1
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Wang Z, Chen X, Zhang Y, Ma J, Lin Z, Abdelkader A, Titirici MM, Deng L. Locally Enhanced Flow and Electric Fields Through a Tip Effect for Efficient Flow-Electrode Capacitive Deionization. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2024; 17:26. [PMID: 39331327 PMCID: PMC11436671 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01531-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
Low-electrode capacitive deionization (FCDI) is an emerging desalination technology with great potential for removal and/or recycling ions from a range of waters. However, it still suffers from inefficient charge transfer and ion transport kinetics due to weak turbulence and low electric intensity in flow electrodes, both restricted by the current collectors. Herein, a new tip-array current collector (designated as T-CC) was developed to replace the conventional planar current collectors, which intensifies both the charge transfer and ion transport significantly. The effects of tip arrays on flow and electric fields were studied by both computational simulations and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, which revealed the reduction of ion transport barrier, charge transport barrier and internal resistance. With the voltage increased from 1.0 to 1.5 and 2.0 V, the T-CC-based FCDI system (T-FCDI) exhibited average salt removal rates (ASRR) of 0.18, 0.50, and 0.89 μmol cm-2 min-1, respectively, which are 1.82, 2.65, and 2.48 folds higher than that of the conventional serpentine current collectors, and 1.48, 1.67, and 1.49 folds higher than that of the planar current collectors. Meanwhile, with the solid content in flow electrodes increased from 1 to 5 wt%, the ASRR for T-FCDI increased from 0.29 to 0.50 μmol cm-2 min-1, which are 1.70 and 1.67 folds higher than that of the planar current collectors. Additionally, a salt removal efficiency of 99.89% was achieved with T-FCDI and the charge efficiency remained above 95% after 24 h of operation, thus showing its superior long-term stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziquan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangfeng Chen
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Ma
- Research Center for Environmental Functional Materials, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqun Lin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117585, Singapore
| | - Amor Abdelkader
- Department of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Bournemouth University, Talbot Campus, Fern Barrow, Poole, England, BH12 5BB, UK
- Institut de Chimie de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, UMR CNRS 7272, 28 Av. Valrose, 06108, Nice, France
| | - Maria-Magdalena Titirici
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, Exhibition Rd, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Libo Deng
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Khan MS, Leong ZY, Li DS, Qiu J, Xu X, Yang HY. A mini review on metal-organic framework-based electrode materials for capacitive deionization. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:15929-15949. [PMID: 37772477 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr03993e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Capacitive deionization (CDI) is an electrochemical method of extracting ions from solution at potentials below electrolysis. It has various applications ranging from water remediation and desalination to heavy metal removal and selective resource recovery. A CDI device applies an electrical charge across two porous electrodes to attract and remove ions without producing waste products. It is generally considered environmentally friendly and promising for sustainability, yet ion removal efficiency still falls short of more established filtration methods. Commercially available activated carbon is typically used for CDI, and its ion adsorption capacity is low at approximately 20-30 mg g-1. Recently, much interest has been in the highly porous and well-structured family of materials known as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). Most MOFs are poor conductors of electricity and cannot be directly used to make electrodes. A common workaround is to pyrolyze the MOF to convert its organic components to carbon while maintaining its underlying microstructure. However, most MOF-derived materials only retain partial microstructure after pyrolysis and cannot inherit the robust porosity of the parent MOFs. This review provides a systematic breakdown of structure-performance relationships between a MOF-derived material and its CDI performance based on recent works. This review also serves as a starting point for researchers interested in developing MOF-derived materials for CDI applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Shahnawaz Khan
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, 487372, Singapore.
| | - Zhi Yi Leong
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, 487372, Singapore.
| | - Dong-Sheng Li
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nonmetallic Crystalline and Energy Conversion Materials, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, P. R. China
| | - Jianbei Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650093, China
| | - Xuhui Xu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650093, China
| | - Hui Ying Yang
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, 487372, Singapore.
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3
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Zhou H, Li P, Zhang E, Kunigkeit J, Zhou X, Haase K, Rita Ortega Vega M, Wang S, Xu X, Grothe J, Mannsfeld SCB, Brunner E, Kaneko K, Kaskel S. General Design Concepts for CAPodes as Ionologic Devices. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202305397. [PMID: 37394690 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202305397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Capacitive analogues of semiconductor diodes (CAPodes) present a new avenue for energy-efficient and nature-inspired next-generation computing devices. Here, we disclose the generalized concept for bias-direction-adjustable n- and p-CAPodes based on selective ion sieving. Controllable-unidirectional ion flux is realized by blocking electrolyte ions from entering sub-nanometer pores. The resulting CAPodes exhibit charge-storage characteristics with a high rectification ratio (96.29 %). The enhancement of capacitance is attributed to the high surface area and porosity of an omnisorbing carbon as counter electrode. Furthermore, we demonstrate the use of an integrated device in a logic gate circuit architecture to implement logic operations ('OR', 'AND'). This work demonstrates CAPodes as a generalized concept to achieve p-n and n-p analogue junctions based on selective ion electrosorption, provides a comprehensive understanding and highlights applications of ion-based diodes in ionologic architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanfeng Zhou
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstrasse 66, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Panlong Li
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstrasse 66, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - En Zhang
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstrasse 66, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jonas Kunigkeit
- Bioanalytical Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstrasse 66, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Xiongjun Zhou
- Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Jingming South 727, Kunming, 650093, China
| | - Katherina Haase
- Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering & Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 18, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Maria Rita Ortega Vega
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstrasse 66, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Shuwen Wang
- Research Initiative for Supra-Materials, Shinshu University, 4-17-1, Wakasato, 390-8621, Nagano-City, Japan
| | - Xiaosa Xu
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstrasse 66, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Julia Grothe
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstrasse 66, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan C B Mannsfeld
- Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering & Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 18, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Eike Brunner
- Bioanalytical Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstrasse 66, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Katsumi Kaneko
- Research Initiative for Supra-Materials, Shinshu University, 4-17-1, Wakasato, 390-8621, Nagano-City, Japan
| | - Stefan Kaskel
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstrasse 66, 01069, Dresden, Germany
- Fraunhofer IWS, Winterbergstrasse 28, 01277, Dresden, Germany
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4
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Mao Y, Qin H, Zhang H, Wu W, Wu D. Unraveling the effect of CDI electrode characteristics on Cs removal from the perspective of ion transfer and energy composition. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 452:131263. [PMID: 36989788 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Capacitive deionization (CDI) is surprisingly efficient to remove the aqueous Cs ion due to its small hydrated size and low hydration energy. But current experimental techniques fail in investigating deeply into the influence of some key electrode characteristics due to the difficulty in experimentally fabricating the electrodes as desired. This work presents a dynamic transport model of salt ions in a flow-by CDI cell. By using this model, the electrode thickness, macro- and micro-porosity are investigated to evaluate Cs ion removal efficiency and energy efficiency particularly from the aspect of ion transfer by the approach of decomposing energy contribution. The results indicate that the thick electrode coupled with the high current could greatly improve the effluent quality, but reduce the salt adsorption capacity (SAC). The increasement of the current density from 3 A/m2 to 6 A/m2 greatly decreases the SAC from 4.0 mg/g to 0.8 mg/g. Lower current could prolong the charging period, leading to more ions stored in the micropore. Not all the electrical energy is consumed for separating ions from the feed as desired, but some are used for driving ions diffusing in the electrodes. Consequently charging efficiency will be reduced especially when the electrodes are characterized with high porosity. It is highlighted that future work is required to further consider the complex details of porous structure and pore connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Mao
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow and Heat Transfer in Power Engineering, Shanghai 200093, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, 200092 Shanghai, China
| | - Huai Qin
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow and Heat Transfer in Power Engineering, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Weidong Wu
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow and Heat Transfer in Power Engineering, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Deli Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, 200092 Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China.
