1
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Ziaei Jam H, Li Y, DeVito R, Mousavi N, Ma N, Lujumba I, Adam Y, Maksimov M, Huang B, Dolzhenko E, Qiu Y, Kakembo FE, Joseph H, Onyido B, Adeyemi J, Bakhtiari M, Park J, Javadzadeh S, Jjingo D, Adebiyi E, Bafna V, Gymrek M. A deep population reference panel of tandem repeat variation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6711. [PMID: 37872149 PMCID: PMC10593948 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42278-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Tandem repeats (TRs) represent one of the largest sources of genetic variation in humans and are implicated in a range of phenotypes. Here we present a deep characterization of TR variation based on high coverage whole genome sequencing from 3550 diverse individuals from the 1000 Genomes Project and H3Africa cohorts. We develop a method, EnsembleTR, to integrate genotypes from four separate methods resulting in high-quality genotypes at more than 1.7 million TR loci. Our catalog reveals novel sequence features influencing TR heterozygosity, identifies population-specific trinucleotide expansions, and finds hundreds of novel eQTL signals. Finally, we generate a phased haplotype panel which can be used to impute most TRs from nearby single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with high accuracy. Overall, the TR genotypes and reference haplotype panel generated here will serve as valuable resources for future genome-wide and population-wide studies of TRs and their role in human phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helyaneh Ziaei Jam
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ross DeVito
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nima Mousavi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nichole Ma
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ibra Lujumba
- The African Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Data Intensive Sciences, the Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Yagoub Adam
- Covenant University Bioinformatics Research (CUBRe), Covenant University, Ota, Ogun, 112233, Nigeria
| | - Mikhail Maksimov
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Bonnie Huang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Yunjiang Qiu
- Illumina Incorporated, San Diego, CA, 92122, USA
| | - Fredrick Elishama Kakembo
- The African Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Data Intensive Sciences, the Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Habi Joseph
- The African Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Data Intensive Sciences, the Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Blessing Onyido
- Department of Computer & Information Sciences, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun, 112233, Nigeria
- Covenant Applied Informatics and Communication Africa Centre of Excellence (CApIC-ACE), Covenant University, Ota, Ogun, 112233, Nigeria
| | - Jumoke Adeyemi
- Department of Computer & Information Sciences, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun, 112233, Nigeria
- Covenant Applied Informatics and Communication Africa Centre of Excellence (CApIC-ACE), Covenant University, Ota, Ogun, 112233, Nigeria
| | - Mehrdad Bakhtiari
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jonghun Park
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sara Javadzadeh
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Daudi Jjingo
- The African Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Data Intensive Sciences, the Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Computer Science, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Ezekiel Adebiyi
- Covenant University Bioinformatics Research (CUBRe), Covenant University, Ota, Ogun, 112233, Nigeria
- Department of Computer & Information Sciences, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun, 112233, Nigeria
- Covenant Applied Informatics and Communication Africa Centre of Excellence (CApIC-ACE), Covenant University, Ota, Ogun, 112233, Nigeria
- Applied Bioinformatics Division, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Baden-Württemberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Vineet Bafna
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Melissa Gymrek
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Jiang A, Handley RR, Lehnert K, Snell RG. From Pathogenesis to Therapeutics: A Review of 150 Years of Huntington's Disease Research. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13021. [PMID: 37629202 PMCID: PMC10455900 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241613021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative genetic disorder caused by an expanded polyglutamine-coding (CAG) trinucleotide repeat in the huntingtin (HTT) gene. HD behaves as a highly penetrant dominant disorder likely acting through a toxic gain of function by the mutant huntingtin protein. Widespread cellular degeneration of the medium spiny neurons of the caudate nucleus and putamen are responsible for the onset of symptomology that encompasses motor, cognitive, and behavioural abnormalities. Over the past 150 years of HD research since George Huntington published his description, a plethora of pathogenic mechanisms have been proposed with key themes including excitotoxicity, dopaminergic imbalance, mitochondrial dysfunction, metabolic defects, disruption of proteostasis, transcriptional dysregulation, and neuroinflammation. Despite the identification and characterisation of the causative gene and mutation and significant advances in our understanding of the cellular pathology in recent years, a disease-modifying intervention has not yet been clinically approved. This review includes an overview of Huntington's disease, from its genetic aetiology to clinical presentation and its pathogenic manifestation. An updated view of molecular mechanisms and the latest therapeutic developments will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Jiang
- Applied Translational Genetics Group, Centre for Brain Research, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand; (R.R.H.); (K.L.); (R.G.S.)
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Solís-Añez E, Salles PA, Rojas N, Benavides O, Chaná-Cuevas P. Huntington's Disease in Chile: Epidemiological and Genetic Aspects. Neuroepidemiology 2023; 57:176-184. [PMID: 37121230 DOI: 10.1159/000528961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative, autosomal dominant disabling condition due to an expansion of the CAG trinucleotide in the HTT gene. Motor, psychiatric, and cognitive disorders characterize it. Chilean reports on HD in the era of molecular diagnosis were wanted. METHODS This is a retrospective analysis of a prospective cohort of patients with HD seen at the Center for Movement Disorders (CETRAM) in Chile between 2013 and 2019. Sociodemographic, genotype, and neuropsychiatric features were investigated. RESULTS One hundred three probands with HD were identified. The majority (63.1%) were born in the metropolitan region, followed by the VIII and V regions with 8.73% and 7.76%, respectively. When pedigrees were analyzed, ninety unrelated families encompassing 1,007 individuals were identified; among relatives, other 35 manifested HD, and 106 died of HD. Besides, five hundred seventy-nine individuals were at genetic risk. The minimum estimated prevalence of HD in Chile in 2019 was 0.72 × 100,000 inhabitants. The mean CAG repeats (CAGR) of 47.2 ± 10.74 for the expanded allele and 17.93 ± 2.05 for the normal allele. The mean age of onset was 41.39 ± 13.47 years. Juvenile cases represented 7.8% of this cohort, and 4.9% had a late onset. There was a negative correlation between the age of onset and the CAGR of the expanded allele (r =-0.84 p < 0.0001). Besides, 79.6% had a family history of HD. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report characterizing genetics, motor, and neuropsychiatric features in patients with HD in Chile. The mean length of CAGR expansion of the abnormal allele was similar to previous reports in North America (i.e., Mexico and Canada) and higher than that reported in the neighboring country of Argentina. According to previous estimations, the minimal prevalence of HD in Chile may be lower than expected.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Philippe A Salles
- Center for Movement Disorders CETRAM, University of Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile,
| | - Natalia Rojas
- Center for Movement Disorders CETRAM, University of Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Olga Benavides
- Neurology Department, Dr. Eloisa Díaz La Florida Metropolitan Hospital, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pedro Chaná-Cuevas
- Center for Movement Disorders CETRAM, University of Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Jam HZ, Li Y, DeVito R, Mousavi N, Ma N, Lujumba I, Adam Y, Maksimov M, Huang B, Dolzhenko E, Qiu Y, Kakembo FE, Joseph H, Onyido B, Adeyemi J, Bakhtiari M, Park J, Javadzadeh S, Jjingo D, Adebiyi E, Bafna V, Gymrek M. A deep population reference panel of tandem repeat variation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.09.531600. [PMID: 36945429 PMCID: PMC10028971 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.09.531600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Tandem repeats (TRs) represent one of the largest sources of genetic variation in humans and are implicated in a range of phenotypes. Here we present a deep characterization of TR variation based on high coverage whole genome sequencing from 3,550 diverse individuals from the 1000 Genomes Project and H3Africa cohorts. We develop a method, EnsembleTR, to integrate genotypes from four separate methods resulting in high-quality genotypes at more than 1.7 million TR loci. Our catalog reveals novel sequence features influencing TR heterozygosity, identifies population-specific trinucleotide expansions, and finds hundreds of novel eQTL signals. Finally, we generate a phased haplotype panel which can be used to impute most TRs from nearby single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with high accuracy. Overall, the TR genotypes and reference haplotype panel generated here will serve as valuable resources for future genome-wide and population-wide studies of TRs and their role in human phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helyaneh Ziaei Jam
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Ross DeVito
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Nima Mousavi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Nichole Ma
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Ibra Lujumba
- The African Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Data Intensive Sciences, the Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala-Uganda
| | - Yagoub Adam
- Covenant University Bioinformatics Research (CUBRe), Covenant University, Ota, Ogun, 112233, Nigeria
| | - Mikhail Maksimov
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Bonnie Huang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | | | - Yunjiang Qiu
- Illumina Incorporated, San Diego, California 92122, USA
| | - Fredrick Elishama Kakembo
- The African Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Data Intensive Sciences, the Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala-Uganda
