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Jiang L, Zhang X, Zhao Y, Zhu H, Fu Q, Lu X, Huang W, Yang X, Zhou X, Wu L, Yang A, He X, Dong M, Peng Z, Yang J, Guo L, Wen J, Huang H, Xie Y, Zhu S, Li C, He X, Zhu Y, Friml J, Du Y. Phytoalexin sakuranetin attenuates endocytosis and enhances resistance to rice blast. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3437. [PMID: 38653755 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47746-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Phytoalexin sakuranetin functions in resistance against rice blast. However, the mechanisms underlying the effects of sakuranetin remains elusive. Here, we report that rice lines expressing resistance (R) genes were found to contain high levels of sakuranetin, which correlates with attenuated endocytic trafficking of plasma membrane (PM) proteins. Exogenous and endogenous sakuranetin attenuates the endocytosis of various PM proteins and the fungal effector PWL2. Moreover, accumulation of the avirulence protein AvrCO39, resulting from uptake into rice cells by Magnaporthe oryzae, was reduced following treatment with sakuranetin. Pharmacological manipulation of clathrin-mediated endocytic (CME) suggests that this pathway is targeted by sakuranetin. Indeed, attenuation of CME by sakuranetin is sufficient to convey resistance against rice blast. Our data reveals a mechanism of rice against M. oryzae by increasing sakuranetin levels and repressing the CME of pathogen effectors, which is distinct from the action of many R genes that mainly function by modulating transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihui Jiang
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Yiting Zhao
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- Shanxi Agricultural University/Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences. The Industrial Crop Institute, Fenyang, 032200, China
| | - Haiyan Zhu
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Qijing Fu
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Xinqi Lu
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Wuying Huang
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Xinyue Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Xuan Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Lixia Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Ao Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Xie He
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Man Dong
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Ziai Peng
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Jing Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Management of Education Ministry of China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Liwei Guo
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Management of Education Ministry of China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Jiancheng Wen
- Rice Research Institute, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Huichuan Huang
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Management of Education Ministry of China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Yong Xie
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Management of Education Ministry of China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Shusheng Zhu
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Management of Education Ministry of China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Chengyun Li
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Management of Education Ministry of China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Xiahong He
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, China
| | - Youyong Zhu
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Management of Education Ministry of China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Yunlong Du
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China.
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China.
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Management of Education Ministry of China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China.
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Rudnicka M, Noszczyńska M, Malicka M, Kasperkiewicz K, Pawlik M, Piotrowska-Seget Z. Outer Membrane Vesicles as Mediators of Plant-Bacterial Interactions. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:902181. [PMID: 35722319 PMCID: PMC9198584 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.902181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants have co-evolved with diverse microorganisms that have developed different mechanisms of direct and indirect interactions with their host. Recently, greater attention has been paid to a direct “message” delivery pathway from bacteria to plants, mediated by the outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). OMVs produced by Gram-negative bacteria play significant roles in multiple interactions with other bacteria within the same community, the environment, and colonized hosts. The combined forces of innovative technologies and experience in the area of plant–bacterial interactions have put pressure on a detailed examination of the OMVs composition, the routes of their delivery to plant cells, and their significance in pathogenesis, protection, and plant growth promotion. This review synthesizes the available knowledge on OMVs in the context of possible mechanisms of interactions between OMVs, bacteria, and plant cells. OMVs are considered to be potential stimulators of the plant immune system, holding potential for application in plant bioprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Rudnicka
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Magdalena Noszczyńska
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Monika Malicka
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kasperkiewicz
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Pawlik
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Zofia Piotrowska-Seget
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
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3
