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Gu F, Jiang L, Xie L, Wang D, Zhao F, Liu J. Supplementing N-carbamoylglutamate in late gestation increases newborn calf weight by enhanced placental expression of mTOR and angiogenesis factor genes in dairy cows. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 7:981-988. [PMID: 34738028 PMCID: PMC8551415 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2021.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate whether supplementation with N-carbamoylglutamate (NCG) to cows during late gestation alters uteroplacental tissue nutrient transporters, calf metabolism and newborn weight. Thirty multiparous Chinese Holstein cows were used in a randomized complete block design experiment. During the last 28 d of pregnancy, cows were fed a diet without (CON) or with NCG (20 g/d per cow). The body weight of calves was weighed immediately after birth. Placentome samples were collected at parturition and used to assess mRNA expression of genes involved in transport of arginine, glucose, fatty acid and angiogenesis factors, as well as the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. Blood samples of calves before colostrum consumption were also collected for the detection of plasma parameters, amino acids (AA) and metabolomics analysis. The newborn weight (P = 0.02) and plasma Arg concentration of NCG-calves was significantly higher (P = 0.05) than that of CON-calves, and the plasma concentrations of urea nitrogen tended to be lower (P = 0.10) in the NCG group. The mRNA abundance of genes involved in glucose transport (solute carrier family 2 member 3 [SLC2A3], P < 0.01), angiogenesis (nitric oxide synthase 3 [NOS3], P = 0.02), and mTOR pathway (serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 [AKT1], P = 0.10; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4B pseudogene 1 [EIF4BP1], P = 0.08; EIF4EBP2, P = 0.04; and E74-like factor 2 [ELF2], P = 0.03) was upregulated in the placentome of NCG-supplemented cows. In addition, 17 metabolites were significantly different in the placentome of NCG-supplemented cows compared to non-supplemented cows, and these metabolites are mainly involved in arginine and proline metabolism, alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, and citrate cycle. In summary, the increased body weight of newborn calves from the NCG supplemented dairy cows may be attributed to the increased angiogenesis and uteroplacental nutrient transport and to the activated mTOR signal pathway, which may result in the increased nutrient supply to the fetus, and improved AA metabolism and urea cycle of the fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengfei Gu
- Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Luyi Jiang
- Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Linyu Xie
- Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Diming Wang
- Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Fengqi Zhao
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Jianxin Liu
- Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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Yang J, Tan B, He Q, Yin Y, Wu G, Kong X. Dynamic changes in circulating levels of metabolites in the portal-drained viscera of finishing pigs receiving acute administration of l-arginine. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2020; 104:1424-1431. [PMID: 32227548 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we examined the effects of acute intravenous administration of l-arginine on circulating levels of metabolites in the portal-drained viscera (PDV) of 12 barrows surgically fitted with chronic catheters in the portal vein. At day 14 post-surgery, the pigs were fasted for 12 hr and then randomly allocated to one of three groups to receive administration of normal saline, l-alanine [103 mg/kg body weight (BW), isonitrogenous control] or l-arginine-HCl (61 mg/kg BW), via the portal vein. Blood samples were obtained from the carotid artery before and at 30-min intervals for 5 hr after the administration of saline or amino acid in order to determine metabolic profiles. The results showed that, compared with the saline treatment, arginine infusion increased plasma concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-I, arginine and cystine in the portal vein plasma, whereas plasma concentrations of threonine, serine, leucine and methionine were reduced. These findings indicate that increasing arginine concentrations in the portal vein alters the metabolic profile in swine, an established animal model for studying human nutrition and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianying Yang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China.,College of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Bi'e Tan
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Qinghua He
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Xiangfeng Kong
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
