Extreme environments: a source of biosurfactants for biotechnological applications

Recent progress in microbial biosurfactants production strategies: Applications, technological bottlenecks, and future outlook

Biosurfactants are surface-active compounds produced by numerous microorganisms. They have gained significant attention due to their wide applications in food, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, agriculture, and environmental remediation. The production efficiency and yield of microbial biosurfactants have improved significantly through the development and optimization of different process parameters. This review aims to provide an in-depth analysis of recent trends and developments in microbial biosurfactant production strategies, including submerged, solid-state, and co-culture fermentation. Additionally, review discusses biosurfactants' applications, challenges, and future perspectives. It highlights their advantages over chemical surfactants, emphasizing their biodegradability, low toxicity, and diverse chemical structures. However, the critical challenges in commercializing include high production costs and low yield. Strategies like genetic engineering, process optimization, and downstream processing, have been employed to address these challenges. The review provides insights into current commercial producers and highlights future perspectives such as novel bioprocesses, efficient microbial strains, and exploring their applications in emerging industries.

Production and characterization of rhamnolipid biosurfactant from thermophilic Geobacillus stearothermophilus bacterium isolated from Uhud mountain

Introduction

Biosurfactants have been given considerable attention as they are potential candidates for several biotechnological applications.

Materials and methods

In this study, a promising thermophilic biosurfactant-producing HA-2 was isolated from the volcanic and arid region of Uhud mountain, Madinah, Saudi Arabia. It was identified using 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. The biosurfactant production ability was screened using different methods such as the drop collapse test, oil spreading test, hemolytic activity test, CTAB test, and emulsification index. The ability of rhamnolipid production by the tested strain was confirmed by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of rhlAB. The affinity of thermophilic HA-2 to hydrophobic substrates was also investigated. Optimization of biosurfactant production was conducted. The biological activities of produced surfactant were investigated.

Results and discussion

The isolated HA-1 was identified as Geobacillus stearothermophilus strain OR911984. It could utilize waste sunflower frying oil (WSFF) oil as a low-cost carbon source. It showed high emulsification activity (52 ± 0.0%) and positive results toward other biosurfactant screening tests. The strain showed high cell adhesion to hexane with 41.2% cell surface hydrophobicity. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra indicated the presence of hydrophobic chains that comprise lipids, sugars, and hydrophilic glycolipid components. The optimization results showed the optimal factors included potato peel as a carbon source with 68.8% emulsification activity, yeast extract as a nitrogen source with 60% emulsification activity, a pH of 9 (56.6%), and a temperature of 50° (72%). The kinetics showed that optimum biosurfactant production (572.4 mg/L) was recorded at 5 days of incubation. The produced rhamnolipid biosurfactant showed high antimicrobial activity against some human and plant pathogenic bacterial and fungal isolates and high antioxidant activity (90.4%). In addition, it enhanced wheat (Triticum aestivum) growth, with the greatest enhancement obtained with the 5% concentration. Therefore, thermophilic G. stearothermophilus is a promising rhamnolipid biosurfactant producer that utilizes many organic wastes. The produced biosurfactant could be applied as a promising emulsifier, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and plant growth promoter.

Thermophilic bacteria from Peruvian hot springs with high potential application in environmental biotechnology

Hot springs are extreme environments in which well-adapted microorganisms with biotechnological applications can thrive naturally. These thermal environments across Peruvian territory have, until now, remained poorly investigated. In this study, two hot springs, El Tragadero and Quilcate, located in Cajamarca (Peru) were selected in order to investigate the biotechnological potential of indigenous thermophilic bacteria. Enrichment and isolation processes were carried out using microbial mats, sediments, biofilms, and plastic polymers as samples. Screening for biosurfactants and siderophores production, as well as for polyethylene terephthalate (PET) hydrolysis was done using culture-dependent techniques. After molecular identification, Bacillus was found as the most abundant genus in both hot springs. Bacillus velezensis was found producing biosurfactants under high-level temperature. Anoxybacillus species (A. salavatliensis and A. gonensis) are here reported as siderophore-producing bacteria for the first time. Additionally, Brevibacillus and the less-known bacterium Tistrella mobilis were found demonstrating PET hydrolysis activity. Our study provides the first report of thermophilic bacteria isolated from Peruvian hot springs with biotechnological potential for the bioremediation of oil-, metal- and plastic-polluted environments.

Unlocking the potential of biosurfactants: Production, applications, market challenges, and opportunities for agro-industrial waste valorization

Biosurfactants are eco-friendly compounds with unique properties and promising potential as sustainable alternatives to chemical surfactants. The current review explores the multifaceted nature of biosurfactant production and applications, highlighting key fermentative parameters and microorganisms able to convert carbon-containing sources into biosurfactants. A spotlight is given on biosurfactants' obstacles in the global market, focusing on production costs and the challenges of large-scale synthesis. Innovative approaches to valorizing agro-industrial waste were discussed, documenting the utilization of lignocellulosic waste, food waste, oily waste, and agro-industrial wastewater in the segment. This strategy strongly contributes to large-scale, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly biosurfactant production, while the recent advances in waste valorization pave the way for a sustainable society.