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Chen Y, Zhang M, Jin X, Tao H, Wang Y, Peng B, Fu C, Yu L. Transcriptional reprogramming strategies and miRNA-mediated regulation networks of Taxus media induced into callus cells from tissues. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:168. [PMID: 32070278 PMCID: PMC7029464 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-6576-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Taxus cells are a potential sustainable and environment-friendly source of taxol, but they have low survival ratios and slow grow rates. Despite these limitations, Taxus callus cells induced through 6 months of culture contain more taxol than their parent tissues. In this work, we utilized 6-month-old Taxus media calli to investigate their regulatory mechanisms of taxol biosynthesis by applying multiomics technologies. Our results provide insights into the adaptation strategies of T. media by transcriptional reprogramming when induced into calli from parent tissues. Results Seven out of 12 known taxol, most of flavonoid and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis genes were significantly upregulated in callus cells relative to that in the parent tissue, thus indicating that secondary metabolism is significantly strengthened. The expression of genes involved in pathways metabolizing biological materials, such as amino acids and sugars, also dramatically increased because all nutrients are supplied from the medium. The expression level of 94.1% genes involved in photosynthesis significantly decreased. These results reveal that callus cells undergo transcriptional reprogramming and transition into heterotrophs. Interestingly, common defense and immune activities, such as “plant–pathogen interaction” and salicylic acid- and jasmonic acid-signaling transduction, were repressed in calli. Thus, it’s an intelligent adaption strategy to use secondary metabolites as a cost-effective defense system. MiRNA- and degradome-sequencing results showed the involvement of a precise regulatory network in the miRNA-mediated transcriptional reprogramming of calli. MiRNAs act as direct regulators to enhance the metabolism of biological substances and repress defense activities. Given that only 17 genes of secondary metabolite biosynthesis were effectively regulated, miRNAs are likely to play intermediate roles in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites by regulating transcriptional factors (TFs), such as ERF, WRKY, and SPL. Conclusion Our results suggest that increasing the biosynthesis of taxol and other secondary metabolites is an active regulatory measure of calli to adapt to heterotrophic culture, and this alteration mainly involved direct and indirect miRNA-induced transcriptional reprogramming. These results expand our understanding of the relationships among the metabolism of biological substances, the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, and defense systems. They also provide a series of candidate miRNAs and transcription factors for taxol biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China.,Hubei Engineering Research Center for Edible and Medicinal Resources, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China.,Hubei Engineering Research Center for Edible and Medicinal Resources, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofei Jin
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China.,Hubei Engineering Research Center for Edible and Medicinal Resources, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Haoran Tao
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China.,Hubei Engineering Research Center for Edible and Medicinal Resources, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Yamin Wang
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China.,Hubei Engineering Research Center for Edible and Medicinal Resources, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Peng
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China.,Hubei Engineering Research Center for Edible and Medicinal Resources, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunhua Fu
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China. .,Hubei Engineering Research Center for Edible and Medicinal Resources, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China.
| | - Longjiang Yu
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China.,Hubei Engineering Research Center for Edible and Medicinal Resources, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China
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4
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Wang N. The Citrus Huanglongbing Crisis and Potential Solutions. MOLECULAR PLANT 2019; 12:607-609. [PMID: 30947021 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nian Wang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida/Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Lake Alfred, FL, USA; China-USA Citrus Huanglongbing Joint Laboratory (A Joint Laboratory of The University of Florida's Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences and Gannan Normal University), National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, China.
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5
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Hirakawa Y, Hasezawa S, Higaki T. Reactive Oxygen Species Production and Stimulated Endocytosis in Tobacco BY-2 Cells Treated with Erwinia carotovora Culture Filtrate. CYTOLOGIA 2018. [DOI: 10.1508/cytologia.83.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Hirakawa
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Seiichiro Hasezawa
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Takumi Higaki
- International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University
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Tobias PA, Christie N, Naidoo S, Guest DI, Külheim C. Identification of the Eucalyptus grandis chitinase gene family and expression characterization under different biotic stress challenges. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 37:565-582. [PMID: 28338992 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Eucalyptus grandis (W. Hill ex Maiden) is an Australian Myrtaceae tree grown for timber in many parts of the world and for which the annotated genome sequence is available. Known to be susceptible to a number of pests and diseases, E. grandis is a useful study organism for investigating defense responses in woody plants. Chitinases are widespread in plants and cleave glycosidic bonds of chitin, the major structural component of fungal cell walls and arthropod exoskeletons. They are encoded by an important class of genes known to be up-regulated in plants in response to pathogens. The current study identified 67 chitinase gene models from two families known as glycosyl hydrolase 18 and 19 (36 GH18 and 31 GH19) within the E. grandis genome assembly (v1.1), indicating a recent gene expansion. Sequences were aligned and analyzed as conforming to currently recognized plant chitinase classes (I-V). Unlike other woody species investigated to date, E. grandis has a single gene encoding a putative vacuolar targeted Class I chitinase. In response to Leptocybe invasa (Fisher & La Salle) (the eucalypt gall wasp) and Chrysoporthe austroafricana (Gryzenhout & M.J. Wingf. 2004) (causal agent of fungal stem canker), this Class IA chitinase is strongly up-regulated in both resistant and susceptible plants. Resistant plants, however, indicate greater constitutive expression and increased up-regulation than susceptible plants following fungal challenge. Up-regulation within fungal resistant clones was further confirmed with protein data. Clusters of putative chitinase genes, particularly on chromosomes 3 and 8, are significantly up-regulated in response to fungal challenge, while a cluster on chromosome 1 is significantly down-regulated in response to gall wasp. The results of this study show that the E. grandis genome has an expanded group of chitinase genes, compared with other plants. Despite this expansion, only a single Class I chitinase is present and this gene is highly up-regulated within diverse biotic stress conditions. Our research provides insight into a major class of defense genes within E. grandis and indicates the importance of the Class I chitinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peri A Tobias