| | - Habi Joseph
- The African Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Data Intensive Sciences, the Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala-Uganda
| | - Blessing Onyido
- Department of Computer & Information Sciences, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun, 112233, Nigeria
- Covenant Applied Informatics and Communication Africa Centre of Excellence (CApIC-ACE), Covenant University, Ota, Ogun, 112233, Nigeria
| | - Jumoke Adeyemi
- Department of Computer & Information Sciences, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun, 112233, Nigeria
- Covenant Applied Informatics and Communication Africa Centre of Excellence (CApIC-ACE), Covenant University, Ota, Ogun, 112233, Nigeria
| | - Mehrdad Bakhtiari
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Jonghun Park
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Sara Javadzadeh
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Daudi Jjingo
- The African Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Data Intensive Sciences, the Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala-Uganda
- Department of Computer Science, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Ezekiel Adebiyi
- Covenant University Bioinformatics Research (CUBRe), Covenant University, Ota, Ogun, 112233, Nigeria
- Department of Computer & Information Sciences, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun, 112233, Nigeria
- Covenant Applied Informatics and Communication Africa Centre of Excellence (CApIC-ACE), Covenant University, Ota, Ogun, 112233, Nigeria
- Applied Bioinformatics Division, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Baden-Württemberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Vineet Bafna
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Melissa Gymrek
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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Lee CY, Ro JS, Jung H, Kim M, Jeon B, Lee JY. Increased 10-Year Prevalence of Huntington's Disease in South Korea: An Analysis of Medical Expenditure Through the National Healthcare System. J Clin Neurol 2023; 19:147-155. [PMID: 36700478 PMCID: PMC9982180 DOI: 10.3988/jcn.2022.0212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE This study aimed to determine the updated 10-year prevalence of Huntington's disease (HD) in South Korea and the medical and economic burdens across the duration of the disease. METHODS Data from the National Health Insurance database during 2010-2019 were analyzed. We identified HD cases using predefined criteria. Information on age at diagnosis, sex, and common nonneurological comorbidities were collected. We analyzed individual patterns of the use of medical services and yearly medical expenditure. Incidence rates, 10-year prevalence rates, and longitudinal medical expenditure changes were assessed. RESULTS New patients with HD (average=152.10) were detected every year, with an annual incidence of 0.29 per 100,000. The estimated 10-year prevalence of HD was 2.2 per 100,000. The most common ages at the time of diagnosis were 50-59 years (23.3%). In 2019, 56.4% of patients with HD were followed-up at referral or general hospitals, and 32.2% were managed at long-term-care hospitals. The annual medical cost for an individual was KRW 6,569,341±895,097 (mean±SD) (mean≈USD 5,653). Medical expenditure was the highest in those aged 60-79 years, and lowest in those younger than 30 years. However, in all age groups, the annual medical expenditure was highest during the 9 years following a diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS This study found that the actual prevalence of HD in South Korea was higher than previously thought and that patients are in a situation with high medical expenditure that persists over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Young Lee
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jun-soo Ro
- Public Healthcare Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyemin Jung
- Public Healthcare Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Manho Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Neurology, Neuroscience & Dementia Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Beomseok Jeon
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jee-Young Lee
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Neurology, Seoul National University-Seoul Metropolitan Government Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Vishnevetsky A, Cornejo‐Olivas M, Sarapura‐Castro E, Inca‐Martinez M, Rabinowitz D, Milla‐Neyra K, Mazzetti P, Bird T. Juvenile-Onset Huntington's Disease in Peru: A Case Series of 32 Patients. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2023; 10:238-247. [PMID: 36825038 PMCID: PMC9941913 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.13625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Juvenile-onset Huntington's Disease (JoHD) or Huntington's disease (HD) with age of onset ≤20 years, is a rare clinical entity that often differs phenotypically from adult HD and represents only 1-15% of total HD cases. Objective To characterize the genetic and clinical characteristics of 32 JoHD patients seen in a Peruvian Neurogenetics clinic from 2000-2018. Methods This study is a retrospective clinical and genetic review. The clinical database in Lima, Peru was searched for HD patients seen in clinic between 2000 and 2018. Inclusion criteria were: (1) genetically confirmed disease; and (2) HD age of onset ≤20 years, according to the documented medical history. Results Among 475 patients with genetically confirmed HD in the database, 32 patients (6.7%) had symptom onset at ≤20 years. Among JoHD patients with a known transmitting parent (30 of 32), paternal transmission accounted for 77% of cases. Anticipation was higher with paternal transmission compared to maternal transmission (27.5 ± 11.5 vs. 11.3 ± 7.1 years). Overall expanded CAG repeat length ranged from 44 to 110, with a mean length of 65.6 ± 15.4, and 14 (44%) cases had repeat length under 60. Of the 32 patients included in the study, 25 had detailed clinical symptomatology available, and many patients had unique clinical features such as prominent sleep disturbance (60% of patients), or parkinsonism (73%). Conclusions This large case series of JoHD patients characterizes the Peruvian JoHD population, reports on unique familial relationships in JoHD, and highlights the varied symptomatic presentation of this rare disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Vishnevetsky
- Neurogenetics Research Center, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias NeurológicasLimaPeru
- Northern Pacific Fogarty Global Health ScholarNIH Fogarty International CenterBethesdaUnited States
- Division of Neuroimmunology and Neuroinfectious DiseasesBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Mario Cornejo‐Olivas
- Neurogenetics Research Center, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias NeurológicasLimaPeru
- School of MedicineUniversidad Nacional Mayor de San MarcosLimaPeru
- Universidad Científica del SurLimaPeru
| | - Elison Sarapura‐Castro
- Neurogenetics Research Center, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias NeurológicasLimaPeru
- Northern Pacific Fogarty Global Health ScholarNIH Fogarty International CenterBethesdaUnited States
| | - Miguel Inca‐Martinez
- Neurogenetics Research Center, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias NeurológicasLimaPeru
| | - Danielle Rabinowitz
- Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Boston Children's HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Karina Milla‐Neyra
- Neurogenetics Research Center, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias NeurológicasLimaPeru
| | - Pilar Mazzetti
- Neurogenetics Research Center, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias NeurológicasLimaPeru
- Boston Children's HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Thomas Bird
- Departments of Neurology and MedicineUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
- Geriatrics ResearchVA Puget Sound Health Care SystemSeattleWashingtonUSA
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Joviano-Santos JV, Valadão PAC, Magalhães-Gomes MPS, Fernandes LF, Diniz DM, Machado TCG, Soares KB, Ladeira MS, Massensini AR, Gomez MV, Miranda AS, Tápia JC, Guatimosim C. Neuroprotective effect of CTK 01512-2 recombinant toxin at the spinal cord in a model of Huntington's disease. Exp Physiol 2022; 107:933-945. [PMID: 35478205 DOI: 10.1113/ep090327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? We investigated the action of intrathecal administration of a novel toxin (CTK01512-2) in a mouse model for Huntington´s disease (HD). We asked if spinal cord neurons can represent a therapeutic target, as the spinal cord seems to be involved in HD motor-symptoms. Pharmacological approaches focusing on the spinal cord and skeletal muscles might represent a more feasible strategy. What is the main finding and its importance? We provided evidence of a novel, local, neuroprotector effect of CTK01512-2, paving a path for the development of approaches to treat HD-motor symptoms beyond the brain. ABSTRACT Phα1β is a neurotoxin from the venom of the Phoneutria nigriventer spider, available as CTK01512-2, a recombinant peptide. Due to its antinociceptive and analgesic properties, CTK01512-2 has been described to alleviate neuroinflammatory responses. Despite the diverse CTK01512-2 actions on the nervous system, little is known regarding its neuroprotective effect, especially in neurodegenerative conditions such as Huntington's disease (HD), a genetic movement disorder without cure. Here, we investigated whether CTK01512-2 has a neuroprotector effect in a mouse model of HD. We hypothesized that spinal cord neurons might represent a therapeutic target, as the spinal cord seems to be involved in the motor-symptoms of HD mice (BACHD). Then, we treated BACHD mice with CTK01512-2 by intrathecal injection, and performed in vivo motor behavior and morphological analyses in the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and muscles. Our data showed that intrathecal injection of CTK01512-2 significantly improves motor-performance in the Open-field task. CTK01512-2 protects neurons in the spinal cord (but not in the brain) from death, suggesting a local effect. CTK01512-2 exerts its neuroprotective effect by inhibiting BACHD-neuronal apoptosis, as revealed by a reduction in caspase-3 in the spinal cord. CTK01512-2 was also able to revert BACHD muscle atrophy. In conclusion, our data provide a novel role for CTK01512-2 acting directly in the spinal cord, ameliorating morphofunctional aspects of spinal cord neurons, and muscles, and improving BACHD mice performance in motor-behavioral tests. Since HD shares similar symptoms to many neurodegenerative conditions, the findings presented herein may also be applicable to other disorders. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lorena F Fernandes
- Núcleo de Neurociências, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | | | | | - Kivia B Soares
- Laboratório de Biologia da Neurotransmissão, Departamento de Morfologia
| | - Marina S Ladeira
- Laboratório de Biologia da Neurotransmissão, Departamento de Morfologia