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5
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Nordstrand J, Zuili L, Dutta J. Fully 3D Modeling of Electrochemical Deionization. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:2607-2617. [PMID: 36687060 PMCID: PMC9850726 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical deionization devices are crucial for meeting global freshwater demands. One such is capacitive deionization (CDI), which is an emerging technology especially suited for brackish water desalination. In this work, we extend an electrolytic capacitor (ELC) model that exploits the similarities between CDI systems and supercapacitor/battery systems. Compared to the previous work, we introduce new implementational strategies for enhanced stability, a more detailed method of describing charge efficiency, layered integration of leakage reactions, and theory extensions to new material and operational conditions. Thanks to the stability and flexibility the approach brings, the current work can present the first fully coupled and spatiotemporal three-dimensional (3D) CDI model. We hope that this can pave the way toward generalized and full-scale modeling of CDI units under varying conditions. A 3D model can be beneficial for investigating asymmetric CDI device structures, and the work investigates a flow-through device structure with inlet and outlet pipes at the center and corners, respectively. The results show that dead (low-flow) areas can reduce desalination rates while also raising the total leakage. However, the ionic flux in this device is still enough under normal operating conditions to ensure reasonable performance. In conclusion, researchers will now have some flexibility in designing device structures that are not perfectly symmetric (real-life case), and hence we share the model files to facilitate future research with 3D modeling of these electrochemical deionization devices.
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6
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Gabitto JF, Tsouris C. A review of transport models in charged porous electrodes. FRONTIERS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fceng.2022.1051594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
There is increased interest in many different processes based upon interactions between a charged solid surface and a liquid electrolyte. Energy storage in capacitive porous materials, ionic membranes, capacitive deionization (CDI) for water desalination, capacitive energy generation, removal of heavy ions from wastewater streams, and geophysical applications are some examples of these processes. Process development is driven by the production of porous materials with increasing surface area. Understanding of the physical phenomena occurring at the charged solid-electrolyte interface will significantly improve the design and development of more effective applied processes. The goal of this work is to critically review the current knowledge in the field. The focus is on concepts behind different models. We start by briefly presenting the classical electrical double layer (EDL) models in flat surfaces. Then, we discuss models for porous materials containing macro-, meso-, and micro-pores. Some of the current models for systems comprising two different pore sizes are also included. Finally, we discuss the concepts behind the most common models used for ionic transport and Faradaic processes in porous media. The latter models are used for simulation of electrosorption processes in porous media.
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7
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Vos JE, Erné BH. Capacitive charging rate dependence of heat from porous carbon in aqueous salt solution. Electrochim Acta 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2023.141957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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8
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Gommes CJ, Chaltin F. The electrical impedance of carbon xerogel hierarchical electrodes. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.141203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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9
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Vos JE, Inder Maur D, Rodenburg HP, van den Hoven L, Schoemaker SE, de Jongh PE, Erné BH. Electric Potential of Ions in Electrode Micropores Deduced from Calorimetry. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:186001. [PMID: 36374685 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.186001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The internal energy of capacitive porous carbon electrodes was determined experimentally as a function of applied potential in aqueous salt solutions. Both the electrical work and produced heat were measured. The potential dependence of the internal energy is explained in terms of two contributions, namely the field energy of a dielectric layer of water molecules at the surface and the potential energy of ions in the pores. The average electric potential of the ions is deduced, and its dependence on the type of salt suggests that the hydration strength limits how closely ions can approach the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joren E Vos
- Van 't Hoff Laboratory for Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Danny Inder Maur
- Van 't Hoff Laboratory for Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Hendrik P Rodenburg
- Van 't Hoff Laboratory for Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands
- Materials Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Lennart van den Hoven
- Van 't Hoff Laboratory for Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Suzan E Schoemaker
- Materials Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Petra E de Jongh
- Materials Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ben H Erné
- Van 't Hoff Laboratory for Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands
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10
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Theory of bipolar connections in capacitive deionization and principles of structural design. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.141066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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11
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Liu R, Luo J, Yao S, Yang Y. Three-dimensional lattice Boltzmann simulation of reactive transport and ion adsorption processes in battery electrodes of cation intercalation desalination cells. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Alkhadra M, Su X, Suss ME, Tian H, Guyes EN, Shocron AN, Conforti KM, de Souza JP, Kim N, Tedesco M, Khoiruddin K, Wenten IG, Santiago JG, Hatton TA, Bazant MZ. Electrochemical Methods for Water Purification, Ion Separations, and Energy Conversion. Chem Rev 2022; 122:13547-13635. [PMID: 35904408 PMCID: PMC9413246 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural development, extensive industrialization, and rapid growth of the global population have inadvertently been accompanied by environmental pollution. Water pollution is exacerbated by the decreasing ability of traditional treatment methods to comply with tightening environmental standards. This review provides a comprehensive description of the principles and applications of electrochemical methods for water purification, ion separations, and energy conversion. Electrochemical methods have attractive features such as compact size, chemical selectivity, broad applicability, and reduced generation of secondary waste. Perhaps the greatest advantage of electrochemical methods, however, is that they remove contaminants directly from the water, while other technologies extract the water from the contaminants, which enables efficient removal of trace pollutants. The review begins with an overview of conventional electrochemical methods, which drive chemical or physical transformations via Faradaic reactions at electrodes, and proceeds to a detailed examination of the two primary mechanisms by which contaminants are separated in nondestructive electrochemical processes, namely electrokinetics and electrosorption. In these sections, special attention is given to emerging methods, such as shock electrodialysis and Faradaic electrosorption. Given the importance of generating clean, renewable energy, which may sometimes be combined with water purification, the review also discusses inverse methods of electrochemical energy conversion based on reverse electrosorption, electrowetting, and electrokinetic phenomena. The review concludes with a discussion of technology comparisons, remaining challenges, and potential innovations for the field such as process intensification and technoeconomic optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad
A. Alkhadra
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Xiao Su
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Matthew E. Suss
- Faculty
of Mechanical Engineering, Technion—Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Wolfson
Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion—Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Nancy
and Stephen Grand Technion Energy Program, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Huanhuan Tian
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Eric N. Guyes
- Faculty
of Mechanical Engineering, Technion—Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Amit N. Shocron
- Faculty
of Mechanical Engineering, Technion—Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Kameron M. Conforti
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - J. Pedro de Souza
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Nayeong Kim
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Michele Tedesco
- European
Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Wetsus, Oostergoweg 9, 8911 MA Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - Khoiruddin Khoiruddin
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Institut Teknologi
Bandung, Jl. Ganesha no. 10, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia
- Research
Center for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha no. 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| | - I Gede Wenten
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Institut Teknologi
Bandung, Jl. Ganesha no. 10, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia
- Research
Center for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha no. 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| | - Juan G. Santiago
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - T. Alan Hatton
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Martin Z. Bazant
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department
of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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13
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Exploring the polarization window during fluoride electrosorption in two activated carbons with significant differences in their pore-size distribution. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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14
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Jeanmairet G, Rotenberg B, Salanne M. Microscopic Simulations of Electrochemical Double-Layer Capacitors. Chem Rev 2022; 122:10860-10898. [PMID: 35389636 PMCID: PMC9227719 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) are devices allowing the storage or production of electricity. They function through the adsorption of ions from an electrolyte on high-surface-area electrodes and are characterized by short charging/discharging times and long cycle-life compared to batteries. Microscopic simulations are now widely used to characterize the structural, dynamical, and adsorption properties of these devices, complementing electrochemical experiments and in situ spectroscopic analyses. In this review, we discuss the main families of simulation methods that have been developed and their application to the main family of EDLCs, which include nanoporous carbon electrodes. We focus on the adsorption of organic ions for electricity storage applications as well as aqueous systems in the context of blue energy harvesting and desalination. We finally provide perspectives for further improvement of the predictive power of simulations, in particular for future devices with complex electrode compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Jeanmairet
