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Kokka I, Chrousos GP, Darviri C, Bacopoulou F. Measuring Adolescent Chronic Stress: A Review of Established Biomarkers and Psychometric Instruments. Horm Res Paediatr 2023; 96:74-82. [PMID: 35124668 DOI: 10.1159/000522387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescence is a period of stressful physiological and psychosocial changes. Exposure to chronic stress can cause specific structural and functional changes in an organism, which can be appraised objectively. Some of these alterations are an expected reaction of the body in its attempt to adapt to a stressful situation, while others are signs of possible disease development. The aim of this review was to present the most widely used methods of stress evaluation in adolescence research. Primary biomarkers associated with different biological systems, such as the stress hormones glucocorticoids, and catecholamines, as well as the available methods of extraction and assessment of each biomarker, are presented. This work also includes secondary outcomes, which can also provide an estimation of an individual's stress level. Also, most available psychometric instruments of stress, constructed to address specifically this period of life, are presented and discussed. In addition, this paper addresses possible confounding factors that may affect stress measurements, which should be taken under consideration when conducting stress research. To objectively evaluate stress, it is of great importance for a researcher to be familiar with the condition under examination and its representative stress indices. Adequate evaluation of adolescents with the selection of proper psychometric tests and biological markers can help design targeted interventions aiming to prevent or reverse the effects of physical and mental stressors that occur during adolescence, effects that can be carried into adulthood with detrimental consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioulia Kokka
- Postgraduate Course on the Science of Stress and Health Promotion, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,First Department of Psychiatry, Outpatient Specialty Clinic for Obsessive Compulsive Disorder and Behavioral Therapy, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - George P Chrousos
- Postgraduate Course on the Science of Stress and Health Promotion, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health & Precision Medicine and UNESCO Chair in Adolescent Health Care, Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Christina Darviri
- Postgraduate Course on the Science of Stress and Health Promotion, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Flora Bacopoulou
- Postgraduate Course on the Science of Stress and Health Promotion, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health & Precision Medicine and UNESCO Chair in Adolescent Health Care, Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,First Department of Pediatrics, Center for Adolescent Medicine and UNESCO Chair in Adolescent Health Care, School of Medicine, Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Huang J, Tong J, Zhang P, Zhou Y, Li Y, Tan S, Wang Z, Yang F, Kochunov P, Chiappelli J, Tian B, Tian L, Hong LE, Tan Y. Elevated salivary kynurenic acid levels related to enlarged choroid plexus and severity of clinical phenotypes in treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Brain Behav Immun 2022; 106:32-39. [PMID: 35940451 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS) suffer severe, long-term psychotic symptoms and chronic stress. Salivary kynurenic acid (KYNA) and choroid plexus were evidenced to relate to psychological stress. We hypothesized that TRS patients would have higher salivary KYNA levels than patients who respond to antipsychotics (NTRS) and healthy controls (HC), and increased salivary KYNA levels are associated with clinical phenotypes and choroid plexus volume. A total of 66 HC participants, 53 patients with TRS and 46 with NTRS were enrolled. Salivary KYNA levels were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, choroid plexus volume by magnetic resonance imaging, and cognitive functions with the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery. The TRS group had significantly higher salivary KYNA levels than the NTRS group (p = 0.003), who in turn had higher salivary KYNA than HC (p = 0.02). Higher salivary KYNA levels were associated with larger choroid plexus volume (r = 0.48, p = 0.004); lower attention/vigilance (r = -0.44, p = 0.004), verbal learning (r = -0.44, p = 0.004), total MCCB score (r = -0.42, p = 0.005); and a higher total PANSS score (r = 0.48, p = 0.004) in TRS patients. An enlarged choroid plexus also related to worse attention/vigilance (r = -0.39, p = 0.03), verbal learning (r = -0.55, p = 0.001), total MCCB score (r = -0.41, p = 0.02) and clinical symptoms (r = 0.48, p = 0.004) in TRS patients only. We conclude that elevated salivary KYNA levels and associated choroid plexus enlargement are clinically relevant indicators of TRS, with salivary KYNA being particularly valuable as a peripheral marker. Our findings should benefit TRS research and benefit the improvement of personalized treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junchao Huang
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jinghui Tong
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yanfang Zhou
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yanli Li
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Shuping Tan
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zhiren Wang
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Fude Yang
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Peter Kochunov
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Joshua Chiappelli
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Baopeng Tian
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Li Tian
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - L Elliot Hong
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Yunlong Tan
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, PR China.