Advancements in biosurfactant production using agro-industrial waste for industrial and environmental applications

The adverse effects of waste generation on the environment and public health have raised global concerns. The utilization of waste as a raw material to develop products with enhanced value has opened up novel prospects for promoting environmental sustainability. Biosurfactants obtained from agro-industrial waste are noteworthy due to their sustainability and environmental friendliness. Microorganisms have been employed to generate biosurfactants as secondary metabolites by making use of waste streams. The utilization of garbage as a substrate significantly reduces the expenses associated with the process. Furthermore, apart from reducing waste and offering alternatives to artificial surfactants, they are extensively employed in bioremediation, food processing, agriculture, and various other industrial pursuits. Bioremediation of heavy metals and other metallic pollutants mitigated through the use of bacteria that produce biosurfactants which has been the more recent research area with the aim of improving its quality and environmental safety. Moreover, the production of biosurfactants utilizing agricultural waste as a raw material aligns with the principles of waste minimization, environmental sustainability, and the circular economy. This review primarily focuses on the production process and various types of biosurfactants obtained from waste biomass and feedstocks. The subsequent discourse entails the production of biosurfactants derived from various waste streams, specifically agro-industrial waste.

Hyperthermophile diversity microbes in the Calientes geothermal field, Tacna, Peru

Hyperthermophile microorganisms have been discovered worldwide, and several studies regarding biodiversity and the potential biotechnological applications have been reported. In this work, we describe for the first time the diversity of hyperthermophile communities in the Calientes Geothermal Field (CGF) located 4400 m above sea level in Tacna Region, Perú. Three hot springs were monitored and showed a temperature around 84 to 88 °C, for the microbiome analyzed was taken by sampling of sediment and water (pH 7.3-7.6). The hyperthermophile diversity was determined by PCR, DGGE, and DNA sequencing. The sediments analyzed showed a greater diversity than water samples. Sediments showed a more abundant population of bacteria than archaea, with the presence of at least 9 and 5 phylotypes, respectively. Most interestingly, in some taxa of bacteria (Bacillus) and archaea (Haloarcula and Halalkalicoccus), any of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) have not been observed before in hyperthermophile environments. Our results provide insight in the hyperthermophile diversity and reveal the possibility to develop new biotechnological applications based on the kind of environments.

Enhancement of cell migration and wound healing by nano-herb ointment formulated with biosurfactant, silver nanoparticles and Tridax procumbens

Introduction

Ointments are generally used as a therapeutic agent for topical medication or transdermal drug delivery, such as wound healing and skin lesions.

Methods

In this study, Tridax procumbens plant extract (0.7 g/mL) was used to prepare herbal-infused oil as the oil phase and gelatin-stabilized silver nanoparticle (G-AgNPs) (0.3 g/mL) as the aqueous phase. To blend the oil and aqueous phases, rhamnolipid biosurfactant with a critical micelle concentration of 55 mg/L from strain Pseudomonas aeruginosa PP4 has been used for herb ointment preparation. The average size of the synthesized G-AgNPs was observed between 10-30 nm and confirmed as spherical-shaped particles by TEM analysis. Subsequently, GC-MS and FTIR characterization are used to confirm herb ointment's chemical and functional characteristics.

Results

Based on the antibacterial studies, the highest microbial growth inhibition was observed for herb ointment, about 19.5 mm for the pathogen Staphylococcus aureus at the concentration of 100 μg/mL, whereas 15.5 mm was obtained for Escherichia coli, respectively. In addition, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay showed negligible bacterial growth at 100 μg/mL for S. aureus and E. coli, respectively. Moreover, the cell viability assay for herb ointment exhibited low cytotoxic activity at higher concentrations (100 μg/mL) in Vero cell lines. In this study, wound scratch assay showed a significant cell migration rate (90 ± 2%) in 3 days of incubation than the control (62 ± 2%).

Discussion

As a result, the biosurfactant-based nano-topical herb ointment revealed a low cytotoxic and higher cell migration capacity. Altogether, these findings highlighted the utility of this herb ointment in therapeutic applications such as wound healing.

Native Bacillus paralicheniformis isolate as a potential agent for phytopathogenic nematodes control

Phytopathogenic nematodes (PPNs) are responsible for substantial damages within agricultural crops worldwide which can be controlled employing beneficial microorganisms and/or their metabolites in an ecofriendly way. Nevertheless, the success of the control regards not only on the virulence of the strains or the toxicity of their metabolites but also on their ability to colonize and remain in the rhizospheric environment, particularly in those crops affected by abiotic stresses promoted by the climate change. Consequently, the bioprospection of beneficial microorganisms able to control PPNs and to thrive in adverse conditions has attracted attention. On this way, deserts are perfect ecological niches to isolate microorganisms adapted to harsh enviroments. The purpose of this research was to isolate and characterize bacteria from rhizospheric soil samples collected in the Northwestern Desert of Mexico with potential for PPNs control. As first screening, secretomes of each isolate were tested in vitro for nematicidal activity (NA). Then, activities from secretomes and endospores from the selected isolate were confirmed in vivo assays. From 100 thermotolerant isolates, the secretome of the isolate identified as Bacillus paralicheniformis TB197 showed the highest NA (>95%) against Meloidogyne incognita, both in vitro and in vivo tests, suppressing infections caused by M. enterolobii in tomato crops, too. In open field tests, the endospores of TB197 strain showed a reduction of 81% in the infection severity caused by M. enterolobii (p ≤ 0.05), while the galling index (GI) was reduced 84% (p ≤ 0.05) in tomato greenhouse-tests. Also, a reduction of the root necrosis (81%) caused by Radopholus similis in banana plantations (p ≤ 0.05), compared to the control was observed. Owing to their efficacy in controlling PPNs infections, the endospores and secondary metabolites of B. paralicheniformis TB197 strain could be used in bionematicidal formulations.