- Sorbonne
Université, CNRS, Physico-chimie
des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, PHENIX, F-75005 Paris, France
- Réseau
sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l’Energie (RS2E), FR CNRS
3459, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Benjamin Rotenberg
- Sorbonne
Université, CNRS, Physico-chimie
des Electrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, PHENIX, F-75005 Paris, France
- Réseau
sur le Stockage Électrochimique de l’Énergie
(RS2E), FR CNRS 3459, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Mathieu Salanne
- Réseau
sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l’Energie (RS2E), FR CNRS
3459, 80039 Amiens, France
- Sorbonne
Université, CNRS, Physico-chimie
des Electrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, PHENIX, F-75005 Paris, France
- Institut
Universitaire de France (IUF), 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
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15
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Shocron A, Atlas I, Suss M. Predicting ion selectivity in water purification by capacitive deionization: electric double layer models. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2022.101602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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16
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Knowledge and Technology Used in Capacitive Deionization of Water. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12050459. [PMID: 35629785 PMCID: PMC9143758 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12050459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The demand for water and energy in today’s developing world is enormous and has become the key to the progress of societies. Many methods have been developed to desalinate water, but energy and environmental constraints have slowed or stopped the growth of many. Capacitive Deionization (CDI) is a very new method that uses porous carbon electrodes with significant potential for low energy desalination. This process is known as deionization by applying a very low voltage of 1.2 volts and removing charged ions and molecules. Using capacitive principles in this method, the absorption phenomenon is facilitated, which is known as capacitive deionization. In the capacitive deionization method, unlike other methods in which water is separated from salt, in this technology, salt, which is a smaller part of this compound, is separated from water and salt solution, which in turn causes less energy consumption. With the advancement of science and the introduction of new porous materials, the use of this method of deionization has increased greatly. Due to the limitations of other methods of desalination, this method has been very popular among researchers and the water desalination industry and needs more scientific research to become more commercial.
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17
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Sokoloff JB. Electrical image potential and solvation energies for an ion in a pore in a metallic electrode or in a nanotube. Phys Rev E 2022; 105:044606. [PMID: 35590632 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.105.044606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Electrical image potentials can be important in small spaces, such as nanoscale pores in porous electrodes, which are used in capacitive desalination and in supercapacitors, as argued by Bazant's group at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. It will be shown here that inside pores in porous metallic materials the image potentials can be considerably larger than near flat walls, as a result of the fact that the dielectric constant for an electric field perpendicular to a wall is much smaller than the bulk dielectric constant of water. Calculations will be presented for the image potential in spherical and cylindrically shaped pores. The calculations for cylindrical pores can also be applied to nanotubes. It was believed for a long time, on the basis of molecular dynamics simulations, that in order to push a salt solution through a small radius nanotube, work must be done against the solvation energy of the ions, which is larger inside a narrow nanotube than it is in the bulk. The relatively large image charge potential energy in narrow nanotubes, however, tends to oppose this increase in the solvation energy. The degree to which the image potential facilitates the flow of the salt ions into nanotubes will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Sokoloff
- Physics Department, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA and Physics Department, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida 33431, USA
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18
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Nordstrand J, Dutta J. Langmuir-Based Modeling Produces Steady Two-Dimensional Simulations of Capacitive Deionization via Relaxed Adsorption-Flow Coupling. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:3350-3359. [PMID: 35257585 PMCID: PMC8945368 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The growing world population creates an ever-increasing demand for fresh drinkable water, and many researchers have discovered the emerging capacitive deionization (CDI) technique to be highly promising for desalination. Traditional modeling of CDI has focused on charge storage in electrical double layers, but recent studies have presented a dynamic Langmuir (DL) approach as a simple and stable alternative. We here demonstrate, for the first time, that a Langmuir-based approach can simulate CDI in multiple dimensions. This provides a new perspective of different physical pictures that could be used to describe the detailed CDI processes. As CDI emerges, effective modeling of large-scale and pilot CDI modules is becoming increasingly important, but such a modeling could also be especially complex. Leveraging the stability of the DL model, we propose an alternative fundamental approach based on relaxed adsorption-flow computations that can dissolve these complexity barriers. Literature data extensively validate the findings, which show how the Langmuir-based approach can simulate and predict how key changes in operational and structural conditions affect the CDI performance. Crucially, the method is tractable for simple simulations of large-scale and structurally complex systems. Put together, this work presents new avenues for approaching the challenges in modeling CDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Nordstrand
- Functional
Materials Group, Applied Physics Department, School of Engineering
Sciences, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova Universitetscentrum, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joydeep Dutta
- Functional
Materials Group, Applied Physics Department, School of Engineering
Sciences, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova Universitetscentrum, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Center
of Nanotechnology, King Abdulaziz University, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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19
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Wu N, Gu X, Zhou S, Han X, Leng H, Zhang P, Yang P, Qi Y, Li S, Qiu J. Hierarchical porous N, S co-doped carbon derived from fish scales for enhanced membrane capacitive deionization. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.139983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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20
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Uwayid R, Guyes EN, Shocron AN, Gilron J, Elimelech M, Suss ME. Perfect divalent cation selectivity with capacitive deionization. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 210:117959. [PMID: 34942526 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Capacitive deionization (CDI) is an emerging membraneless water desalination technology based on storing ions in charged electrodes by electrosorption. Due to unique selectivity mechanisms, CDI has been investigated towards ion-selective separations such as water softening, nutrient recovery, and production of irrigation water. Especially promising is the use of activated microporous carbon electrodes due to their low cost and wide availability at commercial scales. We show here, both theoretically and experimentally, that sulfonated activated carbon electrodes enable the first demonstration of perfect divalent cation selectivity in CDI, where we define "perfect" as significant removal of the divalent cation with zero removal of the competing monovalent cation. For example, for a feedwater of 15 mM NaCl and 3 mM CaCl2, and charging from 0.4 V to 1.2 V, we show our cell can remove 127 μmol per gram carbon of divalent Ca2+, while slightly expelling competing monovalent Na+ (-13.2 μmol/g). This separation can be achieved with excellent efficiency, as we show both theoretically and experimentally a calcium charge efficiency above unity, and an experimental energy consumption of less than 0.1 kWh/m3. We further demonstrate a low-infrastructure technique to measure cation selectivity, using ion-selective electrodes and the extended Onsager-Fuoss model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Uwayid
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Eric N Guyes
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Amit N Shocron
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Jack Gilron
- The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
| | - Menachem Elimelech
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, United States
| | - Matthew E Suss
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel; Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel; Grand Technion Energy Program, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
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21
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Electroanalysis with a single microbead of phosphate binding resin (FerrIX™) mounted in epoxy film. J Solid State Electrochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-021-04982-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AbstractCommercial resin microbeads are widely applied in ion exchange and extraction. Here, a single anion-selective and phosphate binding resin microbead (FerrIX™) is mounted into an epoxy membrane and investigated by 4-electrode membrane voltammetry and membrane impedance spectroscopy. Anion transport properties are observed to dominate associated with three distinct potential domains: (I) a low bias ohmic potential domain (dominant at high electrolyte concentration), (II) a concentration polarisation potential domain, and (III) an over-limiting potential domain. Voltammetric responses show transient diffusion-migration features at higher scan rates and quasi-steady state features at lower scan rates. Inherent microbead conductivity is shown to be linked to two resistive elements, electrolyte concentration dependent and independent, in series. The effects of phosphate binding are revealed as transient pattern in impedance spectroscopy data. Preliminary data suggest phosphate concentration-dependent peak features in the imaginary impedance versus frequency plot due to phosphate binding into the microbead.
