1
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Doll NM, Nowack MK. Endosperm cell death: roles and regulation in angiosperms. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:4346-4359. [PMID: 38364847 PMCID: PMC7616292 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Double fertilization in angiosperms results in the formation of a second zygote, the fertilized endosperm. Unlike its embryo sibling, the endosperm is a transient structure that eventually undergoes developmentally controlled programmed cell death (PCD) at specific time points of seed development or germination. The nature of endosperm PCD exhibits a considerable diversity, both across different angiosperm taxa and within distinct endosperm tissues. In endosperm-less species, PCD might cause central cell degeneration as a mechanism preventing the formation of a fertilized endosperm. In most other angiosperms, embryo growth necessitates the elimination of surrounding endosperm cells. Nevertheless, complete elimination of the endosperm is rare and, in most cases, specific endosperm tissues persist. In mature seeds, these persisting cells may be dead, such as the starchy endosperm in cereals, or remain alive to die only during germination, like the cereal aleurone or the endosperm of castor beans. In this review, we explore current knowledge surrounding the cellular, molecular, and genetic aspects of endosperm PCD, and the influence environmental stresses have on PCD processes. Overall, this review provides an exhaustive overview of endosperm PCD processes in angiosperms, shedding light on its diverse mechanisms and its significance in seed development and seedling establishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas M. Doll
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent 9052, Belgium
- VIB Center of Plant Systems Biology, Ghent 9052, Belgium
| | - Moritz K. Nowack
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent 9052, Belgium
- VIB Center of Plant Systems Biology, Ghent 9052, Belgium
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2
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Florez-Rueda AM, Miguel CM, Figueiredo DD. Comparative transcriptomics of seed nourishing tissues: uncovering conserved and divergent pathways in seed plants. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 119:1134-1157. [PMID: 38709819 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
The evolutionary and ecological success of spermatophytes is intrinsically linked to the seed habit, which provides a protective environment for the initial development of the new generation. This environment includes an ephemeral nourishing tissue that supports embryo growth. In gymnosperms this tissue originates from the asexual proliferation of the maternal megagametophyte, while in angiosperms it is a product of fertilization, and is called the endosperm. The emergence of these nourishing tissues is of profound evolutionary value, and they are also food staples for most of the world's population. Here, using Orthofinder to infer orthologue genes among newly generated and previously published datasets, we provide a comparative transcriptomic analysis of seed nourishing tissues from species of several angiosperm clades, including those of early diverging lineages, as well as of one gymnosperm. Our results show that, although the structure and composition of seed nourishing tissues has seen significant divergence along evolution, there are signatures that are conserved throughout the phylogeny. Conversely, we identified processes that are specific to species within the clades studied, and thus illustrate their functional divergence. With this, we aimed to provide a foundation for future studies on the evolutionary history of seed nourishing structures, as well as a resource for gene discovery in future functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Marcela Florez-Rueda
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam Science Park, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
- University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknechts-Str. 24-25, Haus 26, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Célia M Miguel
- Faculty of Sciences, Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Duarte D Figueiredo
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam Science Park, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
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Qiu R, Liu Y, Cai Z, Li J, Wu C, Wang G, Lin C, Peng Y, Deng Z, Tang W, Wu W, Duan Y. Glucan Synthase-like 2 is Required for Seed Initiation and Filling as Well as Pollen Fertility in Rice. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 16:44. [PMID: 37804355 PMCID: PMC10560172 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-023-00662-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Glucan synthase-like (GSL) genes are indispensable for some important highly-specialized developmental and cellular processes involving callose synthesis and deposition in plants. At present, the best-characterized reproductive functions of GSL genes are those for pollen formation and ovary expansion, but their role in seed initiation remains unknown. RESULTS We identified a rice seed mutant, watery seed 1-1 (ws1-1), which contained a mutation in the OsGSL2 gene. The mutant produced seeds lacking embryo and endosperm but filled with transparent and sucrose-rich liquid. In a ws1-1 spikelet, the ovule development was normal, but the microsporogenesis and male gametophyte development were compromised, resulting in the reduction of fertile pollen. After fertilization, while the seed coat normally developed, the embryo failed to differentiate normally. In addition, the divided endosperm-free nuclei did not migrate to the periphery of the embryo sac but aggregated so that their proliferation and cellularization were arrested. Moreover, the degeneration of nucellus cells was delayed in ws1-1. OsGSL2 is highly expressed in reproductive organs and developing seeds. Disrupting OsGSL2 reduced callose deposition on the outer walls of the microspores and impaired the formation of the annular callose sheath in developing caryopsis, leading to pollen defect and seed abortion. CONCLUSIONS Our findings revealed that OsGSL2 is essential for rice fertility and is required for embryo differentiation and endosperm-free nucleus positioning, indicating a distinct role of OsGSL2, a callose synthase gene, in seed initiation, which provides new insight into the regulation of seed development in cereals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronghua Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Crop Breeding By Design, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Crop Breeding By Design, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Zhengzheng Cai