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Hu L, Kristensen NB, Krogh U, Theil PK. Net Absorption and Metabolism of β-Hydroxy- β-Methyl Butyrate during Late Gestation in a Pig Model. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12020561. [PMID: 32098129 PMCID: PMC7071374 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The leucine metabolite, β-hydroxy-β-methyl butyrate (HMB), is widely used in human nutrition and animal production as a nutritional supplement. Although the HMB usage during late gestation has been demonstrated to have a positive effect on fetal development, knowledge on net absorption and metabolism of HMB and impact of HMB on branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) metabolism is lacking. To address this, we conducted a study using pigs during the perinatal period as a model organism. Eight-second parity sows were fitted with indwelling catheters in the femoral artery and in the portal, hepatic, femoral, and mesenteric veins. Eight hourly sets of blood samples were taken starting 30 min before the morning meal on day –10 and day –3 relative to parturition. Four control (CON) sows were fed a standard lactation diet from day –15 and throughout the experiment, and 4 HMB sows were fed the control diet supplemented with 15 mg Ca(HMB)2/kg body weight mixed in one third of the morning meal from day –10 until parturition. Blood gases, plasma metabolites, milk compositions, and apparent total tract digestibility of nutrients were measured. Arterial plasma concentrations of HMB (p < 0.001), Cys (p < 0.001), and Lys (p < 0.10) were increased in HMB supplemented sows, while arterial plasma triglycerides concentration was decreased (p < 0.05). The net portal recovery of Ala and Asp were increased in HMB sows (p < 0.05). Sows fed HMB had increased hepatic vein flow and net hepatic fluxes of Met, Asn, and Gln (p < 0.05). In contrast, the femoral extraction rates of Ala and Ser were decreased by dietary HMB supplementation (p < 0.05). Dietary HMB treatment and sampling time relative to feeding had an interaction on arterial concentrations, net portal fluxes, and femoral extraction rates of BCAAs. The net portal recovery of HMB was 88%, while 14% of supplemented HMB was excreted through urine and 4% through feces. Moreover, the gastrointestinal tract metabolized 8% while the liver metabolized 12%. Finally, 26% of the daily intake of HMB was secreted via colostrum at the day of farrowing. This study demonstrated that dietary HMB supplementation increased net uptake of amino acids and increased fatty acid oxidation through improving blood flow and insulin sensitivity during the late gestation. Most importantly, oral HMB administration could maintain a stable postprandial absorption and altered metabolism in BCAAs. Net portal flux of HMB at 5.5 to 6.5 h after feeding approached zero, indicating that HMB ideally should be administrated two or three times, daily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Hu
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark (N.B.K.); (U.K.)
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Niels Bastian Kristensen
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark (N.B.K.); (U.K.)
- Danish Agriculture & Food Council F.m.b.A. SEGES Agro Food Park 15, DK 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Uffe Krogh
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark (N.B.K.); (U.K.)
- PEGASE, INRAE, Agrocampus Ouest, 35590 Saint-Gilles, France
| | - Peter Kappel Theil
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark (N.B.K.); (U.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +45-8715-7803
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Oksbjerg N, Krogh U, Jensen JA, Møller HS, Ramaekers P, Rasmussen MK, Therkildsen M, Theil PK. Supplementation of sows with L-Arginine during gestating and lactation affects muscle traits of offspring related with postnatal growth and meat quality: From conception to consumption. Meat Sci 2019; 152:58-64. [PMID: 30807928 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of dietary inclusion of 25 g/day of L-Arginine (n = 7) or iso‑nitrogenous amounts of alanine (n = 6) from d 30 of gestation to d 28 of lactation of sows on performance, muscle traits and meat quality in offspring. From each litter, heaviest and smallest littermate of both sexes were reared from d 28 and slaughtered at d 140 in accordance with a 23factorial design. A response to L-Arginine were obtained on small females where L-Arginine increased birth weight, however this effect disappeared at weaning. L-Arginine increased daily gain by 7% and increased the cross-sectional area of the M. semitendinosus in small females by 14%, suggesting an increased lean ratio. Mechanistic studies showed firstly, that small female littermates had increased number of muscle fibres (myogenesis) after L-Arginine treatment (11%) and secondly increased total DNA (12%) as a consequence of satellite cell proliferation. Traits describing tenderness seem to be affected by L-Arginine but further studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Oksbjerg
- Aarhus University, Department of Food Science, AU-Foulum, Blichers Allé 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Uffe Krogh
- Aarhus University, Department of Animal Science, AU-Foulum, Blichers Allé 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Jens A Jensen
- Aarhus University, Department of Food Science, AU-Foulum, Blichers Allé 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Hanne S Møller
- Aarhus University, Department of Food Science, AU-Foulum, Blichers Allé 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | | | - Martin Krøyer Rasmussen
- Aarhus University, Department of Food Science, AU-Foulum, Blichers Allé 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Margrethe Therkildsen
- Aarhus University, Department of Food Science, AU-Foulum, Blichers Allé 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark.