| | - Andre R Massensini
- Núcleo de Neurociências, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | | | - Aline S Miranda
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Juan C Tápia
- Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
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8
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Kacher R, Mounier C, Caboche J, Betuing S. Altered Cholesterol Homeostasis in Huntington’s Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:797220. [PMID: 35517051 PMCID: PMC9063567 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.797220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington’s disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder caused by an expansion of the CAG repeat in the first exon of Huntingtin’s gene. The associated neurodegeneration mainly affects the striatum and the cortex at early stages and progressively spreads to other brain structures. Targeting HD at its earlier stages is under intense investigation. Numerous drugs were tested, with a rate of success of only 3.5% approved molecules used as symptomatic treatment. The restoration of cholesterol metabolism, which is central to the brain homeostasis and strongly altered in HD, could be an interesting disease-modifying strategy. Cholesterol is an essential membrane component in the central nervous system (CNS); alterations of its homeostasis have deleterious consequences on neuronal functions. The levels of several sterols, upstream of cholesterol, are markedly decreased within the striatum of HD mouse model. Transcription of cholesterol biosynthetic genes is reduced in HD cell and mouse models as well as post-mortem striatal and cortical tissues from HD patients. Since the dynamic of brain cholesterol metabolism is complex, it is essential to establish the best method to target it in HD. Cholesterol, which does not cross the blood-brain-barrier, is locally synthesized and renewed within the brain. All cell types in the CNS synthesize cholesterol during development but as they progress through adulthood, neurons down-regulate their cholesterol synthesis and turn to astrocytes for their full supply. Cellular levels of cholesterol reflect the dynamic balance between synthesis, uptake and export, all integrated into the context of the cross talk between neurons and glial cells. In this review, we describe the latest advances regarding the role of cholesterol deregulation in neuronal functions and how this could be a determinant factor in neuronal degeneration and HD progression. The pathways and major mechanisms by which cholesterol and sterols are regulated in the CNS will be described. From this overview, we discuss the main clinical strategies for manipulating cholesterol metabolism in the CNS, and how to reinstate a proper balance in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhia Kacher
- Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute (ICM), AP-HP, INSERM, CNRS, University Hospital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- INSERM, U1216, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Coline Mounier
- Neuroscience Paris Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Faculté des Sciences et Ingénierie, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8246, Paris, France
- U1130, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France
| | - Jocelyne Caboche
- Neuroscience Paris Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Faculté des Sciences et Ingénierie, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8246, Paris, France
- U1130, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Betuing
- Neuroscience Paris Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Faculté des Sciences et Ingénierie, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8246, Paris, France
- U1130, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Sandrine Betuing,
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The known burden of Huntington disease in the North of Scotland: prevalence of manifest and identified pre-symptomatic gene expansion carriers in the molecular era. J Neurol 2021; 268:4170-4177. [PMID: 33856548 PMCID: PMC8505295 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-021-10505-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Huntington disease prevalence was first estimated in Grampian, northern Scotland in 1984. Molecular testing has since increased ascertainment. OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence of manifest Huntington disease and identified pre-symptomatic gene expansion carriers (IPGEC) in northern Scotland, and estimate the magnitude of biases in prevalence studies that rely upon routine coding in primary care records. METHODS Cases were ascertained using North of Scotland genetic laboratory, clinic, and hospital records. Prevalence was calculated for manifest and IPGEC on 01/07/2016 and 01/01/2020 and compared with local published data. RESULTS The prevalence of manifest Huntington disease in northern Scotland in 2020 was 14.6 (95% CI 14.3-15.3) per 100,000, and of IPGEC was 8.3 (95% CI 7.8-9.2) per 100,000. Whilst the population of northern Scotland decreased by 0.05% between 2016 and 2020, the number of manifest and identified pre-symptomatic gene expansion carriers increased by 7.4% and 23.3%, respectively. Manifest disease in Grampian increased by 45.9% between 1984 and 2020. More women than men had a diagnosis. General Practice coding underestimated symptomatic molecularly confirmed prevalence by 2.2 per 100,000 people. CONCLUSION Even in an area with previously high ascertainment, there has been a 45.9% increase in manifest Huntington disease over the last 30 years. Within our catchment area, prevalence varies between health board regions with similar community-based services. Such variation in prevalence could have major drug cost and service delivery implications, especially if expensive, complexly administered therapies prove successful. Health services should gather accurate population-based data on a regional basis to inform service planning.
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10
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Machado TCG, Guatimosim C, Kangussu LM. The Renin-Angiotensin System in Huntington's Disease: Villain or Hero? Protein Pept Lett 2020; 27:456-462. [PMID: 31933441 PMCID: PMC7403685 DOI: 10.2174/0929866527666200110154523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Huntington’s Disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant, progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by severe symptoms, including motor impairment, cognitive decline, and psychiatric alterations. Several systems, molecules, and mediators have been associated with the pathophysiology of HD. Among these, there is the Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS), a peptide hormone system that has been associated with the pathology of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. Important alterations in this system have been demonstrated in HD. However, the role of RAS components in HD is still unclear and needs further investigation. Nonetheless, modulation of the RAS components may represent a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thatiane C G Machado
- Departamento de Morfologia - Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Cristina Guatimosim
- Departamento de Morfologia - Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Lucas M Kangussu
- Departamento de Morfologia - Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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11
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Alonso R, Pisa D, Carrasco L. Brain Microbiota in Huntington's Disease Patients. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2622. [PMID: 31798558 PMCID: PMC6861841 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most important challenges facing medical science is to better understand the cause of neuronal pathology in neurodegenerative diseases. Such is the case for Huntington's disease (HD), a genetic disorder primarily caused by a triplet expansion in the Huntingtin gene (HTT). Although aberrant HTT is expressed from embryogenesis, it remains puzzling as to why the onset of disease symptoms manifest only after several decades of life. In the present study, we investigated the possibility of microbial infection in brain tissue from patients with HD, reasoning that perhaps mutated HTT could be deleterious for immune cells and neural tissue, and could facilitate microbial colonization. Using immunohistochemistry approaches, we observed a variety of fungal structures in the striatum and frontal cortex of seven HD patients. Some of these fungi were found in close proximity to the nucleus, or even as intranuclear inclusions. Identification of the fungal species was accomplished by next-generation sequencing (NGS). Interestingly, some genera, such as Ramularia, appeared unique to HD patients, and have not been previously described in other neurodegenerative diseases. Several bacterial species were also identified both by PCR and NGS. Notably, a curved and filamentous structure that immunoreacts with anti-bacterial antibodies was characteristic of HD brains and has not been previously observed in brain tissue from neurodegenerative patients. Prevalent bacterial genera included Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, and Burkholderia. Collectively, our results represent the first attempt to identify the brain microbiota in HD. Our observations suggest that microbial colonization may be a risk factor for HD and might explain why the onset of the disease appears after several decades of life. Importantly, they may open a new field of investigation and could help in the design of new therapeutic strategies for this devastating disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Alonso
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diana Pisa
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Carrasco
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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12
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Castilhos RMD, Santos JAD, Augustin MC, Pedroso JL, Barsottini O, Saba R, Ferraz HB, Godeiro Junior C, Vargas FR, Salarini DZ, Furtado GV, Polese-Bonatto M, Rodrigues LP, Sena LS, Saraiva-Pereira ML, Jardim LB. Minimal prevalence of Huntington's disease in the South of Brazil and instability of the expanded CAG tract during intergenerational transmissions. Genet Mol Biol 2019; 42:329-336. [PMID: 31259362 PMCID: PMC6726154 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2018-0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington’s disease (HD) is due to dominant expansions of the CAG repeat of the
HTT gene. Meiotic instability of the (CAG)n
might impact the disorder frequency. We report on HD minimal prevalence in Rio
Grande do Sul (RS) state, Brazil, and on intergenerational instability of the
(CAG)n in HD families. Symptomatic and at-risk subjects from 179
HD families were ascertained between 2013 and 2016. Clinical, molecular and
family history data were obtained. Expanded (CAG)n length differences
between parent and child (delta-expanded-(CAG)n) were calculated.