Structural Diversity of the Lipopeptide Biosurfactant Produced by a Newly Isolated Strain, Geobacillus thermodenitrifcans ME63

The genus Geobacillus is active in degradation of hydrocarbons in thermophilic and facultative environments since it was first reported in 1920. Here, we report a new strain, Geobacillus thermodenitrificans ME63, isolated from an oilfield with the ability of producing the biosurfactant. The composition, chemical structure, and surface activity of the biosurfactant produced by G. thermodenitrificans ME63 were investigated by using a combination of the high-performance liquid chromatography, time-of-flight ion mass spectrometry, and surface tensiometer. The biosurfactant produced by strain ME63 was identified as surfactin with six variants, which is one of the representative family of lipopeptide biosurfactants. The amino acid residue sequence in the peptide of this surfactin is N-Glu → Leu → Leu → Val → Leu → Asp → Leu-C. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of the surfactin is 55 mg L^-1, and the surface tension at CMC is 35.9 mN m^-1, which is promising in bioremediation and oil recovery industries. The surface activity and emulsification properties of biosurfactants produced by G. thermodenitrificans ME63 showed excellent resistance to temperature changes, salinity changes, and pH changes.

The Microbiome of Things: Appliances, Machines, and Devices Hosting Artificial Niche-Adapted Microbial Communities

As it is the case with natural substrates, artificial surfaces of man-made devices are home to a myriad of microbial species. Artificial products are not necessarily characterized by human-associated microbiomes; instead, they can present original microbial populations shaped by specific environmental-often extreme-selection pressures. This review provides a detailed insight into the microbial ecology of a range of artificial devices, machines, and appliances, which we argue are specific microbial niches that do not necessarily fit in the "build environment" microbiome definition. Instead, we propose here the Microbiome of Things (MoT) concept analogous to the Internet of Things (IoT) because we believe it may be useful to shed light on human-made, but not necessarily human-related, unexplored microbial niches.

Shedding light on the composition of extreme microbial dark matter: alternative approaches for culturing extremophiles

More than 20,000 species of prokaryotes (less than 1% of the estimated number of Earth's microbial species) have been described thus far. However, the vast majority of microbes that inhabit extreme environments remain uncultured and this group is termed "microbial dark matter." Little is known regarding the ecological functions and biotechnological potential of these underexplored extremophiles, thus representing a vast untapped and uncharacterized biological resource. Advances in microbial cultivation approaches are key for a detailed and comprehensive characterization of the roles of these microbes in shaping the environment and, ultimately, for their biotechnological exploitation, such as for extremophile-derived bioproducts (extremozymes, secondary metabolites, CRISPR Cas systems, and pigments, among others), astrobiology, and space exploration. Additional efforts to enhance culturable diversity are required due to the challenges imposed by extreme culturing and plating conditions. In this review, we summarize methods and technologies used to recover the microbial diversity of extreme environments, while discussing the advantages and disadvantages associated with each of these approaches. Additionally, this review describes alternative culturing strategies to retrieve novel taxa with their unknown genes, metabolisms, and ecological roles, with the ultimate goal of increasing the yields of more efficient bio-based products. This review thus summarizes the strategies used to unveil the hidden diversity of the microbiome of extreme environments and discusses the directions for future studies of microbial dark matter and its potential applications in biotechnology and astrobiology.

A thermophilic chemolithoautotrophic bacterial consortium suggests a mutual relationship between bacteria in extreme oligotrophic environments

A thermophilic, chemolithoautotrophic, and aerobic microbial consortium (termed carbonitroflex) growing in a nutrient-poor medium and an atmosphere containing N₂, O₂, CO₂, and CO is investigated as a model to expand our understanding of extreme biological systems. Here we show that the consortium is dominated by Carbonactinospora thermoautotrophica (strain StC), followed by Sphaerobacter thermophilus, Chelatococcus spp., and Geobacillus spp. Metagenomic analysis of the consortium reveals a mutual relationship among bacteria, with C. thermoautotrophica StC exhibiting carboxydotrophy and carbon-dioxide storage capacity. C. thermoautotrophica StC, Chelatococcus spp., and S. thermophilus harbor genes encoding CO dehydrogenase and formate oxidase. No pure cultures were obtained under the original growth conditions, indicating that a tightly regulated interactive metabolism might be required for group survival and growth in this extreme oligotrophic system. The breadwinner hypothesis is proposed to explain the metabolic flux model and highlight the vital role of C. thermoautotrophica StC (the sole keystone species and primary carbon producer) in the survival of all consortium members. Our data may contribute to the investigation of complex interactions in extreme environments, exemplifying the interconnections and dependency within microbial communities.

Production and Characterization of New Biosurfactants/Bioemulsifiers from Pantoea alhagi and Their Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Anti-Biofilm Potentiality Evaluations

The present work aimed to develop rapid approach monitoring using a simple selective method based on a positive hemolysis test, oil spreading activity and emulsification index determinations. It is the first to describe production of biosurfactants (BS) by the endophytic Pantoea alhagi species. Results indicated that the new BS evidenced an E24 emulsification index of 82%. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) results mentioned that the described BS belong to the glycolipid family. Fatty acid profiles showed the predominance of methyl 2-hyroxydodecanoate in the cell membrane (67.00%) and methyl 14-methylhexadecanoate (12.05%). The major fatty acid in the BS was oleic acid (76.26%), followed by methyl 12-methyltetradecanoate (10.93%). Markedly, the BS produced by the Pantoea alhagi species exhibited antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activities against tested human pathogens. With superior antibacterial activity against Escherchia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, a high antifungal effect was given against Fusarium sp. with a diameter of zone of inhibition of 29.5 mm, 36 mm and 31 mm, obtained by BS dissolved in methanol extract. The DPPH assay indicated that the BS (2 mg/mL) showed a higher antioxidant activity (78.07 inhibition percentage). The new BS exhibited specific characteristics, encouraging their use in various industrial applications.