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Crop Breeding By Design, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Jieqiong Li
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Crop Breeding By Design, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Chunyan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Crop Breeding By Design, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Crop Breeding By Design, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Chenchen Lin
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Crop Breeding By Design, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yulin Peng
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Crop Breeding By Design, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Zhanlin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Crop Breeding By Design, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Weiqi Tang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Weiren Wu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Crop Breeding By Design, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
| | - Yuanlin Duan
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Crop Breeding By Design, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
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Royo J, Muñiz LM, Gómez E, Añazco-Guenkova AM, Hueros G. Distinct Hormone Signalling-Modulation Activities Characterize Two Maize Endosperm-Specific Type-A Response Regulators. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11151992. [PMID: 35956471 PMCID: PMC9370639 DOI: 10.3390/plants11151992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
ZmTCRR1 and 2 are type-A response regulators expressed in the maize endosperm transfer cells (TC). While type-B response regulators transcriptionally control canonical type-A response regulators, as part of the cytokinin signal transduction mechanism, the ZmTCRRs are regulated by ZmMRP1, a master regulator of TC identity. In addition, the corresponding proteins are not detected in the TC, accumulating in the inner endosperm cells instead. These features suggest these molecules are not involved in classical, cell-autonomous, cytokinin signalling pathways. Using transgenic Arabidopsis plants ectopically expressing these genes, we have shown that ZmTCRR1 and 2 can modulate auxin and cytokinin signalling, respectively. In Arabidopsis, the ectopic expression of ZmTCRR2 blocked, almost completely, cytokinin perception. Given the conservation of these signalling pathways at the molecular level, our results suggest that the ZmTCRRs modulate cytokinin and auxin perception in the inner endosperm cells.
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Guo J, Qu L, Hu Y, Lu W, Lu D. Proteomics reveals the effects of drought stress on the kernel development and starch formation of waxy maize. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:434. [PMID: 34556041 PMCID: PMC8461923 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03214-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kernel development and starch formation are the primary determinants of maize yield and quality, which are considerably influenced by drought stress. To clarify the response of maize kernel to drought stress, we established well-watered (WW) and water-stressed (WS) conditions at 1-30 days after pollination (dap) on waxy maize (Zea mays L. sinensis Kulesh). RESULTS Kernel development, starch accumulation, and activities of starch biosynthetic enzymes were significantly reduced by drought stress. The morphology of starch granules changed, whereas the grain filling rate was accelerated. A comparative proteomics approach was applied to analyze the proteome change in kernels under two treatments at 10 dap and 25 dap. Under the WS conditions, 487 and 465 differentially accumulated proteins (DAPs) were identified at 10 dap and 25 dap, respectively. Drought induced the downregulation of proteins involved in the oxidation-reduction process and oxidoreductase, peroxidase, catalase, glutamine synthetase, abscisic acid stress ripening 1, and lipoxygenase, which might be an important reason for the effect of drought stress on kernel development. Notably, several proteins involved in waxy maize endosperm and starch biosynthesis were upregulated at early-kernel stage under WS conditions, which might have accelerated endosperm development and starch synthesis. Additionally, 17 and 11 common DAPs were sustained in the upregulated and downregulated DAP groups, respectively, at 10 dap and 25 dap. Among these 28 proteins, four maize homologs (i.e., A0A1D6H543, B4FTP0, B6SLJ0, and A0A1D6H5J5) were considered as candidate proteins that affected kernel development and drought stress response by comparing with the rice genome. CONCLUSIONS The proteomic changes caused by drought were highly correlated with kernel development and starch accumulation, which were closely related to the final yield and quality of waxy maize. Our results provided a foundation for the enhanced understanding of kernel development and starch formation in response to drought stress in waxy maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, P. R. China
| | - Lingling Qu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, P. R. China
| | - Yifan Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, P. R. China
| | - Weiping Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, P. R. China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, P. R. China
| | - Dalei Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, P. R. China.