Effect of parental age on the (CAG)n instability upon transmission
was inferred by correlating delta-expanded-(CAG)n between siblings to
their age differences. HD minimal prevalence in RS state was estimated as
1.85:100,000 inhabitants. Alleles with (CAG)27-35 were found on
21/384 non-disease associated chromosomes (5.5%); among 253 expanded alleles,
four (1.6%) were within reduced penetrance range with (CAG)36-39. In
32 direct transmissions, mean instability was larger among paternal than
maternal transmissions. In direct transmissions and in 51 sibling pairs,
parental age at the time of child birth were not correlated with
delta-expanded-(CAG)n. Briefly, HD prevalence in RS state was
lower than those reported for European populations. Expanded (CAG)n
transmissions were unstable and not associated to parental age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Machado de Castilhos
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Rede Neurogenética, Centro de Pesquisa Clínica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Genética Médica Populacional (INAGEMP), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - José Augusto Dos Santos
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Rede Neurogenética, Centro de Pesquisa Clínica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marina Coutinho Augustin
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Rede Neurogenética, Centro de Pesquisa Clínica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - José Luiz Pedroso
- Disciplina de Neurologia Clínica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Orlando Barsottini
- Disciplina de Neurologia Clínica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Roberta Saba
- Disciplina de Neurologia Clínica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Henrique Ballalai Ferraz
- Disciplina de Neurologia Clínica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Clécio Godeiro Junior
- Departamento de Medicina Integrada, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Fernando Regla Vargas
- Hospital Graffrée e Guinle, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Laboratório de Epidemiologia de Malformações Congênitas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Gabriel Vasata Furtado
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Rede Neurogenética, Centro de Pesquisa Clínica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcia Polese-Bonatto
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Rede Neurogenética, Centro de Pesquisa Clínica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Luiza Paulsen Rodrigues
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Rede Neurogenética, Centro de Pesquisa Clínica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Lucas Schenatto Sena
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Maria Luiza Saraiva-Pereira
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Laboratório de Identificação Genética, Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Rede Neurogenética, Centro de Pesquisa Clínica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Laura Bannach Jardim
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Departamento de Medicina Interna, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Laboratório de Identificação Genética, Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Rede Neurogenética, Centro de Pesquisa Clínica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Genética Médica Populacional (INAGEMP), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | -
- Rede Neurogenética, Centro de Pesquisa Clínica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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13
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Bruzelius E, Scarpa J, Zhao Y, Basu S, Faghmous JH, Baum A. Huntington's disease in the United States: Variation by demographic and socioeconomic factors. Mov Disord 2019; 34:858-865. [PMID: 30868663 PMCID: PMC6579693 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite extensive research regarding the etiology of Huntington's disease, relatively little is known about the epidemiology of this rare disorder, particularly in the United States where there are no national-scale estimates of the disease. OBJECTIVES To provide national-scale estimates of Huntington's disease in a U.S. population and to test whether disease rates are increasing, and whether frequency varies by race, ethnicity, or other factors. METHODS Using an insurance database of over 67 million enrollees, we retrospectively identified a cohort of 3,707 individuals diagnosed with Huntington's disease between 2003 and 2016. We estimated annual incidence, annual diagnostic frequency, and tested for trends over time and differences in diagnostic frequency by sociodemographic characteristics. RESULTS During the observation period, the age-adjusted cumulative incidence rate was1.22 per 100,000 persons (95% confidence interval: 1.53, 1.65), and age-adjusted diagnostic frequency was 6.52 per 100,000 persons (95% confidence interval: 5.31, 5.66); both rates remained relatively stable over the 14-year period. We identified several previously unreported differences in Huntington's disease frequency by self-reported sex, income, and race/ethnicity. However, racial/ethnic differences were of lower magnitude than have previously been reported in other country-level studies. CONCLUSIONS In these large-scale estimates of U.S. Huntington's disease epidemiology, we found stable disease frequency rates that varied by several sociodemographic factors. These findings suggest that disease patterns may be more driven by social or environmental factors than has previously been appreciated. Results further demonstrate the potential utility of administrative Big Data in rare disease epidemiology when other data sources are unavailable. © 2019 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Bruzelius
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University
| | | | - Yiyi Zhao
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University
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14
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Kay C, Collins JA, Wright GEB, Baine F, Miedzybrodzka Z, Aminkeng F, Semaka AJ, McDonald C, Davidson M, Madore SJ, Gordon ES, Gerry NP, Cornejo-Olivas M, Squitieri F, Tishkoff S, Greenberg JL, Krause A, Hayden MR. The molecular epidemiology of Huntington disease is related to intermediate allele frequency and haplotype in the general population. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2018; 177:346-357. [PMID: 29460498 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Huntington disease (HD) is the most common monogenic neurodegenerative disorder in populations of European ancestry, but occurs at lower prevalence in populations of East Asian or black African descent. New mutations for HD result from CAG repeat expansions of intermediate alleles (IAs), usually of paternal origin. The differing prevalence of HD may be related to the rate of new mutations in a population, but no comparative estimates of IA frequency or the HD new mutation rate are available. In this study, we characterize IA frequency and the CAG repeat distribution in fifteen populations of diverse ethnic origin. We estimate the HD new mutation rate in a series of populations using molecular IA expansion rates. The frequency of IAs was highest in Hispanic Americans and Northern Europeans, and lowest in black Africans and East Asians. The prevalence of HD correlated with the frequency of IAs by population and with the proportion of IAs found on the HD-associated A1 haplotype. The HD new mutation rate was estimated to be highest in populations with the highest frequency of IAs. In European ancestry populations, one in 5,372 individuals from the general population and 7.1% of individuals with an expanded CAG repeat in the HD range are estimated to have a molecular new mutation. Our data suggest that the new mutation rate for HD varies substantially between populations, and that IA frequency and haplotype are closely linked to observed epidemiological differences in the prevalence of HD across major ancestry groups in different countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Kay
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jennifer A Collins
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Galen E B Wright
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Fiona Baine
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, South Africa.,Division of Human Genetics, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Zosia Miedzybrodzka
- Medical Genetics Group, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Folefac Aminkeng
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Alicia J Semaka
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Cassandra McDonald
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Mark Davidson
- Medical Genetics Group, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Steven J Madore
- Molecular Biology Group, Coriell Institute for Medical Research, Camden, New Jersey
| | - Erynn S Gordon
- Molecular Biology Group, Coriell Institute for Medical Research, Camden, New Jersey
| | - Norman P Gerry
- Molecular Biology Group, Coriell Institute for Medical Research, Camden, New Jersey
| | - Mario Cornejo-Olivas
- Neurogenetics Research Center, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurologicas, Lima, Peru
| | - Ferdinando Squitieri
- IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza Hospital, Huntington and Rare Diseases Unit (CSS-Mendel Rome), San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Sarah Tishkoff
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jacquie L Greenberg
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Amanda Krause
- Division of Human Genetics, National Health Laboratory Service and School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Michael R Hayden
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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15
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Barboza LA, Ghisi NC. Evaluating the current state of the art of Huntington disease research: a scientometric analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 51:e6299. [PMID: 29340519 PMCID: PMC5769753 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20176299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Huntington disease (HD) is an incurable neurodegenerative disorder caused by a dominant mutation on the 4th chromosome. We aim to present a scientometric analysis of the extant scientific undertakings devoted to better understanding HD. Therefore, a quantitative study was performed to examine the current state-of-the-art approaches that foster researchers’ understandings of the current knowledge, research trends, and research gaps regarding this disorder. We performed literature searches of articles that were published up to September 2016 in the “ISI Web of Science™” (http://apps.webofknowledge.com/). The keyword used was “Huntington disease”. Of the initial 14,036 articles that were obtained, 7732 were eligible for inclusion in the study according to their relevance. Data were classified according to language, country of publication, year, and area of concentration. The country leader regarding the number of studies published on HD is the United States, accounting for nearly 30% of all publications, followed by England and Germany, who have published 10 and 7% of all publications, respectively. Regarding the language in which the articles were written, 98% of publications were in English. The first publication to be found on HD was published in 1974. A surge of publications on HD can be seen from 1996 onward. In relation to the various knowledge areas that emerged, most publications were in the fields of neuroscience and neurology, likely because HD is a neurodegenerative disorder. Publications written in areas such as psychiatry, genetics, and molecular biology also predominated.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Barboza