| | - Peter K Theil
- Aarhus University, Department of Animal Science, AU-Foulum, Blichers Allé 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
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Optimal branched-chain amino acid ratio improves cell proliferation and protein metabolism of porcine enterocytesin in vivo and in vitro. Nutrition 2018; 54:173-181. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2018.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Xiao H, Zeng L, Shao F, Huang B, Wu M, Tan B, Yin Y. The role of nitric oxide pathway in arginine transport and growth of IPEC-1 cells. Oncotarget 2018; 8:29976-29983. [PMID: 28415785 PMCID: PMC5444718 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
L-Arginine itself and its metabolite-nitric oxide play great roles in intestinal physiology. However, the molecular mechanism underlying nitric oxide pathway regulating L-Arginine transport and cell growth is not yet fully understood. We report that inhibition of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) significantly induced cell apoptosis (p < 0.05), and promoted the rate of Arginine uptake and the expressions of protein for CAT-2 and y+LAT-1 (p < 0.05), while reduced protein expression of CAT-1. And NOS inhibition markedly decreased the activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and PI3K-Akt pathways by Arginine in the IPEC-1 cells (p < 0.05). Taken together, these data suggest that inhibition of NO pathway by L-NAME induces a negative feedback increasing of Arginine uptake and CAT-2 and y+LAT-1 protein expression, but promotes cell apoptosis which involved inhibiting the activation of mTOR and PI3K-Akt pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Xiao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, Hunan, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liming Zeng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, Hunan, China.,Science College of Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Fangyuan Shao
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Bo Huang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, Hunan, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Miaomiao Wu
- Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Bie Tan
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, Hunan, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, Hunan, China.,Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, School of Biology, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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7
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Krogh U, Oksbjerg N, Storm AC, Feyera T, Theil PK. Mammary nutrient uptake in multiparous sows fed supplementary arginine during gestation and lactation. J Anim Sci 2018; 95:2517-2532. [PMID: 28727031 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2016.1291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Arginine is the precursor for the synthesis of nitric oxide and may increase mammary plasma flow (MPF), which may in turn increase mammary nutrient uptake. Quantifying mammary nutrient uptake improves our understanding of mammary nutrient metabolism and may potentially allow identification of limiting nutrients for colostrum and milk production. Thus, the objectives of the present study were 1) to study the impact of 25 g/d of crystalline Arg (ARG) on MPF and uptake of nutrients by the mammary glands compared with an isonitrogenous supply of Ala (51 g/d; control [CON]) fed to a total of 8 sows from d 30 of gestation until weaning on d 28 of lactation and 2) to quantify mammary nutrient uptake in late gestation and in early and at peak lactation. Sows were surgically fitted with indwelling catheters on d 76 ± 2 SEM of gestation. -amino hippuric acid (AH) was infused (3.0 mmol/h) in the infusion catheter inserted in the mammary vein, initiated 1 h before the first blood sample at -10, -3, 3, and 17 d in milk (DIM). Blood samples were simultaneously drawn from catheters inserted in the femoral artery and the mammary vein, and the samples were collected in hourly intervals from 0.5 h before to 6.5 h after feeding. Sow milk production was assessed at 3 and 17 DIM. Arterial plasma concentrations of Arg and Ala were increased in ARG and CON sows, respectively ( < 0.01), whereas we did not succeed in detecting a greater MPF in ARG sows ( = 0.30). Arterial-venous differences ( = 0.03) and net mammary flux ( = 0.01) of Ala were increased in CON sows, while the net flux of most other metabolites ( > 0.05) was unaffected by treatment. The mammary extraction of all essential AA was below 13% in late gestation. The average mammary extraction of essential AA at peak lactation was greatest for Leu (51%), while the preprandial extraction was greatest for Lys (57%). The mammary carbon balance (input-output) was negative (-39 ± 12 mol C/d) in early lactation but almost balanced at peak lactation (-13 ± 14 mol C/d), suggesting that mammary fat depots contributed to milk synthesis. In conclusion, we failed to observe an increased MPF and mammary uptake of AA and energy metabolites in ARG-supplemented sows. The mammary extraction rate of essential AA indicated that AA were not limiting for the mammary glands in late gestation, while Lys and Leu appeared to be the 2 most limiting essential AA for milk production at peak lactation.
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Protein Restriction with Amino Acid-Balanced Diets Shrinks Circulating Pool Size of Amino Acid by Decreasing Expression of Specific Transporters in the Small Intestine. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162475. [PMID: 27611307 PMCID: PMC5017764 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary protein restriction is not only beneficial to health and longevity in humans, but also protects against air pollution and minimizes feeding cost in livestock production. However, its impact on amino acid (AA) absorption and metabolism is not quite understood. Therefore, the study aimed to explore the effect of protein restriction on nitrogen balance, circulating AA pool size, and AA absorption using a pig model. In Exp.1, 72 gilts weighting 29.9 ± 1.5 kg were allocated to 1 of the 3 diets containing 14, 16, or 18% CP for a 28-d trial. Growth (n = 24), nitrogen balance (n = 6), and the expression of small intestinal AA and peptide transporters (n = 6) were evaluated. In Exp.2, 12 barrows weighting 22.7 ± 1.3 kg were surgically fitted with catheters in the portal and jejunal veins as well as the carotid artery and assigned to a diet containing 14 or 18% CP. A series of blood samples were collected before and after feeding for determining the pool size of circulating AA and AA absorption in the portal vein, respectively. Protein restriction did not sacrifice body weight gain and protein retention, since nitrogen digestibility was increased as dietary protein content reduced. However, the pool size of circulating AA except for lysine and threonine, and most AA flux through the portal vein were reduced in pigs fed the low protein diet. Meanwhile, the expression of peptide transporter 1 (PepT-1) was stimulated, but the expression of the neutral and cationic AA transporter systems was depressed. These results evidenced that protein restriction with essential AA-balanced diets, decreased AA absorption and reduced circulating AA pool size. Increased expression of small intestinal peptide transporter PepT-1 could not compensate for the depressed expression of jejunal AA transporters for AA absorption.