Bacterial-derived surfactants: an update on general aspects and forthcoming applications

The search for sustainable alternatives to the production of chemicals using renewable substrates and natural processes has been widely encouraged. Microbial surfactants or biosurfactants are surface-active compounds synthesized by fungi, yeasts, and bacteria. Due to their great metabolic versatility, bacteria are the most traditional and well-known microbial surfactant producers, being Bacillus and Pseudomonas species their typical representatives. To be successfully applied in industry, surfactants need to maintain stability under the harsh environmental conditions present in manufacturing processes; thus, the prospection of biosurfactants derived from extremophiles is a promising strategy to the discovery of novel and useful molecules. Bacterial surfactants show interesting properties suitable for a range of applications in the oil industry, food, agriculture, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, bioremediation, and more recently, nanotechnology. In addition, they can be synthesized using renewable resources as substrates, contributing to the circular economy and sustainability. The article presents a general and updated review of bacterial-derived biosurfactants, focusing on the potential of some groups that are still underexploited, as well as, recent trends and contributions of these versatile biomolecules to circular bioeconomy and nanotechnology.

Molecular characterization of Paenibacillus antarcticus IPAC21, a bioemulsifier producer isolated from Antarctic soil

Paenibacillus antarcticus IPAC21, an endospore-forming and bioemulsifier-producing strain, was isolated from King George Island, Antarctica. As psychrotolerant/psychrophilic bacteria can be considered promising sources for novel products such as bioactive compounds and other industrially relevant substances/compounds, the IPAC21 genome was sequenced using Illumina Hi-seq, and a search for genes related to the production of bioemulsifiers and other metabolic pathways was performed. The IPAC21 strain has a genome of 5,505,124 bp and a G + C content of 40.5%. Genes related to the biosynthesis of exopolysaccharides, such as the gene that encodes the extracellular enzyme levansucrase responsible for the synthesis of levan, the 2,3-butanediol pathway, PTS sugar transporters, cold-shock proteins, and chaperones were found in its genome. IPAC21 cell-free supernatants obtained after cell growth in trypticase soy broth at different temperatures were evaluated for bioemulsifier production by the emulsification index (EI) using hexadecane, kerosene and diesel. EI values higher than 50% were obtained using the three oil derivatives when IPAC21 was grown at 28°C. The bioemulsifier produced by P. antarcticus IPAC21 was stable at different NaCl concentrations, low temperatures and pH values, suggesting its potential use in lower and moderate temperature processes in the petroleum industry.

Biosurfactants' multifarious functional potential for sustainable agricultural practices

Increasing food demand by the ever-growing population imposes an extra burden on the agricultural and food industries. Chemical-based pesticides, fungicides, fertilizers, and high-breeding crop varieties are typically employed to enhance crop productivity. Overexploitation of chemicals and their persistence in the environment, however, has detrimental effects on soil, water, and air which consequently disturb the food chain and the ecosystem. The lower aqueous solubility and higher hydrophobicity of agrochemicals, pesticides, metals, and hydrocarbons allow them to adhere to soil particles and, therefore, continue in the environment. Chemical pesticides, viz., organophosphate, organochlorine, and carbamate, are used regularly to protect agriculture produce. Hydrophobic pollutants strongly adhered to soil particles can be solubilized or desorbed through the usage of biosurfactant/s (BSs) or BS-producing and pesticide-degrading microorganisms. Among different types of BSs, rhamnolipids (RL), surfactin, mannosylerythritol lipids (MELs), and sophorolipids (SL) have been explored extensively due to their broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities against several phytopathogens. Different isoforms of lipopeptide, viz., iturin, fengycin, and surfactin, have also been reported against phytopathogens. The key role of BSs in designing and developing biopesticide formulations is to protect crops and our environment. Various functional properties such as wetting, spreading, penetration ability, and retention period are improved in surfactant-based formulations. This review emphasizes the use of diverse types of BSs and their source microorganisms to challenge phytopathogens. Extensive efforts seem to be focused on discovering the innovative antimicrobial potential of BSs to combat phytopathogens. We discussed the effectiveness of BSs in solubilizing pesticides to reduce their toxicity and contamination effects in the soil environment. Thus, we have shed some light on the use of BSs as an alternative to chemical pesticides and other agrochemicals as sparse literature discusses their interactions with pesticides. Life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle sustainability analysis (LCSA) quantifying their impact on human activities/interventions are also included. Nanoencapsulation of pesticide formulations is an innovative approach in minimizing pesticide doses and ultimately reducing their direct exposures to humans and animals. Some of the established big players and new entrants in the global BS market are providing promising solutions for agricultural practices. In conclusion, a better understanding of the role of BSs in pesticide solubilization and/or degradation by microorganisms represents a valuable approach to reducing their negative impact and maintaining sustainable agricultural practices.

Unraveling the Genomic Potential of the Thermophilic Bacterium Anoxybacillus flavithermus from an Antarctic Geothermal Environment

Antarctica is a mosaic of extremes. It harbors active polar volcanoes, such as Deception Island, a marine stratovolcano having notable temperature gradients over very short distances, with the temperature reaching up to 100 °C near the fumaroles and subzero temperatures being noted in the glaciers. From the sediments of Deception Island, we isolated representatives of the genus Anoxybacillus, a widely spread genus that is mainly encountered in thermophilic environments. However, the phylogeny of this genus and its adaptive mechanisms in the geothermal sites of cold environments remain unknown. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to unravel the genomic features and provide insights into the phylogenomics and metabolic potential of members of the genus Anoxybacillus inhabiting the Antarctic thermophilic ecosystem. Here, we report the genome sequencing data of seven A. flavithermus strains isolated from two geothermal sites on Deception Island, Antarctic Peninsula. Their genomes were approximately 3.0 Mb in size, had a G + C ratio of 42%, and were predicted to encode 3500 proteins on average. We observed that the strains were phylogenomically closest to each other (Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI) > 98%) and to A. flavithermus (ANI 95%). In silico genomic analysis revealed 15 resistance and metabolic islands, as well as genes related to genome stabilization, DNA repair systems against UV radiation threats, temperature adaptation, heat- and cold-shock proteins (Csps), and resistance to alkaline conditions. Remarkably, glycosyl hydrolase enzyme-encoding genes, secondary metabolites, and prophage sequences were predicted, revealing metabolic and cellular capabilities for potential biotechnological applications.