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Dois Vizinhos, PR, Brasil
| | - N C Ghisi
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Dois Vizinhos, PR, Brasil
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16
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Alexandrov AI, Serpionov GV, Kushnirov VV, Ter-Avanesyan MD. Wild type huntingtin toxicity in yeast: Implications for the role of amyloid cross-seeding in polyQ diseases. Prion 2017; 10:221-7. [PMID: 27220690 DOI: 10.1080/19336896.2016.1176659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteins with expanded polyglutamine (polyQ) regions are prone to form amyloids, which can cause diseases in humans and toxicity in yeast. Recently, we showed that in yeast non-toxic amyloids of Q-rich proteins can induce aggregation and toxicity of wild type huntingtin (Htt) with a short non-pathogenic polyglutamine tract. Similarly to mutant Htt with an elongated N-terminal polyQ sequence, toxicity of its wild type counterpart was mediated by induced aggregation of the essential Sup35 protein, which contains a Q-rich region. Notably, polymerization of Sup35 was not caused by the initial benign amyloids and, therefore, aggregates of wild type Htt acted as intermediaries in seeding Sup35 polymerization. This exemplifies a protein polymerization cascade which can generate a network of interdependent polymers. Here we discuss cross-seeded protein polymerization as a possible mechanism underlying known interrelations between different polyQ diseases. We hypothesize that similar mechanisms may enable proteins, which possess expanded Q-rich tracts but are not associated with diseases, to promote the development of polyQ diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Alexandrov
- a Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences , Moscow , Russia
| | - G V Serpionov
- a Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences , Moscow , Russia
| | - V V Kushnirov
- a Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences , Moscow , Russia
| | - M D Ter-Avanesyan
- a Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences , Moscow , Russia
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17
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Zitser J, Thaler A, Inbar N, Gad A, Faust-Socher A, Paleacu D, Anca-Herschkovitch M, Balash Y, Shabtai H, Ash EL, Merkin L, Manor Y, Kestenbaum M, Bar David A, Peretz C, Naiman T, Bar-Shira A, Orr-Urtreger A, Dangoor N, Giladi N, Gurevich T. Two Ethnic Clusters with Huntington Disease in Israel: The Case of Mountain Jews and Karaites. NEURODEGENER DIS 2017; 17:281-285. [PMID: 28848105 DOI: 10.1159/000479375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Worldwide prevalence estimates of Huntington disease (HD) vary widely, with no reliable information regarding the Jewish population in Israel. METHODS This specialized tertiary single-center cross-sectional study assessed clinical, cognitive, and demographic characteristics of 84 HD patients who were treated at the Movement Disorder Unit of the Tel Aviv Medical Center, Israel. RESULTS Our cohort was composed of one-third Ashkenazi Jews, 27% Mountain Jews (Caucasus Jews), 18% Sephardi Jews, and 21% Karaites, with both Mountain Jews and Karaites over-represented compared to their relevant proportion in the population of the state of Israel, which is less than 1%. No between-group differences were detected regarding the number of CAG (cytosine-adenine-guanine) repeats, age at onset, disease duration, years from symptom onset to diagnosis, gender, years of education, Unified Huntington Disease Rating Scale scores, or the Montreal Cognitive Assessment scores. CONCLUSION We detected clustering of HD among the population treated at our Medical Center, which has the only specialized HD clinic in the country, with a high percentage of HD among 2 relatively small subpopulations of Jews: Mountain Jews and Karaites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Zitser
- Movement Disorders Unit, Neurological Institute, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
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18
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Paz-Y-Miño C, Salazar-Ruales C, García-Cárdenas JM, Cabrera-Andrade A, López-Cortés A, Pavón-Realpe VH, Eras E, Rodriguez P C, Domínguez Enríquez JP, Cusco Cuzco CD, Navarrete Socasi DC, Leone PE. Study of the Huntington's disease IT-15 gene in different ethnic groups in Ecuador. Clin Genet 2017; 92:544-547. [PMID: 28369732 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to establish the current state of the IT-15 (HTT) gene in different Ecuadorian ethnic groups and patients by determining CAG triplet repeats, compared with the ethnicity of individuals. A total of 412 individuals were studied using nested polymerase chain reaction and Sanger sequencing: 75 individuals were indigenous (Kichwas), 211 mestizos, and 65 Afro-Ecuadorians. We included 31 patients who were clinically diagnosed with Huntington's disease (HD) and relatives of the affected patients (n = 30). Moreover, we correlated the presence of HD in Ecuadorian patients with 46 genetic ancestry-informative insertion-deletion polymorphic markers. We found that 77.20% had <28 CAG repetitions, 18.80% had mutable alleles, 2.27% had incomplete penetrance, and 1.70% reflected >39 repetitions. The average of CAG repetitions was 24 ± 3 for indigenous people; 28 ± 2 for mestizos; and 24 ± 3.2 repetitions for the Afro-Ecuadorians. The ancestral component showed that the main ancestry corresponded to Native Americans (0.873) and European ascendants (0.145), Africans were less represented in the evaluated population (0.018). There was a significant difference between the number of CAG repeats in mestizos and indigenous people (P < .01), suggesting that the Ecuadorian mestizo population has a risk factor for the gene mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Paz-Y-Miño
- Centro de Investigación Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad Tecnológica Equinoccial, Quito, Ecuador
| | - C Salazar-Ruales
- Centro de Investigación Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad Tecnológica Equinoccial, Quito, Ecuador
| | - J M García-Cárdenas
- Centro de Investigación Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad Tecnológica Equinoccial, Quito, Ecuador
| | - A Cabrera-Andrade
- Centro de Investigación Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad Tecnológica Equinoccial, Quito, Ecuador
| | - A López-Cortés
- Centro de Investigación Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad Tecnológica Equinoccial, Quito, Ecuador
| | - V H Pavón-Realpe
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud. Universidad de las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
| | - E Eras
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud. Universidad de las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
| | | | | | | | | | - P E Leone
- Centro de Investigación Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad Tecnológica Equinoccial, Quito, Ecuador
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Nance MA. Genetic counseling and testing for Huntington's disease: A historical review. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2017; 174:75-92. [PMID: 27174011 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This manuscript describes the ways in which genetic counseling has evolved since John Pearson and Sheldon Reed first promoted "a genetic education" in the 1950s as a voluntary, non-directive clinical tool for permitting individual decision making. It reviews how the emergence of Huntington's disease (HD) registries and patient support organizations, genetic testing, and the discovery of a disease-causing CAG repeat expansion changed the contours of genetic counseling for families with HD. It also reviews the guidelines, outcomes, ethical and laboratory challenges, and uptake of predictive, prenatal, and preimplantation testing, and it casts a vision for how clinicians can better make use of genetic counseling to reach a broader pool of families that may be affected by HD and to ensure that genetic counseling is associated with the best levels of care. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha A Nance
- Struthers Parkinson's Center, Golden Valley, Minnesota.,Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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20
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Kay C, Hayden MR, Leavitt BR. Epidemiology of Huntington disease. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2017; 144:31-46. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801893-4.00003-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Kay C, Tirado-Hurtado I, Cornejo-Olivas M, Collins JA, Wright G, Inca-Martinez M, Veliz-Otani D, Ketelaar ME, Slama RA, Ross CJ, Mazzetti P, Hayden MR. The targetable A1 Huntington disease haplotype has distinct Amerindian and European origins in Latin America. Eur J Hum Genet 2016; 25:332-340. [PMID: 28000697 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2016.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington disease (HD) is a dominant neurodegenerative disorder caused by a CAG repeat expansion in the Huntingtin (HTT) gene. HD occurs worldwide, but the causative mutation is found on different HTT haplotypes in distinct ethnic groups. In Latin America, HD is thought to have European origins, but indigenous Amerindian ancestry has not been investigated. Here, we report dense HTT haplotypes in 62 mestizo Peruvian HD families, 17 HD families from across Latin America, and 42 controls of defined Peruvian Amerindian ethnicity to determine the origin of HD in populations of admixed Amerindian and European descent. HD in Peru occurs most frequently on the A1 HTT haplotype (73%), as in Europe, but on an unexpected indigenous variant also found in Amerindian controls. This Amerindian A1 HTT haplotype predominates over the European A1 variant among geographically disparate Latin American controls and in HD families from across Latin America, supporting an indigenous origin of the HD mutation in mestizo American populations. We also show that a proportion of HD mutations in Peru occur on a C1 HTT haplotype of putative Amerindian origin (14%). The majority of HD mutations in Latin America may therefore occur on haplotypes of Amerindian ancestry rather than on haplotypes resulting from European admixture. Despite the distinct ethnic ancestry of Amerindian and European A1 HTT, alleles on the parent A1 HTT haplotype allow for development of identical antisense molecules to selectively silence the HD mutation in the greatest proportion of patients in both Latin American and European populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Kay
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 4H4 Canada
| | - Indira Tirado-Hurtado
- Neurogenetics Research Center, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurologicas, Lima, Peru
| | - Mario Cornejo-Olivas
- Neurogenetics Research Center, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurologicas, Lima, Peru
| | - Jennifer A Collins
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 4H4 Canada
| | - Galen Wright
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 4H4 Canada
| | - Miguel Inca-Martinez
- Neurogenetics Research Center, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurologicas, Lima, Peru
| | - Diego Veliz-Otani
- Neurogenetics Research Center, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurologicas, Lima, Peru