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Effects of chito-oligosaccharide on intestinal mucosal amino acid profiles and alkaline phosphatase activities, and serum biochemical variables in weaned piglets. Livest Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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10
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Amino acid profiles and digestible indispensable amino acid scores of proteins from the prioritized key foods in Bangladesh. Food Chem 2016; 213:83-89. [PMID: 27451158 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.06.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Concentrations of standard amino acids were determined in the composite samples (representing 30 agro-ecological zones of Bangladesh) of six prioritized key dietary protein sources: Oryza sativa (rice), Triticum aestivum (wheat flour), Lens culinaris (lentils), Pangusius pangusius (pangas), Labeo rohita (rohu) and Oreochromis mossambicus (tilapia). Digestible indispensable amino acid scores (DIAAS) was calculated using published data on amino acids' digestibility to evaluate the protein quality of these foods. Indispensable amino acid (IAA) contents (mg IAA/g protein), found to be highest in pangas (430) and lowest in wheat (336), of all these analyzed foods exceeded the FAO recommended daily allowance (277mg IAA/g protein) and contributed on average 40% to total amino acid contents. Untruncated DIAAS values ranged from 51% (lysine) in wheat to 106% (histidine) in pangas and distinguished pangas, rohu, and tilapia containing 'excellent quality' protein (DIAAS>100%) with potential to complement lower quality protein of cereals, fruits, and vegetables.
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Zhang H, Sun L, Wang Z, Deng M, Nie H, Zhang G, Ma T, Wang F. N-carbamylglutamate and L-arginine improved maternal and placental development in underfed ewes. Reproduction 2016; 151:623-35. [DOI: 10.1530/rep-16-0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe objectives of this study were to determine how dietary supplementation ofN-carbamylglutamate (NCG) and rumen-protected L-arginine (RP-Arg) in nutrient-restricted pregnant Hu sheep would affect (1) maternal endocrine status; (2) maternal, fetal, and placental antioxidation capability; and (3) placental development. From day 35 to day 110 of gestation, 32 Hu ewes carrying twin fetuses were allocated randomly into four groups: 100% of NRC-recommended nutrient requirements, 50% of NRC recommendations, 50% of NRC recommendations supplemented with 20g/day RP-Arg, and 50% of NRC recommendations supplemented with 5g/day NCG product. The results showed that in maternal and fetal plasma and placentomes, the activities of total antioxidant capacity and superoxide dismutase were increased (P<0.05); however, the activity of glutathione peroxidase and the concentration of maleic dialdehyde were decreased (P<0.05) in both NCG- and RP-Arg-treated underfed ewes. The mRNA expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and Fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 was increased (P<0.05) in 50% NRC ewes than in 100% NRC ewes, and had no effect (P>0.05) in both NCG- and RP-Arg-treated underfed ewes. A supplement of RP-Arg and NCG reduced (P<0.05) the concentrations of progesterone, cortisol, and estradiol-17β; had no effect on T4/T3; and improved (P<0.05) the concentrations of leptin, insulin-like growth factor 1, tri-iodothyronine (T3), and thyroxine (T4) in serum from underfed ewes. These results indicate that dietary supplementation of NCG and RP-Arg in underfed ewes could influence maternal endocrine status, improve the maternal–fetal–placental antioxidation capability, and promote fetal and placental development during early-to-late gestation.