Graphical abstract
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22
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Li Q, Xu X, Guo J, Hill JP, Xu H, Xiang L, Li C, Yamauchi Y, Mai Y. Two‐Dimensional MXene‐Polymer Heterostructure with Ordered In‐Plane Mesochannels for High‐Performance Capacitive Deionization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202111823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Ageing Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Xingtao Xu
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA) National Institute for Materials Science 1-1 Namiki Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0044 Japan
| | - Jingru Guo
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA) National Institute for Materials Science 1-1 Namiki Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0044 Japan
| | - Jonathan P. Hill
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA) National Institute for Materials Science 1-1 Namiki Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0044 Japan
| | - Haishan Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Ageing Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Luoxing Xiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Ageing Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Chen Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Ageing Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Yusuke Yamauchi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA) National Institute for Materials Science 1-1 Namiki Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0044 Japan
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN) and School of Chemical Engineering The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Yiyong Mai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Ageing Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 China
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23
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Li Q, Xu X, Guo J, Hill JP, Xu H, Xiang L, Li C, Yamauchi Y, Mai Y. Two-Dimensional MXene-Polymer Heterostructure with Ordered In-Plane Mesochannels for High-Performance Capacitive Deionization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:26528-26534. [PMID: 34748252 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202111823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The application of traditional electrode materials for high-performance capacitive deionization (CDI) has been persistently limited by their low charge-storage capacities, excessive co-ion expulsion and slow salt removal rates. Here we report a bottom-up approach to the preparation of a two-dimensional (2D) Ti3 C2 Tx MXene-polydopamine heterostructure having ordered in-plane mesochannels (denoted as mPDA/MXene). Interfacial self-assembly of mesoporous polydopamine (mPDA) monolayers on MXene nanosheets leads to the mPDA/MXene heterostructure, which exhibits several unique features: (1) MXene undergoes reversible ion intercalation/deintercalation and possesses high conductivity; (2) mPDA layers establish redox capacitive characteristics and Na+ selectivity, and also help to prevent self-stacking and oxidation of MXene; (3) in-plane mesochannels enable the smooth transport of ions at the internal spaces of this stacked 2D material. When applied as an electrode material for CDI, mPDA/MXene nanosheets exhibit top-level CDI performance and cycling stability compared to those of the so far reported 2D materials. Our study opens an avenue for the rational construction of MXene-organic hybrid heterostructures, and further motivates the development of high-performance CDI electrode materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Ageing, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xingtao Xu
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Jingru Guo
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Jonathan P Hill
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Haishan Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Ageing, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Luoxing Xiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Ageing, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Chen Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Ageing, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yusuke Yamauchi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan.,Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN) and School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Yiyong Mai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Ageing, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
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24
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Nordstrand J, Dutta J. A new automated model brings stability to finite‐element simulations of capacitive deionization. NANO SELECT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/nano.202100270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Johan Nordstrand
- Functional Materials, Applied Physics Department, School of Engineering Sciences KTH Royal Institute of Technology AlbaNova universitetscentrum Stockholm 106 91 Sweden
| | - Joydeep Dutta
- Functional Materials, Applied Physics Department, School of Engineering Sciences KTH Royal Institute of Technology AlbaNova universitetscentrum Stockholm 106 91 Sweden
- Center of Nanotechnology King Abdulaziz University Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia
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25
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Fritz PA, Boom RM, Schroën C. Electrochemically driven adsorptive separation techniques: From ions to proteins and cells in liquid streams. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.118754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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26
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Design of 3D Carbon Nanotube Monoliths for Potential-Controlled Adsorption. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11209390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The design of 3D monoliths provides a promising opportunity to scale the unique properties of singular carbon nanotubes to a macroscopic level. However, the synthesis of carbon nanotube monoliths is often characterized by complex procedures and additives impairing the later macroscopic properties. Here, we present a simple and efficient synthesis protocol leading to the formation of free-standing, stable, and highly conductive 3D carbon nanotube monoliths for later application in potential-controlled adsorption in aqueous systems. We synthesized monoliths displaying high tensile strength, excellent conductivity (up to 140 S m−1), and a large specific surface area (up to 177 m2 g−1). The resulting monoliths were studied as novel electrode materials for the reversible electrosorption of maleic acid. The process principle was investigated using chronoamperometry and cyclic voltammetry in a two-electrode setup. A stable electrochemical behavior was observed, and the synthesized monoliths displayed capacitive and faradaic current responses. At moderate applied overpotentials (± 500 mV vs. open circuit potential), the monolithic electrodes showed a high loading capacity (~20 µmol g−1) and reversible potential-triggered release of the analyte. Our results demonstrate that carbon nanotube monoliths can be used as novel electrode material to control the adsorption of small organic molecules onto charged surfaces.