| | - Maria E Ketelaar
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 4H4 Canada
| | - Ramy A Slama
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 4H4 Canada
| | - Colin J Ross
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 4H4 Canada
| | - Pilar Mazzetti
- Neurogenetics Research Center, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurologicas, Lima, Peru
| | - Michael R Hayden
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 4H4 Canada
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Baig SS, Strong M, Quarrell OW. The global prevalence of Huntington's disease: a systematic review and discussion. Neurodegener Dis Manag 2016; 6:331-43. [PMID: 27507223 DOI: 10.2217/nmt-2016-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The ascertained prevalence of Huntington's disease (HD) increased significantly following the provision of diagnostic testing. A systematic review was conducted to estimate the prevalence of HD in the post-diagnostic testing era. 22 studies with original data pertaining to the prevalence of HD (1993-2015) were included and analyzed. A global meta-analysis was not performed due to heterogeneity in study methods and geographical variation. The prevalence of HD is significantly lower in Asian populations compared with western Europe, North America and Australia. The global variation in HD prevalence is partly explained by the average CAG repeat lengths and frequency of different HTT gene haplotypes in the general population. Understanding the prevalence of HD has significant implications for healthcare resource planning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark Strong
- School of Health & Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Oliver Wj Quarrell
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Northern General Hospital, Herries Road, Sheffield, S5 7AU, UK
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Abstract
The characteristics of neurological, psychiatric, developmental and substance-use disorders in low- and middle-income countries are unique and the burden that they have will be different from country to country. Many of the differences are explained by the wide variation in population demographics and size, poverty, conflict, culture, land area and quality, and genetics. Neurological, psychiatric, developmental and substance-use disorders that result from, or are worsened by, a lack of adequate nutrition and infectious disease still afflict much of sub-Saharan Africa, although disorders related to increasing longevity, such as stroke, are on the rise. In the Middle East and North Africa, major depressive disorders and post-traumatic stress disorder are a primary concern because of the conflict-ridden environment. Consanguinity is a serious concern that leads to the high prevalence of recessive disorders in the Middle East and North Africa and possibly other regions. The burden of these disorders in Latin American and Asian countries largely surrounds stroke and vascular disease, dementia and lifestyle factors that are influenced by genetics. Although much knowledge has been gained over the past 10 years, the epidemiology of the conditions in low- and middle-income countries still needs more research. Prevention and treatments could be better informed with more longitudinal studies of risk factors. Challenges and opportunities for ameliorating nervous-system disorders can benefit from both local and regional research collaborations. The lack of resources and infrastructure for health-care and related research, both in terms of personnel and equipment, along with the stigma associated with the physical or behavioural manifestations of some disorders have hampered progress in understanding the disease burden and improving brain health. Individual countries, and regions within countries, have specific needs in terms of research priorities.
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Castilhos RM, Augustin MC, Santos JA, Perandones C, Saraiva-Pereira ML, Jardim LB. Genetic aspects of Huntington's disease in Latin America. A systematic review. Clin Genet 2015; 89:295-303. [PMID: 26178794 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to present a systematic review on Huntington's disease (HD) in Latin America (LA). PubMed and LILACS were searched up to March 2015, reporting confirmed HD cases in LA. Case series, cross-sectional, case-control, and prospective studies were included. From 534 communications, 47 were eligible. Population-based studies were not found; minimal prevalence of 0.5-4/100,000 was estimated for Venezuela and Mexico. Geographical isolates were well characterized in Venezuela and in Peru. CAG repeats at HTT gene varied between 7-33 and 37-112 in normal and expanded alleles, respectively. Intermediate alleles were found in 4-10% of controls. Ages at onset and the expanded CAG repeats correlated with r from - 0.55 to -0.91. While haplotype patterns of Venezuelan and Brazilian chromosomes were similar to those observed in Europeans, haplotypes from Peruvian HD patients did not match the same pattern. The limited number of papers found suggests that HD is poorly diagnosed in LA. Minimal prevalence seemed to be halfway between those of Caucasians and Asians. Range of CAG repeats was similar to those of Europeans. Haplotype studies indicate that majority of HD patients might be of Caucasian descent; an Asian origin for some Peruvian patients was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Castilhos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Genética Médica Populacional (INAGEMP), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - M C Augustin
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - J A Santos
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - C Perandones
- Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Program, Hospital de Clínicas, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M L Saraiva-Pereira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Departmento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Laboratório de Identificação Humana, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - L B Jardim
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Genética Médica Populacional (INAGEMP), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Laboratório de Identificação Humana, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Centro de Pesquisa Clínica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Departamento de Medicina Interna, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Vital M, Bidegain E, Raggio V, Esperon P. Molecular characterization of genes modifying the age at onset in Huntington's disease in Uruguayan patients. Int J Neurosci 2015; 126:510-513. [DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2015.1036422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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27
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Ramos EM, Gillis T, Mysore JS, Lee J, Gögele M, D'Elia Y, Pichler I, Sequeiros J, Pramstaller PP, Gusella JF, MacDonald ME, Alonso I. Haplotype analysis of the 4p16.3 region in Portuguese families with Huntington's disease. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2015; 168B:135-43. [PMID: 25656686 PMCID: PMC5006842 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by involuntary choreic movements, cognitive impairment, and behavioral changes, caused by the expansion of an unstable CAG repeat in HTT. We characterized the genetic diversity of the HD mutation by performing an extensive haplotype analysis of ∼1Mb region flanking HTT in over 300 HD families of Portuguese origin. We observed that haplotype A, marked by HTT delta2642, was enriched in HD chromosomes and carried the two largest expansions reported in the Portuguese population. However, the most frequent HD haplotype B carried one of the largest (+12 CAGs) expansions, which resulted in an allele class change to full penetrance. Despite having a normal CAG distribution skewed to the higher end of the range, these two core haplotypes had similar expanded CAG repeat sizes compared to the other major core haplotypes (C and D) and there was no statistical difference in transmitted repeat instability across haplotypes. We observed a diversity of HTT region haplotypes in both normal and expanded chromosomes, representative of more than one ancestral chromosome underlying HD in Portugal, where multiple independent events on distinct chromosome 4 haplotypes have given rise to expansion into the pathogenic range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Marisa Ramos
- Center for Human Genetic ResearchMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA,UnIGENeIBMC–Institute for Molecular and Cell BiologyUniversity of PortoPortoPortugal
| | - Tammy Gillis
- Center for Human Genetic ResearchMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Jayalakshmi S. Mysore
- Center for Human Genetic ResearchMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Jong‐Min Lee
- Center for Human Genetic ResearchMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Martin Gögele
- Center for BiomedicineEuropean Academy of Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC)BolzanoItaly
| | - Yuri D'Elia
- Center for BiomedicineEuropean Academy of Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC)BolzanoItaly
| | - Irene Pichler
- Center for BiomedicineEuropean Academy of Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC)BolzanoItaly
| | - Jorge Sequeiros
- UnIGENeIBMC–Institute for Molecular and Cell BiologyUniversity of PortoPortoPortugal,CGPPIBMC–Institute for Molecular and Cell BiologyUniversity of PortoPortoPortugal,ICBAS–Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel SalazarUniversity of PortoPortoPortugal
| | - Peter P. Pramstaller
- Center for BiomedicineEuropean Academy of Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC)BolzanoItaly,Department of NeurologyCentral HospitalBolzanoItaly,Department of NeurologyUniversity of LübeckLübeckGermany
| | - James F. Gusella
- Center for Human Genetic ResearchMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Marcy E. MacDonald
- Center for Human Genetic ResearchMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Isabel Alonso
- UnIGENeIBMC–Institute for Molecular and Cell BiologyUniversity of PortoPortoPortugal,CGPPIBMC–Institute for Molecular and Cell BiologyUniversity of PortoPortoPortugal,ICBAS–Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel SalazarUniversity of PortoPortoPortugal
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Schapira AHV, Olanow CW, Greenamyre JT, Bezard E. Slowing of neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease: future therapeutic perspectives. Lancet 2014; 384:545-55. [PMID: 24954676 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61010-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Several important advances have been made in our understanding of the pathways that lead to cell dysfunction and death in Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease. These advances have been informed by both direct analysis of the post-mortem brain and by study of the biological consequences of the genetic causes of these diseases. Some of the pathways that have been implicated so far include mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, kinase pathways, calcium dysregulation, inflammation, protein handling, and prion-like processes. Intriguingly, these pathways seem to be important in the pathogenesis of both diseases and have led to the identification of molecular targets for candidate interventions designed to slow or reverse their course. We review some recent advances that underlie putative therapies for neuroprotection in Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease, and potential targets that might be exploited in the future. Although we will need to overcome important hurdles, especially in terms of clinical trial design, we propose several target pathways that merit further study. In Parkinson's disease, these targets include agents that might improve mitochondrial function or increase degradation of defective mitochondria, kinase inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and approaches that interfere with the misfolding, templating, and transmission of α-synuclein. In Huntington's disease, strategies might also be directed at mitochondrial bioenergetics and turnover, the prevention of protein dysregulation, disruption of the interaction between huntingtin and p53 or huntingtin-interacting protein 1 to reduce apoptosis, and interference with expression of mutant huntingtin at both the nucleic acid and protein levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - C Warren Olanow