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Xiao L, Cao W, Liu G, Fang T, Wu X, Jia G, Chen X, Zhao H, Wang J, Wu C, Cai J. Arginine, N-carbamylglutamate, and glutamine exert protective effects against oxidative stress in rat intestine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 2:242-248. [PMID: 29767095 PMCID: PMC5941035 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the current study is to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation with arginine (ARG), N-carbamylglutamate (NCG), and glutamine (GLN) on rat intestinal morphology and antioxidant status under oxidative stress. Rats were fed for 30 d with one of the following iso-nitrogenous diets: basal diet (BD), BD plus 1% ARG, BD plus 0.1% NCG, and BD plus 1% GLN. On day 28, half of the rats fed BD were intraperitoneally injected with 12 mg/kg body weight of diquat (DT; i.e., the DT group) and the other half was intraperitoneally injected with sterile solution (i.e., the control group). The other diet groups were intraperitoneally injected with 12 mg/kg body weight of DT (i.e., DT + 1% GLN [DT + GLN], DT + 1% ARG [DT + ARG], and DT + 0.1% NCG [DT + NCG]). Rat jejunum samples obtained at 48 h after DT injection were analyzed. Results showed that DT significantly decreased catalase (CAT) activity and glutathione (GSH) content by 58.25% and 56.57%, respectively, and elevated malondialdehyde (MDA) content and crypt depth (CD) by 19.39% and 22.13%, respectively, in the jejunum (P < 0.05, relative to the control group). Compared with the DT group, the DT + GLN group exhibited significantly improved villus height (VH), villus width (VW), villus surface area (VSA), CD and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) activity (P < 0.05); the DT + ARG group exhibited significantly increased the ratio of VH to CD (H:D) and T-AOC activity (P < 0.05); the DT + GLN, DT + ARG and DT + NCG groups exhibited significantly enhanced CAT activity and GSH content as well as decreased MDA content (P < 0.05). Moreover, VH, VW, VSA, CD and GSH content in the DT + GLN group were higher whereas MDA content was lower compared with the corresponding values observed in both the DT + ARG and the DT + NCG groups (P < 0.05). The H:D ratio in the DT + ARG group significantly increased compared with that in the DT + NCG and DT + GLN groups (P < 0.05). Collectively, this study suggested that dietary supplementation with 1% GLN, 0.1% NCG, and 1% ARG was effective in enhancing the antioxidant status and maintaining the morphological structure of rat jejunum under oxidative stress; of these supplements, 1% GLN exerted the greatest effects on mitigating oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Xiao
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.,Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Wei Cao
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.,Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Guangmang Liu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.,Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Tingting Fang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.,Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xianjian Wu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.,Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Gang Jia
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.,Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiaoling Chen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.,Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Hua Zhao
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.,Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Caimei Wu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.,Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jingyi Cai
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.,Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Chengdu 611130, China
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13
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Li L, Zhang P, Zheng P, Bao Z, Wang Y, Huang F. Hepatic cumulative net appearance of amino acids and related gene expression response to different protein diets in pigs. Livest Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2015.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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14
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Yin J, Liu M, Ren W, Duan J, Yang G, Zhao Y, Fang R, Chen L, Li T, Yin Y. Effects of dietary supplementation with glutamate and aspartate on diquat-induced oxidative stress in piglets. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122893. [PMID: 25875335 PMCID: PMC4398417 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of dietary glutamate and aspartate supplementations on diquat-induced oxidative stress in piglets. Diquat injection significantly reduced growth performance, including body weight, average daily weight gain, and feed intake (P<0.05). Meanwhile, diquat administration induced oxidative stress evidenced by the decreased serum nitric oxide (NO) and elevated malondialdeyhde (MDA) concentration (P<0.05). Furthermore, diquat-induced oxidative stress disrupted intestinal absorption system and decreased serum threonine, serine, and glycine levels. Dietary supplementation with glutamate improved final body weight, antioxidant system, and expressions of amino acids transporters and enhanced serum glutamate concentration compared with diquat group (P<0.05). While aspartate failed to alleviate diquat-induced oxidative stress, growth depression, and dysfunction of nutrients absorption except for liver relative weight. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with glutamate confers beneficial effects on diquat-induced oxidative stress in piglets, while aspartate exhibits little effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yin
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, 410125, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Mingfeng Liu
- Department of Animal Science, University of Hunan agriculture, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Wenkai Ren
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, 410125, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Jielin Duan
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, 410125, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Guan Yang
- Department of Animal Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, United States of America
| | - Yurong Zhao
- Department of Animal Science, University of Hunan agriculture, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Rejun Fang
- Department of Animal Science, University of Hunan agriculture, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Lixiang Chen
- Department of Animal Science, University of Hunan agriculture, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Tiejun Li
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, 410125, China