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Sydney Institute of Agriculture, University of Sydney, Eveleigh, NSW 2015, Australia
| | - Nanette Christie
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), Genomics Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Sanushka Naidoo
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), Genomics Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - David I Guest
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Sydney Institute of Agriculture, University of Sydney, Eveleigh, NSW 2015, Australia
| | - Carsten Külheim
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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Rosnoblet C, Bègue H, Blanchard C, Pichereaux C, Besson-Bard A, Aimé S, Wendehenne D. Functional characterization of the chaperon-like protein Cdc48 in cryptogein-induced immune response in tobacco. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:491-508. [PMID: 26662183 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Cdc48, a molecular chaperone conserved in different kingdoms, is a member of the AAA+ family contributing to numerous processes in mammals including proteins quality control and degradation, vesicular trafficking, autophagy and immunity. The functions of Cdc48 plant orthologues are less understood. We previously reported that Cdc48 is regulated by S-nitrosylation in tobacco cells undergoing an immune response triggered by cryptogein, an elicitin produced by the oomycete Phytophthora cryptogea. Here, we inv estigated the function of NtCdc48 in cryptogein signalling and induced hypersensitive-like cell death. NtCdc48 was found to accumulate in elicited cells at both the protein and transcript levels. Interestingly, only a small proportion of the overall NtCdc48 population appeared to be S-nitrosylated. Using gel filtration in native conditions, we confirmed that NtCdc48 was present in its hexameric active form. An immunoprecipitation-based strategy following my mass spectrometry analysis led to the identification of about a hundred NtCdc48 partners and underlined its contribution in cellular processes including targeting of ubiquitylated proteins for proteasome-dependent degradation, subcellular trafficking and redox regulation. Finally, the analysis of cryptogein-induced events in NtCdc48-overexpressing cells highlighted a correlation between NtCdc48 expression and hypersensitive cell death. Altogether, this study identified NtCdc48 as a component of cryptogein signalling and plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Rosnoblet
- Pôle Mécanisme et Gestion des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes - ERL CNRS 6300, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR 1347 Agroécologie, 17 rue Sully, BP 86510, 21065, Dijon cédex, France
| | - Hervé Bègue
- Pôle Mécanisme et Gestion des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes - ERL CNRS 6300, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR 1347 Agroécologie, 17 rue Sully, BP 86510, 21065, Dijon cédex, France
| | - Cécile Blanchard
- Pôle Mécanisme et Gestion des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes - ERL CNRS 6300, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR 1347 Agroécologie, 17 rue Sully, BP 86510, 21065, Dijon cédex, France
| | - Carole Pichereaux
- Fédération de Recherche 3450, Agrobiosciences, Interactions et Biodiversité, CNRS, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale - CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 205 route de Narbonne,, 31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Angélique Besson-Bard
- Pôle Mécanisme et Gestion des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes - ERL CNRS 6300, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR 1347 Agroécologie, 17 rue Sully, BP 86510, 21065, Dijon cédex, France
| | - Sébastien Aimé
- INRA, UMR 1347 Agroécologie, Pôle Mécanisme et Gestion des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes - ERL CNRS 6300, 17 rue Sully, BP 86510, 21065, Dijon cédex, France
| | - David Wendehenne
- Pôle Mécanisme et Gestion des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes - ERL CNRS 6300, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR 1347 Agroécologie, 17 rue Sully, BP 86510, 21065, Dijon cédex, France
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Kühn C. Review: Post-translational cross-talk between brassinosteroid and sucrose signaling. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 248:75-81. [PMID: 27181949 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A direct link has been elucidated between brassinosteroid function and perception, and sucrose partitioning and transport. Sucrose regulation and brassinosteroid signaling cross-talk at various levels, including the well-described regulation of transcriptional gene expression: BZR-like transcription factors link the signaling pathways. Since brassinosteroid responses depend on light quality and quantity, a light-dependent alternative pathway was postulated. Here, the focus is on post-translational events. Recent identification of sucrose transporter-interacting partners raises the question whether brassinosteroid and sugars jointly affect plant innate immunity and plant symbiotic interactions. Membrane permeability and sensitivity depends on the number of cell surface receptors and transporters. More than one endocytic route has been assigned to specific components, including brassinosteroid-receptors. The number of such proteins at the plasma membrane relies on endocytic recycling, internalization and/or degradation. Therefore, vesicular membrane trafficking is gaining considerable attention with regard to plant immunity. The organization of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), other receptors or transporters in membrane microdomains participate in endocytosis and the formation of specific intracellular compartments, potentially impacting biotic interactions. This minireview focuses on post-translational events affecting the subcellular compartmentation of membrane proteins involved in signaling, transport, and defense, and on the cross-talk between brassinosteroid signals and sugar availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Kühn
- Humboldt University of Berlin, Institute of Biology, Department of Plant Physiology, Philippstr. 13, Building 12, 10115 Berlin, Germany.
