Taken together, these results demonstrated that NDV infection induces strong innate immune responses and intense inflammatory responses at early stage in goose which may associate with the viral pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural UniversityHarbin, China; Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesHarbin, China
| | - Yuqiu Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural UniversityHarbin, China; Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesHarbin, China
| | - Wenjun Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural UniversityHarbin, China; Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesHarbin, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural UniversityHarbin, China; Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesHarbin, China
| | - Chenggang Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural UniversityHarbin, China; Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesHarbin, China
| | - Tianming Qi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural UniversityHarbin, China; Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesHarbin, China
| | - Zongxi Han
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Harbin, China
| | - Yuhao Shao
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Harbin, China
| | - Deying Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University Harbin, China
| | - Shengwang Liu
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Harbin, China
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Li Y, Xie P, Sun M, Xiang B, Kang Y, Gao P, Zhu W, Ning Z, Ren T. S1PR1 expression correlates with inflammatory responses to Newcastle disease virus infection. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 37:37-42. [PMID: 26597451 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is the causative agent of Newcastle disease, which is characterized by inflammatory pathological changes in the organs of chickens. The inflammatory response to this disease has not been well characterized. Previous reports showed that the sphingosine-1-phosphate-1 receptor (S1PR1), a G protein-coupled receptor, is important to the activation of inflammatory responses. To understand better the viral pathogenesis and host inflammatory response, we analyzed S1PR1 expression during NDV infection. We observed a direct correlation between chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) cellular inflammatory responses and S1PR1 expression. Virulent NDV-infected CEF cells also had elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-18). When S1PR1 was inhibited by using the specific antagonist W146, pro-inflammatory cytokine production declined. Overexpression of S1PR1 resulted in increased virus-induced IL-1β production. S1PR1 expression levels did not impact significantly NDV replication. These findings highlight the important role of S1PR1 in inflammatory responses in NDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaling Li
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Peng Xie
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Minhua Sun
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Bin Xiang
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yinfeng Kang
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Pei Gao
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wenxian Zhu
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhangyong Ning
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Tao Ren
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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Kai Y, Hu Z, Xu H, Hu S, Zhu J, Hu J, Wang X, Liu X, Liu X. The M, F and HN genes of genotype VIId Newcastle disease virus are associated with the severe pathological changes in the spleen of chickens. Virol J 2015; 12:133. [PMID: 26336954 PMCID: PMC4558840 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0366-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The strains of the genotype VIId Newcastle disease virus (NDV) induce more severe tissue damage in lymphoid organs than other virulent strains. The underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. METHODS Genotype IV NDV Herts/33 and genotype VIId NDV JS5/05 have a distinctive pathological profile in the spleen. These two strains of viruses were selected as parental viruses to generate a panel of chimeric viruses by replacing the M, F and HN genes of Herts/33 individually or in combination with the corresponding genes of JS5/05 using reverse genetic. Virulence and in vitro characteristics of the recombinant viruses were assessed. In addition, pathological changes, virus load, and transcriptional cytokine response in the spleen of chickens infected with these recombinant viruses were also analyzed. RESULTS Pathogenicity test showed that all chimeric viruses are virulent. In vitro characterization revealed that gene replacement did not change growth kinetics and HN expression on cell surface of the recombinant viruses. However, replacement of the M, F and HN genes resulted in apparent changes in the fusion activity. Moreover, pathological studies revealed that only inclusion of the homologous M, F and HN genes of JS5/05 in Herts/33 backbone resulted in severe pathological changes characterized by extensive necrosis in the spleen, similar to that induced by JS5/05. In addition, this gene replacement significantly increased virus replication and the levels of transcriptional cytokine response, compared to Herts/33. Conversely, inclusion of the M, F and HN genes of Herts/33 into JS5/05 backbone resulted in Herts/33-specific pathological changes and significantly decreased virus load and the expression levels of cytokine genes, compared to JS5/05. CONCLUSIONS The M, F and HN genes are related to the severe pathological changes in the spleen of chickens infected with genotype VIId NDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Kai
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, China.
| | - Zenglei Hu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, China.
| | - Haixu Xu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, China.
| | - Shunlin Hu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jie Zhu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, China.
| | - Jiao Hu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xiaoquan Wang
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xiaowen Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xiufan Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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