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Luomala L, Mattila K, Vainio P, Nisén H, Pellinen T, Lohi J, Laajala TD, Järvinen P, Koskenniemi A, Jaakkola P, Mirtti T. Low nuclear expression of HIF-hydroxylases PHD2/EGLN1 and PHD3/EGLN3 are associated with poor recurrence-free survival in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Med 2024; 13:e6998. [PMID: 38400673 PMCID: PMC10891444 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.6998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypoxia inducible factors, HIF-1α and HIF-2α, and their main regulators, the prolyl hydroxylase domain proteins (PHDs), mediate cellular response to hypoxia and contribute to tumor progression in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). These biomarkers may improve the value of traditional histopathological features in predicting disease progression after nephrectomy for localized ccRCC and guide patient selection for adjuvant treatments. PATIENTS AND METHODS In this study, we analyzed the associations of PHD2 and PHD3 with histopathological tumor features and recurrence-free survival (RFS) in a retrospective cohort of 173 patients who had undergone surgery for localized ccRCC at Helsinki University Hospital (HUH), Finland. An external validation cohort of 191 patients was obtained from Turku University Hospital (TUH), Finland. Tissue-microarrays (TMA) were constructed using the primary tumor samples. Clinical parameters and follow-up information from 2006 to 2019 were obtained from electronic medical records. The cytoplasmic and nuclear expression of PHD2, and PHD3 were scored based on immunohistochemical staining and their associations with histopathological features and RFS were evaluated. RESULTS Nuclear PHD2 and PHD3 expression in cancer cells were associated with lower pT-stage and Fuhrman grade compared with negative nuclei. Patients with positive nuclear expression of PHD2 and PHD3 in cancer cells had favorable RFS compared with patients having negative tumors. The nuclear expression of PHD2 was independently associated with a decreased risk of disease recurrence or death from RCC in multivariable analysis. These results were observed in both cohorts. CONCLUSIONS The absence of nuclear PHD2 and PHD3 expression in ccRCC was associated with poor RFS and the nuclear expression of PHD2 predicted RFS regardless of other known histopathological prognostic factors. Nuclear PHD2 and PHD3 are potential prognostic biomarkers in patients with localized ccRCC and should be further investigated and validated in prospective studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lassi Luomala
- Dept. of UrologyHelsinki University Hospital and University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Kalle Mattila
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, FICAN West Cancer CentreUniversity of Turku, Turku University HospitalTurkuFinland
- InFlames Research FlagshipUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Paula Vainio
- Dept. of Pathology, Turku University HospitalUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Harry Nisén
- Dept. of UrologyHelsinki University Hospital and University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Teijo Pellinen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Helsinki Institute of Life ScienceUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Jouni Lohi
- Diagnostic Center, HUSLAB Laboratory ServicesHelsinki University Hospital and University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Teemu D. Laajala
- Diagnostic Center, HUSLAB Laboratory ServicesHelsinki University Hospital and University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Research Program in Systems Oncology (ONCOSYS) and iCAN – Digital Precision Cancer Medicine FlagshipUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Petrus Järvinen
- Dept. of UrologyHelsinki University Hospital and University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | | | - Panu Jaakkola
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, FICAN West Cancer CentreUniversity of Turku, Turku University HospitalTurkuFinland
| | - Tuomas Mirtti
- Diagnostic Center, HUSLAB Laboratory ServicesHelsinki University Hospital and University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Research Program in Systems Oncology (ONCOSYS) and iCAN – Digital Precision Cancer Medicine FlagshipUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Foundation for the Finnish Cancer InstituteHelsinkiFinland
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Zhou L, Luo Y, Liu Y, Zeng Y, Tong J, Li M, Hou Y, Du K, Qi Y, Pan W, Liu Y, Wang R, Tian F, Gu C, Chen K. Fatty Acid Oxidation Mediated by Malonyl-CoA Decarboxylase Represses Renal Cell Carcinoma Progression. Cancer Res 2023; 83:3920-3939. [PMID: 37729394 PMCID: PMC10690093 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-23-0969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acid metabolism reprogramming is a prominent feature of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). Increased lipid storage supports ccRCC progression, highlighting the importance of understanding the molecular mechanisms driving altered fatty acid synthesis in tumors. Here, we identified that malonyl-CoA decarboxylase (MLYCD), a key regulator of fatty acid anabolism, was downregulated in ccRCC, and low expression correlated with poor prognosis in patients. Restoring MLYCD expression in ccRCC cells decreased the content of malonyl CoA, which blocked de novo fatty acid synthesis and promoted fatty acid translocation into mitochondria for oxidation. Inhibition of lipid droplet accumulation induced by MLYCD-mediated fatty acid oxidation disrupted endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial homeostasis, increased reactive oxygen species levels, and induced ferroptosis. Moreover, overexpressing MLYCD reduced tumor growth and reversed resistance to sunitinib in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, HIF2α inhibited MLYCD translation by upregulating expression of eIF4G3 microexons. Together, this study demonstrates that fatty acid catabolism mediated by MLYCD disrupts lipid homeostasis to repress ccRCC progression. Activating MLYCD-mediated fatty acid metabolism could be a promising therapeutic strategy for treating ccRCC. SIGNIFICANCE MLYCD deficiency facilitates fatty acid synthesis and lipid droplet accumulation to drive progression of renal cell carcinoma, indicating inducing MYLCD as a potential approach to reprogram fatty acid metabolism in kidney cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Zhou