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, P. R. China.
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, P. R. China.
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6
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Yang WT, Gong XX, Ji H, Shao JF. Qualitative and quantitative characterization of nutrient content and morphology in seeds of bamboo, rice, and wheat. J Cereal Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2021.103273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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7
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Miray R, Kazaz S, To A, Baud S. Molecular Control of Oil Metabolism in the Endosperm of Seeds. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1621. [PMID: 33562710 PMCID: PMC7915183 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In angiosperm seeds, the endosperm develops to varying degrees and accumulates different types of storage compounds remobilized by the seedling during early post-germinative growth. Whereas the molecular mechanisms controlling the metabolism of starch and seed-storage proteins in the endosperm of cereal grains are relatively well characterized, the regulation of oil metabolism in the endosperm of developing and germinating oilseeds has received particular attention only more recently, thanks to the emergence and continuous improvement of analytical techniques allowing the evaluation, within a spatial context, of gene activity on one side, and lipid metabolism on the other side. These studies represent a fundamental step toward the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms governing oil metabolism in this particular tissue. In particular, they highlight the importance of endosperm-specific transcriptional controls for determining original oil compositions usually observed in this tissue. In the light of this research, the biological functions of oils stored in the endosperm of seeds then appear to be more diverse than simply constituting a source of carbon made available for the germinating seedling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sébastien Baud
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France; (R.M.); (S.K.); (A.T.)
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8
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Shi Y, Chen J, Hou X. Similarities and Differences of Photosynthesis Establishment Related mRNAs and Novel lncRNAs in Early Seedlings (Coleoptile/Cotyledon vs. True Leaf) of Rice and Arabidopsis. Front Genet 2020; 11:565006. [PMID: 33093843 PMCID: PMC7506105 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.565006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosynthesis uses sunlight and carbon dioxide to produce biomass that is vital to all life on earth. In seed plants, leaf is the main organ for photosynthesis and production of organic nutrients. The seeds are mobilized to fuel post-germination seedling growth until seedling photosynthesis can be efficiently established. However, the photosynthesis and metabolism in the early growth and development have not been studied systematically and are still largely unknown. In this study, we used two model plants, rice (Oryza sativa L.; monocotyledonous) and Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana; dicotyledonous) to determine the similarities and differences in photosynthesis in cotyledons and true leaves during the early developmental stages. The photosynthesis-related genes and proteins, and chloroplast functions were determined through RNA-seq, real-time PCR, western blotting and chlorophyll fluorescence analysis. We found that in rice, the photosynthesis established gradually from coleoptile (cpt), incomplete leaf (icl) to first complete leaf (fcl); whereas, in Arabidopsis, photosynthesis well-developed in cotyledon, and the photosynthesis-related genes and proteins expressed comparably in cotyledon (cot), first true leaf (ftl) and second true leaf (stl). Additionally, we attempted to establish an mRNA-lncRNA signature to explore the similarities and differences in photosynthesis establishment between the two species, and found that DEGs, including encoding mRNAs and novel lncRNAs, related to photosynthesis in three stages have considerable differences between rice and Arabidopsis. Further GO and KEGG analysis systematically revealed the similarities and differences of expression styles of photosystem subunits and assembly factors, and starch and sucrose metabolisms between cotyledons and true leaves in the two species. Our results help to elucidate the gene functions of mRNA-lncRNA signatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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9
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Doll NM, Depège-Fargeix N, Rogowsky PM, Widiez T. Signaling in Early Maize Kernel Development. MOLECULAR PLANT 2017; 10:375-388. [PMID: 28267956 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Developing the next plant generation within the seed requires the coordination of complex programs driving pattern formation, growth, and differentiation of the three main seed compartments: the embryo (future plant), the endosperm (storage compartment), representing the two filial tissues, and the surrounding maternal tissues. This review focuses on the signaling pathways and molecular players involved in early maize kernel development. In the 2 weeks following pollination, functional tissues are shaped from single cells, readying the kernel for filling with storage compounds. Although the overall picture of the signaling pathways regulating embryo and endosperm development remains fragmentary, several types of molecular actors, such as hormones, sugars, or peptides, have been shown to be involved in particular aspects of these developmental processes. These molecular actors are likely to be components of signaling pathways that lead to transcriptional programming mediated by transcriptional factors. Through the integrated action of these components, multiple types of information received by cells or tissues lead to the correct differentiation and patterning of kernel compartments. In this review, recent advances regarding the four types of molecular actors (hormones, sugars, peptides/receptors, and transcription factors) involved in early maize development are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas M Doll
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, 69342 Lyon, France
| | - Nathalie Depège-Fargeix
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, 69342 Lyon, France
| | - Peter M Rogowsky
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, 69342 Lyon, France
| | - Thomas Widiez
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, 69342 Lyon, France.