Novel production of biodispersant by Serratia marcescens UCP 1549 in solid-state fermentation and application for oil spill bioremediation

Oil spills in aquatic ecosystems cause irreparable damage to marine life and the coastal populations of affected areas. In recent years, chemical dispersants have been extensively used to remedy these impacted ecosystems, although these agents have been increasingly restricted due to their toxic potential. In this context, biosurfactants are emerging as a promising alternative to chemical dispersants, which have some advantages including low toxicity, high biodegradability and good ecological acceptability. Thus, this study aimed to the production of biosurfactant by the bacteria Serratia marcescens UCP 1549 for application as biodispersant. The experiment was carried out using wheat bran as substrate in solid-state fermentation (SSF) as low-cost technology. Biosurfactant production was verified by the reduction of surface tension (28.4 mN/m) and interfacial tension (4.1 mN/m) with n-hexadecane. Also, promising result of emulsification (94%) with burned motor oil was obtained. Acid precipitation yielded 52.0 g/kg dry substrate of biosurfactant, that was identified as an anionic compound of a lipopeptide nature by the Zeta potential and FTIR spectrum, respectively. The biomolecule showed stability under extreme conditions of temperature, pH and salinity, as well as low toxicity against the microcrustacean Artemia salina. In addition, the biosurfactant demonstrated excellent properties to dispersing burned motor oil in water (ODA = 50.24 cm²) and to washing of marine stones (100% removal of burned motor oil). Therefore, these results confirm SSF as a sustainable technology for the production of biodispersant by S. marcescens UCP 1549, promising in the bioremediation of marine ecosystems impacted by petroderivatives.

Biosurfactant from Bacillus subtilis DS03: Properties and Application in Cleaning Out Place System in a Pilot Sausages Processing

Biosurfactants (BS) are amphiphilic molecules that align at the interface reducing the surface tension. BS production is developed as an alternative to synthetic surfactants because they are biodegradable, with low toxicity and high specificity. BS are versatile, and this research proposes using a biosurfactant crude extract (BCE) as part of cleaning products. This paper reported the BCE production from Bacillus subtilis DS03 using a medium with molasses. The BCE product was characterized by different physical and chemical tests under a wide pH range, high temperatures, and emulsifying properties showing successful results. The water surface tension of 72 mN/m was reduced to 34 mN/m with BCE, achieving a critical micelle concentration at 24.66 ppm. BCE was also applied to polystyrene surface as pre-treatment to avoid microbial biofilm development, showing inhibition in more than 90% of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria monocytogenes above 2000 ppm BCE. The test continued using BCE as post-treatment to remove biofilms, reporting a significant reduction of 50.10% Escherichia coli, 55.77% Staphylococcus aureus, and 59.44% Listeria monocytogenes in a concentration higher than 250 ppm BCE. Finally, a comparison experiment was performed between sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES) and BCE (included in commercial formulation), reporting an efficient reduction with the mixtures. The results suggested that BCE is a promising ingredient for cleaning formulations with applications in industrial food applications.

Natural carbon fixation and advances in synthetic engineering for redesigning and creating new fixation pathways

BACKGROUND

Autotrophic carbon fixation is the primary route through which organic carbon enters the biosphere, and it is a key step in the biogeochemical carbon cycle. The Calvin-Benson-Bassham pathway, which is predominantly found in plants, algae, and some bacteria (mainly cyanobacteria), was previously considered to be the sole carbon-fixation pathway. However, the discovery of a new carbon-fixation pathway in sulfurous green bacteria almost two decades ago encouraged further research on previously overlooked ancient carbon-fixation pathways in taxonomically and phylogenetically distinct microorganisms.

AIM OF REVIEW

In this review, we summarize the six known natural carbon-fixation pathways and outline the newly proposed additions to this list. We also discuss the recent achievements in synthetic carbon fixation and the importance of the metabolism of thermophilic microorganisms in this field.

KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW

Currently, at least six carbon-fixation routes have been confirmed in Bacteria and Archaea. Other possible candidate routes have also been suggested on the basis of emerging "omics" data analyses, expanding our knowledge and stimulating discussions on the importance of these pathways in the way organisms acquire carbon. Notably, the currently known natural fixation routes cannot balance the excessive anthropogenic carbon emissions in a highly unbalanced global carbon cycle. Therefore, significant efforts have also been made to improve the existing carbon-fixation pathways and/or design new efficient in vitro and in vivo synthetic pathways.