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White matter in prolonged glucocorticoid response to psychological stress in schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 2021; 46:2312-2319. [PMID: 34211106 PMCID: PMC8580975 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-021-01077-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Stress is implicated in psychosis etiology and exacerbation, but pathogenesis toward brain network alterations in schizophrenia remain unclear. White matter connects limbic and prefrontal regions responsible for stress response regulation, and white matter tissues are also vulnerable to glucocorticoid aberrancies. Using a novel psychological stressor task, we studied cortisol stress responses over time and white matter microstructural deficits in schizophrenia spectrum disorder (SSD). Cortisol was measured at baseline, 0-, 20-, and 40-min after distress induction by a psychological stressor task in 121 SSD patients and 117 healthy controls (HC). White matter microstructural integrity was measured by 64-direction diffusion tensor imaging. Fractional anisotropy (FA) in white matter tracts were related to cortisol responses and then compared to general patterns of white matter tract deficits in SSD identified by mega-analysis. Differences between 40-min post-stress and baseline, but not acute reactivity post-stress, was significantly elevated in SSD vs HC, time × diagnosis interaction F2.3,499.9 = 4.1, p = 0.013. All SSD white matter tracts were negatively associated with prolonged cortisol reactivity but all tracts were positively associated with prolonged cortisol reactivity in HC. Individual tracts most strongly associated with prolonged cortisol reactivity were also most impacted in schizophrenia in general as established by the largest schizophrenia white matter study (r = -0.56, p = 0.006). Challenged with psychological stress, SSD and HC mount similar cortisol responses, and impairments arise in the resolution timeframe. Prolonged cortisol elevations are associated with the white matter deficits in SSD, in a pattern previously associated with schizophrenia in general.
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Roberts C, McWade B. Messengers of stress: Towards a cortisol sociology. SOCIOLOGY OF HEALTH & ILLNESS 2021; 43:895-909. [PMID: 34056738 DOI: 10.1111/1467-9566.13261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In 2008, Timmermans and Haas called for a 'sociology of disease' to develop and challenge the sociology of health and illness. A sociology of disease, they argued, would take seriously the biological and physiological processes of disease in theorising health and illness. Building on two decades of Science and Technology Studies and feminist work on biological actors such as hormones and genes, we propose a 'cortisol sociology' to push further at this argument. As a 'messenger of stress', cortisol is key to understanding human and non-human health as a biosocial phenomenon. We argue that sociologists should engage with cortisol through critical yet open-minded reading of the relevant science and critical triangulation studies, and by tracking cortisol's movements from science into public worlds of biosensing and self-monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Roberts
- School of Sociology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Brigit McWade
- Lancaster Medical School, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
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Clemens V, Bürgin D, Eckert A, Kind N, Dölitzsch C, Fegert JM, Schmid M. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation in a high-risk sample of children, adolescents and young adults in residential youth care - Associations with adverse childhood experiences and mental health problems. Psychiatry Res 2020; 284:112778. [PMID: 32004894 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) lead to devastating long-term health consequences that are associated with a dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Children and adolescents living in institutional care have an increased risk to experience ACEs, particularly linked to missing continuity of care, and a higher risk for consequences of ACEs such as mental disorders. In order to improve the overall quality of care, it is important to better understand the stress-physiology of this high-risk sample and to identify specific stressors linked to adverse outcomes. Therefore, we assessed ACEs due to missing continuity of care and their association with hair cortisol and DHEA levels in children, adolescents and young adults in institutional care. Results show that ACEs resulting from the family of origin, in detail maternal mental illness, and ACEs due to out-of-home placement, namely frequent change of caregivers, are associated with HPA axis over-activation. HPA axis activation is associated with enhanced mental health problems. These results point towards an association between continuity of care and the stress system of children and adolescents in this high-risk sample. Care concepts that focus on continuity of care might help to reduce these physiological alterations and devastating long-term consequences following ACEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Clemens
- Department for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychotherapy, University of Ulm, Steinhövelstr. 5 89073 Ulm Germany.