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Department of Urology, Henan Institute of Urology and Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Urological Tumor Research, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Yongbo Luo
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Department of Urology, Henan Institute of Urology and Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Urological Tumor Research, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Yuenan Liu
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Youmiao Zeng
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Department of Urology, Henan Institute of Urology and Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Urological Tumor Research, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Junwei Tong
- Department of Urology, Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Urology, Wuhan No.1 Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengting Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, China
| | - Yaxin Hou
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Kaixuan Du
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Department of Urology, Henan Institute of Urology and Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Urological Tumor Research, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Yabin Qi
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Department of Urology, Henan Institute of Urology and Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Urological Tumor Research, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Wenbang Pan
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Department of Urology, Henan Institute of Urology and Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Urological Tumor Research, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Yuanhao Liu
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Department of Urology, Henan Institute of Urology and Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Urological Tumor Research, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Rongli Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiao tong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Fengyan Tian
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chaohui Gu
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Department of Urology, Henan Institute of Urology and Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Urological Tumor Research, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Ke Chen
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Pham T, Ohe C, Yoshida T, Nakamoto T, Kinoshita H, Tsuta K. Hypoxia-inducible factor 2α protein and mRNA expression correlate with histomorphological features in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 251:154841. [PMID: 37826874 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor 2α (HIF2α) has been identified as a potential biomarker and novel target for systemic therapy in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). The present study aims to evaluate the association of HIF2α protein and HIF2A mRNA expression with clinicopathological factors and histomorphological features related to vasculature and inflammation of ccRCC using a localized ccRCC cohort (n = 428) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA)-KIRC cohort (n = 433). HIF2α protein expression was immunohistochemically assessed using tissue microarrays and HIF2A mRNA expression was assessed using the TCGA RNA-sequencing data. Positive HIF2α protein and high HIF2A mRNA expression were observed in 145 (33.9 %) and 142 (32.8 %) patients, respectively. Positive nuclear HIF2α protein expression was significantly associated with the clear histological phenotype and architectural patterns related to rich vascular networks (p < 0.001), and no tumor-associated immune cells status (p < 0.05) in addition to favorable prognostic factors such as lower TNM stage, lower WHO/ISUP grade, or the absence of necrosis (p < 0.001). The HIF2A mRNA expression profile by the TCGA cohort showed similar trends as the HIF2α protein profile. In addition, positive HIF2α protein and high HIF2A mRNA expression were associated with higher recurrence-free survival and overall survival, respectively (both p < 0.001). In conclusion, we comprehensively demonstrated the association of HIF2α profiles with clinicopathological factors and histomorphological features related to vasculature and inflammation at both protein and mRNA levels. Histomorphological features expressing HIF2α may provide information on HIF2α targeted therapeutic response as well as prognosis in ccRCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tam Pham
- Department of Pathology, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-machi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
| | - Chisato Ohe
- Department of Pathology, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-machi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan; Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan; Department of Urology and Andrology, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-machi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan.