Polyphasic Analysis Reveals Potential Petroleum Hydrocarbon Degradation and Biosurfactant Production by Rare Biosphere Thermophilic Bacteria From Deception Island, an Active Antarctic Volcano

Extreme temperature gradients in polar volcanoes are capable of selecting different types of extremophiles. Deception Island is a marine stratovolcano located in maritime Antarctica. The volcano has pronounced temperature gradients over very short distances, from as high as 100°C in the fumaroles to subzero next to the glaciers. These characteristics make Deception a promising source of a variety of bioproducts for use in different biotechnological areas. In this study, we isolated thermophilic bacteria from sediments in fumaroles at two geothermal sites on Deception Island with temperatures between 50 and 100°C, to evaluate the potential capacity of these bacteria to degrade petroleum hydrocarbons and produce biosurfactants under thermophilic conditions. We isolated 126 thermophilic bacterial strains and identified them molecularly as members of genera Geobacillus, Anoxybacillus, and Brevibacillus (all in phylum Firmicutes). Seventy-six strains grew in a culture medium supplemented with crude oil as the only carbon source, and 30 of them showed particularly good results for oil degradation. Of 50 strains tested for biosurfactant production, 13 showed good results, with an emulsification index of 50% or higher of a petroleum hydrocarbon source (crude oil and diesel), emulsification stability at 100°C, and positive results in drop-collapse, oil spreading, and hemolytic activity tests. Four of these isolates showed great capability of degrade crude oil: FB2_38 (Geobacillus), FB3_54 (Geobacillus), FB4_88 (Anoxybacillus), and WB1_122 (Geobacillus). Genomic analysis of the oil-degrading and biosurfactant-producer strain FB4_88 identified it as Anoxybacillus flavithermus, with a high genetic and functional diversity potential for biotechnological applications. These initial culturomic and genomic data suggest that thermophilic bacteria from this Antarctic volcano have potential applications in the petroleum industry, for bioremediation in extreme environments and for microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR) in reservoirs. In addition, recovery of small-subunit rRNA from metagenomes of Deception Island showed that Firmicutes is not among the dominant phyla, indicating that these low-abundance microorganisms may be important for hydrocarbon degradation and biosurfactant production in the Deception Island volcanic sediments.

Prospects in the bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminants from hypersaline environments: A review

Hypersaline environments are underappreciated and are frequently exposed to pollution from petroleum hydrocarbons. Unlike other environs, the high salinity conditions present are a deterrent to various remediation techniques. There is also production of hypersaline waters from oil-polluted ecosystems which contain toxic hydrophobic pollutants that are threat to public health, environmental protection, and sustainability. Currently, innovative advances are being proposed for the remediation of oil-contaminated hypersaline regions. Such advancements include the exploration and stimulation of native microbial communities capable of utilizing and degrading petroleum hydrocarbons. However, prevailing salinity in these environments is unfavourable for the growth of non-halophylic microorganisms, thus limiting effective bioremediation options. An in-depth understanding of the potentials of various remediation technologies of hydrocarbon-polluted hypersaline environments is lacking. Thus, we present an overview of petroleum hydrocarbon pollution in hypersaline ecosystems and discuss the challenges and prospects associated with several technologies that may be employed in remediation of hydrocarbon pollution in the presence of delimiting high salinities. The application of biological remediation technologies including the utilization of halophilic and halotolerant microorganisms is also discussed.

Perspectives on the microorganism of extreme environments and their applications

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The applications of extremophiles in various fields like biotechnology, biodegradation, bioremediation, biorefinery and astrobiology along with other industries like pharmaceuticals, food, agricultural, cosmetics, and textile.

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Further research in biodegradation, bioremediation and generation of biofuels using extremophiles is required considering the current climate crisis as it helps in reduction of environmental contamination load.

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The importance of promoting the use of extremophiles in food and agricultural industries and how extremophiles can be the key to achieving the Sustainable Development Goal of global food security.

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Keeping in mind the current global scenario with regards to the Covid-19 pandemic, our paper also focuses on the importance of by-products of extremophiles like biosurfactants in the vaccine production process.

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For advancement of the astrobiology sector, more PFA sites should be located and the extremophiles inhabiting them should be studied.

Extremophiles are organisms that can survive and thrive in conditions termed as “extreme” by human beings. Conventional methods cannot be applied under extreme conditions like temperature and pH fluctuations, high salinity, etc. for a variety of reasons. Extremophiles can function and are adapted to thrive in these environments and are sustainable, cheaper, and efficient, therefore, they serve as better alternatives to the traditional methods. They adapt to these environments with biochemical and physiological changes and produce products like extremolytes, extremozymes, biosurfactants, etc., which are found to be useful in a wide range of industries like sustainable agriculture, food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. These products also play a crucial role in bioremediation, production of biofuels, biorefinery, and astrobiology. This review paper comprehensively lists out the current applications of extremophiles and their products in various industries and explores the prospects of the same. They help us understand the underlying basis of biological mechanisms exploring the boundaries of life and thus help us understand the origin and evolution of life on Earth. This helps us in the research for extra-terrestrial life and space exploration. The structure and biochemical properties of extremophiles along with any possible long-term effects of their applications need to be investigated further.

Valorization of dairy waste and by-products through microbial bioprocesses

Waste is an inherent and unavoidable part of any process which can be attributed to various factors such as process inefficiencies, usability of resources and discarding of not so useful parts of the feedstock. Dairy is a burgeoning industry following the global population growth, resulting in generation of waste such as wastewater (from cleaning, processing, and maintenance), whey and sludge. These components are rich in nutrients, organic and inorganic materials. Additionally, the presence of alkaline and acidic detergents along with sterilizing agents in dairy waste makes it an environmental hazard. Thus, sustainable valorization of dairy waste requires utilization of biological methods such as microbial treatment. This review brings forward the current developments in utilization and valorization of dairy waste through microbes. Aerobic and anaerobic treatment of dairy waste using microbes can be a sustainable and green method to generate biofertilizers, biofuels, power, and other biobased products.