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - J Timothy Greenamyre
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Erwan Bezard
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, 33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, 33000 Bordeaux, France
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Vázquez-Mojena Y, Laguna-Salvia L, Laffita-Mesa JM, González-Zaldívar Y, Almaguer-Mederos LE, Rodríguez-Labrada R, Almaguer-Gotay D, Zayas-Feria P, Velázquez-Pérez L. Genetic features of Huntington disease in Cuban population: Implications for phenotype, epidemiology and predictive testing. J Neurol Sci 2013; 335:101-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2013.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Abstract
Huntington disease (HD) phenotypes without a HTT mutation are known as HD-like (HDL) syndromes and are caused by mutations in other loci. HDL2, almost indistinguishable from HD, is due to expansions in the Junctophilin 3 locus (JPH3) with a worldwide Sub-Saharan ethnic origin. Sixteen independent patients with involuntary movements, psychiatric disturbances and ataxia not having a HTT mutation were searched for loci PRNP (prion protein, HDL1), JPH3 (HDL2), ATN1 (dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy), ATX2 (spinocerebellar ataxia 2) ATXN3 (spinocerebellar ataxia 3), and TBP (spinocerebellar ataxia 17=HDL4). Markers Duffy, Kell, Diego, D9S1120, plus six JPH3 intragenic single-nucleotide polymorphisms were tested to ascertain ethnic origin. Four unrelated choreic patients had an expanded allele at JPH3. Three of them carried the African marker Duffy null. All four families carried with the mutation the same haplotype most frequent in African populations; Amerindian alleles D9D1120*9 and Diego A; or Kell allele K were absent. HDL2 in Venezuela had a low, but higher relative frequency (2.6%) than that in other Caucasoid populations. It should be searched first in choreic patients not having HTT mutations. The most likely remote ethnic origin for all detected families was African.
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Sambataro F, Pennuto M. Cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous toxicity in polyglutamine diseases. Prog Neurobiol 2012; 97:152-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2011.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Revised: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Gatto E, Parisi V, Persi G, Converso DP, Etcheverry JL, Varela V, Alba L, Fretchel G. Clinical and genetic characteristics in patients with Huntington’s Disease from Argentina. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2012; 18:166-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2011.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Revised: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Roze E, Cahill E, Martin E, Bonnet C, Vanhoutte P, Betuing S, Caboche J. Huntington's Disease and Striatal Signaling. Front Neuroanat 2011; 5:55. [PMID: 22007160 PMCID: PMC3188786 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2011.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington’s Disease (HD) is the most frequent neurodegenerative disease caused by an expansion of polyglutamines (CAG). The main clinical manifestations of HD are chorea, cognitive impairment, and psychiatric disorders. The transmission of HD is autosomal dominant with a complete penetrance. HD has a single genetic cause, a well-defined neuropathology, and informative pre-manifest genetic testing of the disease is available. Striatal atrophy begins as early as 15 years before disease onset and continues throughout the period of manifest illness. Therefore, patients could theoretically benefit from therapy at early stages of the disease. One important characteristic of HD is the striatal vulnerability to neurodegeneration, despite similar expression of the protein in other brain areas. Aggregation of the mutated Huntingtin (HTT), impaired axonal transport, excitotoxicity, transcriptional dysregulation as well as mitochondrial dysfunction, and energy deficits, are all part of the cellular events that underlie neuronal dysfunction and striatal death. Among these non-exclusive mechanisms, an alteration of striatal signaling is thought to orchestrate the downstream events involved in the cascade of striatal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Roze
- UMRS 952, INSERM, UMR 7224, CNRS Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris-6 Paris, France
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López-Sendón JL, Royuela A, Trigo P, Orth M, Lange H, Reilmann R, Keylock J, Rickards H, Piacentini S, Squitieri F, Landwehrmeyer B, Witjes-Ane MN, Jurgens CK, Roos RAC, Abraira V, de Yébenes JG. What is the impact of education on Huntington's disease? Mov Disord 2011; 26:1489-95. [PMID: 21432905 DOI: 10.1002/mds.23385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2010] [Revised: 05/18/2010] [Accepted: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by a cytosine adenosine guanine (CAG) expansion in the huntingtin gene. The length of the triplet repeat is the most important factor in determining age of onset and the severity of the disease, but substantial variability of these parameters is attributed to other factors. To investigate the relationship between the years of education and the age at onset and the severity of the phenotype in patients with HD, we applied multiple linear regression analysis to examine the impact of education on the age at onset and the severity of the clinical scores assessed by the Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale (UHDRS) of 891 patients with HD from the multinational observational study "Registry" conducted by the European Huntintgton's Disease Network. The model was adjusted for CAG repeat length and age at the time of assessment. Patients with lengthier education exhibited earlier estimated age at onset but less severe clinical scores (motor = -3.6, P = 0.006; cognitive = 27.0, P < 0.001; behavioral = -3.0, P < 0.001; and functional capacity = 1.1 points, P < 0.001) than those with shorter education, after controlling for age and number of CAG repeats. These differences persisted throughout all quartiles of disease severity. An earlier recognition of symptoms and manifestations among the more educated patients could explain the earlier estimated age at onset in this group. The link between better clinical UHDRS scores and higher education might reflect a beneficial effect of education or its covariates on the course of HD.
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Ma M, Yang Y, Shang H, Su D, Zhang H, Ma Y, Liu Y, Tao D, Zhang S. Evidence for a predisposing background for CAG expansion leading to HTT mutation in a Chinese population. J Neurol Sci 2011; 298:57-60. [PMID: 20864123 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2010.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2010] [Revised: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 08/23/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the predisposing background for the instability of CAG expansions of the HTT gene in a Chinese population. METHODS Genotyping and haplotyping of CAG and CCG repeats of the HTT gene were carried out in 32 unrelated HD patients and 95 non-HD control individuals of Han origin, using capillary electrophoresis and DNA sequencing. The frequencies of different CCG repeats were compared between mutant and wild-type HTT genes. In controls, the comparison of the mean CAG repeat size was performed among different CCG repeats. RESULTS A total of five alleles of CCG repeats were distinguished, in which four were present in HD chromosomes. In the CCG alleles, (CCG)10 showed a higher frequency in mutant HTT genes relative to wild-type ones, and the highest mean CAG repeat size was observed in the (CCG)10 background. Additionally, a haplotype of (CAG)32-(CCG)10 was found in the control group. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that HTT mutation is likely of multiple origins in the Chinese population. Among the origins, more new HTT mutations may arise from the (CCG)10 than from other CCG alleles, which suggests that the (CCG)10 allele may represent a predisposing background for CAG expansion in Chinese populations. Therefore, in comparison with Europeans, the significantly lower prevalence of Huntington's disease in Chinese individuals may not be due to the absence of the predisposing background for CAG expansion but instead may partly result from the lower frequency of the predisposing haplotype for CAG instability in the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyi Ma
- Department of Medical Genetics, West China Hospital and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Gaopeng street, Keyuan Road 4, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
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36
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HTT haplotypes contribute to differences in Huntington disease prevalence between Europe and East Asia. Eur J Hum Genet 2011; 19:561-6. [PMID: 21248742 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2010.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Huntington disease (HD) results from CAG expansion in the huntingtin (HTT) gene. Although HD occurs worldwide, there are large geographic differences in its prevalence. The prevalence in populations derived from Europe is 10-100 times greater than in East Asia. The European general population chromosomes can be grouped into three major haplogroups (group of similar haplotypes): A, B and C. The majority of HD chromosomes in Europe are found on haplogroup A. However, in the East-Asian populations of China and Japan, we find the majority of HD chromosomes are associated with haplogroup C. The highest risk HD haplotypes (A1 and A2), are absent from the general and HD populations of China and Japan, and therefore provide an explanation for why HD prevalence is low in East Asia. Interestingly, both East-Asian and European populations share a similar low level of HD on haplogroup C. Our data are consistent with the hypothesis that different HTT haplotypes have different mutation rates, and geographic differences in HTT haplotypes explain the difference in HD prevalence. Further, the bias for expansion on haplogroup C in the East-Asian population cannot be explained by a higher average CAG size, as haplogroup C has a lower average CAG size in the general East-Asian population compared with other haplogroups. This finding suggests that CAG-tract size is not the only factor important for CAG instability. Instead, the expansion bias may be because of genetic cis-elements within the haplotype that influence CAG instability in HTT, possibly through different mutational mechanisms for the different haplogroups.