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9
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Hatsugai N, Hillmer R, Yamaoka S, Hara-Nishimura I, Katagiri F. The μ Subunit of Arabidopsis Adaptor Protein-2 Is Involved in Effector-Triggered Immunity Mediated by Membrane-Localized Resistance Proteins. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2016; 29:345-51. [PMID: 26828402 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-10-15-0228-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Endocytosis has been suggested to be important in the cellular processes of plant immune responses. However, our understanding of its role during effector-triggered immunity (ETI) is still limited. We have previously shown that plant endocytosis, especially clathrin-coated vesicle formation at the plasma membrane, is mediated by the adaptor protein-2 (AP-2) complex and that loss of the μ subunit of AP-2 (AP2M) affects plant growth and floral organ development. Here, we report that AP2M is required for full-strength ETI mediated by the disease resistance (R) genes RPM1 and RPS2 in Arabidopsis. Reduced ETI was observed in an ap2m mutant plant, measured by growth of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 strains carrying the corresponding effector genes avrRpm1 or avrRpt2 and by hypersensitive cell death response and defense gene expression triggered by these strains. In contrast, RPS4-mediated ETI and its associated immune responses were not affected by the ap2m mutation. While RPM1 and RPS2 are localized to the plasma membrane, RPS4 is localized to the cytoplasm and nucleus. Our results suggest that AP2M is involved in ETI mediated by plasma membrane-localized R proteins, possibly by mediating endocytosis of the immune receptor complex components from the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Hatsugai
- 1 Department of Plant Biology, Microbial and Plant Genomics Institute, University of Minnesota, 1500 Gortner Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108, U.S.A.; and
| | - Rachel Hillmer
- 1 Department of Plant Biology, Microbial and Plant Genomics Institute, University of Minnesota, 1500 Gortner Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108, U.S.A.; and
| | - Shohei Yamaoka
- 2 Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Ikuko Hara-Nishimura
- 2 Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Katagiri
- 1 Department of Plant Biology, Microbial and Plant Genomics Institute, University of Minnesota, 1500 Gortner Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108, U.S.A.; and
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10
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Peng KC, Wang CW, Wu CH, Huang CT, Liou RF. Tomato SOBIR1/EVR Homologs Are Involved in Elicitin Perception and Plant Defense Against the Oomycete Pathogen Phytophthora parasitica. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2015; 28:913-26. [PMID: 25710821 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-12-14-0405-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
During host-pathogen interactions, pattern recognition receptors form complexes with proteins, such as receptor-like kinases, to elicit pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), an evolutionarily conserved plant defense program. However, little is known about the components of the receptor complex, as are the molecular events leading to PTI induced by the oomycete Phytophthora pathogen. Here, we demonstrate that tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) SlSOBIR1 and SlSOBIR1-like genes are involved in defense responses to Phytophthora parasitica. Silencing of SlSOBIR1 and SlSOBIR1-like enhanced susceptibility to P. parasitica in tomato. Callose deposition, reactive oxygen species production, and PTI marker gene expression were compromised in SlSOBIR1- and SlSOBIR1-like-silenced plants. Interestingly, P. parasitica infection and elicitin (ParA1) treatment induced the relocalization of SlSOBIR1 from the plasma membrane to endosomal compartments and silencing of NbSOBIR1 compromised ParA1-mediated cell death on Nicotiana benthamiana. Moreover, the SlSOBIR1 kinase domain is indispensable for ParA1 to trigger SlSOBIR1 internalization and plant cell death. Taken together, these results support the idea of participation of solanaceous SOBIR1/EVR homologs in the perception of elicitins and indicate their important roles in plant basal defense against oomycete pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Chun Peng
- 1 Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Wen Wang
- 2 Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hang Wu
- 1 Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Tzu Huang
- 1 Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ruey-Fen Liou
- 1 Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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11
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Burns JA, Paasch A, Narechania A, Kim E. Comparative Genomics of a Bacterivorous Green Alga Reveals Evolutionary Causalities and Consequences of Phago-Mixotrophic Mode of Nutrition. Genome Biol Evol 2015. [PMID: 26224703 PMCID: PMC5741210 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evv144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cymbomonas tetramitiformis—a marine prasinophyte—is one of only a few green algae that still retain an ancestral particulate-feeding mechanism while harvesting energy through photosynthesis. The genome of the alga is estimated to be 850 Mb–1.2 Gb in size—the bulk of which is filled with repetitive sequences—and is annotated with 37,366 protein-coding gene models. A number of unusual metabolic pathways (for the Chloroplastida) are predicted for C. tetramitiformis, including pathways for Lipid-A and peptidoglycan metabolism. Comparative analyses of the predicted peptides of C. tetramitiformis to sets of other eukaryotes revealed that nonphagocytes are depleted in a number of genes, a proportion of which have known function in feeding. In addition, our analysis suggests that obligatory phagotrophy is associated with the loss of genes that function in biosynthesis of small molecules (e.g., amino acids). Further, C. tetramitiformis and at least one other phago-mixotrophic alga are thus unique, compared with obligatory heterotrophs and nonphagocytes, in that both feeding and small molecule synthesis-related genes are retained in their genomes. These results suggest that early, ancestral host eukaryotes that gave rise to phototrophs had the capacity to assimilate building block molecules from inorganic substances (i.e., prototrophy). The loss of biosynthesis genes, thus, may at least partially explain the apparent lack of instances of permanent incorporation of photosynthetic endosymbionts in later-divergent, auxotrophic eukaryotic lineages, such as metazoans and ciliates.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Burns
- Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics and Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY
| | - Amber Paasch
- Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics and Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY
| | - Apurva Narechania
- Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics and Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY
| | - Eunsoo Kim
- Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics and Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY
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12
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Yamazaki A, Hayashi M. Building the interaction interfaces: host responses upon infection with microorganisms. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 23:132-9. [PMID: 25621846 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Research fields of plant symbiosis and plant immunity were relatively ignorant with each other until a little while ago. Recently, however, increasing intercommunications between those two fields have begun to provide novel aspects and knowledge for understanding relationships between plants and microorganisms. Here, we review recent reports on plant-microbe interactions, focusing on the infection processes, in order to elucidate plant cellular responses that are triggered by both symbionts and pathogens. Highlighting the core elements of host responses over biotic interactions will provide insights into general mechanisms of plant-microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Yamazaki
- Plant Symbiosis Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science Tsurumi, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Makoto Hayashi
- Plant Symbiosis Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science Tsurumi, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan.