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10
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Identification and characterization of microRNAs in maize endosperm response to exogenous sucrose using small RNA sequencing. Genomics 2016; 108:216-223. [PMID: 27810268 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Sucrose acts as a signaling molecule for genes critical to starch biosynthesis in maize endosperm. Previously, we showed that sucrose could regulate starch biosynthesis in maize via transcription factors. To better understand the complex regulation of starch biosynthesis, the 10days after pollination endosperm from Zea mays L. B73 inbred line was collected and treated with sucrose for small RNA sequencing. The sequencing results revealed that 24 known miRNAs and 190 novel miRNAs were significantly differentially expressed in response to sucrose. In addition, most of target mRNAs were characterized as transcription factors, mainly including, MYB, ARF, NAC, AP2/ERF, WRKY, and GRAS, which play important roles in starch biosynthesis and seed development in maize endosperm. The expression profiles of miR398a/b and miR159b/j/k followed opposite expression trends to their target genes when analyzed by qPCR. In conclusion, these results show that sucrose regulates the expression of starch synthetic genes through miRNAs.
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Wu X, Liu J, Li D, Liu CM. Rice caryopsis development II: Dynamic changes in the endosperm. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 58:786-98. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoba Wu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology; Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100093 China
| | - Jinxin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology; Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100093 China
| | - Dongqi Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology; Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100093 China
| | - Chun-Ming Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology; Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100093 China
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12
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Yu X, Li B, Wang L, Chen X, Wang W, Wang Z, Xiong F. Systematic Analysis of Pericarp Starch Accumulation and Degradation during Wheat Caryopsis Development. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138228. [PMID: 26394305 PMCID: PMC4578966 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) pericarp starch granule (PSG) has been well-studied, our knowledge of its features and mechanism of accumulation and degradation during pericarp growth is poor. In the present study, developing wheat caryopses were collected and starch granules were extracted from their pericarp to investigate the morphological and structural characteristics of PSGs using microscopy, X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy techniques. Relative gene expression levels of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (APGase), granule-bound starch synthase II (GBSS II), and α-amylase (AMY) were quantified by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. PSGs presented as single or multiple starch granules and were synthesized both in the amyloplast and chloroplast in the pericarp. PSG degradation occurred in the mesocarp, beginning at 6 days after anthesis. Amylose contents in PSGs were lower and relative degrees of crystallinity were higher at later stages of development than at earlier stages. Short-range ordered structures in the external regions of PSGs showed no differences in the developing pericarp. When hydrolyzed by α-amylase, PSGs at various developmental stages showed high degrees of enzymolysis. Expression levels of AGPase, GBSS II, and AMY were closely related to starch synthesis and degradation. These results help elucidate the mechanisms of accumulation and degradation as well as the functions of PSG during wheat caryopsis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xurun Yu
- Jiangsu Key laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Bo Li
- Jiangsu Yanjiang Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Nantong 226541, China
| | - Leilei Wang
- Jiangsu Key laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xinyu Chen
- Jiangsu Key laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Wenjun Wang
- Jiangsu Key laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhong Wang
- Jiangsu Key laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Fei Xiong
- Jiangsu Key laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- * E-mail:
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