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27
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Wu Q, Liang D, Lu S, Zhang J, Wang H, Xiang Y, Aurbach D. Novel Inorganic Integrated Membrane Electrodes for Membrane Capacitive Deionization. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:46537-46548. [PMID: 34554723 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c10119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In capacitive deionization (CDI), coion repulsion and Faradaic reactions during charging reduce the charge efficiency (CE), thus limiting the salt adsorption capacity (SAC) and energy efficiency. To overcome these issues, membrane CDI (MCDI) based on the enhanced permselectivity of the anode and cathode is proposed using the ion-exchange polymer as the independent membrane or coating. To develop a novel and cost-effective MCDI system, we fabricated an integrated membrane electrode using a thin layer of the inorganic ion-exchange material coated on the activated carbon (AC) electrode, which effectively improves the ion selectivity. Montmorillonite (MT, Al2O9Si3) and hydrotalcite (HT, Mg6Al2(CO3)(OH)16·4H2O) were selected as the main active anion- and cation-exchange materials, respectively, for the cathode and anode. The HT-MT MCDI system employing HT-AC and MT-AC electrodes obtained a CE of 90.5% and an SAC of 15.8 mg g-1 after 100 consecutive cycles (50 h); these values were considerably higher than those of the traditional CDI system employing pristine AC electrodes (initially, a CE of 55% and an SAC of 10.2 mg g-1, which attenuated continuously to zero, and even "inverted work" occurs after 50 h, i.e., desorption during charging and adsorption during discharging). The HT-MT MCDI system showed moderate tolerance to organic matters during desalination and retained 84% SAC and 89% CE after 70 cycles in 50-200 mg L-1 sodium alginate. This study demonstrates a simple and cost-effective method for fabricating high-CE electrodes for desalination with great application potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghao Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Energy Materials and Devices, School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Dawei Liang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Energy Materials and Devices, School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Shanfu Lu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Energy Materials and Devices, School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Energy Materials and Devices, School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Haining Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Energy Materials and Devices, School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Yan Xiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Energy Materials and Devices, School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Doron Aurbach
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
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28
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Sokoloff JB. Effects of electrical image potentials and solvation energy on salt ions near a metallic or dielectric wall. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2021; 44:122. [PMID: 34613538 DOI: 10.1140/epje/s10189-021-00127-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Electrical image potentials near a metallic or a dielectric wall of higher dielectric constant than that of the solution are attractive, and therefore, could concentrate salt ions near the wall. In fact, ions in room temperature ionic liquids have been observed to precipitate near a metallic surface (but not near a nonmetallic surface). It will be argued that a likely reason for why precipitation of ions in salt water due to electrical image forces has not as yet been observed is that the solvation of the ions is reduced near the wall. This results in an energy barrier. This reduction occurs because of the large decrease near the wall of the dielectric constant of water normal to the wall. The conditions under which ions are able to get past the resulting energy barrier and concentrate at a solid wall, either as a result of a reduction in this barrier due to screening at high ion concentration or as a result of thermal activation over the barrier will be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Sokoloff
- Physics Department, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA.
- Physics Department and Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Complex Systems, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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29
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Wagner R, Winger S, Franzreb M. Predicting the potential of capacitive deionization for the separation of pH-dependent organic molecules. Eng Life Sci 2021; 21:589-606. [PMID: 34690631 PMCID: PMC8518579 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.202100037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the main steps in the biotechnological production of chemical building blocks, such as, e.g. bio-based succinic acid which is used for lubricants, cosmetics, food, and pharmaceuticals, is the isolation and purification of the target molecule. A new approach to isolate charged, bio-based chemicals is by electrosorption onto carbon surfaces. In contrast to ion exchange, electrosorption does not require additional chemicals for elution and regeneration. However, while the electrosorption of inorganic salts is well understood and in commercial use, the knowledge about electrosorption of weak organic acids including the strong implications of the pH-dependent dissociation and their affinity towards physical adsorption must be expanded. Here, we show a detailed discussion of the main pH-dependent effects determining the achievable charge efficiencies and capacities. An explicit set of equations allows the fast prediction of the named key figures for constant voltage and constant current operation. The calculated and experimental results obtained for the electrosorption of maleic acid show that the potential-free adsorption of differently protonated forms of the organic acid play a dominating role in the process. At pH 8 and a voltage threshold of 1.3 V, charge efficiencies of 25% and capacities around 40 mmol/kg could be reached for a constant current experiment. While this capacity is clearly below that of ion exchange resins, the required carbon materials are inexpensive and energy costs are only about 0.013 €/mol. Therefore, we anticipate that electrosorption has the potential to become an interesting alternative to conventional unit operations for the isolation of charged target molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Wagner
- Institute of Functional InterfacesKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyKarlsruheGermany
| | - Sebastian Winger
- Institute of Functional InterfacesKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyKarlsruheGermany
| | - Matthias Franzreb
- Institute of Functional InterfacesKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyKarlsruheGermany
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He Z, Liu S, Lian B, Fletcher J, Bales C, Wang Y, Waite TD. Optimization of constant-current operation in membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI) using variable discharging operations. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 204:117646. [PMID: 34543974 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI) is an emerging electric field-driven technology for brackish water desalination involving the removal of charged ions from saline source waters. While the desalination performance of MCDI under different operational modes has been widely investigated, most studies have concentrated on different charging conditions without considering discharging conditions. In this study, we investigate the effects of different discharging conditions on the desalination performance of MCDI electrode. Our study demonstrates that low-current discharge (1.0 mA/cm2) can increase salt removal by 20% and decrease volumetric energy consumption by 40% by improving electrode regeneration and increasing energy recovery, respectively, while high-current discharge (3.0 mA/cm2) can improve productivity by 70% at the expense of electrode regeneration and energy recovery. Whether discharging electrodes at the low current or high current is optimal depends on a trade-off between productivity and energy consumption. We also reveal that stopped flow discharge (85%) can achieve higher water recovery than continuous flow discharge (35-59%). However, stopped flow discharge caused a 20-30% decrease in concentration reduction and a 25-50% increase in molar energy consumption, possibly due to the higher ion concentration in the macropores at the end of discharging step. These results reveal that an optimal discharging operation should be obtained from achieving a balance among productivity, water recovery and energy consumption by varying discharging current and flow rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhizhao He
- UNSW Centre for Transformational Environmental Technologies, Yixing, Jiangsu 214206, PR China; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Shuai Liu
- UNSW Centre for Transformational Environmental Technologies, Yixing, Jiangsu 214206, PR China.
| | - Boyue Lian
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - John Fletcher
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, UNSW Sydney, Sydney 2052, Australia.
| | - Clare Bales
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Yuan Wang
- UNSW Centre for Transformational Environmental Technologies, Yixing, Jiangsu 214206, PR China; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - T David Waite
- UNSW Centre for Transformational Environmental Technologies, Yixing, Jiangsu 214206, PR China; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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Applicability of Different Double-Layer Models for the Performance Assessment of the Capacitive Energy Extraction Based on Double Layer Expansion (CDLE) Technique. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en14185828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Capacitive energy extraction based on double layer expansion (CDLE) is a renewable method of harvesting energy from the salinity difference between seawater and freshwater. It is based on the change in properties of the electric double layer (EDL) formed at the electrode surface when the concentration of the solution is changed. Many theoretical models have been developed to describe the structural and thermodynamic properties of the EDL at equilibrium, e.g., the Gouy–Chapman–Stern (GCS), Modified Poisson–Boltzmann–Stern (MPBS), modified Donnan (mD) and improved modified Donnan (i-mD) models. To evaluate the applicability of these models, especially the rationality and the physical interpretation of the parameters that were used in these models, a series of single-pass and full-cycle experiments were performed. The experimental results were compared with the numerical simulations of different EDL models. The analysis suggested that, with optimized parameters, all the EDL models we examined can well explain the equilibrium charge–voltage relation of the single-pass experiment. The GCS and MPBS models involve, however, the use of physically unreasonable parameter values. By comparison, the i-mD model is the most recommended one because of its accuracy in the results and the meaning of the parameters. Nonetheless, the i-mD model alone failed to simulate the energy production of the full-cycle CDLE experiments. Future research regarding the i-mD model is required to understand the process of the CDLE technique better.