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13
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Ek-Ramos MJ, Avila J, Nelson Dittrich AC, Su D, Gray JW, Devarenne TP. The tomato cell death suppressor Adi3 is restricted to the endosomal system in response to the Pseudomonas syringae effector protein AvrPto. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110807. [PMID: 25350368 PMCID: PMC4211712 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) AGC protein kinase Adi3 functions as a suppressor of cell death and was first identified as an interactor with the tomato resistance protein Pto and the Pseudomonas syringae effector protein AvrPto. Models predict that loss of Adi3 cell death suppression (CDS) activity during Pto/AvrPto interaction leads to the cell death associated with the resistance response initiated from this interaction. Nuclear localization is required for Adi3 CDS. Prevention of nuclear accumulation eliminates Adi3 CDS and induces cell death by localizing Adi3 to intracellular punctate membrane structures. Here we use several markers of the endomembrane system to show that the punctate membrane structures to which non-nuclear Adi3 is localized are endosomal in nature. Wild-type Adi3 also localizes in these punctate endosomal structures. This was confirmed by the use of endosomal trafficking inhibitors, which were capable of trapping wild-type Adi3 in endosomal-like structures similar to the non-nuclear Adi3. This suggests Adi3 may traffic through the cell using the endomembrane system. Additionally, Adi3 was no longer found in the nucleus but was visualized in these punctate endosomal-like membranes during the cell death induced by the Pto/AvrPto interaction. Therefore we propose that inhibiting nuclear import and constraining Adi3 to the endosomal system in response to AvrPto is a mechanism to initiate the cell death associated with resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- María J. Ek-Ramos
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Julian Avila
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Anna C. Nelson Dittrich
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Dongyin Su
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Joel W. Gray
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Timothy P. Devarenne
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
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14
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González-Guerrero M, Matthiadis A, Sáez Á, Long TA. Fixating on metals: new insights into the role of metals in nodulation and symbiotic nitrogen fixation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:45. [PMID: 24592271 PMCID: PMC3923141 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Symbiotic nitrogen fixation is one of the most promising and immediate alternatives to the overuse of polluting nitrogen fertilizers for improving plant nutrition. At the core of this process are a number of metalloproteins that catalyze and provide energy for the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia, eliminate free radicals produced by this process, and create the microaerobic conditions required by these reactions. In legumes, metal cofactors are provided to endosymbiotic rhizobia within root nodule cortical cells. However, low metal bioavailability is prevalent in most soils types, resulting in widespread plant metal deficiency and decreased nitrogen fixation capabilities. As a result, renewed efforts have been undertaken to identify the mechanisms governing metal delivery from soil to the rhizobia, and to determine how metals are used in the nodule and how they are recycled once the nodule is no longer functional. This effort is being aided by improved legume molecular biology tools (genome projects, mutant collections, and transformation methods), in addition to state-of-the-art metal visualization systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Matthiadis
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State UniversityRaleigh, NC, USA
| | - Áez;ngela Sáez
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de MadridMadrid, Spain
| | - Terri A. Long
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State UniversityRaleigh, NC, USA
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15
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Bouhidel K. Plasma membrane protein trafficking in plant-microbe interactions: a plant cell point of view. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:735. [PMID: 25566303 PMCID: PMC4273610 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In order to ensure their physiological and cellular functions, plasma membrane (PM) proteins must be properly conveyed from their site of synthesis, i.e., the endoplasmic reticulum, to their final destination, the PM, through the secretory pathway. PM protein homeostasis also relies on recycling and/or degradation, two processes that are initiated by endocytosis. Vesicular membrane trafficking events to and from the PM have been shown to be altered when plant cells are exposed to mutualistic or pathogenic microbes. In this review, we will describe the fine-tune regulation of such alterations, and their consequence in PM protein activity. We will consider the formation of intracellular perimicrobial compartments, the PM protein trafficking machinery of the host, and the delivery or retrieval of signaling and transport proteins such as pattern-recognition receptors, producers of reactive oxygen species, and sugar transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Bouhidel
- UMR1347 Agroécologie AgroSup/INRA/uB, ERL CNRS 6300, Université de Bourgogne , Dijon, France
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16