Tapping the Role of Microbial Biosurfactants in Pesticide Remediation: An Eco-Friendly Approach for Environmental Sustainability

Pesticides are used indiscriminately all over the world to protect crops from pests and pathogens. If they are used in excess, they contaminate the soil and water bodies and negatively affect human health and the environment. However, bioremediation is the most viable option to deal with these pollutants, but it has certain limitations. Therefore, harnessing the role of microbial biosurfactants in pesticide remediation is a promising approach. Biosurfactants are the amphiphilic compounds that can help to increase the bioavailability of pesticides, and speeds up the bioremediation process. Biosurfactants lower the surface area and interfacial tension of immiscible fluids and boost the solubility and sorption of hydrophobic pesticide contaminants. They have the property of biodegradability, low toxicity, high selectivity, and broad action spectrum under extreme pH, temperature, and salinity conditions, as well as a low critical micelle concentration (CMC). All these factors can augment the process of pesticide remediation. Application of metagenomic and in-silico tools would help by rapidly characterizing pesticide degrading microorganisms at a taxonomic and functional level. A comprehensive review of the literature shows that the role of biosurfactants in the biological remediation of pesticides has received limited attention. Therefore, this article is intended to provide a detailed overview of the role of various biosurfactants in improving pesticide remediation as well as different methods used for the detection of microbial biosurfactants. Additionally, this article covers the role of advanced metagenomics tools in characterizing the biosurfactant producing pesticide degrading microbes from different environments.

Biosurfactant production by halophilic yeasts isolated from extreme environments in Botswana

Nine morphologically distinct halophilic yeasts were isolated from Makgadikgadi and Sua pans, as pristine and extreme environments in Botswana. Screening for biosurfactant production showed that Rhodotorula mucilaginosa SP6 and Debaryomyces hansenii MK9 exhibited the highest biosurfactant activity using Xanthocercis zambesiaca seed powder as a novel and alternative inexpensive carbon substrate. Chemical characterization of the purified biosurfactants by Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectroscopy suggested that the biosurfactant from R. mucilaginosa SP6 was a rhamnolipid-type whereas the biosurfactant from D. hansenii MK9 was a sophorolipid-type. The two biosurfactants exhibited antimicrobial activities against eight pathogenic bacteria and fungal strains (Proteus vulgaris, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Cryptococcus neoformans, Candida albicans and Aspergilus niger). The sophorolopid-type biosurfactant was found to be the most potent among the antimicrobial drug resistant strains tested. The findings open up prospects for the development of environmentally friendly antimicrobial drugs that use an inexpensive source of carbon to reduce the costs associated with the production of biosurfactants.

The Methods of Digging for "Gold" within the Salt: Characterization of Halophilic Prokaryotes and Identification of Their Valuable Biological Products Using Sequencing and Genome Mining Tools

Halophiles, the salt-loving organisms, have been investigated for at least a hundred years. They are found in all three domains of life, namely Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya, and occur in saline and hypersaline environments worldwide. They are already a valuable source of various biomolecules for biotechnological, pharmaceutical, cosmetological and industrial applications. In the present era of multidrug-resistant bacteria, cancer expansion, and extreme environmental pollution, the demand for new, effective compounds is higher and more urgent than ever before. Thus, the unique metabolism of halophilic microorganisms, their low nutritional requirements and their ability to adapt to harsh conditions (high salinity, high pressure and UV radiation, low oxygen concentration, hydrophobic conditions, extreme temperatures and pH, toxic compounds and heavy metals) make them promising candidates as a fruitful source of bioactive compounds. The main aim of this review is to highlight the nucleic acid sequencing experimental strategies used in halophile studies in concert with the presentation of recent examples of bioproducts and functions discovered in silico in the halophile's genomes. We point out methodological gaps and solutions based on in silico methods that are helpful in the identification of valuable bioproducts synthesized by halophiles. We also show the potential of an increasing number of publicly available genomic and metagenomic data for halophilic organisms that can be analysed to identify such new bioproducts and their producers.

Microbial diversity in Mediterranean sponges as revealed by metataxonomic analysis

Although the Mediterranean Sea covers approximately a 0.7% of the world's ocean area, it represents a major reservoir of marine and coastal biodiversity. Among marine organisms, sponges (Porifera) are a key component of the deep-sea benthos, widely recognized as the dominant taxon in terms of species richness, spatial coverage, and biomass. Sponges are evolutionarily ancient, sessile filter-feeders that harbor a largely diverse microbial community within their internal mesohyl matrix. In the present work, we firstly aimed at exploring the biodiversity of marine sponges from four different areas of the Mediterranean: Faro Lake in Sicily and "Porto Paone", "Secca delle fumose", "Punta San Pancrazio" in the Gulf of Naples. Eight sponge species were collected from these sites and identified by morphological analysis and amplification of several conserved molecular markers (18S and 28S RNA ribosomal genes, mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 and internal transcribed spacer). In order to analyze the bacterial diversity of symbiotic communities among these different sampling sites, we also performed a metataxonomic analysis through an Illumina MiSeq platform, identifying more than 1500 bacterial taxa. Amplicon Sequence Variants (ASVs) analysis revealed a great variability of the host-specific microbial communities. Our data highlight the occurrence of dominant and locally enriched microbes in the Mediterranean, together with the biotechnological potential of these sponges and their associated bacteria as sources of bioactive natural compounds.

Screening Strategies for Biosurfactant Discovery

The isolation and screening of bacteria and fungi for the production of surface-active compounds has been the basis for the majority of the biosurfactants discovered to date. Hence, a wide variety of well-established and relatively simple methods are available for screening, mostly focused on the detection of surface or interfacial activity of the culture supernatant. However, the success of any biodiscovery effort, specifically aiming to access novelty, relies directly on the characteristics being screened for and the uniqueness of the microorganisms being screened. Therefore, given that rather few novel biosurfactant structures have been discovered during the last decade, advanced strategies are now needed to widen access to novel chemistries and properties. In addition, more modern Omics technologies should be considered to the traditional culture-based approaches for biosurfactant discovery. This chapter summarizes the screening methods and strategies typically used for the discovery of biosurfactants and highlights some of the Omics-based approaches that have resulted in the discovery of unique biosurfactants. These studies illustrate the potentially enormous diversity that has yet to be unlocked and how we can begin to tap into these biological resources.