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Paradisi I, Arias S. Marked geographic aggregation of acute intermittent porphyria families carrying mutation Q180X in Venezuelan populations, with description of further mutations. J Inherit Metab Dis 2010; 33 Suppl 3:S455-63. [PMID: 20978940 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-010-9228-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2010] [Revised: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) caused by mutations in the hydroxymethylbilane synthase gene (HMBS), has been reported in almost all human populations, with varying frequencies. A founder effect for a few specific mutations in geographic regions where prevalence is high (Sweden, The Netherlands, Switzerland) has been established through haplotype analyses, while some other mutations (R26H, R26C) have been repeatedly reported in many populations with different genetic backgrounds. Epidemiological, biochemical and molecular data on AIP in Venezuela were gathered during the last two decades; 24 independent families with AIP were ascertained, based on a deficient HMBS activity and increased porphobilinogen (PBG) urinary excretion. Molecular analyses of coding and splicing regions were performed in 23 families, to establish disease-causing changes, and haplotype analyses were used to assess ancestral kinships between them. Changes were detected in 16 out of 23 families, 9 of them being different: R26H, R26C, c.87+5G>A, c.267-54_61delgaaggggt, R116W, Q180X, c.825+1G>A, c.913-1delG, and 3' UTR *277G>A. Seven mutations were found, each one in a single family; one mutation was present in two unrelated families, whereas mutation Q180X was shared by 7 independent kindreds, all of which had the same haplotype (-);T;A;T;G;T;A;G (3167delG; 3530T>C; 3581A>G; 3982T>C; 6479G>T; 7052T>C; 7064A>C; 7779G>A). Six out of seven different Q180X carrier families came from the same geographic focus (Santa Lucía, Miranda State). Dense geographic aggregation with one identical haplotype strongly suggests a remote founder phenomenon for these Venezuelan AIP families, carrying an unreported but most frequent mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Paradisi
- Laboratorio de Genética Humana, Centro de Medicina Experimental, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, IVIC, Apartado 20632, Caracas, 1020-A Venezuela.
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Túnez I, Tasset I, Pérez-De La Cruz V, Santamaría A. 3-Nitropropionic acid as a tool to study the mechanisms involved in Huntington's disease: past, present and future. Molecules 2010; 15:878-916. [PMID: 20335954 PMCID: PMC6263191 DOI: 10.3390/molecules15020878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2009] [Revised: 01/12/2010] [Accepted: 02/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is an inheritable autosomal-dominant disorder whose causal mechanisms remain unknown. Experimental models have begun to uncover these pathways, thus helping to understand the mechanisms implicated and allowing for the characterization of potential targets for new therapeutic strategies. 3-Nitropropionic acid is known to produce in animals behavioural, biochemical and morphologic changes similar to those occurring in HD. For this reason, this phenotypic model is gaining attention as a valuable tool to mimick this disorder and further developing new therapies. In this review, we will focus on the past and present research of this molecule, to finally bring a perspective on what will be next in this promising field of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Túnez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Maimónides de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Córdoba, Universidad de Córdoba, Av. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004 Córdoba, Spain.
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Alonso ME, Ochoa A, Boll MC, Sosa AL, Yescas P, López M, Macias R, Familiar I, Rasmussen A. Clinical and genetic characteristics of Mexican Huntington's disease patients. Mov Disord 2010; 24:2012-5. [PMID: 19672992 DOI: 10.1002/mds.22737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the characteristics of 691 Mexican patients with Huntington's disease (HD). These patients, representing 401 families, constitute the largest series of Mexican HD cases as yet described in the literature. We found the clinical characteristics of these patients to be similar to those of other populations, but we observed a higher frequency of infantile cases, a shorter disease duration and a lower suicide rate. In 626 cases, for which molecular analyses were available, CAG-trinucleotide expansion size ranged from 37-106 repeats. The large number of CAG repeats (19.04 +/- 3.02) in normal alleles and the presence of new mutations suggest that the overall prevalence of HD in the Mexican population could be expected to be within range of, or higher than, that reported for Europeans.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Elisa Alonso
- Department of Neurogenetics and Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Insurgentes Sur 3877, Col. La Fama, Tlalpan, 14269 Mexico, D. F., Mexico.
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Falush D. Haplotype background, repeat length evolution, and Huntington's disease. Am J Hum Genet 2009; 85:939-42. [PMID: 20004772 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2009] [Revised: 09/11/2009] [Accepted: 11/02/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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Warby SC, Montpetit A, Hayden AR, Carroll JB, Butland SL, Visscher H, Collins JA, Semaka A, Hudson TJ, Hayden MR. CAG expansion in the Huntington disease gene is associated with a specific and targetable predisposing haplogroup. Am J Hum Genet 2009; 84:351-66. [PMID: 19249009 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2008] [Revised: 01/13/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington disease (HD) is an autosomal-dominant disorder that results from >or=36 CAG repeats in the HD gene (HTT). Approximately 10% of patients inherit a chromosome that underwent CAG expansion from an unaffected parent with <36 CAG repeats. This study is a comprehensive analysis of genetic diversity in HTT and reveals that HD patients of European origin (n = 65) have a significant enrichment (95%) of a specific set of 22 tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that constitute a single haplogroup. The disease association of many SNPs is much stronger than any previously reported polymorphism and was confirmed in a replication cohort (n = 203). Importantly, the same haplogroup is also significantly enriched (83%) in individuals with 27-35 CAG repeats (intermediate alleles, n = 66), who are unaffected by the disease, but have increased CAG tract sizes relative to the general population (n = 116). These data support a stepwise model for CAG expansion into the affected range (>or=36 CAG) and identifies specific haplogroup variants in the general population associated with this instability. The specific variants at risk for CAG expansion are not present in the general population in China, Japan, and Nigeria where the prevalence of HD is much lower. The current data argue that cis-elements have a major predisposing influence on CAG instability in HTT. The strong association between specific SNP alleles and CAG expansion also provides an opportunity of personalized therapeutics in HD where the clinical development of only a small number of allele-specific targets may be sufficient to treat up to 88% of the HD patient population.
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Kalaria RN, Maestre GE, Arizaga R, Friedland RP, Galasko D, Hall K, Luchsinger JA, Ogunniyi A, Perry EK, Potocnik F, Prince M, Stewart R, Wimo A, Zhang ZX, Antuono P. Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia in developing countries: prevalence, management, and risk factors. Lancet Neurol 2008; 7:812-26. [PMID: 18667359 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(08)70169-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 701] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite mortality due to communicable diseases, poverty, and human conflicts, dementia incidence is destined to increase in the developing world in tandem with the ageing population. Current data from developing countries suggest that age-adjusted dementia prevalence estimates in 65 year olds are high (>or=5%) in certain Asian and Latin American countries, but consistently low (1-3%) in India and sub-Saharan Africa; Alzheimer's disease accounts for 60% whereas vascular dementia accounts for approximately 30% of the prevalence. Early-onset familial forms of dementia with single-gene defects occur in Latin America, Asia, and Africa. Illiteracy remains a risk factor for dementia. The APOE epsilon4 allele does not influence dementia progression in sub-Saharan Africans. Vascular factors, such as hypertension and type 2 diabetes, are likely to increase the burden of dementia. Use of traditional diets and medicinal plant extracts might aid prevention and treatment. Dementia costs in developing countries are estimated to be US$73 billion yearly, but care demands social protection, which seems scarce in these regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj N Kalaria
- Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle General Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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