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Weis C, Hückelhoven R, Eichmann R. LIFEGUARD proteins support plant colonization by biotrophic powdery mildew fungi. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:3855-67. [PMID: 23888068 PMCID: PMC3745739 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic microbes manipulate eukaryotic cells during invasion and target plant proteins to achieve host susceptibility. BAX INHIBITOR-1 (BI-1) is an endoplasmic reticulum-resident cell death suppressor in plants and animals and is required for full susceptibility of barley to the barley powdery mildew fungus Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei. LIFEGUARD (LFG) proteins resemble BI-1 proteins in terms of predicted membrane topology and cell-death-inhibiting function in metazoans, but display clear sequence-specific distinctions. This work shows that barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and Arabidopsis thaliana genomes harbour five LFG genes, HvLFGa-HvLFGe and AtLFG1-AtLFG5, whose functions are largely uncharacterized. As observed for HvBI-1, single-cell overexpression of HvLFGa supports penetration success of B. graminis f.sp. hordei into barley epidermal cells, while transient-induced gene silencing restricts it. In penetrated barley epidermal cells, a green fluorescent protein-tagged HvLFGa protein accumulates at the site of fungal entry, around fungal haustoria and in endosomal or vacuolar membranes. The data further suggest a role of LFG proteins in plant-powdery mildew interactions in both monocot and dicot plants, because stable overexpression or knockdown of AtLFG1 or AtLFG2 also support or delay development of the powdery mildew fungus Erysiphe cruciferarum on the respective Arabidopsis mutants. Together, this work has identified new modulators of plant-powdery mildew interactions, and the data further support functional similarities between BI-1 and LFG proteins beyond cell death regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ruth Eichmann
- * Present address: School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Campus, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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17
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Kemen E, Kemen A, Ehlers A, Voegele R, Mendgen K. A novel structural effector from rust fungi is capable of fibril formation. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 75:767-80. [PMID: 23663217 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
It has been reported that filament-forming surface proteins such as hydrophobins are important virulence determinants in fungi and are secreted during pathogenesis. Such proteins have not yet been identified in obligate biotrophic pathogens such as rust fungi. Rust transferred protein 1 (RTP1p), a rust protein that is transferred into the host cytoplasm, accumulates around the haustorial complex. To investigate RTP1p structure and function, we used immunocytological, biochemical and computational approaches. We found that RTP1p accumulates in protuberances of the extra-haustorial matrix, a compartment that surrounds the haustorium and is separated from the plant cytoplasm by a modified host plasma membrane. Our analyses show that RTP1p is capable of forming filamentous structures in vitro and in vivo. We present evidence that filament formation is due to β-aggregation similar to what has been observed for amyloid-like proteins. Our findings reveal that RTP1p is a member of a new class of structural effectors. We hypothesize that RTP1p is transferred into the host to stabilize the host cell and protect the haustorium from degradation in later stages of the interaction. Thus, we provide evidence for transfer of an amyloid-like protein into the host cell, which has potential for the development of new resistance mechanisms against rust fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Kemen
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl von Linné Weg 10, Cologne, 50829, Germany
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18
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Zeng MH, Liu SH, Yang MX, Zhang YJ, Liang JY, Wan XR, Liang H. Characterization of a gene encoding clathrin heavy chain in maize up-regulated by salicylic acid, abscisic acid and high boron supply. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:15179-98. [PMID: 23880865 PMCID: PMC3742294 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140715179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Clathrin, a three-legged triskelion composed of three clathrin heavy chains (CHCs) and three light chains (CLCs), plays a critical role in clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) in eukaryotic cells. In this study, the genes ZmCHC1 and ZmCHC2 encoding clathrin heavy chain in maize were cloned and characterized for the first time in monocots. ZmCHC1 encodes a 1693-amino acid-protein including 29 exons and 28 introns, and ZmCHC2 encodes a 1746-amino acid-protein including 28 exons and 27 introns. The high similarities of gene structure, protein sequences and 3D models among ZmCHC1, and Arabidopsis AtCHC1 and AtCHC2 suggest their similar functions in CME. ZmCHC1 gene is predominantly expressed in maize roots instead of ubiquitous expression of ZmCHC2. Consistent with a typical predicted salicylic acid (SA)-responsive element and four predicted ABA-responsive elements (ABREs) in the promoter sequence of ZmCHC1, the expression of ZmCHC1 instead of ZmCHC2 in maize roots is significantly up-regulated by SA or ABA, suggesting that ZmCHC1 gene may be involved in the SA signaling pathway in maize defense responses. The expressions of ZmCHC1 and ZmCHC2 genes in maize are down-regulated by azide or cold treatment, further revealing the energy requirement of CME and suggesting that CME in plants is sensitive to low temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Xiao-Rong Wan
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (X.-R.W.); (H.L.); Tel./Fax: +86-20-8900-3168 (X.-R.W. & H.L.)
| | - Hong Liang
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (X.-R.W.); (H.L.); Tel./Fax: +86-20-8900-3168 (X.-R.W. & H.L.)