- * E-mail: (TL); (YY)
| | - Yulong Yin
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, 410125, China
- Southwest Collaborative Innovation Center of Swine for Quality & Safety, 211#211 Huiming Road, Wenjiang district, Chengdu, China
- * E-mail: (TL); (YY)
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15
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Duan J, Yin J, Wu M, Liao P, Deng D, Liu G, Wen Q, Wang Y, Qiu W, Liu Y, Wu X, Ren W, Tan B, Chen M, Xiao H, Wu L, Li T, Nyachoti CM, Adeola O, Yin Y. Dietary glutamate supplementation ameliorates mycotoxin-induced abnormalities in the intestinal structure and expression of amino acid transporters in young pigs. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112357. [PMID: 25405987 PMCID: PMC4236086 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the hypothesis that dietary supplementation with glutamic acid has beneficial effects on growth performance, antioxidant system, intestinal morphology, serum amino acid profile and the gene expression of intestinal amino acid transporters in growing swine fed mold-contaminated feed. Fifteen pigs (Landrace×Large White) with a mean body weight (BW) of 55 kg were randomly divided into control group (basal feed), mycotoxin group (contaminated feed) and glutamate group (2% glutamate+contaminated feed). Compared with control group, mold-contaminated feed decreased average daily gain (ADG) and increased feed conversion rate (FCR). Meanwhile, fed mold-contaminated feed impaired anti-oxidative system and intestinal morphology, as well as modified the serum amino acid profile in growing pigs. However, supplementation with glutamate exhibited potential positive effects on growth performance of pigs fed mold-contaminated feed, ameliorated the imbalance antioxidant system and abnormalities of intestinal structure caused by mycotoxins. In addition, dietary glutamate supplementation to some extent restored changed serum amino acid profile caused by mold-contaminated feed. In conclusion, glutamic acid may be act as a nutritional regulating factor to ameliorate the adverse effects induced by mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jielin Duan
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
| | - Jie Yin
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
| | - Miaomiao Wu
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
| | - Peng Liao
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
| | - Dun Deng
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
| | - Qingqi Wen
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Fujian Aonong biotechnology corporation, Xiamen, Fujian 361007, China
| | - Yongfei Wang
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Fujian Aonong biotechnology corporation, Xiamen, Fujian 361007, China
| | - Wei Qiu
- Research and Development Center, Twins Group Co., Ltd, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330096, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
| | - Xingli Wu
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
| | - Wenkai Ren
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
| | - Bie Tan
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
| | - Minghong Chen
- Hunan New Wellful Co., LTD, Changsha, Hunan, 410001, China
| | - Hao Xiao
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
| | - Li Wu
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
| | - Tiejun Li
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
| | - Charles M. Nyachoti
- Department of Animal science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man, R3T 2N2 Canada
| | - Olayiwola Adeola
- Department of Animal Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States of America
| | - Yulong Yin
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
- Southwest Collaborative Innovation center of swine for quality & safety, 211#211Huiming Road, Wenjiang district, Chengdu, China
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16
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Metabolomic analysis of amino acid and energy metabolism in rats supplemented with chlorogenic acid. Amino Acids 2014; 46:2219-29. [PMID: 24927697 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-014-1762-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate effects of chlorogenic acid (CGA) supplementation on serum and hepatic metabolomes in rats. Rats received daily intragastric administration of either CGA (60 mg/kg body weight) or distilled water (control) for 4 weeks. Growth performance, serum biochemical profiles, and hepatic morphology were measured. Additionally, serum and liver tissue extracts were analyzed for metabolomes by high-resolution (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabolomics and multivariate statistics. CGA did not affect rat growth performance, serum biochemical profiles, or hepatic morphology. However, supplementation with CGA decreased serum concentrations of lactate, pyruvate, succinate, citrate, β-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate, while increasing serum concentrations of glycine and hepatic concentrations of glutathione. These results suggest that CGA supplementation results in perturbation of energy and amino acid metabolism in rats. We suggest that glycine and glutathione in serum may be useful biomarkers for biological properties of CGA on nitrogen metabolism in vivo.
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Both dietary supplementation with monosodium L-glutamate and fat modify circulating and tissue amino acid pools in growing pigs, but with little interactive effect. PLoS One 2014; 9:e84533. [PMID: 24465415 PMCID: PMC3897369 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Chinese population has undergone rapid transition to a high-fat diet. Furthermore, monosodium L-glutamate (MSG) is widely used as a daily food additive in China. Little information is available on the effects of oral MSG and dietary fat supplementation on the amino acid balance in tissues. The present study aimed to determine the effects of both dietary fat and MSG on amino acid metabolism in growing pigs, and to assess any possible interactions between these two nutrients. METHODS AND RESULTS Four iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric diets (basal diet, high fat diet, basal diet with 3% MSG and high fat diet with 3% MSG) were provided to growing pigs. The dietary supplementation with fat and MSG used alone and in combination were found to modify circulating and tissue amino acid pools in growing pigs. Both dietary fat and MSG modified the expression of gene related to amino acid transport in jejunum. CONCLUSIONS Both dietary fat and MSG clearly influenced amino acid content in tissues but in different ways. Both dietary fat and MSG enhance the absorption of amino acids in jejunum. However, there was little interaction between the effects of dietary fat and MSG.