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32
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Liu X, Liu Y, Wang Y, Yuan D, Wang C, Liu J. Efficient electrosorption of uranium(VI) by B, N, and P co-doped porous carbon materials containing phosphate functional groups. J Solid State Electrochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-021-05029-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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33
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Liu R, Chen L, Yao S, Shen Y. Pore-scale study of capacitive charging and desalination process in porous electrodes and effects of porous structures. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.115863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Honarparvar S, Zhang X, Chen T, Alborzi A, Afroz K, Reible D. Frontiers of Membrane Desalination Processes for Brackish Water Treatment: A Review. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:246. [PMID: 33805438 PMCID: PMC8066301 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11040246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Climate change, population growth, and increased industrial activities are exacerbating freshwater scarcity and leading to increased interest in desalination of saline water. Brackish water is an attractive alternative to freshwater due to its low salinity and widespread availability in many water-scarce areas. However, partial or total desalination of brackish water is essential to reach the water quality requirements for a variety of applications. Selection of appropriate technology requires knowledge and understanding of the operational principles, capabilities, and limitations of the available desalination processes. Proper combination of feedwater technology improves the energy efficiency of desalination. In this article, we focus on pressure-driven and electro-driven membrane desalination processes. We review the principles, as well as challenges and recent improvements for reverse osmosis (RO), nanofiltration (NF), electrodialysis (ED), and membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI). RO is the dominant membrane process for large-scale desalination of brackish water with higher salinity, while ED and MCDI are energy-efficient for lower salinity ranges. Selective removal of multivalent components makes NF an excellent option for water softening. Brackish water desalination with membrane processes faces a series of challenges. Membrane fouling and scaling are the common issues associated with these processes, resulting in a reduction in their water recovery and energy efficiency. To overcome such adverse effects, many efforts have been dedicated toward development of pre-treatment steps, surface modification of membranes, use of anti-scalant, and modification of operational conditions. However, the effectiveness of these approaches depends on the fouling propensity of the feed water. In addition to the fouling and scaling, each process may face other challenges depending on their state of development and maturity. This review provides recent advances in the material, architecture, and operation of these processes that can assist in the selection and design of technologies for particular applications. The active research directions to improve the performance of these processes are also identified. The review shows that technologies that are tunable and particularly efficient for partial desalination such as ED and MCDI are increasingly competitive with traditional RO processes. Development of cost-effective ion exchange membranes with high chemical and mechanical stability can further improve the economy of desalination with electro-membrane processes and advance their future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya Honarparvar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (S.H.); (X.Z.); (T.C.); (K.A.)
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (S.H.); (X.Z.); (T.C.); (K.A.)
| | - Tianyu Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (S.H.); (X.Z.); (T.C.); (K.A.)
| | - Ashkan Alborzi
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Construction Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA;
| | - Khurshida Afroz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (S.H.); (X.Z.); (T.C.); (K.A.)
| | - Danny Reible
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (S.H.); (X.Z.); (T.C.); (K.A.)
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Construction Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA;
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Partial Desalination of Saline Groundwater: Comparison of Nanofiltration, Reverse Osmosis and Membrane Capacitive Deionisation. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11020126. [PMID: 33673190 PMCID: PMC7917583 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11020126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Saline groundwater (SGW) is an alternative water resource. However, the concentration of sodium, chloride, sulphate, and nitrate in SGW usually exceeds the recommended guideline values for drinking water and irrigation. In this study, the partial desalination performance of three different concentrated SGWs were examined by pressure-driven membrane desalination technologies: nanofiltration (NF), brackish water reverse osmosis (BWRO), and seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO); in addition to one electrochemical-driven desalination technology: membrane capacitive deionisation (MCDI). The desalination performance was evaluated using the specific energy consumption (SEC) and water recovery, determined by experiments and simulations. The experimental results of this study show that the SEC for the desalination of SGW with a total dissolved solid (TDS) concentration of 1 g/L by MCDI and NF is similar and ranges between 0.2–0.4 kWh/m3 achieving a water recovery value of 35–70%. The lowest SECs for the desalination of SGW with a TDS concentration ≥2 g/L were determined by the use of BWRO and SWRO with 0.4–2.9 kWh/m3 for a water recovery of 40–66%. Even though the MCDI technique cannot compete with pressure-driven membrane desalination technologies at higher raw water salinities, this technology shows a high selectivity for nitrate and a high potential for flexible desalination applications.
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Li Y, Ding Z, Wang K, Wan L, Lu T, Zhu G, Gong Z, Pan L. Suppressing the oxygen-related parasitic reactions in NaTi 2(PO 4) 3-based hybrid capacitive deionization with cation exchange membrane. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 591:139-147. [PMID: 33596503 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The parasitic reactions leading to capacity fading and charge loss remain a serious issue for capacitive deionization (CDI). NaTi2(PO4)3 (NTP) has recently emerged as a promising faradaic cathode in hybrid CDI (HCDI) with high Na+ uptake capacity and good Na+ selectivity, but it is still challenged by serious parasitic reactions. Although the irreversible faradaic reactions on carbon electrode are raising growing attention in CDI research field, the parasitic reactions on faradaic materials are seldom studied in HCDI by now. In this work, we evaluated the parasitic reactions of NTP-reduced graphene oxide (rGO) electrode in both three-electrode mode and full-cell HCDI mode. By using deaired electrolyte, the coulombic efficiency of NTP-rGO is significantly enhanced from 75.0% to 98.2% in 3rd cycle, and the capacity retention rate is promoted from 37.5% to 80.3% at the low current density of 0.1 mA g-1 in 100 cycles, suggesting that electrochemical reduction of oxygen and its derived reactions are the main parasitic reactions in NTP-based HCDI. In full-cell HCDI desalination tests, by introducing cation exchange membrane to block the penetration of dissolved oxygen, the parasitic reactions and pH fluctuations are successfully suppressed. The study here provides an insight into understanding and suppressing the parasitic reactions in HCDI, and should be of value to the development of efficient and stable HCDI for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuquan Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Zibiao Ding
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Lijia Wan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Ting Lu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Guang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Spin Electron and Nanomaterials of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Suzhou University, Suzhou 234000, China.
| | - Zhiwei Gong
- School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Likun Pan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
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Adsorptive Behavior of Prepared Metal-Organic Framework Composites on Phosphates in Aqueous Solutions. ADSORPT SCI TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1155/2021/6690361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As an efficient water treatment method for treating dilute solution systems, electrosorption is promising for the separation and recovery of organic compounds, wastewater treatment, and deep purification of water. Here, two types of UiO-66 samples were prepared using the solvothermal synthesis method, and the effects of different regulators on the microstructure of materials were compared using the various characterization methods. The electrochemical properties of the activated carbon and two types of materials were tested by cyclic voltammetry and AC impedance spectroscopy, and the desalination effect of the materials on phosphate was investigated. The UiO-66 material with uniform-size particles, smaller-size particles, and more surface adsorption sites exhibited better phosphate removal and adsorption capacity. It was found that the desalination process of the UiO-66 material is reversible, and the adsorbent material can be reused, which is advantageous for engineering applications.