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19
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Salicylic acid interferes with clathrin-mediated endocytic protein trafficking. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:7946-51. [PMID: 23613581 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1220205110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Removal of cargos from the cell surface via endocytosis is an efficient mechanism to regulate activities of plasma membrane (PM)-resident proteins, such as receptors or transporters. Salicylic acid (SA) is an important plant hormone that is traditionally associated with pathogen defense. Here, we describe an unanticipated effect of SA on subcellular endocytic cycling of proteins. Both exogenous treatments and endogenously enhanced SA levels repressed endocytosis of different PM proteins. The SA effect on endocytosis did not involve transcription or known components of the SA signaling pathway for transcriptional regulation. SA likely targets an endocytic mechanism that involves the coat protein clathrin, because SA interfered with the clathrin incidence at the PM and clathrin-deficient mutants were less sensitive to the impact of SA on the auxin distribution and root bending during the gravitropic response. By contrast, SA did not affect the ligand-induced endocytosis of the flagellin sensing2 (FLS2) receptor during pathogen responses. Our data suggest that the established SA impact on transcription in plant immunity and the nontranscriptional effect of SA on clathrin-mediated endocytosis are independent mechanisms by which SA regulates distinct aspects of plant physiology.
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20
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EHD1 functions in endosomal recycling and confers salt tolerance. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54533. [PMID: 23342166 PMCID: PMC3544766 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocytosis is a crucial process in all eukaryotic organisms including plants. We have previously shown that two Arabidopsis proteins, AtEHD1 and AtEHD2, are involved in endocytosis in plant systems. Knock-down of EHD1 was shown to have a delayed recycling phenotype in mammalians. There are many works in mammalian systems detailing the importance of the various domains in EHDs but, to date, the domains of plant EHD1 that are required for its activity have not been characterized. In this work we demonstrate that knock-down of EHD1 causes a delayed recycling phenotype and reduces Brefeldin A sensitivity in Arabidopsis seedlings. The EH domain of EHD1 was found to be crucial for the localization of EHD1 to endosomal structures. Mutant EHD1 lacking the EH domain did not localize to endosomal structures and showed a phenotype similar to that of EHD1 knock-down seedlings. Mutants lacking the coiled-coil domain, however, showed a phenotype similar to wild-type or EHD1 overexpression seedlings. Salinity stress is a major problem in current agriculture. Microarray data demonstrated that salinity stress enhances the expression of EHD1, and this was confirmed by semi quantitative RT-PCR. We demonstrate herein that transgenic plants over expressing EHD1 possess enhanced tolerance to salt stress, a property which also requires an intact EH domain.
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Adam T, Bouhidel K, Der C, Robert F, Najid A, Simon-Plas F, Leborgne-Castel N. Constitutive expression of clathrin hub hinders elicitor-induced clathrin-mediated endocytosis and defense gene expression in plant cells. FEBS Lett 2012; 586:3293-8. [PMID: 22796492 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Endocytosis has been recently implicated in the signaling network associated with the recognition of microbes by plants. In a previous study, we showed that the elicitor cryptogein was able to induce clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) in tobacco suspension cells. Herein, we investigate further the induced CME by means of a GFP-tagged clathrin light chain and a CME inhibitor, the hub domain of clathrin heavy chain. Hub constitutive expression does affect neither cell growth nor constitutive endocytosis but abolishes cryptogein-induced CME. Such an inhibition has no impact on early events in the cryptogein signaling pathway but reduces the expression of defense-associated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Adam
- UMR Agroécologie 1347, AgroSup/INRA/Université de Bourgogne, Pôle Interaction Plantes Microorganismes, ERL6300 CNRS, Dijon, France
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22
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Kohli A, Narciso JO, Miro B, Raorane M. Root proteases: reinforced links between nitrogen uptake and mobilization and drought tolerance. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2012; 145:165-79. [PMID: 22242864 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2012.01573.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Integral subcellular and cellular functions ranging from gene expression, protein targeting and nutrient supply to cell differentiation and cell death require proteases. Plants have unique organelles such as chloroplasts composed of unique proteins that carry out the unique process of photosynthesis. Hence, along with proteases common across kingdoms, plants contain unique proteases. Improved knowledge on proteases can lead to a better understanding of plant development, differentiation and death. Because of their importance in multiple processes, plant proteases are actively studied. However, root proteases specifically are not as well studied. The associated rhizosphere, organic matter and/or inorganic matter make roots a difficult system. Yet recent research conclusively demonstrated the occurrence of endocytosis of proteins, peptides and even microbes by root cells, which, hitherto known for specialized pathogenesis or symbiosis, was unsuspected for nutrient uptake. These results reinforced the importance of root proteases in endocytosis or root exudate-mediated nutrient uptake. Rhizoplane, rhizosphere or in planta protease action on proteins, peptides and microbes generates sources of nitrogen, especially during abiotic stresses such as drought. This article highlights the recent research on root proteases for nitrogen uptake and the connection of the two to drought-tolerance mechanisms. Drought-induced proteases in rice roots, as known from rice expression databases, are discussed for future research on certain M50, Deg, FtsH, AMSH and deubiquitination proteases. The recent emphasis on linking drought and plant hydraulics to nutrient metabolism is illustrated and connected to the value of a systematic study of root proteases in crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Kohli
- Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Biotechnology Division, International Rice Research Institute, DAPO, Metro Manila, Philippines.