| | - Takashi Yoshida
- Department of Urology and Andrology, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-machi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nakamoto
- Department of Pathology, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-machi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan; Department of Urology and Andrology, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-machi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
| | - Hidefumi Kinoshita
- Department of Urology and Andrology, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-machi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
| | - Koji Tsuta
- Department of Pathology, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-machi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
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Locatelli F, Minutolo R, De Nicola L, Del Vecchio L. Evolving Strategies in the Treatment of Anaemia in Chronic Kidney Disease: The HIF-Prolyl Hydroxylase Inhibitors. Drugs 2022; 82:1565-1589. [PMID: 36350500 PMCID: PMC9645314 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-022-01783-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects approximately 10% of the worldwide population; anaemia is a frequent complication. Inadequate erythropoietin production and absolute or functional iron deficiency are the major causes. Accordingly, the current treatment is based on iron and erythropoiesis stimulating agents (ESAs). Available therapy has dramatically improved the management of anaemia and the quality of life. However, safety concerns were raised over ESA use, especially when aiming to reach near-to-normal haemoglobin levels with high doses. Moreover, many patients show hypo-responsiveness to ESA. Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) prolyl hydroxylase domain (PHD) inhibitors (HIF-PHIs) were developed for the oral treatment of anaemia in CKD to overcome these concerns. They simulate the body's exposure to moderate hypoxia, stimulating the production of endogenous erythropoietin. Some molecules are already approved for clinical use in some countries. Data from clinical trials showed non-inferiority in anaemia correction compared to ESA or superiority for placebo. Hypoxia-inducible factor-prolyl hydroxylase domain inhibitors may also have additional advantages in inflamed patients, improving iron utilisation and mobilisation and decreasing LDL-cholesterol. Overall, non-inferiority was also shown in major cardiovascular events, except for one molecule in the non-dialysis population. This was an unexpected finding, considering the lower erythropoietin levels reached using these drugs due to their peculiar mechanism of action. More data and longer follow-ups are necessary to better clarifying safety issues and further investigate the variety of pathways activated by HIF, which could have either positive or negative effects and could differentiate HIF-PHIs from ESAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Locatelli
- Past Director of the Department of Nephrology and Dialysis, Alessandro Manzoni Hospital, via Fratelli Cairoli 60, 23900, Lecco, Italy.
| | - Roberto Minutolo
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University L. Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Luca De Nicola
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University L. Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Lucia Del Vecchio
- Department of Nephrology and Dialysis, Sant' Anna Hospital, ASST Lariana, Como, Italy
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Ma Y, Ling S, Li Y, Hu M, Kong B, Huang P, Liu H. Loss of Heterozygosity for KrasG12D Promotes Malignant Phenotype of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma by Activating HIF-2α-c-Myc-Regulated Glutamine Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:6697. [PMID: 35743139 PMCID: PMC9224498 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) for KRAS, in which a wild-type KRAS allele is progressively lost, promotes invasive and migratory abilities of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells and tissues. Moreover, the occurrence of KrasG12D-LOH activates nonclassical glutamine metabolism, which is related to the malignant behavior of PDAC cells. Herein, we aim to demonstrate the regulatory link between hypoxia-inducible factor-2α (HIF-2α) and glutamine metabolism that mediates malignant phenotypes in KrasG12D-LOH PDAC cells. HIF-2α-shRNA knockdown lentivirus transfection and metabolite analysis were performed in KrasG12D-LOH and KrasG12D cell lines, respectively. Cell proliferation, migration, and invasion were examined using Cell Counting Kit-8, colony formation, and Transwell assays. Cell cycle phase and apoptosis were determined using flow cytometry. Western blotting and real-time quantitative PCR were also performed. Additionally, a subcutaneous xenograft mouse model was established. LOH stimulated HIF-2α activity and transactivated c-Myc, which has a central regulatory effect on glutamine metabolism independent of hypoxia. Meanwhile, HIF-2α silencing repressed KrasG12D-LOH PDAC cell proliferation, invasion, and migration. HIF-2α knockdown inhibited glutamine uptake and GOT1 expression via a c-Myc-dependent pathway. Collectively, KrasG12D-LOH can activate HIF-2α to regulate c-Myc-mediated glutamine metabolism and promote malignant phenotypes. Moreover, targeting HIF-2α-c-Myc regulated nonclassical glutamine metabolism, providing a new therapeutic perspective for KrasG12D-LOH PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ma
- Department of Pathology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China;
| | - Sunkai Ling
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China; (S.L.); (Y.L.); (M.H.); (P.H.)