| | - David Bürgin
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychiatric Hospitals of the University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anne Eckert
- Neurobiology Lab for Brain Aging and Mental Health, Transfaculty Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nina Kind
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychiatric Hospitals of the University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Dölitzsch
- Department for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychotherapy, University of Ulm, Steinhövelstr. 5 89073 Ulm Germany
| | - Jörg M Fegert
- Department for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychotherapy, University of Ulm, Steinhövelstr. 5 89073 Ulm Germany
| | - Marc Schmid
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychiatric Hospitals of the University of Basel, Switzerland
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Bengtsson J, Dich N, Rieckmann A, Hulvej Rod N. Cohort profile: the DANish LIFE course (DANLIFE) cohort, a prospective register-based cohort of all children born in Denmark since 1980. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e027217. [PMID: 31542736 PMCID: PMC6756429 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-027217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The DANish LIFE course (DANLIFE) cohort is a prospective register-based study set up to investigate the complex life course mechanisms linking childhood adversities to health and well-being in childhood, adolescence and young adulthood including cumulative and synergistic actions and potentially sensitive periods in relation to health outcomes. PARTICIPANTS All children born in Denmark in 1980 or thereafter have successively been included in the cohort totalling more than 2.2 million children. To date, the study population has been followed annually in the nationwide Danish registers for an average of 16.8 years with full data coverage in the entire follow-up period. The information is currently updated until 2015. FINDINGS TO DATE DANLIFE provides information on a wide range of family-related childhood adversities (eg, parental separation, death of a parent or sibling, economic disadvantage) with important psychosocial implications for health and well-being in childhood, adolescence and young adulthood. Measurement of covariates indicating demographic (eg, age, sex), social (eg, parental education) and health-related factors (eg, birth weight) has also been included from the nationwide registers. In this cohort profile, we provide an overview of the childhood adversities and covariates included in DANLIFE. We also demonstrate that there is a clear social gradient in the exposure to childhood adversities confirming clustering of adverse experiences within individuals. FUTURE PLANS DANLIFE provides a valuable platform for research into early life adversity and opens unique possibilities for testing new research ideas on how childhood adversities affect health across the life course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Bengtsson
- Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Clinical Epidemiology, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Nadya Dich
- Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas Rieckmann
- Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Research Center for Vitamins and Vaccines (CVIVA), Bandim Health Project, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Naja Hulvej Rod
- Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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7
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Protecting the child while preserving the relationship: Using baby's relational withdrawal to gauge the effect of parental visitation. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196685. [PMID: 29723234 PMCID: PMC5933754 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of children's interactions with parents in the context of out-of-home placements is receiving much-needed cross-disciplinary attention. However, the paucity of instruments that can reliably represent young children's experiences of such interactions precludes a nuanced evaluation of their impact on wellbeing and development. In response to this empirical gap, the present study investigates children's relational withdrawal as a clinically salient, easily observable and conceptually valid measure of infants' and toddlers' responses to parents. Relational withdrawal, challenging behaviors and salivary cortisol were assessed before, during and after parental visits. Conceptually, the findings suggest that observations of relational withdrawal correlate meaningfully with measure of neurobiological reactivity. Clinically, three profiles of cross-variable responses in children appeared, distinguishing between groups that experience increased, decreased or unchanged levels of stress in response to parental visits. Taken together, the findings lend empirical support to systematic observations of relational withdrawal to bolster evaluations of young children's experience of parental visitation during out-of-home placements.