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23
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Campo S, Peris-Peris C, Montesinos L, Peñas G, Messeguer J, San Segundo B. Expression of the maize ZmGF14-6 gene in rice confers tolerance to drought stress while enhancing susceptibility to pathogen infection. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:983-99. [PMID: 22016430 PMCID: PMC3254693 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
14-3-3 proteins are found in all eukaryotes where they act as regulators of diverse signalling pathways associated with a wide range of biological processes. In this study the functional characterization of the ZmGF14-6 gene encoding a maize 14-3-3 protein is reported. Gene expression analyses indicated that ZmGF14-6 is up-regulated by fungal infection and salt treatment in maize plants, whereas its expression is down-regulated by drought stress. It is reported that rice plants constitutively expressing ZmGF14-6 displayed enhanced tolerance to drought stress which was accompanied by a stronger induction of drought-associated rice genes. However, rice plants expressing ZmGF14-6 either in a constitutive or under a pathogen-inducible regime showed a higher susceptibility to infection by the fungal pathogens Fusarium verticillioides and Magnaporthe oryzae. Under infection conditions, a lower intensity in the expression of defence-related genes occurred in ZmGF14-6 rice plants. These findings support that ZmGF14-6 positively regulates drought tolerance in transgenic rice while negatively modulating the plant defence response to pathogen infection. Transient expression assays of fluorescently labelled ZmGF14-6 protein in onion epidermal cells revealed a widespread distribution of ZmGF14-6 in the cytoplasm and nucleus. Additionally, colocalization experiments of fluorescently labelled ZmGF14-6 with organelle markers, in combination with cell labelling with the endocytic tracer FM4-64, revealed a subcellular localization of ZmGF14-6 in the early endosomes. Taken together, these results improve our understanding of the role of ZmGF14-6 in stress signalling pathways, while indicating that ZmGF14-6 inversely regulates the plant response to biotic and abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Campo
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Parc de Recerca UAB, Edifici CRAG, Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Peris-Peris
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Parc de Recerca UAB, Edifici CRAG, Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Montesinos
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Parc de Recerca UAB, Edifici CRAG, Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gisela Peñas
- Department of Plant Genetics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Parc de Recerca UAB, Edifici CRAG, Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquima Messeguer
- Department of Plant Genetics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Parc de Recerca UAB, Edifici CRAG, Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Blanca San Segundo
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Parc de Recerca UAB, Edifici CRAG, Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Sharfman M, Bar M, Ehrlich M, Schuster S, Melech-Bonfil S, Ezer R, Sessa G, Avni A. Endosomal signaling of the tomato leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein LeEix2. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 68:413-23. [PMID: 21736652 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04696.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular leucine-rich repeat (LRR) receptor-like proteins (RLPs) represent a unique class of cell-surface receptors, as they lack a functional cytoplasmic domain. Our knowledge of how RLPs that do not contain a kinase or Toll domain function is very limited. The tomato RLP receptor LeEix2 signals to induce defense responses mediated by the fungal protein ethylene-inducing xylanase (EIX). The movement of FYVE-positive endosomes before and after EIX application was examined using spinning disc confocal microscopy. We found that while FYVE-positive endosomes generally observe a random movement pattern, following EIX application a subpopulation of FYVE-positive endosomes follow a directional movement pattern. Further, cellular endosomes travel greater distances at higher speeds following EIX application. Time-course experiments conducted with specific inhibitors demonstrate the involvement of endosomal signaling in EIX-triggered defense responses. Abolishing the existence of endosomes or the endocytic event prevented EIX-induced signaling. Endocytosis/endosome inhibitors, such as Dynasore or 1-butanol, inhibit EIX-induced signaling. Moreover, treatment with Endosidin1, which inhibits an early step in plasma membrane/endosome trafficking, enhances the induction of defense responses by EIX. Our data indicate a distinct endosomal signaling mechanism for induction of defense responses in this RLP system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miya Sharfman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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