| | - Yuan Li
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China; (S.L.); (Y.L.); (M.H.); (P.H.)
| | - Mingyue Hu
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China; (S.L.); (Y.L.); (M.H.); (P.H.)
| | - Bo Kong
- Department of Surgery, Klinikumrechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany;
| | - Peilin Huang
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China; (S.L.); (Y.L.); (M.H.); (P.H.)
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Pathology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China;
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Wang J, Wang XJ, Zhang Y, Shi WJ, Lei ZD, Jiao XY. TXNIP knockout improves cardiac function after myocardial infarction by promoting angiogenesis and reducing cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther 2022; 12:289-304. [PMID: 35800356 PMCID: PMC9253171 DOI: 10.21037/cdt-21-732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myocardial infarction (MI) is a common cause of death. Thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) expression increases after MI, and it exerts a negative regulatory effect on cardiac function after MI. Our study aimed to investigate the specific regulatory mechanism of TXNIP on angiogenesis and cardiomyocyte apoptosis after MI. METHODS The TXNIP gene knock-in (TXNIP-KI) and knock-out (TXNIP-KO) mice were generated, respectively. Eight-week-old male TXNIP-KO, TXNIP-KI, and wild type (WT) mice were subjected to MI by permanent ligation of the left anterior descending artery. Cardiomyocyte apoptosis was detected by TUNEL assay on the 4th post-surgery day. The expressions of TXNIP, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), phosphorylated protein kinase B (p-AKT), p-AMP-activated protein kinase (p-AMPK), cleaved caspase-3, and caspase-3 were detected by Western blot. Quantitative real-time PCR was performed to detect the expression of TXNIP, HIF-1α, VEGF, prolyl hydroxylase (PHD) 1, and factor inhibiting HIF (FIH). In addition, the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) level in each group were also measured. On day 7 after MI, the hearts of sacrificed animals were analyzed by immunohistochemistry to assess CD31 expression and determine the density of angiogenesis. One month after treatment, the cardiac functional and structural changes were determined by echocardiography and the level of myocardial fibrosis was observed by Masson staining. RESULTS Compared with WT mice, TXNIP-KO mice had a significantly improved cardiac functional recovery after MI, and the proportion of myocardial fibrosis area was dramatically reduced, cardiomyocyte apoptosis was decreased, and angiogenesis was significantly increased; TXNIP-KI mice reversed in these changes. The expression of HIF-1α, p-AKT, and p-AMPK increased after MI in TXNIP-KO mice, and the mRNA expression of PHD 1 and FIH decreased. TXNIP-KI mice reversed in these changes. CONCLUSIONS After MI, TXNIP down-regulated the level of HIF-1α and VEGF, reduced the number of angiogenesis, increased cardiomyocyte apoptosis, and ultimately led to a poor prognosis of ischemic myocardium. TXNIP was a protein with negative effects after MI and was expected to be a target for the prevention and treatment of MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology (Shanxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, and the Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xue-Jiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology (Shanxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, and the Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology (Shanxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, and the Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Department of Foreign Languages, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, China
| | - Wen-Juan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology (Shanxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, and the Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Zhan-Dong Lei
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology (Shanxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, and the Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiang-Ying Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology (Shanxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, and the Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
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Hypoxia-Induced circRNAs in Human Diseases: From Mechanisms to Potential Applications. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091381. [PMID: 35563687 PMCID: PMC9105251 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a special class of endogenous RNAs characterized by closed loop structures lacking 5′ to 3′ polarity and polyadenylated tails. They are widely present in various organisms and are more stable and conserved than linear RNAs. Accumulating evidence indicates that circRNAs play important roles in physiology-related processes. Under pathological conditions, hypoxia usually worsens disease progression by manipulating the microenvironment for inflammation and invasion through various dysregulated biological molecules. Among them, circRNAs, which are involved in many human diseases, including cancer, are associated with the overexpression of hypoxia-inducible factors. However, the precise mechanisms of hypoxic regulation by circRNAs remain largely unknown. This review summarizes emerging evidence regarding the interplay between circRNAs and hypoxia in the pathophysiological changes of diverse human diseases, including cancer. Next, the impact of hypoxia-induced circRNAs on cancer progression, therapeutic resistance, angiogenesis, and energy metabolism will be discussed. Last, but not least, the potential application of circRNAs in the early detection, prognosis, and treatment of various diseases will be highlighted.