A critical review on various feedstocks as sustainable substrates for biosurfactants production: a way towards cleaner production

The quest for a chemical surfactant substitute has been fuelled by increased environmental awareness. The benefits that biosurfactants present like biodegradability, and biocompatibility over their chemical and synthetic counterparts has contributed immensely to their popularity and use in various industries such as petrochemicals, mining, metallurgy, agrochemicals, fertilizers, beverages, cosmetics, etc. With the growing demand for biosurfactants, researchers are looking for low-cost waste materials to use them as substrates, which will lower the manufacturing costs while providing waste management services as an add-on benefit. The use of low-cost substrates will significantly reduce the cost of producing biosurfactants. This paper discusses the use of various feedstocks in the production of biosurfactants, which not only reduces the cost of waste treatment but also provides an opportunity to profit from the sale of the biosurfactant. Furthermore, it includes state-of-the-art information about employing municipal solid waste as a sustainable feedstock for biosurfactant production, which has not been simultaneously covered in many published literatures on biosurfactant production from different feedstocks. It also addresses the myriad of other issues associated with the processing of biosurfactants, as well as the methods used to address these issues and perspectives, which will move society towards cleaner production.

Fungal biosurfactants, from nature to biotechnological product: bioprospection, production and potential applications

Biosurfactants are in demand by the global market as natural commodities that can be added to commercial products or use in environmental applications. These biomolecules reduce the surface/interfacial tension between fluid phases and exhibit superior stability to chemical surfactants under different physico-chemical conditions. Biotechnological production of biosurfactants is still emerging. Fungi are promising producers of these molecules with unique chemical structures, such as sophorolipids, mannosylerythritol lipids, cellobiose lipids, xylolipids, polyol lipids and hydrophobins. In this review, we aimed to contextualize concepts related to fungal biosurfactant production and its application in industry and the environment. Concepts related to the thermodynamic and physico-chemical properties of biosurfactants are presented, which allows detailed analysis of their structural and application. Promising niches for isolating biosurfactant-producing fungi are presented, as well as screening methodologies are discussed. Finally, strategies related to process parameters and variables, simultaneous production, process optimization through statistical and genetic tools, downstream processing and some aspects of commercial products formulations are presented.

A review on biosurfactants: properties, applications and current developments

Microbial surfactants are a large number of amphipathic biomolecules with a myriad of biomolecule constituents from various microbial sources that have been studied for their surface tension reduction activities. With unique properties, their applications have been increased in different areas including environment, medicine, healthcare, agriculture and industries. The present review aims to study the biochemistry and biosynthesis of biosurfactants exhibiting varying biomolecular structures which are produced by different microbial sources. It also provides details on roles played by biosurfactants in nature as well as their potential applications in various sectors. Basic biomolecule content of all the biosurfactants studied showed presence of carbohydrates, aminoacids, lipids and fattyacids. The data presented here would help in designing, synthesis and application of tailor-made novel biosurfactants. This would pave a way for perspectives of research on biosurfactants to overcome the existing bottlenecks in this field.

The ecological roles of microbial lipopeptides: Where are we going?

Lipopeptides (LPs) are secondary metabolites produced by a diversity of bacteria and fungi. Their unique chemical structure comprises both a peptide and a lipid moiety. LPs are of major biotechnological interest owing to their emulsification, antitumor, immunomodulatory, and antimicrobial activities. To date, these versatile compounds have been applied across multiple industries, from pharmaceuticals through to food processing, cosmetics, agriculture, heavy metal, and hydrocarbon bioremediation. The variety of LP structures and the diversity of the environments from which LP-producing microorganisms have been isolated suggest important functions in their natural environment. However, our understanding of the ecological role of LPs is limited. In this review, the mode of action and the role of LPs in motility, antimicrobial activity, heavy metals removal and biofilm formation are addressed. We include discussion on the need to characterise LPs from a diversity of microorganisms, with a focus on taxa inhabiting 'extreme' environments. We introduce the use of computational target fishing and molecular dynamics simulations as powerful tools to investigate the process of interaction between LPs and cell membranes. Together, these advances will provide new understanding of the mechanism of action of novel LPs, providing greater insights into the roles of LPs in the natural environment.

Low-Temperature Biosurfactants from Polar Microbes

Surfactants, both synthetic and natural, are used in a wide range of industrial applications, including the degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons. Organisms from extreme environments are well-adapted to the harsh conditions and represent an exciting avenue of discovery of naturally occurring biosurfactants, yet microorganisms from cold environments have been largely overlooked for their biotechnological potential as biosurfactant producers. In this study, four cold-adapted bacterial isolates from Antarctica are investigated for their ability to produce biosurfactants. Here we report on the physical properties and chemical structure of biosurfactants from the genera Janthinobacterium, Psychrobacter, and Serratia. These organisms were able to grow on diesel, motor oil, and crude oil at 4 °C. Putative identification showed the presence of sophorolipids and rhamnolipids. Emulsion index test (E24) activity ranged from 36.4-66.7%. Oil displacement tests were comparable to 0.1-1.0% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) solutions. Data presented herein are the first report of organisms of the genus Janthinobacterium to produce biosurfactants and their metabolic capabilities to degrade diverse petroleum hydrocarbons. The organisms' ability to produce biosurfactants and grow on different hydrocarbons as their sole carbon and energy source at low temperatures (4 °C) makes them suitable candidates for the exploration of hydrocarbon bioremediation in low-temperature environments.