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Shores DR, Everett AD. Children as Biomarker Orphans: Progress in the Field of Pediatric Biomarkers. J Pediatr 2018; 193:14-20.e31. [PMID: 29031860 PMCID: PMC5794519 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.08.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Darla R Shores
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
| | - Allen D Everett
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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Côté SM, Larose MP, Geoffroy MC, Laurin J, Vitaro F, Tremblay RE, Ouellet-Morin I. Testing the impact of a social skill training versus waiting list control group for the reduction of disruptive behaviors and stress among preschool children in child care: the study protocol for a cluster randomized trial. BMC Psychol 2017; 5:29. [PMID: 28784179 PMCID: PMC5545840 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-017-0197-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Most preschoolers growing up in western industrialized countries receive child care services (CCS) during the day, while their parents are at work. Meta-analytic data suggest that CCS represent a stressful experience for preschoolers. This may be because preschoolers have not yet developed the social skills necessary to cope with the new and rapidly fluctuating social contexts of CCS. We tested the effectiveness of a child care-based social skill training program aiming to improve children’s social behaviors and reduce the stress they experience. Method and design We used a cluster randomized control trial (cRCT) to compare children’s social behaviors and stress levels in pre- and post-intervention according to whether they received a social skill training intervention or not. Nineteen (n = 19) public CCS (n = 362, 3-years-old preschoolers) of underprivileged neighborhoods (Montreal, Canada) were randomized to one of two conditions: 1) social skills training (n = 10 CCS); or 2) waiting list control group (n = 9 CCS). Educators in the intervention group conducted bi-weekly social skills training sessions over a period of 8 months. The intervention covered four topics: making social contacts, problem solving, emotional self-regulation, as well as emotional expression and recognition. Main outcome measures included preschoolers’ disruptive (e.g. aggression, opposition, conflicts) and prosocial behaviors (e.g. sharing toys, helping another child), and stress levels assessed by salivary cortisol sampling at pre and post intervention assessments. Educators’ practices will be tested as potential mediators of the expected changes in behaviors and neuroendocrine stress. Discussion To our knowledge, this is the first cRCT to test the effectiveness of a child care based social skill training program on the reduction of disruptive behaviors and levels of stress. Significant challenges include the degree of adherence to the intervention protocol as well educators and preschoolers’ turnover. Trial registration Current clinical trial number is ISRCTN84339956 (Ongoing study, Retrospectively registered on March 2017) No amendment to initial protocol. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40359-017-0197-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvana M Côté
- University de Montréal, 3050 Édouard-Montpetit, Montreal, H3T 1J7, Canada. .,University de Bordeaux, INSERM U1219, Bordeaux, France.
| | - Marie-Pier Larose
- University de Montréal, 3050 Édouard-Montpetit, Montreal, H3T 1J7, Canada
| | | | - Julie Laurin
- University de Montréal, 3050 Édouard-Montpetit, Montreal, H3T 1J7, Canada
| | - Frank Vitaro
- University de Montréal, 3050 Édouard-Montpetit, Montreal, H3T 1J7, Canada
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10
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Childhood adversity and epigenetic regulation of glucocorticoid signaling genes: Associations in children and adults. Dev Psychopathol 2016; 28:1319-1331. [PMID: 27691985 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579416000870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Early childhood experiences have lasting effects on development, including the risk for psychiatric disorders. Research examining the biologic underpinnings of these associations has revealed the impact of childhood maltreatment on the physiologic stress response and activity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis. A growing body of literature supports the hypothesis that environmental exposures mediate their biological effects via epigenetic mechanisms. Methylation, which is thought to be the most stable form of epigenetic change, is a likely mechanism by which early life exposures have lasting effects. We present recent evidence related to epigenetic regulation of genes involved in hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis regulation, namely, the glucocorticoid receptor gene (nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 1 [NR3C1]) and FK506 binding protein 51 gene (FKBP5), after childhood adversity and associations with risk for psychiatric disorders. Implications for the development of interventions and future research are discussed.