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Davis L, Recktenwald M, Hutt E, Fuller S, Briggs M, Goel A, Daringer N. Targeting HIF-2α in the Tumor Microenvironment: Redefining the Role of HIF-2α for Solid Cancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:1259. [PMID: 35267567 PMCID: PMC8909461 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14051259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inadequate oxygen supply, or hypoxia, is characteristic of the tumor microenvironment and correlates with poor prognosis and therapeutic resistance. Hypoxia leads to the activation of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) signaling pathway and stabilization of the HIF-α subunit, driving tumor progression. The homologous alpha subunits, HIF-1α and HIF-2α, are responsible for mediating the transcription of a multitude of critical proteins that control proliferation, angiogenic signaling, metastasis, and other oncogenic factors, both differentially and sequentially regulating the hypoxic response. Post-translational modifications of HIF play a central role in its behavior as a mediator of transcription, as well as the temporal transition from HIF-1α to HIF-2α that occurs in response to chronic hypoxia. While it is evident that HIF-α is highly dynamic, HIF-2α remains vastly under-considered. HIF-2α can intensify the behaviors of the most aggressive tumors by adapting the cell to oxidative stress, thereby promoting metastasis, tissue remodeling, angiogenesis, and upregulating cancer stem cell factors. The structure, function, hypoxic response, spatiotemporal dynamics, and roles in the progression and persistence of cancer of this HIF-2α molecule and its EPAS1 gene are highlighted in this review, alongside a discussion of current therapeutics and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Davis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Rd, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
| | - Matthias Recktenwald
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Rd, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
| | - Evan Hutt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Rd, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
| | - Schuyler Fuller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Madison Briggs
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Rd, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
| | - Arnav Goel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Rd, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
| | - Nichole Daringer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Rd, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
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Gao J, Ye F, Han F, Wang X, Jiang H, Zhang J. A Novel Radiogenomics Biomarker Based on Hypoxic-Gene Subset: Accurate Survival and Prognostic Prediction of Renal Clear Cell Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:739815. [PMID: 34692518 PMCID: PMC8529272 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.739815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To construct a novel radiogenomics biomarker based on hypoxic-gene subset for the accurate prognostic prediction of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). Materials and Methods Initially, we screened for the desired hypoxic-gene subset by analysis using the GSEA database. Through univariate and multivariate cox regression hazard ratio analysis, survival-related hypoxia genes were identified, and a genomics signature was constructed in the TCGA database. Building on this, a hypoxia-gene related radiogenomics biomarker (prediction of hypoxia-genes signature by contrast-enhanced CT radiomics) was constructed in the TCIA-KIRC database by extracting features in the venous phase of contrast-enhanced CT images, selecting features using the mRMR and LASSO algorithms, and building logistic regression models. Finally, we validated the prognostic capability of the new biomarker for patients with ccRCC in an independent validation cohort at Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China. Results The hypoxia-related genomics signature consisting of five genes (IFT57, PABPN1, RNF10, RNF19B and UBE2T) was shown to be significantly associated with survival for patients with ccRCC in the TCGA database, delineated by grouping of the signature expression as either low- or high-risk. In the TCIA database, we constructed a radiogenomics biomarker consisting of 13 radiomics features that were optimal predictors of hypoxia-gene signature expression levels (low- or high-risk) in patients at each institution, that demonstrated AUC values of 0.91 and 0.91 in the training and validation groups, respectively. In the independent validation cohort at Huashan Hospital, our radiogenomics biomarker was significantly associated with prognosis in patients with ccRCC (p=0.0059). Conclusions The novel prognostic radiogenomics biomarker that was constructed achieved excellent correlation with prognosis in both the cohort of TCGA/TCIA-KIRC database and the independent validation cohort of Huashan hospital patients with ccRCC. It is anticipated that this work may assist in clinical preferential treatment decisions and promote the process of precision theranostics in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Gao