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Selective adsorption mechanism of resin-activated carbon composite electrode for capacitive deionization. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.125935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Ham K, Lee J. Improved electrosorption kinetics in meso/microporous carbon composite electrode for swift salt removal. Catal Today 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2019.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Dynamics and Model Research on the Electrosorption by Activated Carbon Fiber Electrodes. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w13010062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Electrosorption is a new emerging technology for micro-polluted water treatment. To gain a more accurate understanding of the mass and charge transfer process of electrosorption, the electrosorption performance of activated carbon fiber (ACF) electrodes with various concentrations was studied. In this paper, quasi-first-order and quasi-second-order dynamic equations, and an intra-particle diffusion equation were used to describe the electrosorption behaviors. It is believed that the electrosorption process is dominated by physical adsorption for ACF material, and the most important rate control steps in this process are intra-diffusion and electromigration steps. Based on the experimental results and modified Donnan model theory, a considerable electrosorption dynamic model which considered the influence of physical adsorption and the intra-diffusion resistance was proposed. This model quantitatively described the salt adsorption and charge storage in the ACF electrode and can fit the experimental data well.
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Liu R, Yao S, Shen Y. Pore-scale investigation on ion transport and transfer resistance in charged porous media with micro-macro structure. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Liu X, Shanbhag S, Natesakhawat S, Whitacre JF, Mauter MS. Performance Loss of Activated Carbon Electrodes in Capacitive Deionization: Mechanisms and Material Property Predictors. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:15516-15526. [PMID: 33205957 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the material property origins of performance decay in carbon electrodes is critical to maximizing the longevity of capacitive deionization (CDI) systems. This study investigates the cycling stability of electrodes fabricated from six commercial and two post-processed activated carbons. We find that the capacity decay rate of electrodes in half cells is positively correlated with the specific surface area and total surface acidity of the activated carbons. We also demonstrate that half-cell cycling stability is consistent with full cell desalination performance durability. Additionally, our results suggest that increase in internal resistance and physical pore blockage resulting from extensive cycling may be important mechanisms for the specific capacitance decay of activated carbon electrodes in this study. Our findings provide crucial guidelines for selecting activated carbon electrodes for stable CDI performance over long-term operation and insight into appropriate parameters for electrode performance and longevity in models assessing the techno-economic viability of CDI. Finally, our half-cell cycling protocol also offers a method for evaluating the stability of new electrode materials without preparing large, freestanding electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xitong Liu
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The George Washington University, 800 22nd Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20052, United States
| | - Sneha Shanbhag
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Sittichai Natesakhawat
- National Energy Technology Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, 626 Cochrans Mill Road, P.O. Box 10940, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15236, United States
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, 4200 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Jay F Whitacre
- Department of Engineering and Public Policy, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- The Scott Institute for Energy Innovation, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Meagan S Mauter
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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Lau AWC, Sokoloff JB. Enhancement of the ion concentration in a salt solution near a wall due to electrical image potentials and enhancement of surface tension due to the presence of salt. Phys Rev E 2020; 102:052606. [PMID: 33327151 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.102.052606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Effects of electrical image potentials on the salt ion concentration near a solid wall are studied using a one-loop approximation treatment of the grand canonical partition function, which is the Debye-Hückel approximation. Electrical image potentials resulting from both metallic and dielectric walls of dielectric constant larger than that of water near the wall are considered. Our treatment of this problem supports the conclusions of an earlier publication by one of the authors which shows that near a solid wall there should be a high concentration of ions, resulting from image potentials. We have also applied our treatment to the increase of the surface tension of a liquid that occurs when salt is dissolved in the liquid. Our treatment gives the -c_{s}log(c_{s}) dependence of the surface tension found by Onsager and Samarasa in the small c_{s} limit, where c_{s} is the salt concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- A W C Lau
- Physics Department, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida 33431, USA
| | - J B Sokoloff
- Physics Department, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida 33431, USA
- Physics Department, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Li Q, Zheng Y, Xiao D, Or T, Gao R, Li Z, Feng M, Shui L, Zhou G, Wang X, Chen Z. Faradaic Electrodes Open a New Era for Capacitive Deionization. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:2002213. [PMID: 33240769 PMCID: PMC7675053 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202002213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Capacitive deionization (CDI) is an emerging desalination technology for effective removal of ionic species from aqueous solutions. Compared to conventional CDI, which is based on carbon electrodes and struggles with high salinity streams due to a limited salt removal capacity by ion electrosorption and excessive co-ion expulsion, the emerging Faradaic electrodes provide unique opportunities to upgrade the CDI performance, i.e., achieving much higher salt removal capacities and energy-efficient desalination for high salinity streams, due to the Faradaic reaction for ion capture. This article presents a comprehensive overview on the current developments of Faradaic electrode materials for CDI. Here, the fundamentals of Faradaic electrode-based CDI are first introduced in detail, including novel CDI cell architectures, key CDI performance metrics, ion capture mechanisms, and the design principles of Faradaic electrode materials. Three main categories of Faradaic electrode materials are summarized and discussed regarding their crystal structure, physicochemical characteristics, and desalination performance. In particular, the ion capture mechanisms in Faradaic electrode materials are highlighted to obtain a better understanding of the CDI process. Moreover, novel tailored applications, including selective ion removal and contaminant removal, are specifically introduced. Finally, the remaining challenges and research directions are also outlined to provide guidelines for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics and International Academy of Optoelectronics at ZhaoqingSouth China Normal UniversityGuangdong510631P. R. China
- Department of Chemical EngineeringWaterloo Institute of NanotechnologyUniversity of Waterloo200 University Ave WestWaterlooOntarioN2L 3G1Canada
| | - Yun Zheng
- Department of Chemical EngineeringWaterloo Institute of NanotechnologyUniversity of Waterloo200 University Ave WestWaterlooOntarioN2L 3G1Canada
| | - Dengji Xiao
- Department of Chemical EngineeringWaterloo Institute of NanotechnologyUniversity of Waterloo200 University Ave WestWaterlooOntarioN2L 3G1Canada
| | - Tyler Or
- Department of Chemical EngineeringWaterloo Institute of NanotechnologyUniversity of Waterloo200 University Ave WestWaterlooOntarioN2L 3G1Canada
| | - Rui Gao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of EducationJilin Normal UniversityChangchun130103P. R. China
| | - Zhaoqiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of EducationJilin Normal UniversityChangchun130103P. R. China
| | - Ming Feng
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of EducationJilin Normal UniversityChangchun130103P. R. China
| | - Lingling Shui
- South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics and International Academy of Optoelectronics at ZhaoqingSouth China Normal UniversityGuangdong510631P. R. China
| | - Guofu Zhou
- South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics and International Academy of Optoelectronics at ZhaoqingSouth China Normal UniversityGuangdong510631P. R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics and International Academy of Optoelectronics at ZhaoqingSouth China Normal UniversityGuangdong510631P. R. China
| | - Zhongwei Chen
- Department of Chemical EngineeringWaterloo Institute of NanotechnologyUniversity of Waterloo200 University Ave WestWaterlooOntarioN2L 3G1Canada