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18
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Yin J, Ren W, Duan J, Wu L, Chen S, Li T, Yin Y, Wu G. Dietary arginine supplementation enhances intestinal expression of SLC7A7 and SLC7A1 and ameliorates growth depression in mycotoxin-challenged pigs. Amino Acids 2013; 46:883-92. [PMID: 24368521 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-013-1643-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This study tested the hypothesis that dietary L-arginine supplementation confers beneficial effects on growing pigs fed a mold-contaminated diet. The measured variables included: (1) the average daily weight gain and feed:gain ratio; (2) activities of total superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, diamine oxidase, as well as amino acid and D-lactate concentrations in serum; (3) intestinal morphology; (4) expression of the genes for SLC7A7 (amino acid transporter light chain, y(+L) system, family 7, member 7), SLC7A1 (cationic amino acid transporter, y(+) system, family 7, member 1), SLC1A1 (neuronal/epithelial high affinity glutamate transporter, system XAG, member 1), SLC5A1 (sodium/glucose cotransporter, family 5, member 1) in the ileum and jejunum. Mycotoxins in feedstuffs resulted in an enlarged small intestine mass, oxidative injury in tissues, and reduced growth performance in pigs. Dietary arginine supplementation enhanced (P < 0.05) expression of jejunal SLC7A7 and ileal SLC7A1, in comparison with the control and mycotoxin groups. In addition, supplementing 1% L-arginine to the mycotoxin-contaminated feed had the following beneficial effects (P < 0.05): (1) alleviating the imbalance of the antioxidant system in the body; (2) ameliorating intestinal abnormalities; and (3) attenuating whole-body growth depression, compared with the mycotoxin group without arginine treatment. Collectively, these results indicate that dietary supplementation with L-arginine exerts a protective role in pigs fed mold-contaminated foods. The findings may have important nutritional implications for humans and other mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yin
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, China,
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19
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Chen G, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Liao P, Li T, Chen L, Yin Y, Wang J, Wu G. Oral MSG administration alters hepatic expression of genes for lipid and nitrogen metabolism in suckling piglets. Amino Acids 2013; 46:245-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-013-1615-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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20
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Zhang S, Qiao S, Ren M, Zeng X, Ma X, Wu Z, Thacker P, Wu G. Supplementation with branched-chain amino acids to a low-protein diet regulates intestinal expression of amino acid and peptide transporters in weanling pigs. Amino Acids 2013; 45:1191-205. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-013-1577-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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21
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Ruan Z, Lv Y, Fu X, He Q, Deng Z, Liu W, Yingli Y, Wu X, Wu G, Wu X, Yin Y. Metabolomic analysis of amino acid metabolism in colitic rats supplemented with lactosucrose. Amino Acids 2013; 45:877-87. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-013-1535-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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22
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Zhang J, Yin Y, Shu XG, Li T, Li F, Tan B, Wu Z, Wu G. Oral administration of MSG increases expression of glutamate receptors and transporters in the gastrointestinal tract of young piglets. Amino Acids 2013; 45:1169-77. [PMID: 23943043 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-013-1573-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate receptors and transporters, including T1R1 and T1R3 (taste receptor 1, subtypes 1 and 3), mGluRs (metabotropic glutamate receptors), EAAC-1 (excitatory amino acid carrier-1), GLAST-1 (glutamate-aspartate transporter-1), and GLT-1 (glutamate transporter-1), are expressed in the gastrointestinal tract. This study determined effects of oral administration of monosodium glutamate [MSG; 0, 0.06, 0.5, or 1 g/kg body weight (BW)/day] for 21 days on expression of glutamate receptors and transporters in the stomach and jejunum of sow-reared piglets. Both mRNA and protein levels for gastric T1R1, T1R3, mGluR1, mGluR4, EAAT1, EAAT2, EAAT3, and EAAT4 and mRNA levels for jejunal T1R1, T1R3, EAAT1, EAAT2, EAAT3 and EAAT4 were increased (P < 0.05) by MSG supplementation. Among all groups, mRNA levels for gastric EAAT1, EAAT2, EAAT3, and EAAT4 were highest (P < 0.05) in piglets receiving 1 g MSG/kg BW/day. EAAT1 and EAAT2 mRNA levels in the stomach and jejunum of piglets receiving 0.5 g MSG/kg BW/day, as well as jejunal EAAT3 and EAAT4 mRNA levels in piglets receiving 1 g MSG/kg BW/day, were higher (P < 0.05) than those in the control and in piglets receiving 0.06 g MSG/kg BW/day. Furthermore, protein levels for jejunal T1R1 and EAAT3 were higher (P < 0.05) in piglets receiving 1 g MSG/kg BW/day than those in the control and in piglets receiving 0.06 g MSG/kg BW/day. Collectively, these findings indicate that dietary MSG may beneficially stimulate glutamate signaling and sensing in the stomach and jejunum of young pigs, as well as their gastrointestinal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agroecology Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture Research Center, Healthy Breeding Livestock and Poultry, Hunan Engineering and Research Center for Animal and Poultry Science, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Chinese Academy of Science, Ministry of Agriculture, Furong Road #644, Changsha City, 410125, Hunan, China