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Yoo YG, Lee DJ, Lee IS, Shin N, Park JY, Yoon MR, Yu B. The Effects of Mind Subtraction Meditation on Depression, Social Anxiety, Aggression, and Salivary Cortisol Levels of Elementary School Children in South Korea. J Pediatr Nurs 2016; 31:e185-97. [PMID: 26790919 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This study analyzed the effects of a school-based mind subtraction meditation program on depression, social anxiety, aggression, and salivary cortisol levels of 42 elementary school children in South Korea. The research design was a nonequivalent group comparison with pretest and post-test. The experimental group was given 8weeks of the meditation program. The results showed social anxiety, aggression, and salivary cortisol levels were significantly lowered in the experimental group. This demonstrated that the school-based mind subtraction meditation program could be effective in improving psychosocial and behavioral aspects of mental health in elementary school children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Gyeong Yoo
- Department of Nursing, Kunsan National University, Gunsan-si, Jeollabuk-do, Korea
| | - Duck-Joo Lee
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, KAIST, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea
| | - In-Soo Lee
- Department of Paramedic Science, Korea National University of Transportation, Jeungpyeong-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea
| | - Namin Shin
- Department of Education, Dongguk University, Jung-gu, Seoul Korea
| | - Ju-Yeon Park
- Gyesan Elementary School, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Mi-Ra Yoon
- College of Nursing, Chung-Ang University, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Boas Yu
- School of Nursing and Allied Health Professions, Holy Family University, Philadelphia, PA.
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12
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High Sucrose Intake Ameliorates the Accumulation of Hepatic Triacylglycerol Promoted by Restraint Stress in Young Rats. Lipids 2015; 50:1103-13. [PMID: 26399510 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-015-4066-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disorder. Stress promotes the onset of the NAFLD with a concomitant increment in the activity of the hepatic 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD-1). However, the interaction between the stress and a carbohydrate-enriched diet for the development of NAFLD in young animals is unknown. In the present study, we evaluated the impact of chronic stress on the hepatic triacylglycerol level of young rats fed or not with a high sucrose-diet. For doing this, 21-day old male Wistar rats were allocated into 4 groups: control (C), chronic restraint stress (St), high-sucrose diet (S30), and chronic restraint stress plus a 30 % sucrose diet (St + S30). Chronic restraint stress consisted of 1-hour daily session, 5 days per week and for 4 weeks. Rats were fed with a standard chow and tap water (C group) or 30 % sucrose diluted in water (S30 group). The St + S30 groups consumed less solid food but had an elevated visceral fat accumulation in comparison with the St group. The St group showed a high level of serum corticosterone and a high activity of the hepatic 11β-HSD-1 concomitantly to the augmentation of hepatic steatosis signs, a high hepatic triacylglycerol content, and hepatic oxidative stress. Conversely, the high-sucrose intake in stressed rats (St + S30 group) reduced the hepatic 11β-HSD-1 activity, the level of serum corticosterone, and the hepatic triacylglycerol content. Present findings show that a high-sucrose diet ameliorates the triacylglycerol accumulation in liver promoted by the restraint stress in young male rats.