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Huang KZ, Tang HL. Temperature and desorption mode matter in capacitive deionization process for water desalination. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2020; 41:3456-3463. [PMID: 31018768 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2019.1611941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Literature reporting temperature and desorption mode as factors of capacitive deionization (CDI) process for water desalination is rare. This study explored the impacts of four water temperatures (15°C, 25°C, 35°C, and 45°C), three salt concentrations (350, 1260, and 3100 mg/L), and three desorption modes (potential removal, short circuit, and polarity reversal) on performance of a 'closed-loop' CDI system. Results showed that a higher temperature promoted adsorption and desorption rates but impaired adsorption capacity. Polarity reversal could greatly expedite the desorption process compared to short circuit and potential removal. A promotional impact of concentration on CDI desalination could be explained by the formation of electrical double layers. The research also noted the earlier occurrence of re-adsorption at higher temperatures during polarity-reversal desorption. Strategies of increasing water temperature on short adsorption cycles and using an adjustable combination mode of polarity reversal and short circuit for desorption are implied for improving desalination efficiency and water recovery of CDI systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan Z Huang
- Department of Civil Engineering, Case School of Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Hao L Tang
- Environmental Engineering Program, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, PA, USA
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Exploring the Function of Ion-Exchange Membrane in Membrane Capacitive Deionization via a Fully Coupled Two-Dimensional Process Model. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8101312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In the arid west, the freshwater supply of many communities is limited, leading to increased interest in tapping brackish water resources. Although reverse osmosis is the most common technology to upgrade saline waters, there is also interest in developing and improving alternative technologies. Here we focus on membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI), which has attracted broad attention as a portable and energy-efficient desalination technology. In this study, a fully coupled two-dimensional MCDI process model capable of capturing transient ion transport and adsorption behaviors was developed to explore the function of the ion-exchange membrane (IEM) and detect MCDI influencing factors via sensitivity analysis. The IEM enhanced desalination by improving the counter-ions’ flux and increased adsorption in electrodes by encouraging retention of ions in electrode macropores. An optimized cycle time was proposed with maximal salt removal efficiency. The usage of the IEM, high applied voltage, and low flow rate were discovered to enhance this maximal salt removal efficiency. IEM properties including water uptake volume fraction, membrane thickness, and fixed charge density had a marginal impact on cycle time and salt removal efficiency within certain limits, while increasing cell length and electrode thickness and decreasing channel thickness and dispersivity significantly improved overall performance.
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47
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Enhanced supercapacitor and capacitive deionization boosted by constructing inherent N and P external defects in porous carbon framework with a hierarchical porosity. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Nordstrand J, Dutta J. Predicting and Enhancing the Ion Selectivity in Multi-Ion Capacitive Deionization. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:8476-8484. [PMID: 32594747 PMCID: PMC7467760 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c00982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Lack of potable water in communities across the globe is a serious humanitarian problem promoting the desalination of saline water (seawater and brackish water) to meet the growing demands of human civilization. Multiple ionic species can be present in natural water sources in addition to sodium chloride, and capacitive deionization (CDI) is an upcoming technology with the potential to address these challenges because of its efficacy in removing charged species from water by electro-adsorption. In this work, we have investigated the effect of device operation on the preferential removal of different ionic species. A dynamic Langmuir (DL) model has been a starting point for deriving the theory, and the model predictions have been validated using data from reports in the literature. Crucially, we derive a simple relationship between the adsorption of different ionic species for short and long adsorption periods. This is leveraged to directly predict and enhance the selective ion removal in CDI. Furthermore, we demonstrate an example of how this selectivity could reduce excess removal of ions to avoid remineralization needs. In conclusion, the method could be valuable for predicting the impact of improved device operation on capacitive deionization with multi-ion compositions prevalent in natural water sources.
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49
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Basis and Prospects of Combining Electroadsorption Modeling Approaches for Capacitive Deionization. PHYSICS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/physics2020016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Electrically driven adsorption, electroadsorption, is at the core of technologies for water desalination, energy production, and energy storage using electrolytic capacitors. Modeling can be crucial for understanding and optimizing these devices, and hence different approaches have been taken to develop multiple models, which have been applied to explain capacitive deionization (CDI) device performances for water desalination. Herein, we first discuss the underlying physics of electroadsorption and explain the fundamental similarities between the suggested models. Three CDI models, namely, the more widely used modified Donnan (mD) model, the Randles circuit model, and the recently proposed dynamic Langmuir (DL) model, are compared in terms of modeling approaches. Crucially, the common physical foundation of the models allows them to be improved by incorporating elements and simulation tools from the other models. As a proof of concept, the performance of the Randles circuit is significantly improved by incorporating a modeling element from the mD model and an implementation tool from the DL model (charge-dependent capacitance and system identification, respectively). These principles are accurately validated using data from reports in the literature showing significant prospects in combining modeling elements and tools to properly describe the results obtained in these experiments.
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50
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Torkamanzadeh M, Wang L, Zhang Y, Budak Ö, Srimuk P, Presser V. MXene/Activated-Carbon Hybrid Capacitive Deionization for Permselective Ion Removal at Low and High Salinity. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:26013-26025. [PMID: 32402190 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c05975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional, layered transition metal carbides (MXenes) are an intriguing class of intercalation-type electrodes for electrochemical applications. The ability for preferred counterion uptake qualifies MXenes as an attractive material for electrochemical desalination. Our work explores Ti3C2Tx-MXene paired with activated carbon in such a way that both electrodes operate in an optimized potential range. This is accomplished by electrode mass balancing and control over the cell voltage. Thereby, we enable effective remediation of saline media with low (brackish) and high (seawater-like) ionic strength by using 20 and 600 mM aqueous NaCl solutions. It is shown that MXene/activated-carbon asymmetric cell design capitalizes on the permselective behavior of MXene in sodium removal, which in turn forces carbon to mirror the same behavior in the removal of chloride ions. This has minimized the notorious co-ion desorption of carbon in highly saline media (600 mM NaCl) and boosted the charge efficiency from 4% in a symmetric activated-carbon/activated-carbon cell to 85% in a membrane-less asymmetric MXene/activated-carbon cell. Stable electrochemical performance for up to 100 cycles is demonstrated, yielding average desalination capacities of 8 and 12 mg/g, respectively, for membrane-less MXene/activated-carbon cells in NaCl solutions of 600 mM (seawater-level) and 20 mM (brackish-water-level). In the case of the 20 mM NaCl solutions, surprising charge efficiency values of over 100% have been obtained, which is attributed to the role of MXene interlayer surface charges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Torkamanzadeh
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Saarland University, Campus D2 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Lei Wang
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Saarland University, Campus D2 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Yuan Zhang
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Saarland University, Campus D2 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Öznil Budak
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Saarland University, Campus D2 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Pattarachai Srimuk
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Volker Presser
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Saarland University, Campus D2 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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