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Ren W, Liu S, Chen S, Zhang F, Li N, Yin J, Peng Y, Wu L, Liu G, Yin Y, Wu G. Dietary l-glutamine supplementation increases Pasteurella multocida burden and the expression of its major virulence factors in mice. Amino Acids 2013; 45:947-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-013-1551-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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24
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Xin W, Xugang S, Xie C, Li J, Hu J, Yin YL, Deng ZY. The acute and chronic effects of monosodium L-glutamate on serum iron and total iron-binding capacity in the jugular artery and vein of pigs. Biol Trace Elem Res 2013; 153:191-5. [PMID: 23625160 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-013-9668-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed the effects of acute and chronic oral administration of monosodium L-glutamate (MSG) on serum iron (Fe) levels and total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) in piglets. In the first experiment, 12 piglets were randomly assigned to two groups: one fed a standard diet (SD) and the other fed an SD containing MSG (10 g/kg). On day 30, serum, liver, kidney, and spleen samples were collected to determine the Fe levels. In the second experiment, six pigs were surgically fitted with a catheter in the jugular artery and vein to investigate the dynamic changes of serum Fe and TIBC. Blood samples were taken from each pig via the catheter every 30 min, for a period of 4 h. The results show that MSG increases Fe levels in the spleen (P < 0.05) and in serum obtained from the jugular artery (P < 0.01). In addition, TIBC in serum obtained from the jugular artery demonstrated an increasing trend in pigs fed the MSG diet; however, this trend was not observed in the jugular vein. In conclusion, MSG increases Fe retention by enhancing TIBC in serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology and College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
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25
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Effects of dietary l-lysine intake on the intestinal mucosa and expression of CAT genes in weaned piglets. Amino Acids 2013; 45:383-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-013-1514-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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26
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Functional amino acids in nutrition and health. Amino Acids 2013; 45:407-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-013-1500-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 337] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Dietary L-proline supplementation confers immunostimulatory effects on inactivated Pasteurella multocida vaccine immunized mice. Amino Acids 2013; 45:555-61. [PMID: 23584431 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-013-1490-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the immunostimulatory effect of L-proline on inactivated vaccine immunized mice. Ninety-five female KM mice were randomly divided into five groups: (1) mice received dietary supplementation with 0.4% L-proline and immunized with inactivated vaccine (V-P group); (2) mice received dietary supplementation with 0.3% L-alanine (isonitrogenous control) and immunized with inactivated vaccine (V-A group, negative control); (3) mice were immunized with inactivated vaccine with oil adjuvant (V-O group, positive control); (4) mice were immunized with inactivated vaccine with aluminum hydroxide adjuvant (V-H group, positive control); (5) mice immunized with phosphate-buffered saline (control group). All mice were dead in the control group between 36 and 48 h post infection. Mice in the V-P group showed 100% protection after challenge with P. multocida serotype A (CQ2) at dose of 4.4 × 10(5) CFU (2LD50). Meanwhile, serum antibody titers in the V-P group were higher than those in the V-A group before infection and those in the V-A and V-O groups at 36 h post infection. Moreover, serum IL-1β levels in the V-P group were lower than those in V-O group. Furthermore, serum GSH-PX levels in the V-P group were higher than those in the V-A and V-O groups. Collectively, dietary proline supplementation confers beneficial immunostimulatory effects in inactivated P. multocida vaccine immunized mice.
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Dietary requirements of "nutritionally non-essential amino acids" by animals and humans. Amino Acids 2012; 44:1107-13. [PMID: 23247926 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-012-1444-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2012] [Accepted: 12/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Amino acids are necessary for the survival, growth, development, reproduction and health of all organisms. They were traditionally classified as nutritionally essential or non-essential for mammals, birds and fish based on nitrogen balance or growth. It was assumed that all "non-essential amino acids (NEAA)" were synthesized sufficiently in the body to meet the needs for maximal growth and health. However, there has been no compelling experimental evidence to support this assumption over the past century. NEAA (e.g., glutamine, glutamate, proline, glycine and arginine) play important roles in regulating gene expression, cell signaling, antioxidative responses, neurotransmission, and immunity. Additionally, glutamate, glutamine and aspartate are major metabolic fuels for the small intestine to maintain its digestive function and protect its mucosal integrity. Therefore, based on new research findings, NEAA should be taken into consideration in revising the classical "ideal protein" concept and formulating balanced diets to improve protein accretion, food efficiency, and health in animals and humans.
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