- Department of Radiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fangdie Ye
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Fudan Institute of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Han
- Department of Radiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoshuang Wang
- Department of Radiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haowen Jiang
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Fudan Institute of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiawen Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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10
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Li F, Aljahdali IAM, Zhang R, Nastiuk KL, Krolewski JJ, Ling X. Kidney cancer biomarkers and targets for therapeutics: survivin (BIRC5), XIAP, MCL-1, HIF1α, HIF2α, NRF2, MDM2, MDM4, p53, KRAS and AKT in renal cell carcinoma. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2021; 40:254. [PMID: 34384473 PMCID: PMC8359575 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-02026-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is increasing worldwide with an approximate 20% mortality rate. The challenge in RCC is the therapy-resistance. Cancer resistance to treatment employs multiple mechanisms due to cancer heterogeneity with multiple genetic and epigenetic alterations. These changes include aberrant overexpression of (1) anticancer cell death proteins (e.g., survivin/BIRC5), (2) DNA repair regulators (e.g., ERCC6) and (3) efflux pump proteins (e.g., ABCG2/BCRP); mutations and/or deregulation of key (4) oncogenes (e.g., MDM2, KRAS) and/or (5) tumor suppressor genes (e.g., TP5/p53); and (6) deregulation of redox-sensitive regulators (e.g., HIF, NRF2). Foci of tumor cells that have these genetic alterations and/or deregulation possess survival advantages and are selected for survival during treatment. We will review the significance of survivin (BIRC5), XIAP, MCL-1, HIF1α, HIF2α, NRF2, MDM2, MDM4, TP5/p53, KRAS and AKT in treatment resistance as the potential therapeutic biomarkers and/or targets in RCC in parallel with our analized RCC-relevant TCGA genetic results from each of these gene/protein molecules. We then present our data to show the anticancer drug FL118 modulation of these protein targets and RCC cell/tumor growth. Finally, we include additional data to show a promising FL118 analogue (FL496) for treating the specialized type 2 papillary RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengzhi Li
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York 14263 USA
- Genitourinary Disease Site Research Group, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York 14263 USA
- Kidney Cancer Research Interest Group, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York 14263 USA
- Developmental Therapeutics (DT) Program, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York 14263 USA
| | - Ieman A. M. Aljahdali
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York 14263 USA
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York 14263 USA
| | - Renyuan Zhang
- Department of Cancer Genetics & Genomics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York 14263 USA
| | - Kent L. Nastiuk
- Genitourinary Disease Site Research Group, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York 14263 USA
- Department of Cancer Genetics & Genomics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York 14263 USA
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York 14263 USA
| | - John J. Krolewski
- Department of Cancer Genetics & Genomics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York 14263 USA
| | - Xiang Ling
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York 14263 USA
- Canget BioTekpharma LLC, Buffalo, New York 14203 USA
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11
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Pavlakis D, Kampantais S, Gkagkalidis K, Gourvas V, Memmos D, Tsionga A, Dimitriadis G, Vakalopoulos I. Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 2a Expression Is Positively Correlated With Gleason Score in Prostate Cancer. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2021; 20:1533033821990010. [PMID: 33752529 PMCID: PMC8093782 DOI: 10.1177/1533033821990010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: One of the main factors in response to hypoxia in the tumor microenvironment
is the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway. Although its role in other
solid tumors, particularly renal cell carcinoma, has been sufficiently
elucidated, it remains elusive in prostate cancer. The aim of the present
study was to investigate the expression of main proteins involved in this
pathway and determine the correlation of the results with
clinicopathological outcomes of patients with prostate cancer. Methods: The immunohistochemical expression of HIF-1a, HIF-2a and their regulators,
prolyl hydroxylase domain (PHD)1, PHD2 and PHD3 and factor inhibiting HIF
(FIH), was assessed on a tissue microarray. This was constructed from