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13
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Ebersole JL, Nagarajan R, Akers D, Miller CS. Targeted salivary biomarkers for discrimination of periodontal health and disease(s). Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2015; 5:62. [PMID: 26347856 PMCID: PMC4541326 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2015.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Generally, clinical parameters are used in dental practice for periodontal disease, yet several drawbacks exist with the clinical standards for addressing the needs of the public at large in determining the current status/progression of the disease, and requiring a significant amount of damage before these parameters can document disease. Therefore, a quick, easy and reliable method of assessing and monitoring periodontal disease should provide important diagnostic information that improves and speeds treatment decisions and moves the field closer to individualized point-of-care diagnostics. OBJECTIVE This report provides results for a saliva-based diagnostic approach for periodontal health and disease based upon the abundance of salivary analytes coincident with disease, and the significant progress already made in the identification of discriminatory salivary biomarkers of periodontitis. METHODS We evaluated biomarkers representing various phases of periodontitis initiation and progression (IL-1ß, IL-6, MMP-8, MIP-1α) in whole saliva from 209 subjects categorized with periodontal health, gingivitis, and periodontitis. RESULTS Evaluation of the salivary analytes demonstrated utility for individual biomarkers to differentiate periodontitis from health. Inclusion of gingivitis patients into the analyses provided a more robust basis to estimate the value of each of these analytes. Various clinical and statistical approaches showed that pairs or panels of the analytes were able to increase the sensitivity and specificity for the identification of disease. CONCLUSIONS Salivary concentrations of IL-1ß, IL-6, MMP-8, MIP-1α alone and in combination are able to distinguish health from gingivitis and periodontitis. The data clearly demonstrated a heterogeneity in response profiles of these analytes that supports the need for refinement of the standard clinical classifications if we are to move toward precision/personalized dentistry for the twenty-first century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Ebersole
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Radhakrishnan Nagarajan
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, College of Public Health, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY, USA
| | - David Akers
- Department of Statistics, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Craig S Miller
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY, USA ; Division of Oral Diagnosis, Oral Medicine and Oral Radiology, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY, USA
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Bublitz MH, Rodriguez D, Polly Gobin A, Waldemore M, Magee S, Stroud LR. Maternal history of adoption or foster care placement in childhood: a risk factor for preterm birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2014; 211:397.e1-6. [PMID: 24713238 PMCID: PMC4175117 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to assess the impact of maternal history of adoption or foster care placement in childhood on the risk for preterm birth (PTB), controlling for other known risk factors for PTB. STUDY DESIGN Participants were 302 pregnant women from a low-income, diverse sample drawn from 2 intensive prospective studies of maternal mood and behavior and fetal and infant development. Gestational age was determined by best obstetric estimate. Maternal history of adoption or foster care placement prior to age 18 years was determined by maternal report. Other maternal characteristics, including maternal medical conditions, psychosocial characteristics, and health behaviors, were measured during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. RESULTS The odds of delivering preterm (gestational age <37 weeks) were approximately 4 times greater among women with a history of childhood adoption or foster care placement compared with women who were never placed out of the home during childhood. This association remained significant after adjusting for other known risk factors for PTB including maternal medical conditions, psychosocial characteristics, and negative health behaviors in pregnancy. CONCLUSION Findings suggest that a history of adoption/foster care placement is an important risk factor for PTB and may be comparable with other established risk factors for PTB including prior history of PTB, body mass index, African-American race, and advanced maternal age. More studies are needed to understand why women with placement histories may be at increased risk to deliver preterm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret H Bublitz
- Centers for Behavioral and Preventive Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, and The Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI.
| | - Daniel Rodriguez
- Centers for Behavioral and Preventive Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, and The Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI
| | - Asi Polly Gobin
- Centers for Behavioral and Preventive Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, and The Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI
| | - Marissa Waldemore
- Centers for Behavioral and Preventive Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, and The Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI
| | - Susanna Magee
- Department of Family Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Memorial Hospital of Rhode Island, Pawtucket, RI
| | - Laura R Stroud
- Centers for Behavioral and Preventive Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, and The Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI
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15
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Roessner V. Research in child and adolescent psychiatry: a multi-disciplinary, many-faceted endeavor. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2014; 23:1-2. [PMID: 24384625 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-013-0506-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Veit Roessner
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Dresden Medical School, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany,
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