radical prostatectomy specimens, involving both tumor and corresponding
adjacent non-tumoral prostate tissues from 50 patients with localized or
locally advanced prostate cancer. Results: In comparison with non-tumoral adjacent tissue, HIF-1a exhibited an equal or
lower expression in 86% of the specimens (P = 0.017), while HIF-2a was
overexpressed in 52% (P = 0.032) of the cases. HIF-1a protein expression was
correlated with HIF-2a (P < 0.001), FIH (P = 0.004), PHD1 (P < 0.001),
PHD2 (P < 0.001) and PHD3 (P = 0.035). HIF-2a expression was positively
correlated with Gleason score (P = 0.017) and International Society of
Urological Pathologists (ISUP) grade group (P = 0.022). Conclusions: The findings of the present study suggest a key role for HIF-2a in prostate
cancer, as HIF-2a expression was found to be correlated with Gleason score
and ISUP grade of the patients. However, further studies are required to
validate these results and investigate the potential value of HIF-2a as a
therapeutic target in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Pavlakis
- 1st Urologic Department, Gennimatas General Hospital, 37782Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Spyridon Kampantais
- 1st Urologic Department, Gennimatas General Hospital, 37782Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.,Saint Luke's Private Hospital of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Gkagkalidis
- 1st Urologic Department, Gennimatas General Hospital, 37782Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Dimitrios Memmos
- 1st Urologic Department, Gennimatas General Hospital, 37782Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Tsionga
- 1st Urologic Department, Gennimatas General Hospital, 37782Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgios Dimitriadis
- 1st Urologic Department, Gennimatas General Hospital, 37782Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Vakalopoulos
- 1st Urologic Department, Gennimatas General Hospital, 37782Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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12
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Kampantais S, Kounatidis I, Kotoula V, Vakalopoulos I, Gkagkalidis K, Dimitriadis G. Decreased prolyl hydroxylase 3 mRNA expression in oncocytomas compared with clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Int J Biol Markers 2020; 35:80-86. [PMID: 33118406 DOI: 10.1177/1724600820960478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hypoxia inducible factors (HIF) and prolyl hydroxylase domain (PHD) enzymes play a central role in tumor progression in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). However, there are currently no data regarding the behavior of this pathway (HIF/PHD) in a large number of benign renal tumors, the oncocytomas. The aim of the present study was to compare the expression levels of these factors between ccRCC and oncocytoma tumors. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 56 fresh frozen specimens from patients with ccRCC and 14 oncocytoma specimens were analyzed via reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction in order to assess the expression levels of HIF-1α, HIF-2α, PHD1, PHD2, and PHD3. The analysis involved both fresh frozen tumor samples as well as adjacent normal kidney tissues. RESULTS In ccRCC, HIF-1α and HIF-2α levels were upregulated in 65.5% and 71.4% of cases, respectively. PHD3 was downregulated only in 15.4% of the ccRCC cases, in contrast with oncocytoma cases, which exhibited low expression levels in the majority. The upregulation of PHD3 messenger RNA (mRNA) levels in ccRCC when compared with oncocytoma was statistically significant (P<0.001). No other comparisons (HIF-1α, HIF-2α, PHD1, and PHD2) were significantly different. HIF-2α and PHD3 mRNA expression levels were negatively correlated with Fuhrman Grade (P=0.029 and P=0.026, respectively) in ccRCC. CONCLUSION To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that the HIF/PHD pathway was compared between ccRCC and a common benign tumor, identifying the upregulation of PHD3 as the possible underlying factor guiding the difference in the behavior of ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spyridon Kampantais
- 1st Department of Urology, Gennimatas General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.,Department of Urology, Saint Luke's Private Hospital of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ilias Kounatidis
- Cell Biology, Development and Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Diamond Light Source, Life and Sciences Department, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, Oxford, UK
| | - Vasiliki Kotoula
- Department of Pathology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Vakalopoulos
- 1st Department of Urology, Gennimatas General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Gkagkalidis
- 1st Department of Urology, Gennimatas General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgios Dimitriadis
- 1st Department of Urology, Gennimatas General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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